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$. MAY, 1968 VOL. 4 NO.4

TEXAS SOUTHERN fIVE LEVI STRIKERS' CO-OP MIDDLE CLASS ORGANIZING AND LOTSA STUff ON THE '68 ELECTIONS -- IN THIS ISSUE

THE MOVEM~E;N~Tr~~~lj~fj~~~~~~t~~::==---

, ONE DOWN~THREE TO GO?

The Year of Elections has thrown the movement into selves to gether into a conscious left quires that we lead radical lives not only disarray. It is the first presidential election to come along that articulates a philosphy of life. We on week-ends, not only in our spare time, must maintain our identity, an identity not only when we attend meetings once or since movement people stopped talking about moral protest that both Gene McCarthy and Bobby Ken­ twice a week, not only when we put out leaf­ and started talking about power. American elections are n.edy so desperately want to destroy. We lets, hold forums, go to demonstrations, will not clean up for Gene. We will not put out newspapers--but in our everyday seductive: they offer the spectacle ofpower shifting hands. clean up for anyone. lives: those lives we must lead to earn a "In America we have a peaceful revolution every four The task.s before us are not simple. liVing. We must begin to make our every­ years," some politician once said~ And we all want a Most importantly we must be able to reach day life styles congruent with our polit­ new people every day. The movement ical convictions. Only then will we be revolution, right? And peaceful, if possible. .- can no longer afford to write off the white able to reach and move our people. We are confronted with a serious contradiction. We have working class as reactionary, racist and At the same time we must build or­ a victory for our movement. But it is also a victory for well fed; nor the hippies as apolitical ganizations that can both tie people to­ and out of it; nor the farm workers for gether and begin to develop a strateg~ those who rule Am2rica. Their weathervane, the New having joined the J\F L-CIO. We must and ideology for our movement. RighI York Stock Market's Dow Jones Average, which has risen attempt to move these people in funda­ now we truly have no adult radical move­ mental ways. We must try to convince ment. We have no place for former at each mention of peace, in recent months, shows this them that their lives can make a dif­ students, who were turned on by SDS, clearly. If Two Gun Tex really isn't going to run, if the war ference in the creation of a better Amer­ SNCC or SSOC, to go. \Vhile we often asl, in Vietnam is really going to be ended, both we -- the ica and a better world. the question •'What are you going to To do this we must begin to build un­ Lio with your life?", we have nothing to of­ pacifist, religious, moralistic, revolutionary, streetfighting, going permanent organizations, institu­ fer prospective doctors, teachers, social communist, middle class peace m'Jvement -- together with tions and ideologies that people can re­ workers, lawyers, manag~ment trainees, late to. Institutions that can give •'our chemists --' in short anyone who isn't a the insurrectionary black movement -- and our true enemies constituency a tangible idea of the dif­ student." have coalesced to bring this about. Our problem now zs that ferent human values we hold as rad­ Obviously the prospective changing of they know how to move in the future, while we are confused. icals". Institutions that will allow people the guard at the White House will, at least to come together and develop new re­ temporarily, pull away large numbers of lationships; institutions that will pro­ our potential constituency. For a per;.od They are not confused because they cause he happens to be the personality vide the social, emotional and psycholog­ at least our numbers will shrink, we may understand that a change in the guard ;It the power structure chose to sacrifice ical support to people, like ourselves, well feel isolated and alone. This should the White House will not destroy im­ when the fight against this particular who are making a break with the dominant be a time of consolidation, of hard work, perialism. Instead it will make that same popular revolution has become too costly institutions of the society. The Shire of internal education. We should reassess imperialism more palatable to those who for the very interests which initiated it. School in San Francisco, the Poison Cookie our own politics which many of us have do not suffer under it directly. They are Our enemies know where their interests Hole Coffee Shop in Chicago are ex­ not been able to think about in long range not confused because they are clear about lie and they move accordingly. amples of these kinds of institutions. , terms due to the pressure of day to day their goals, they are well organized, and We are confused because we lack the Community centers and freedom schools work. they are able to make tactical shifts, power necessary to make real change are others that should be built. We should reach out to those people when the logical extension of their pol­ and because we are uncertain ;lbout our To do this will require a fundamental ICIes is leading to disaster. Thus, if the go.als and the strategy necessary to r,each change in our present life styles. This re- (ont. on p. 16 continuation of the war will lead to a these goals. Our enemies have moved finanacial crisis. if major sections of strategically. In part our problem is that American capitalism are being hurt we often see ourselves as a collection of THE MOVEMENT PRESS BULK RATE rather than helped by present policies, fractioned groups and personalities. U. S. POSTAGE if the threat of internal political chaos Politically, we are a force. 449 14TH STREET threatens long term interests, then a shift PAID That force contains many of us who SAN FRANCISCO, CA. 94103 Slln FrancIsco, Calif. in tactics is not only intelligent, it is do not just want to end the war, or Permit No. 8603 imperative. lessen poverty, or get farm workers a We must be clear th;lt the shift we are better chance to .buy the junk America seeing is only tactical. Our ellem~es want to has to sell. We want to do away with bring the Vietn;lmese war to a dignified the structure that maintains war and Mr. & Mrs. Grant Cannon close, not because it is an imperialist oppression in this country and around 4907 Klatte Road Cincinnati~ war, but because it is no longer a pro­ the world. That's imperialism, "ndRobert Ohio 45244 ductive form of imperialism. Lyndon has Kennedy and Gene McCarthy, just as Lyn­ 'to go not because he wants to fight pop­ don Johnson -- are imperialists. 5. ~7 ::: ular revolutions around the world, but be- We who feel this way must pull our-

't MAY. 1968 t:~~fi.f•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• J ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. ~~~~~~~•••••••••••••••1•••• ---CONGRESS---

---SLIGHTS,------_.- IN DEfENSE Of P.f:P.-·----- REED REfUSES ---VIETNAM--- ___VETERAN5, _ To the Editor: adequate garbage collection; and street To the Editor: lights? For thirty years, Saul Alinsky's As an activist in the Peace and Freedom organizations have proved' that. TIlliS, Many of the students graduating from Party fr6m its beginning, I would like to BOTH types of organization -- electoral college thiS spring will be drafted by the Vietnam vete!"ans, former service­ correct some misconceptions about the or non-electoral -- are subject to similar end of the summer. We, comprising 66% meri, and federal employees who are PF P (and about electoral politics in gen- pressures which can lead to complacency. of the male seniors of Reed College, Port­ presently out of work received good eral) contained in Buddy Stein's and Now,the PFP was able to get on the ballot land, Oregon, will not serve in the armed news last month. When they reported Lincoln Bergman's article in the January because of the widespread disillusionment forces of the United States. to their state unemployment offices to issue of THE MOVEMENT. Especially with the two major parties and their Our decision is irrevocable. Our con­ collect their weekly compensation al­ at this stage in the history of the move- leaders. Thousands are discontented with sciences do not permit us to participate lowances, they were handed a little ment, it is absolutely essential that there the war, with racism, and are casting in this senseless and immoral war. notice reading, ..Federal funds for the be a thorough discussion of electoral about for .alternatives. As such, the great' Weare sure that tens of thousands payment of unemployment compensation politics as an arena for radicals. And bulk of those registered in the PFPare of students throughout the country will on your .claim have been exhausted." given the prevailing suspicion of elec- probably not radicals bilt are becoming join us in resistance. Congress has failed to make available toral politicS in some sections of the increasingly receptive to radical ideas. Signed: new funds. So "our boys" are being Left, such a discussion is doubly im- Thus, it is not as Stein and Bergman for- 69 Male Seniors of Reed College neglected until Congress irons out the portant. mulate it: that the PFP should educate Reed COllege Senior Class political hassles involved, while unem­ To begin with, Stein and Bergman's its workers. For if the PFP is to be . Box 223, Reed College ployed bank tellers and ex-Dow em­ article presupposes a .necessary di- truly democratic, radicals must realize Portland, Oregon 97202 ployees continue to collect... chotomy between community organizing that at this point they. are probably a and electoral politics. Thus:' 'THE MOVE- minority within the party and must fight MENT has always seen community or- like hell for their point of view. You can't ganizing as the main task of our gener- have it both ways. Our task, then, is to ~, ~, I =B~zry~,,':f;~,!~

ation. The Peace and Freedom Party has help raise consciousness in &n organiZ­ done little to change our minds." Yet, ation which we do not control and should at the article's conclusion the writers at not control. This,. it seems to me, is least see a possibility for the PFP to what all radicals should be doing. "undertake radical education and long­ range community organiZing," thereby Elections and Power obliterating this dichotomy while putting MARTIN LUTHER KING Lastly, Stein and Bergman indicate that the discussion into the realm of tactics engaging in electoral politics, without By.the time this is printed the initial shock of Martin (i.e. how best to organize communities internal education to be sure, "reinforces Luther Kin~s assassination will have passed. for radical action). It is to this tactical the faith in the ballot box as the only ef­ question that I address myself. fective path to basic social change," This That shock was real. Something inside the psyche of Stein and Bergman's 'main objections 'formulation, however, glosses over the. America died when he di~d - something too inside to the tactic of electoral politiCS (and nature ofpolitical power., andparticularly the heads and hearts of many of in the movement. slJecifically to the Peace and Freedom the process of winning power; 1 would us Party) seem to fall into three general agree that in the final analysis, norevolu­ Far all the criticisms that have been. levelled • categories: one~ regarding the lack of tionary political party, should it receives against King in the past -forall the posthumous praise a "base" in the community; two,the a majority of votes in this or any other tendencies toward opportunism inherent country, would be allowed to take power from dubious and hypocritical, sources - the death of in electoral campaigns without internal by the existing government. There would the man brings home hard once more some sometimes education; and three, the impossibility be a revolution first. But another thing forgotten. things. ' of achieving. change through the ballot is certain. As long as a majority of box. I shall deal with each in turn. people in this country give their allegi­ Our movement began with the freedom struggles ance to -either of the two parties, no in the South. That 'struggle was the impetus and inspir­ revolution can ever take place, for that al­ Community Base legiance is what legitimates the power ation for much of what we think and do today. Resis­ The writers argue that the PFPwas or­ of those parties and the interests they tance to oppression was a constantfactorthroughout the ganized from the •'top down," that it represent. That is why electoral politics history of black people in America. In our lifetimes lecks a base, that it was built "before can be so useful: it is only when increas­ community groundwork has been laid." ing numbers of people, by breading with that resistance has broadened to unprecedented scale. If that is what is meant by a "base," then' the political Est,ablishment begin to see For many reasons, which we perhaps only partly I suppose I could <\lso accuse non-electoral the true nature of American"democracy," understand, which future historians will have to detail, community organizers of organiZing from they will begin to see the real nature the •'top down," and "without a, base" of political power. Obviously, when the the event that is most often :pointed to as the beginning every time they step into a new community. PFP demands the immediate withdrawal of the larger freedom struggles occurred that dcjy when The same criteria apply to both kinds of troops from Vietnam, or setting Huey of activities. The decisive question, Newton free, no one has any illusions Rosa Parks refused to move to the back of the buS ... rather, should be: How do you go about that such demands will be met merely In late 1955 the. Montgomery bus boycott began. Out CREATING a base? How do you best by virtue of our presence in the political of that struggle emerged Martin Luther King, a recent organize people around the issues that arena. However, to the. degree that we effect their lives? Bergman and Stein, threaten the Establishment with a loss to ph.D from Boston University, as a leader and spokes­ somewhat begrudgingly, acknowledge the their Political base (i.e;, their legit­ man. In Montgomery his house was bombed. Later he attractiveness of electoral politics to imacy for power), that Establishment moved to Atlanta and, was instrumental in o-rganizing many people, that the PFP has "involved then begins to reveal its naked coercive hundreds of mc;>vement-oriented people power. Thus, by raising these absolutely(!. the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. The rest as workers," who have "reached com­ reasonable demands for millions to hear, is history - our history. munities and places which have never been the PF P is doing more to raise conscious­ The struggles, speeches, arrests, and threats uponthe touched before by the movement," Infact, ness than any' non-electoral community they admit that "Precisely because of organization that I know of in California. life of Dr. King have by now been detailed again and the American belief in the electoral pro­ again in countless memorials and obituaries. Those, cess people do commit themselves t. activities .in the context of an electoral Be Active struggles and that unforgettable voice made great con­ campaign which they will not engage in I therefore encourage all radicals to tributions to the struggle to "let freedom rin~' in \. at other times ~ " The logic of which leads become active in community organiza­ j cont. on pg. 15 me to c,onclude that electoral politics. tion which has both electoral and non­ America. ~ precisely BECAUSE it is capable of in­ electoral aspects. It excludes neither, J volving, .and thus organiZing, great num­ because it doesn't see them as counter­ bers of people, should be a major arena posed. In fact, the PFP has been a main THE MolJ€M~NT is pUbli~"'ed month\~ b'j THE MOVEMENT f~€SS sponsor of demonstrations in the bay for serious radicals. Thus, to bemoan 449 14'1+\ StY"eei) San Franc.isc.o I California 94103. "26·4511 area -- including the Fairmont .demon­ the lack of a prior base just when the EDIToRIAL GROUP: Arlene E:. BergVYlart •• LincolV\ BeV'9YY)an •• PFP is attempting to BUILD a base stration against Rusk and the pro-Huey., Maril~n ~uck q.or radical electoral and non-electoral demonstrations. It is easy enough to stand , Joe B\urYl •• •• Terence CaYlY\on.. . action) is really missing the point. aloof and bemoan tendencies that exist in Bobbi Ciedorka •• Jerr"Y Denseh •• Hard4 FV''d e .. any movement, electoral or non-electoral. Per', Gilbert.• Karen Jo KOOVlan •• Ga41e Mar"'ow.·. Only by fighting WITHIN these. move­ Julie Miller•• Jeff Segal •• Sl.\e SiYY\eV'lSK~ •• Mor~an SPfcto~ Internal Education ments can we fight those tendencies and Budo~ Ste\n •• Karen Wald •. freo WeiVl5tOc.k •• 'Pave.. Wet ImaV7 Secondly, Stein and Bergman see the build that base which we desire. This is not LoS ANGEL'f.S: Bob NiemaYlY\.lb,7 feoera\ AlJetfrlosAV)3eI6/4IiF.9oo2SI need for internal edvcatiun in the PFP. to say that there can be any guarantee that . '. "7~%o9 On this I wholeheartedly agree: without the Peace and Freedom' Party will not O·hC.AGO £DrroRIAL Gf{out>: Linda Fnedman •• Warren rrieoV'flcln. it elector21 campaigns can easily degen­ degenerate. No one has a crystal ball. Hilda IgnatiVl .. Noel-Ignatin •• Mike JeHYlec; .. Avme 0' Brian,;~ erate into mere exercises in vote-getting. But at this point it certainly merits and ~aV'lc.i welcomes the participation of all radicals. . PHOTO&RAfH)I: C.'nic.ago ti \m CO-O?, Hol\aY'lOe.V' •• , No doubt about it. But isn't it also tnie that Tom 1)oloYe~ Vafeld' 4':>33 t-j. S\1ev-idaYl Rd. CniCdgo LI\. '0&140 without internal education, non -electoral Malear.. J community organizations can easily de­ Joel Jordan SUBSc.~\pn oNS: $2 per ~ear) iY'lCivi6\.lal CDp'les~ ~7?eY' h!~dtQ~O<\-o generate into mere service clubs with Independent Socialist Club per month •• bl.\lk :)\)bscri'Ptions .• no broader perspective than prOViding Peace and Freedom Party

Ai - 7 • $ g 1 « _ ---,- --~- j MAY, 1968 THE MOVEMENT PAGE 3

KNOCKING AT THE GATE ~. /j;l iifJJ/J jJIt' /;/;,T' f;,1;i; .... IN '68 (:J;; by Lincoln and Arlene: Bergman gies C\lcKennedy released by not being' 'too hostile," They hoped by remaining vague, "If you don't do it, someone else will" , they might be able to talk to McKennedy This statement came at a key .time in supporte.rs, even bring them back to the the deliberations of the plenary session movement. Their underlying assumption at the meeting (March 23-24) in Chicago was that constituency of the new coalition to launch a new national coalition to con­ would be mostly the middle-class kids front the Democratic Convention. Tom who "cleaned up for Gene" and the lib­ Hayden's statement expressed the thrust eral peace vote. of the coalition organizers. It was a con­ The "Against" McKennedy people in­ certed thrust that ca,ught many movement sisted that in order to clearly define the grass-roots organizers unprepared. movement's pOSition, we had to be explicit More than 200 delEgates arriving at and consistent in rejecting McKennedy the plush camp outside Chicago were met along with the Democratic Party. If the with traditional barrage of pOSition pa­ Democratic Party is the source of racism pers -- few discussed, fewer read. Dur­ and imperialism (as EVERYONE reiter­ ing the first morning's session there was ated), then McKennedy only represents a an uneventful panel discussion. saner, superficially more palatable wing The afternoon workshops were unani­ of racism and imperialism. The"Against" mous in their distrust of an immediate people feared absorption and cooption into call for a centralized action in Chicago the \1cKennedy thing, unless we could offer this summer. Thev were adamant about a solid alternative program, They also had 'I\~'II ~ . / .;; ~'),~

their oppOSition to the' 'McKennedy Thing" a more radical view of their potential '~1 but split over how to respond to it. Some constituency. They overwhelmingly lost wanted an explicit rejection of the 2 the vote, candidates, Others were tempted by the coalition 0 r g aniz e r s' "best - of - two­ MOBILIZATION OR worlds" proposal, "To clearly separate ORGANIZATION? us from those events and yet make us After a few minor amendments to the politically relevant to the energy they 2d/2 page call that the coalition organiz­ (the candidates) have released," ers issued, a three-man initiating commit­ tee was elected. Rennie Davis, Dave Del­ 'THE CALL linger and Vernon Grizzard will be re­ THE MOVEMENT sponsible for convening another confer­ The important decisions on these issues ence in June and coordinating the organiz­ were voted on Saturday night and Sunday ing efforts of regional groups. morning. In the evening, first Carlos The politics of the conference was rem­ Russell presented the black caucus posi­ iniscent of the peace politics of 1960-63, tion paper and a programmatic 13 points. garnished now by the Yippies. The con­ The paper condemned the Dem­ ference never came near discussij:Jg a HOUSTON SDS UNDER ocratic and .Republican Parties as sources radical political program. To condemn lV, . of raclsm and oppression and called for ritually racism and, imperia'lism ,was al4 a confrontation at the Democratic Conven­ So far, these appear to be the p6litics of tion. Russell made a deliberate effort at protest, not resistance - of mobilizing, ATTACK full discussion to avoid the kind of accu­ not organizing. But much depends on the sations which followed the NCNP. work of the regional groups. Several In spite of Russell's attempt, the black years ago coalitions did not condemn On the evening of March 5, three shot­ that the skit was written, planned, re­ caucus proposals were qUickly adopted by imperialism, even ritually. This may be gun blasts ripped through two rooms of hearsed, and props procured for a •'the­ the plenary session. (Afterall, "there was a step forward. the family home of Daniel J. Schacht, an atrical production." This led the govern­ a lot of business to cover"). But in en­ The conference gave a lot of lip ser­ SDS war protestor, in the latest of a series ment attorneys t~ward questioning the dorsing the black position palEr, the plen­ vice to the importance of local organizing. of threats and violence attributed to the intent of the defendents. ary virtually committed itself to a con- Many verbal concessions were made to local KKK aimed at Ilouston's anti-war 'TIle government objected to the intro­ frontation in Chicago this summer without make mobilization a to.ol for local or­ movement. Luckily, no one at the home duction of memorable passages from NO a full political discussion. ganizing, the program mentioned(though was hurt. TIME FOR SERGE.\NTS, THE C\lNE For the rest of the evening the politics the conference didn't discussjmany ideas The first confrontation with the right MUTINY COURT MARTI,\L, and DR. of that decision were couched in terms of for local organizing, and the structure began over a year ago, when members of STRANGE WVE, all unprosecuted views of structure. Should the call come now or be of the coalition gives autonomy to local the Houston Committee to End the War en­ the military from burlesque to b!.ack postponed until a conference of regional groups. The coalition also has plentiful gaged in speech-making and leafleting in humor. The government :.l1so objected to groups in June? The conference organiz­ resources. downtown Houston were assaulted by mem­ the presenting of documentation of· U.S. ers and peace liberals pushed for the We should try to work with it. But first bers of the local United Klans of America. atrocities against civilians, statements of immediate call. Opponents, grass roots we must get straight in our own heads At least five cases of damage by firearms fact. The Judge sustail:ec! both objections. organizers and SDS types, wanted the what is "the politics of resistance'.our to the homes and businesses of HCEWV The twoanda half day tri.d, culminated postponement of the call or none at all. program 7 There was a lot of •'SDS­ and SDS J:Tlembers reported to the local in a crescendo of surrc~Jity in the final The discussion was a discussion of attri­ baiting" at the conference. Part of it authorities have not led to a single arrest. summation by U.S. ,\ssistant .'>.ttorney tion. The' 'if-you-don't-do - it-someone ­ was justified. Many people lean on the Moose Hartman who told the defendants else-will" thrust combined with the fact ,rhetoric of community organizing without Harassment Arrests that "If you don't like it here, there that opponents didn't really have them­ any concrete program for organizing a are boats leaving every day."Also, "Ifyou selves together, ensured the passage of an radical base. The coalition represents Most likely, this recent attack was trig"" came to my home, you wouldn't be able immediate call. The question of the speci­ another challenge to radical organizers to gered by the arrest, trial and conviction of to walk into court:'implying that he would fic structure and tactics of the Democratic get themselves together. .. Jarrett Smith, Jr. and Daniel J. Schacht kill or maim a civilian. lr should be clear Convention was postponed till June. for the unlawful wearing of parts of the that his remarks call for the same type uniform of the U.S. Army during a skit of terrorism used by the Kl,lll. RESPONSE TO McKENNEDY performed in front of the local induction THE FIRING LINE center, in coordination with the December The issue, how to respond to the Mc­ 4, 1967, Stop the Draft Week. The Bong­ Sentences Kennedy thing, was partly resolved by the' the Cong Reportoire 'TIleatre, a local Jarrett and Danny returned to be sen­ decision to do something at the Chicago NEEDS HELP SDS endeavor, enacted the brutal slaying tenced on February 29. Jarrett was fined Democratic Convention. But the meeting of a Vietnamese peasant for the inductees. $250 and given a six months probated still hadn't discussed the minimal political The FIRING LINE, the JOIN Community This is a simple case of costly harass­ sentence on the condition that he not as­ policy statement on which the coalition Union newspaper in Chicago, is in urgent ment intended to stifle anti-war dissent. sociate with SDS or the University of would be based. A very incomplete discus­ n'eed of 2 people experienced in laying ,\pre-trial motion to quash the indict­ Houston Student Humanist Association, for sion came Sunday morning. out and compositing. ment, emphasiZing constitutional rights three years, disregarding the First Do we define our political and program­ of free expression and the discriminatory Amendment guarantees of free assemblyl matic stance "TOWARD" or "AGAINST" ,",Ve have no money for salaries. All we application of tlus law was rejected by Fed­ Th2 Judge told of Schacht's conceiving the Kennedy and McCarthy candidacies? have to offer in return for your labor is eral Judge James T. Noel. and carrying out the portrayal of Amer­ The debate over the word was not a stylis­ love and appreciation, plus the insight At the trial each witness for the pros­ ican servicemen killing a pregnant woman. tic one, The debate pointed to a deep di-' to be gained by working, living, and learn­ ecution carefullv refrained from char­ Since he showed no •'grief or remorse" vision in political orientations. Everyone ing in a poor and working class neigh­ acterizing the d~fenclants'actions as a skit in expressing his belief, he was given the affirmed the need to maintain the identity borhood. or theatrical production in fear that any maximum penalty of six months and $250 of the movement but refused to come to such admission would favor the inter­ fine. The defendants are appealing the case grips with what that identity might be. All replies should be sent to: pretation of a complementary U.S. Code with the assistance of the Texa:: Civil The "TOW AR 0" McKennedy people Peggy Terry giving blanket authority to wear the Liberties Union. were afraid to reject McKennedy out­ Editor, THE FIRING LINE uniform' 'in a theatrical or motion picture Contributions to cover the cOSt of de­ right-some because they will probably 4431 N. Clifton ,\venue production, if there is no intent to dis­ fense can be sent to Daniel J. Schacht and support McKennedy, others because they Chicago, Illinois credit the armed forces." Testimony of Jarrett Smith, Jr., 1620 W. Main,llouston, thought they could better use the ener- 60640 the defense, however, clearly indicated Texas, 77006......

. PAGE 4 THE MOVEMENT MAY, 1968 Texas Southern University FIVE FIGHT FOR THEIR- LIVES Just over a year ago, in March 1967, studentsat Texas Southern University in Houston brutality and trumped-up charges when Political Defense began a revolt against conditions on the campus o Grievances included bad food, early we marched on the courthouse. And we curfews for women, and the lack of courses in the modern branches of engineering and were trying to teach black history 15e- The MOVEMENT: How are you fighting the technology. The response of the administration was predictable o The TSU Friends of SNCC cause we didn't have black history in the case? group was thrown off campus, a warrant was issued for the arrest of one student schools. Floyd: I'm not going through criminal organizer, and the group's faculty advisor was fired. This led to a student boycott and the The MOVEMENT: So they were retaliating court proceedings __ that's trying you raising of new demands including: dropping the charges against the arrested student; for previous agitation? as a criminal and the whole thing is increasing the salary of faculty members; a student court for disciplinary cases; the Floyd: For two protests on the 16th. One political. removal of the dean from the local draft board; and disarming the campus police. was in Sunnyside -- a black childdrowned The MOVEMENT: The other defendants ITHE MOVEMENT, May 1967). in the dump -- they had fences around the didn't want to do that though? In May, students from TSU joined high school and college students from around the city playground, but not around the dump, which Floyd: So far they haven't. in support of protests by local black citizens over intoleragle conditions at the city high was 20 ft. deep and the child fell in and The MOVEMENT: What are the reasons schools and the death of a young black child by drowning at an unfenced city garbage dump, drowned. And also another protest in you're fighting the case politically? These protests allowed the city to retaliate against the students at TSU in force o Northeast Houston where they were beating Floyd: To try and get all five defendants On May 17, hundreds of armed police invaded the TSU campus and arrested 489 stu­ up black high school students who were off the hook, including myself, by any dents, During the so-called riot, in which cops fired wildly, one policeman was killed, attending Northwood Jr. High School. They means necessary. TIle whole thing is apparently by a ricochet from another cop's gun. Shortly after, five TSU students, all were being beaten with ax handles and. political. We were arrested on political members of the Friends ofSNCC group, were arrested and charged with being responsible chains and whatever. They had arrests grounds. You see the mayor wants to get for this death. (THE MOVEMENT, September, 1967), at both protest sites and they arrested re-elected and we were talking about a One of the five, Floyd Nichols, has been traveling around the country trying to get preachers and deacons and deacons and black mayor, black people on the city publicity for the case. He was in San Francisco last week and we talked to him about the sisters of the church and students at council and it's all lily white, and black case and conditions on black campuses around the country, Northwood Jr. High. people on the school board which is al- The MOVEMENT: You're out on bail now? most all lily white. The whole thing in The MOVEMENT: Tell us what the state say is that you guys conspired to incite F loyd: Right. .. Houston is political and the whole thing of the TSU Five case is right now. this riot and in the process of that riot The MOVEMENT: How much IS the bail? cont. on p. 15 Floyd: The trial has been put off again ~ ~ ~: ~ , cop '" ki!led 'Od therofoee Y,"'ce.;; #t

. and again. responsible for his death. Harassment of Black Panthers Continues: • The MOVEMENT: Why? Floyd: They say we're responsible for two Floyd: The D.A. asked for a change of criminal assaults and also the murder. venue because of too much publicity. He The MOVEMENT: Have they determined "CONSPIRACY" AND GUN CHARGES wants it moved to East Texas. He wants how the police officer was actually killed? to move the trial to Liberty, Texas. Floyd: They had a little article in the BERKELEY, CAL. -Bay Area police con­ pressed and the arraignment was post­ Most everybody up there is against black paper. saying no student could have killed tinued their harassment of the Black Pan­ poned until Tuesday. Meanwhile, bond had people. him and the ballistics report along with ther Party. for Self Defense with an early been reduced on all sixprisoners. Finally, The MOVEMENT: How far is Liberty the coroners report said he was mor­ Sunday morning raid, Feb. 25, on the on Tuesday, official charges were filed, from Houston? tally wounded by a .30 caliber police home of Bobby Seale, Chairman of the but no conspiracy charges appeared, since Floyd: About sixty miles. officer's bullet. Panthers. At 3 a.m. six Berkeley cops the court could not produce any intended The MOVEMENT: And its overwhelming­ The MOVEMENT: Apparently the bullet armed with shotguns burst into and ran­ victims. Seale and his wife were charged ly white? ricocheted from another cop's gun? sacked Seale's house while holding Seale instead with several felony gun law Floyd: You have most of the Klu Klux Floyd: Yes. They were shooting wild and his wife, Artie, at gunpoint. Without violations, while the other defendants were Klan and Minutemen further east. and they were shooting AR-15 shells. warrants either for search or arrest the charged with gun law misdemeanors, The MOVEMENT: But you want to keep They shot around 6,000 rounds of AR-15 cops arrested the Seale's, charging them the case in Houston? shells into the dormitory. And the police with conspiracy to murder, carrying a con­ Floyd: 1 do, yes. officers were shooting at other' Rglice cealed weapon, possessing an illegal shot­ Harassment and Retaliation ·t~i.'J;- gun, and possessing a .45 caliber auto­ Commenting on the motives behind the #i'41 matic with disfigured serial numbers. police crackdown, the Huey p. Newton Shortly afterward, four other members of Defense Fund stated that the arrests were

the Panthers .were surrounded by three I 'blatant harassments and attempts to squad cars carrying shotgun-armed cops, drain funds from the Black Panther Party and jailed on similar charges. The police which is involved in mobilizing support tried to defend this intrusion without a war­ for !luey P. Newton, Minister of Defense," rant by claiming there was "reasonable and constituted a "dire c t retaliation cause" and that they had been investigating against the party for holding the mass a ..disturbance in the area," Bailwas sub­ rally for Newton's defense in Oakland sequently set at $11,000 each for the on Feb. 17," (That rally, at which Stoke­ Seales, and $6,000 for the other four. ly Carmichael, Rap Brown, James For­ TIlese arrests took place in the context man, and Bobby Seale had spoken, as of a weekend-long move by the cops against well as a number of other rallies and the Panthers, in which at least ten other meetings the week preceding the arrest5, Panthers were arrestedoncharges ranging had gained a great deal of financial and from using profanity to inciting a riot as community support for Newton's defense they attempted to stop police brutalization among the Glack people in tbe Day .\rea.) of a black woman. Charles R. Garry, defense lawyer for the six, who pled all of them not guilty. Conspiracy Charge Dropped stated that the most recent arrests were Floyd Nichols (left) and Stanley Wright, Treasurer of TSU Friends of SNCC at THE \ "a smokescreen to poison the atmos­ MOVEMENT office. (photo: Mark Hardesty) Confusion ensued for two days following phere around the I-Iuey Newton trial." IIe the arrests, with Seale being releasedSun­ termed the charges against the Seale's The MOVEMENT: What is the .atmosphere officers. A lot of them had to be taken day morning, in spite of the murder con­ "trumped up" and "phony," Garry is also in Houston around the case? to the hospital. spiracy charges, and neither the cops, acting as defense attorney in tbe New­ Floyd: Most of the people still realize nor the District Attorney, nor the local ton Case. that the five people they have charged are papers being able to present any logical ,\t a preliminary hearing on March 19. innocent. I mean that's clear cut. But justification for the police actions. On which was held over Garry's ohjection ~ Monday, Feb. 26, a rally of several hun­ they're trying to put it off I belie\ till Why These Five?' that the prosecution's evidence was in­ most of the public forgets about it-- until dred in support of the Panthers gathered admissable because it was obtained by they grow weary and tired of waiting for The MOVEMENT: Where were you when and filled the :\lameda Municipal Court, illegal search and seizure of the Seale the trial to come and ther. they'll prob­ the disturbance occurred? Berkeley, where arraignment proceedings home, testimony was heard from Ber­ ably rush into court and rush us out of Floyd: I was about 10 or 15 miles away were taking place, but no charges were keley policeman Edward F. Coyne, one court. during all this shooting. of the arresting officers. Coyne admitted The MOVEMENT: What about the rest of that he didn't like Seale's politics. and Charges the defendants? that he had I, listened" on Feb, 24 whfle Floyd: Two others were in the dorm when Rap Still in Jail ... the Newton Defense money was being The MOVEMENT: What are the five of they arrested the 480 some odd students counted in Seale's house. It was also you specifically charged with? and one was already in jail and the other SNCC has paid out $3,000 to bail Il. Rap determined that Mrs. Seale had never Floyd: First, conspiracy and incitement was across town. Brown out of the New Orleans jail where seen the sawed-off shotgun they were to riot. They say we are responsible for The MO VEMENT: How soon did they arrest he has been imprisoned and fasting for over charged with possessing, and that there murder and two assaults to murder, This you? a month. But Rap still remains a political were no fingerprints on the gun. Seale is why the DA is asking for the death Floyd: They arrested me about 28 hours prisoner, in the custody of the L',S. govern­ himself had never seen nor personally re­ penalty. It is based on an old anti-labor after, ment. He is now being transferred to Alex­ moved the serial number on his .45, law where if laborers would strike and The MOVEMENT: Die you get lawyers andria, Virginia, where they w~1l hold him which he legally possessed for his own the police wodd .<:et:"in to break the strike right away? for extradition to Cambridge, Maryland-­ self defense. The Panthers have conform­ well then whatever injuries would result, Floyd: First we got NAACP lawyers and where he is to stand triaL If it sounds a ed carefully to gun legislation to avoid they would pick out the so-called leaders now we have other lawyers -- some are little confusing to you, don't worry about this kind of trouble, be said. According to or people who were supposed to have led connected with the .\CLU. your ability to figure this legal maze out Garry, "the hearing clearly established the strike and if anybody was injured or The MOVEMENT: \Vhat do you think is the -- cause the man has deliberately cre­ there was no probable cause for arrest, anything then they would be charged with reason that you five were picked out? ated a web of confusion andtraps, inon.ler and the testimony was unlawful because that. Floyd: We had been active in protests to effectively silence Rap and keep him out it was obtained by unlawful se.Jrch and The MOVEMENT: What they're trying to centered around the campus on police of circulation, seizure.....

I r, \ , 1 J' ! J II I i I r MAY, 1968 THE MOVEMENT PAGE 5 RADICALS AND 1968, ELECTIONS An Analysis of the California Peace and Freedom Movement Reese Erlich

(Ed. note: Reese Erlich was a student at the University of California at Berkeley until he was suspended for participating in last October's Stop the Draft Week demonstration, He was recently indicted by the grand jury for organizing that demonstration, He is currently a statewide organizer for the Peace and Freedom Movement,)

The main body of this article was written before johnson made his announcement not to seek reelection. The full effect of his decision on leftist politics will really only be known in the months ahead. One fact is clear. however, the thousands of liberals who whould have flocked to a third party if johnson ran against Nixon in November are now solidly embedded in the Democratic Party, On the college campuses, in the Mexican­ American communities, and even in the black ghettos, Bobby Kennedy will co-~pt many a potential radical. How can radicals most effectively oppose such co-option? A radical third political party running local campaigns offers one, but clearly not the only possibil­ ity. Running a presidential candidate against johnson and Nixon was the single biggest draWing card of a third party. Such a pOSSibility scarcely seems possible now. Yet there is still a real pOSSibility of running successful campaigns for U.S, Senate, Congress. and state offices. These candidates can articulate radical socialist programs to the liberals who still think Wayne Morse et al are the quintessence of the peace movement .. Even well organized, hard fought third party campaigns will not radicalize as many people as john­ son would have had he decided to run. But to ignore electoral politics this year is to GUARANTEE a good number of potential radicals will work inside the Democratic party, :::>

The Peace and Freedom Movement may well be the vehicle for offering a exte~~ brown. participatio~ in PF~ •. it ~~~/l ,~---.....----~, radical alternative to the candidates of raises grave problems In orgamzll1g (; Ii ~ co-option. The PFM has defined its main whites. •. If I role as organizing, not winning elections. By organizing 1 mean the creation of CONFRONT WHITE RACISM mass based, democratically controlled --- :rHE MOVEMENT institutions for revolutionary change, PFM Because many middle class whites don't already has a large base of over 105,000 understand the connection between the registrants. Most of them are white middle Vietnam War and racism at home, they class students, professionals, and hippies; feel the Panther alliance will •'alienate" although there is participation by blacks people opposed to the war. There is some personality and his personal machine steering committee will control finances and some Mexican-Americans, The big­ rank and file feeling that PFM should run control the party. TIl at system usually and literature of the campaign. Paul ja­ gest danger for such a fragile coalition a single issue campaign. A m3jurity works out since neither the candidate nor cobs, a San Francisco author. won the is that it will become an American Social believe the issues are connected, how­ the party usually have any political prin­ endorsement running on a platform of Democratic Party. Such a party would seek ever. Many liberals are beginning tu change ciples worth fighting over. The candidate Party control of the campaign. to put pressure on the Democrats from their minds and now favor the black will ignore people who can't vote because outside instead of inside the Democratic liberation movement. Another argument his object is to win the election. Finally, Party and, in the end, serve the same is that PFM st3nds for "peace,·' and the candidate will take "good" positions INTO THE MILITARY function as RFK. therefore could not support a •'violent" on issues and then make a conscientious The convention specifically chose to re­ group like the Panthers. The pacifist effort to ignore them if elected. It is this late to people who were not necessarily THE PFM CONVENTION tendencies within PfM are very strong. model that usually alienates radicals from eligible voters. PFM will sponsor an Yet when the membership is presented electoral politics. initiative drive' to put the issue of an 18­ The PFM Convention held March 16-18 with issues like Stop the Draft Week .\nother model, however, is the electoral year-old vote on the ballot. Teams of in Richmond, Calif. solved this one prob­ demonstrations, they slowly begin to wing of a revolutionary party. The Bol­ three under -18 - year - olds would ac­ lem and immediately created another, change their minds. On these two ques­ sheviks C1nd various European Anarchist company one registered voter in a door­ PFM defined itself as completely opposed tions alone, PFM organizers will have to and revolutionary socialist parties used to-door canvass of the community. The to the existing political-social-economic do a lot of education. T-his education will electoral politics to reach people who were initiative drive would be used as a de­ system and made some faltering 'steps to­ rt:quire a different type of organizing than not yet reudy to pick up a gun. TIleir vice to organize young people as well as wards becoming a mass based, radical. what has traditionally transpired. campaigns emphasized the party's polit­ an appeal to people of voting age. Too socialist party. The convention passed a PFM organizers will have to confront ical position rather than a candidate's par­ many times military men are ignored series of radical resolutions demanding the issue of white racism immediately. ticular glamor. And most importantly, by political parties because they don't the freeing of Huey Newton "by whatever The new left tradition is to or)Ianize whites they not only took good pOSitions on local meet residency requirements. The con­ means necessary which will further the around issues th3t directly effect their issues (e.g. workers' demands for better vention passed overwhelmingly a reso­ mack Liberation Movement." supporting lives and then raise political conscious­ wages and working conditions), but they lution supporting the rights of men en­ the next Stop the Draft Week, opposing ness by bringing in other issues, TIlus in fought for those demands in the streets. listed in the military. U. S. and "communist" imperialism JOIN, Mike james ET .\L organized As a result of the Richmond convention, The Peace and Freedom Movements abroad. and offering alternatives to a around poor housing 3mongst whites and PFM moved away from the structure of adopts a policy of defending rights of en­ capitalist economic system, For the first only later when the Chicag0 IJlacks were a typical .\merican party and much closer listed men in the Armed Forces. We rec­ time a new left coalition was able to agree rioting, did they confront the race issue. to -the emphasis of a revolutionary party. ognize their right to form their own or­ long enough to proclaim a hesitating al­ \Vhen 1 visit a PFM club, the FIRST Fro'm the very beginning of the con­ ganizations in their own interests as being legiance to socialism. issue people will ask about is the Panther vention ·PFM was interested in more than fundamental. In view of recent persecu­ By passing these and other radical coalition, TIlis direct conrrontation, I electorul politics. By almost unanimous tions of anti-war el's, we demand that Gl's programs, PFM ran a calculated risk, have found, can be very effective with votes, PFM endorsed and promised to be tried by their peers, or in other The vast bulk of the Party's some 105,000 middle clClss whites. To a certain extent give its resources to Stop the Draft Week, words, that all ranks above private be registrants are disaffected Democrats or discussions on whether to nat~onalize the Resistance, and the Intern3tional Stu­ excluded from court martials of Grs so Republicans who wanted an alternative industry or try to reform its worst aspects. dent Strike. The resolution read in part: that men in the .\rmed Forces can come should Sir Robert fail. in his bid for the This issue in no way effects their personal . .. Peace and Freedom Movement under constitutional law, IIoly Grail. A meaningful coalition with lives, or at least they don't perceive it as Chapters shClll on;unize people for and Many PFM chapters are located near the black liberation movement and opposi­ such. Rather they are concerned with the trClnsport them to these demonstrations, military bases. In some areas they have tion to U. S. imperialism might well scare effect on other people. Similarly with the or organize similar demonstrations in plans t,) infiltrate the USO's with "peace them into re-registering Democratic .. TIle black liberation qucstion, since most of their own areas. chicks'" pass Ollt literature at local issue most likely to cause alienation from them are not directly in contact with For the first ti me in recent history, there bars. do door-to-door canvassing at Grs t;le Party is the Huey Newton question, blacks, a good orgunizer can convince will he a political par~y represented in oU-hClse homes, and even organize on and more generally, the alliance with the them to support the black liberation move­ the streets as well as at the ballot box. the hclse. During the registration drive. Black Panther Party. ment on moral 3nd altruistic grounds. In ,\ second very important decision made ei.c:ht intrepid FPM voter registrars went At the convention the tentative coalition any case the educational process that at the convention was that the Peace and intIO the Marines officers' housing inside between PFM and the militant Panthers takes place is well worth the effort. By Freedom Movement will control all can­ Camp Pendleton. TIley had great success was cemented, Eldridge Cleaver, minister putting the Panther alliance in at least didates, not VICE VERSA. TIlere was a in registering military men and their of information, presented three demands as an important pOSition as the War. strong debate us to whether the conven­ wives until they accidentally knocked on as the minimum program for a coalition PFM will probably educate and rudical­ tion should endorse a single candidate the door of the commandant's wife. They with PFM: 1) support the demand of Free ize a lot of liberals. for U.S. Senate or have an open primary. were rather unceremoniollsly escorted Huey Newton 2) support a plebiscite within ,\n open primary would have thrown PFM off the base and ordered not to return. America's black colony to be held by the A NEW FORM OF ORGANIZATION into the Democratic and Republican Party U.N. to determine the fate of black people 'The means PFM uses to disseminate bag. BUILD MOVEMENT INSTITUTIONS in the U,S, 3) Endorse the 131ack Panther its radical program will help determine Open primaries favor the candidate with 10 point program, TIle convention a[!;reed the number of people it attracts, There are the biggest 113mc. most money, and most The whole mood of the convention was to these p<,sitions almost unanimously at least two models of political parties that amount of free time to campaign. Poli­ different from that of the establishedpar­ and in return the black C::llJCUS agreed to liberal or radical candidates have used. tical issues are subordinated to a can­ ties. No one expected to win any elec­ these encourage blacks to register Peace One is the typicul .\merican coalition didate's ·'image." The convention sound­ tions and for many delegates the main and Freedom and to coalesce with PFl\1 party which compromises as many issues ly rejected this type of campaign wnen objective wasn't even to get a huge "pro- on certain mutually agreeable issues, as possible in order to get largc numbers it voted to endorse a single candidate for cont, on pg. 14 While this coalition opens up the possibil- of votes in November. TIllJs the Chndidate's U.S. Senate. Under this system the PFM / PAGE 6 THE MOVEMENT MAY, 1968 STRIKERS' COOP COMPETES The following interview with three former Levi Workers, girls got their job back through the labor it (the contract) 'in the OpiniOn of the Joe Nichols, Irene Whittenbarger, and Beulah Mull discusses board. management' - 'if qualified in the opinion Irene: Some of the Tennessee Copper of the management' - they'd say we don't the struggles that these three and their fellow workers men helped. have a leg to stand on and we'drather take have had in Blue Ridge, Ga. over the last two years. Brian: Why did you decide to go for la case that we knew we could win. That ILGWU? was their excuse for not going to arbitra­ In August 1966 the Levi Strauss Blue Ridge plant was Beulah: Well, the only thing I ever figured tion. First they talked us into the contract struck for better wages and working conditions. The strike the reason that we went for the lLGWU, and then when you go to them with griev­ was finally broken 56 weeks later. Rather than giving up the I thought maybe the Tennessee Copper anc'es they'd say the contract was soweak Company men being chemicalworkers •.. they couldn't win one so why bother with workers have now formed a co-op corporation called I never really knew why the lLGWU came it. ' Appalachian Enterprises, which has contracted with a dress in. I know they did tell us they didn't want Brian: You ended up worse with an ILGWU us after it was over and done and a mess contract than without one? manufacturing company. A plant has been established in Min­ of it. They told us they didn't want us to Beulah: Yes, we sure did. eral Bluff, Ga. The people associated with the co-op have begin with. But how they ever really came Irene: Mad.e it against the law for us to also planned a cooperative grocery store, gas station, and in here I don't know. It was the only union walk out then. I ever heard mentioned. housing project as well as a day care center for worker's Company Violations children and a health clinic for the county, which at present Weak Contract Brian: Did the company violate the con­ has no hospital. (See the MOVEMENT, January, 1968). Brian: Your first contract was pretty tract? The interview was conducted by Brian Heggen, and sent weak and it was a long term contract that Irene: Oh, every day. As soon as the doors allowed the management to get away with opened they violated the contract. You ~f'ft~~ :::- quite a few things. Why dld you deClde to could just bet on that every morning. to the MOVEMENT for publication. A slightly different ver­ sign that? Bria!': How? sion of the same interview has been distributed by Liber­ Beulah: We were advised to. We held a Beulah: They paid no attention at all to meeting in the school house in Blue Ridge seniority because in our contract every ation News Service. and the guy got up and he read the contract time you had a clause that give you over very fast. It was hard to understand. seniority it would say at the bottom, "if, Brian: Why did Levi come into this area? Community Feeling And he advised us that we would get a foot in the opinion of management ..." So this Irene: Well, 1 guess they figured they'd in the door and later we would grow strong. left the union setting pretty you know, find some cheap labor. There's plenty of Brian: Did people in this area have a And the contract was not explained to us they had nothing .•. we can't fight that, labor. They made a labor survey before feeling of togetherness, a feeling of com­ in any way, it was just read over very fast. they'd say, although they'd advised us to they came in here. munity with each other before Levi came? It was the first union - the only union - to sign the contract. Brian: Who invited them here? Irene: Yes, I think they did. ever be in Fannon county, and we knew Brian: So when you went on your' 'wild­ Beulah: The businessmen, the lawyel7s and Brian: Did Levi try to break that? very little about unions so we only took cat" strike the contract had aIready merchants. Irene: Oh, they broke it. their word that any contract was better been broken? Brian: What type of conditions did Levi Brian: How? than none and settle it peacefully and Beulah: Over and over. set up; what type of conditions didyou have Irene: Well, the whole system in Levi then build from there. So we signed. Brian: Did the I nternational support you to work under? was set up to where you had to act Brian: Wby did ILGWU go along with that ­ when you went out on strike? Beulah: Sweatshop conditions. greedy to survive. You couldn't help your they knew more than you did? Irene and Beulah: No. Brian: What's a sweatshop? fellow man, you know, your fellow worker, Beulah: Yeah, they should have known more Brian: Gave you no support at all? Beulah: Well, they set a high production or it just cost you. It took money out of than us, and they should have known that Irene: No advice. Every time we'd ask you had to meet. If you didn't meet the your pocket. And the schedule was so it was only a way for Levi to kick us out them something they'd say "Well what high pro d u c t ion you were fired or tight that you didn't have a minute to lose. one by one, because the contract was so does it matter; it's all illegal anyway." threatened and threatened and a dollar, You couldn't talk. And they meant for it weak. Then as time went on and nothing happened it was worse working than ever, the wage law, is all you can make ... to be that way, they didn't want you to be SCABS 80 cents an hour for the training period. together or have time to talk to each other. after the union. So when we'd have a case Then you' worked three months and you got Briari: Where did the scabs come from, a nickel raise then worked one more while you were out on the picket line? month and got the wage law, and if you Beulah: Well, they were locai people that ever got where you could make production have never worked at Levi. Well, not they'd bring the company repairs in just everyone. Some of the scabs that scabbed bundle after bundle and causing it to lose in had been fired at Levi before. They had your production. been tried, and the way Levi did, they Mike Lozoff: Why didn't they want you to would bring in and see if you was a real make produr.tion? fast worker then if you didn't show that Beulah: Well, they had production set and you could be one of these realfast workers if you ever met production you'd get so they fired you. So this is where a lot of much over per bundle. So they'd put the scabs came from. They had already something before you like you could make been fired at Levi at one time. They lots of money, then they'd see to it that you them wasn't good enough to come in until couldn't ever make any money by not let­ the strike. And there just local people that ting you make anything more than pro­ had been fired••. duction. And they talked about us in Irene: Levi rejects ... every way - they said we were hillbillies, Beulah: Untrained people mostly. we'd work for nothing. The manager, went Brian: Why do you think they took the job somewhere way out in the country and he and crossed your picket line? brought this big bathtub in - a thing. I'd Beulah: Well, because of poverty mostly. never seen -I didn't know they made a TIlere's no jobs in Blue Ridge - there's bathtub like it - but that's what they said one little factory that's been here thirty it was - and he hung it on the wall with years. They work about SOO people and a sign that said, "If you don't have a batn­ they never quit because it's the only job tub at home take this and use it." It had they have. a bar of soap down in it. It was right out on the porch site place where everybody Strikebre~king Violence that came and went, big si•.:>t and all, could ~ee it, which said''Why don't you Brian: What sort of action was taken bathe ?"', against you during the strike, with you Irene: And tell about having to clock out being out there on the picket line? Did you and stay there. You couldn't go home, they get attacked, were there reprisals? said you'd be fired if you went home. But Irene: Our women were run over on the you had to stay there and wait on work and picket line and hospitalized and the grand later on the labor board made them pay jury didn't give us a bill. And they got "a a little of that back, but their records Starting a Union to arbitrate they'd say "OK, OK, don't little midnight injunction fixed up in the weren't found, you know, they didn't pay worry' about this now, we'll settle it for judge's office and accused. us of all sorts much of it back. Brian: Then generally people were being you", and then you'd keep pushing and of things that •.. There wasn't anybody Beulah: You know my job when you went very badly treated. Who decided that they pushing and pushing and they never did even there to deny those things, you know. in - inspect was my job - was the last needed a union first? anything for you. They never arbitrated And state patrol all over the place. TIle operation. So they tell you to come in the Beulah: Well, a small group began talking one case in the two years they had the weekend right soon after we struck the next morni:1.g, then we'd get in there the union. When we first began to have union, not· one case. But we have a weekend that he had about 30 patrolmen wouldn't be any work. We didn't even get meetings they was a very small group and briefcase full of arbitration. They never up here, there was thirty -four' people to clock in. We went as high as 10, 10:30, from there they kino of covered the whole arbitrated one. killed on the highways that weekend. and 11 0'clock and if you asked to go territory. It took nine months. We or­ Irene: Well, they talked the people into Brian: With the strike and co-op, it's home they said no. But you had a baby­ ganized the union ourselves. It took nine taking that contract and then when we'd been over a year and a half, right'? Sitter, you know, paying your babysitter months for us to get the union in and go to them with a case, you know, with a Beulah: Yes. bill all the til!Je. several of the girls were fired. Two of the ?,riev,lrlCe, they saici. "Well, that clause in . Brian: How long did that strike last? MAY, 1968 THE MOVEMENT PAGE i WITH LEVI Beulah: Let's see, we struck .\ugust, The Co-op the 10th, 1966 and let's see ... Irene: September the 13th, 1967, was the Brian: How are decisions made in the election and then we dropped the picket co-op - what type of structure do you line. I believe we held it 56 weeks and one have? day, thinking the union would do something. Irene: We made us up some bylaws andwe Beulah: .\nd we wanted to hold the union have a board and the board can make in regardless. We felt like once the union decisions. But the membership can re­ was lost in Fannon County it would hurt verse those decisions if it doesn't suit everybody. So we started even started them. You know, a majority. Its a mem­ talking to some of the people that were bership, individual thing. Everybody has working in Levi. So we can't say it's the their rights. truth but it came out pretty good that Mr. Brian: Is it jointly owned by everybody Baum told the girls before the election, within it? •'Well, you can vote for the union if you Irene: Yes. . want to but when you do those striker:; Brian: What type of trouble have you will come back in and we'll have to let had since you formed the co-op? Have you go". So it wasn't a matter of the people given you fair contracts? Have scabs not wanting the union - they knew you had trouble with getting contracts, they needed a union. It was a matter trouble with the machinery? that the manager made them think that if Irene: Well the first contract we was cheat­ we won the strike they'd lose their jobs so ed real badly. They were paying too low; that's why they didn't vote for the union. we couldn't even meet the payroll on it., ~ ~~%+N~ Beulah: See we didn't know anything to do ILGWU but sew. We were good sewers -that's Brian: Did you ever get together and all we knew ... We found out that we take your case direct to the union people v.ere at least $2 underpaid -from 2 to 4 from the ILGWU? dollars underpaid - on the dozen, So we Beulah: Well, the thing that we walked out couldn't make any money, an) wa) we on we had the business agent up there and turned we couldn't make any money, And THE MOVEMENT the area manager, the plant manager, we now we're haVing to get new machines sat in the office over four hours about because we can't buy the old machines; two months bef0re we struck trying to get they're not even the man's that sold this one seniority thing settled..\nd our them to liS. business agent would not open his mouth, Irene: lf we'd payed for those machines out, why, we think we can make it on our Mike Lozoff: The president says his com- he would not defend us in any way ..\nd we it'd of been just like buyin!:, stolen goods. own easy enough. . mission, including men like Mr. Ilaas, kept trying to show him where this was We'd of been out. Brian: You've got the story about your· the guy who owns Levi-Strauss, is set uJ= absolutely not fair, nor ri).dlt. They were Brian: So people who know what they're struggle around here to a lot of liberals, to probe deep into the causes and to reach gonna push girls out the door; not only doing have consistently heen taken advan­ liberal organizations. Have they resp6nd­ the people at the bottom who are really back, but out the door. Mr. Melton said tage of you. ,. ed, have they come through, have they unemployed and lack skills and help them. this in so many words, and he said, r>eulah: 'Thev certainly have. ,. helped you? What would you tell these people? "Well g;irls you can learn a new dog Irene: Bllt we're learning the hard way. Beulah: Well, no. $4,000 is what we started Beulah: When you can work 6 days a weer new tricks better than you can learn We don't make the same fmsrakes twice this thing on, and we just payed what bills for Levi-Strauss and you live in poverty­ an old dog new tricks," That was his is why we can survive. \Ye're learning we had to pay and got it started and were and we can prove this -6 days a week you comment. Our business agent sat there. every day. hehind on bills, we're behind in payroll. can't make a living at Levi-Strauss .. , He heard all this. Brian: What's the most important things We could have made it probably with the Brian: Then how are poor people gonna Brian: You've been through this. through to you now - what are you tryjn~ to reach $4,000 if we hadn't got messed up about solve the problem of their being poor, this strike and setting up the co-op for for? our machine contract and our sewing con­ Beulah: Well, you know we're trying to over a year and a half. There must have Beulah: We're trying to build this co-op tract too. We could have took the $4,000 solve our problem - through building a been a lot times when people were asking so people can have a decent place to work and swung it. It would have been hard but factory of our own ... We're too new to you to make compromises, when people and not be pushed around. \"llen people we could have, but you see now we're know what will come of it. We know it's said, •'well why don't you deal with us own the thing they take more interest and messed up and having to shut the doors and the only thing we've got to try. and we'll give you a bit and you give in pride in it and the co-op has \l:ot to go be­ get a new contract and new machines. Brian: Then the only solution you see is on this .. ," cause it's the only thing left for us around Brian: Where did you get the$4.000from? to bui Id something to control? Beulah: Yes. here. lf it fails we don't have anything, Irene: It was the Southern Christian Lead­ Beulah: Yes. ership Fund. Levi "Compromise" The Future Unions in the South Brian: Have they ever offered you a com­ Levi and the Poverty Commission promise that's been worth making? Brian: What do you sec for the future? You Brian: During this obviously the unions let Beulah: No, so far we haven't compro­ think you're gonna make it? Brian: While you've been struggling down you down a lot. What do you think about mised. Levi never did offer us anything Beulah: Yes. We think we'll make it if we here against Levi for better conditions unions in America now? except come back to work - when you can just survive until we can get on our and just for the right to be human beings Beulah: Well, we're all union, we're 100% come back to work we'lI settle all this ­ feet. Money is our big problem now. We who can live well, what's the Levi man­ union, but we sure don't approve of the but see we knew they wouldn't and the don't have any money and so far we agement doing? way ILGWU does in the South because they union wouldn't help us. So we knew that haven't got very much help. We have some Irene: Well, Levi management, the Presi­ don't fight for their people, they don't get if we walked back in there all it might people that simply have to have some dent of Levi-Strauss has just been appoint­ good contracts for their people, they don't do is shake the faith of a lot of the girls money to eat and pay their house rent. If ed on a board by LBJ to relieve unemploy­ seem to be there when they're needed. that walked out with us. So we didn't dare we can just survive until'we get a decent ment and poverty. I don't know what he's They come in and they organize - or in walk back in the Levi plant because they contract and the machine deal straightened going to do. our case we organized ourselves - then knew they didn't intend to settle anything. ------_.. they came in and got union dues. And they Brian: Well what made you decide to f0rm A Little Background on Levi-Strauss -- -'1 did not help us. They didn't help us while the co-op? That's a pretty unique thing we were in the plant. They didn't help us Most people if they lose a strike every­ Levi-Strauss is the world's largest producer of Jeans and casual slacks in its price_ when we wildcatted. We wouldn't of wild­ thing JUSt dissolves, but you went on and range. While this corporation consistently withholds information regarding its operations, ­ catted ifwe'd of had supportfrom the union. did something else. Why? _profits have obviously been good since both its net worth and current assets continue Mike: Why would a union do things like Beulah: Well the strikers went at least _ to grow each year. Net worth has grown from almost $32 million at the end of 1964 to that? 50 and 60 miles one way in order to over $40 million at the end of 1966" During the same period current assets grew from Irene: Well, they'll tell you that it's not for find work. \\llen we struck they had to over $33 million to almost $63 million. . the dues, but that's the (nly thing 1 see 'work. \Yell, no matter where we go in The management of the corpor'ation incluces Walter A.. Haas, who is also President they get from it. our area we find the same thin!f: sweat­ of the Levi-Strauss Realty Co~ and Iris Security Co", both real estate holding comp8.nies_ Beulah: They're losinr; out in the South be­ shop conditions. \\llen the wage law !coes and each having a tangible net worth in excess of $1 million, He is also a director of the_ cause people are becoming very distrust­ up, production t:;oes up ..\nd when pro..: l_ Cro~ker-Citizens National Bank; Pacific Gas and Electric Co". Pacific Intermountain Ex- ful of the unions because they do not fight duction is so high you aIread~ CJn't - press Co~, Cal Title Insurance Co .. and ~ational Ice and Cold Storage Co. hard enough, they do not come in and do make it, they still raise production even Another Director .Daniel Eo' Koshland. is a director of the Wells Fargo Bank, and is an what they say they'll do so in the end you're time there's a wage law. So the WQ:ce officer in both realty companies~ always worse off than you were before you laws don't help people like us at all. A third director. Walter Haas, .Jr., son of the Chairman of the Board, is a director fooled with the union. The prices So up and by the time we work of the Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co ... and the Bank of America (the largest bank in _ Irene: I don't think unions ought to go into trying to g':'t production, why. we're no the world), as well as being an officer in the two realty companies.. _ a place until they're ready to support then better off. _ The corporation employs about 13.500 persons in the U,S., mainly in branch offices and'back up the people; they do more harm Irene: :\nd'besides that, Levi's I (!lleSS _in the South ~ than do go01. it WQS would call all these places around International operations include Levi Strauss International Inc... a wholly owned hold­ Beulah: And the South really needs unions, in a hundred mile radius and tell them ing company ~ Its interests include 50)6 interest in the outstanding stock of Levi Strauss The South really needs unions worse th:ln not to hire us - that we were Jgitators Far East, Ltd... Co~, in Hong Kong.. Within the last few months Levi-Strauss has ac­ anybody because we really have sweJtshop Jnd trollblem:.tkers, .\nd we had to get qUired Firma Compernolle en Zoon. Belgium's largest producer of men's and boy's _ conditions. We need unions that wEI fight ~ something. trousers" Walter Haas, Jr said th.lt the Belgian firm which will he owned and operated_ for LIS •• lJeulah: Some of us could not even get _by Levi-Strauss Europe 5 ... \. will be able to supply only a portion of Levi Strauss' I needs~ jobs ill other sweatshops, because they had _European The Bank of America International took care of the financing of this ~~ been Culled beforehand. Inew venture. PAGE 8 THE MOVEMENT PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRATIC CENTRALISM, The following article is an analysis of certain organiza­ about increasing external or internal con­ further, kids feel intimidated and usually sciousness between struggles; without a refrain from participation in discussions; tional problems within SDS and a plan for overcoming target upon which to focus, interest of old, familiar discussions stagnate and sink these problems. The MOVEMENT publishes this article non-chapter and chapter people alike in into deeper irrelevancy. Regulars become political questions is lost; chapter people bored, often leaving the organization to do not primarily to enter into an internal organizational debate spend most of their time seeking out new their thing because that's the only thing within SDS, but rather because we feel that many of the targets and let internal and external ed­ which is real to them; new kids attend problems raised in the article have relevance far beyond ucation go to he11. one or two meetings (at the most, three) Thus, even though most SDS people see and drift back into alienation, the thin pos­ SDS. In the process of "getting our shit together" so that the single-issue campaign as impractical s ibility of being a real part of SUS lost we can build our m,)vement, questions of organizational in theory, and strive to make sweeping to them. (I'd hate to speculate on the num­ form are going to increase in imlJortance. The building of connections in a single target campaign bers of kids who have drifted in and out which avoid co-option into single issue of SDS over the past three years; we would organizations and institutions that are not dependant upon struggles, the fact remains that target' probably have a national membership of one person or a small clique of persons requires a degree of concentration and that alone determines 50,000 had these kids stayed.) the course of on-campus struggles for organization that O;.Ir movement thus far failed to adequately the majority of chapters. Such'struggles • develop. We print this article in the hope that it will begin are the functional equivalent of single- ••• And The Mystical a long overdue debate on what organizational forms we issue campaigns because the connections Intellectual Tour between the systems of American im- Many chapters try to meet the needs should try to develop. The MOVEMENT hopes that others perialism are left abstract; connections of internal education through political concerned with this problem will contribute to this discus- made are left there without a follow-up seminars which depend heavily on exter- s ion in the future. ' which involve people politically from ~ Uij"g"..~~~ ..I ""0",,, people 'u,h " '"uI" "Marxists," Left Liberals, Concerned Intellectuals, etc. These educationals, however, remain abstract intellectual By Organizers which never relates to the No Real Organizing classes which do not fit an on-going Neil Buckley shock troops nor increases their polit­ program; they are usually large and deny SDS Central-Western Pennsylvania Reg- tion. Organizers and Superintellectuals The main factor leading to this state participation as meetings do. (Again, if al Traveller usually have fine discussions, but they is the lack of real organiZing behind is­ they operate on this level without an on­ take place in a vacuum and amount to sues which do more than draw people to going structure behind them, they are Our mutual experience of the last sev­ little more than political masturbation Sit-ins, teach-ins, pickets, etc. The dis­ political failures. With a programmatic eral years define two general and dis­ since they do not create political con­ cussion going on within SOS about base­ approach of organizing connected to them tinctly related characteristics about the sciousness within the chapter nor lead building (not just the PL line about base­ they can be really fine things.) structure and operation of most SDS to programs which will have a political building, nor the base-building-with-out­ Free Universities and Free Schools, too, chapters: first, what Carl Davidson ana­ effect on the campus. actions SDS line, but the general recog­ usually sink rapidly into irrelevance be­ lyzed as chapter stratification and second Second, elitism is assured bec~use of of SDS people that little base-building cause SDS people who operate them and the lack of long range chapter political the overpowering charisma of Organizers goes on) shows that in most cases chap­ attend them talk only to themselves. Like activity which has consistantly led to chap­ and Superintellectuals; Shock troops are ters operate in a political vacuum they chapter seminars, most Free U classes ter collapse. afraid to attempt to relate or talk down find difficult if not impossible to sur:' are abstract exercises and never deal with Davidson published a vice-president's the elite. Both are not elected leadership mount. The resulting frustration from political education relevant to objective report in NLN a year ago C'Has SDS and are not responsible to the member­ isolation leads either to demonstrations conditions. Gone to Pot?" Feb. 3,1967) which clas­ ship in a democratic way; the membership without a base which are destructive in Fundamental to the failure and chapters­ sified chapter membership into three sees this but cannot change the state of the long-range (the Penn State HUAC as-meetings and chapter-internal-ed­ groups: the Shock Troops, the Super­ things. Sit-in, etc.) or demonstrations which tem­ ucation-as-political-seminars-and-Free­ intellectuals and the Organizers. The Without a democratic chapter structure porarily draw people into a struggle but U's .is the fact' that these forms do not Shock Troops, about 85% of the member­ or politically aware base, and with the which in no way organize new people into involve the lives of people totally (or an ship, are kids who generally share our shock troopers alienated within the chap­ SDS. People are not organized because approximation thereto) and do not provide analysis of America on a gut level but tel', chapters either collapse totally, exist there is nothing real to organize them into. a context in which chapter political ac­ have no understanding of the political in complete isolation, or drag on from Note that I am not putting down demon­ tivity forms a major focus for people's e<:onomic analysis behind SDS politics. target confrontation to target confronta­ strations as such; rather 1 am question­ lives. Instead of seeing themselves as Chapter dynamic is such that kids never go tion without doing any political work. ing the political function of demonstra- political organizers, chapter people see lJeyond a gut-level reaction and gain good Further, the kids, going out onto the political education within the chapter. campus, spread the story of what's what Without political savvy the only role the in SDS and stop potential SDSers from go­ shock trooper can serve within chapters ing near the chapter. Thus elitism not is that of door-blocker, window-breaker, only destroys the chapter internally but leafletter, and general shitworker. He is also prevents its growth. a tool of a ruling elite, and he knows it; The Lenins bitch to the Organizers for he takes orders for a while, sees through not doing their job, the Organizers shout the bullstit, becomes dissatisfied with his at the Shock Troops about their lack of limited role -- the right reaction to con­ commitment, get more frustrated, col­ ditions -- and drops out into the nether lapse. The elite continue to operate, world of nonpolitical dope, glittering alone, in the name of SDS. More talk, beads, Zen flagellation, the student-on­ less action, no base: no politics, no the-make mentality and apolitical at­ revolution. titudes. Shock troopers, once lost, stay lost. The second group, about 10% of the Infantile Disorders membership, mainly graduate studen~ and .,Everytime a window is broken during undergr'aduate political science-philos­ a recruiting hassle," another blow is not ophy types, make up the Superintellec­ struck against U.S. imperialism." Kor do tuals, the Little Lenin Lobby within the chapters which involve themselves solely chapter. Theoreticians all, Superintellec­ with windowbreaking or its other political tuals think out the grand strategies, based equivalents strike many blows against tions as we have used them in the past themselves as students; instead of prepar­ on their politics derived from dusty pam­ imperialism or prepare the way for future and the way we view demonstrations. We ing themselves for:.! long political strug­ phlets and left journals, and issue direc­ blows against the enemy. need them to make real demands upan the gle, people prepare themselves for tives to the chapter for po~;tical action Most chapter people are the (relatively) power structure which can only be realized careers in America which do not have in which they hardly ever participate,­ very committed (with the limits set by through massive confrontations which mo­ politics as their primary given; without bitch to the kids when the program fails, Davidson) organized for the express pur­ bilize non-SDS people. Get rid of demon­ people of such political vision there can and never paint signs, run leaflets, or get pose of mobilizing large numbers of fellow strations and we get rid of ourselves; be no real permanent political force in their heads cracked. students to attack a single target, at a' yet the dichotamy exists that demonstra­ the student movement and no possibility Organizers, 510 of the membership, time -- Dow, Marines, CI.\, Chase-Man­ tions can lead to getting rid of ourselves of a permanent political force formed for are usually sincere people who see little hatten. Political action and political edu­ if we don't use them right. ex-students; withol't these movements work getting done, become frustrated, take cation usually revolve around the target; The existence of a real on-going pro­ there will be less of a chance for a the initiative, do much of the shitwork and the action must, of course; the education gram which does not have :.!s its focus the massed base political movement in ,\mer­ thus control much of the chapter's ac­ shouldn't, next target/confrontation is precluded by ica which seeks to destroy irnperi

OR • • •

activity anq we are not answering or­ ganizationally. The experience of the Boston Draft Resistance Group shows that an on-going structure which actively involves people on a day-to-day basis can be immediately effective in creating political people who continue struggle in other areas. The BORG operates, it may be argued in the middle of a massive gut-issue and sus­ tains itself on the dynamic of anti-draft work; yet the experience of Penn State SDS chapter shows that on-going organ­ ization can operate effectively without a specific issue to sustain it.

Tasks of the Cell Structure The basic model for the cell structure derives from our historical demand for democratic control of SDS by the member­ ship and the long-range need for strong

~

permanent organizational. forms. Briefly, the cell structure refocuses the activity of chapters into small operating units where political discussions, internal education, and tactical considerations take place. Work goes on in separate groups. Leader­ ship is elected directly from cells and functions as a cell representative to the central committee. Specifically: Oakland Seven CELLS. Chapter membership is divided into cells of approximately 5-8 people; every effort should be made to avoid the on Offensive formation of personal and political cliques t within the cell, especially from the in­ OAKLAND, CALIF. -- Lawyers for the ception of the structure. seven leaders of last year's Stop The Draft Week arrested for "conspiracy" H//'hEL~ Organizing Units ;til, C{)CPOkItTE 1-1i!$eAL are filing an injunction in Federal court that may stop the whole case. The cell has three functio!ls. First, THE MOVEMENT The injunction requests that the Federal cells function primarily as organizing government prevent the state from prose­ unit which see their top priority as the cuting the seven. It argues that the trial task of going out to the potential con­ infringes on the constitutional right offree stituency and organizing new people into formation channelling center for the chap­ ate political decisions that cannot be speech and assembly. ,\s one of the seven the celL Organizing -- one to one -­ ter, either through the central committee voted upon by the entire membership in a stated, "What we call organizing, the DA can take place in classes, dorms, demon­ member from the cell or the members of body. In such cases, the Central Committee calls conspiracy." Since all the acts and strations, educaticnals, bars, anywhere. the work groups in the cell. Discussions member should poll his cell and make his planning for Stop the Draft Week took Cell organizers not only bring new people and information keep everyone aware of decision based upon that polL place in public, it hardly fits the definition in but also gain much practical knowl­ the state of affairs and aids greatly The coordimlting function gives con­ of secret conspiracy. edge about organizing situations. Double strategic and tactical thinking regarding tinuity to cell operation. The Central growth is assured. When cells reach an campus activity. Committee should ideally meet twice unwieldy size -- say 12 people -- they weekly and analyze the discussions going Conspiracy Law Challenged should split into separate units and carry Work Groups on within each cell; that information is At the same time the Stute of California on from there. then passed back to the cells, In some is being asked to delete from the Grand After the cell structure has been in Work groups (Research group, external cases, it may be the Central Committee's Jury testimony all evidence that did not operation for a while, it will probably program group, printing group, signpaint­ task to to suggest things for cells to do, take place in secret -- that is, all the become necessary to have starter cells ers, draft group, etc,) are distinct from like catching up with other cells. testimony. The conspiracy law itself is for newly organized people; it will prob­ cells and should never have the same Structuring the leadership along these also being challeng;ed on the grounds that ably be the case that as older cells exact membership as cells. Ide,ally, the lines assures democratic control of the a law raising a misdeameanor to a felony advance politically discussions within number of work groups equals the num­ organization and eliminates the chance for is unconstitutionaL (conspiracy to commit them will lose relevance for totally new ber of cells and each cell has one mem­ the formation of leadership which is not a misdemeanor is a felony according to \ people brought into older cells. Thus ber in each work group. Structuring the responsible to tbe membership (like the the present law.). starter cells with older people as cell cell and work group functions this way Superintellectual/Organizer group); the The next court appearance of the seven leaders should be formed when that stage avoids chapter myopia and the tendency decision-making process within the cell will be in Alameda County Superior Court is reached where new people cannot relate within chapters to cease all work when structure could probably best be named on May 3. At this lime the Court will be to inter-cell dialogue; cell relationship a target struggle is coming. Further, participatory democratic centralism, The hearing the request for dismissal by the to the central committee and work groups the structure fosters complete (or an dynamic of interaction between the Central State. remains the same. approximation thereto) exchange of in­ Committee and the cells in which the formation within the chapter at all levels. CC is kept on its toes by the cells and Support Needed Study/Discussion Units Thus while operating on one level as a vice versa creates a healthy tension be­ compartmentalized work grouoing, on a tween membership and leadership. The Meanwhile, the Stop the Draft Week Second, cells function as theoretical second level all work which goes on with­ end result is that all members of the Defense Fund is raising money for the study/practical discussion units which in the chapter becomes a total chapter chapter are eventually able to function costs of defending the seven, which will meet the internal educational needs of the function because of immediate relevance. as leadership, that the inequity of polit­ probably run into the tens of thousands chapter, Study includes readings in classic Cell members can be in more than one ical consciousness which produces elites of dollars. Several movie benefits have revolutionary thought (Lenin, t\'1arx, Ho), work group if they so desire. It is most is eliminated through a general raising been held. A rock benefit at the Fillmore current revolutionary analyses (Ogl~by, important to integrate new people directly of political awareness. or Carousel Ballroom is comincr up. Fanon, Debray), economics of current into work groups when they enter cells 111rec of the seven, Terence Cannon, interest (Magdoff, Baran and Sweezy), so that they do not become intellectual Membership Meetings Bob Mandel and Steve Hamilton, are power analyses (Kolko, Dumhoff), infor­ freaks. Praxis involves more than knowl­ and Forums under separate felony indictments. TIley mational texts (Gerassi, Petras and edge, TIle me' lJ1l'l'shir S'Wi lId com" together were :.trrested during; St<.lP the Draft Week. Zetlin), each without concentrating on in a mass weti1g (,vei', twu-tltiee weeks Even if the conspirac) (Ise is stopped, one to the detriment of the other. The for a gClJ"" ,I ,t.scussion of politJC,11 and Central Committee their cases will continue. idea is not to produce experts in one tactical mutters. Mass meetings provide The feeling of the lawyers dnd move­ field only but to have all chapter people The " leadership" of the chapter is a place for new people to come and be ment people around the country is that the aware of the issues of imperialism from represented by the central committee (or organized (initially, at least) into cells. Oakland Seven case is as important to all sides. Cells discuss current matters steering committee) which is formed by During target struggles membership the anti-war movement as the Spock­ from material in NLN, The GUARDlAl'ol, electing one member of each cell to the meetings are essentiaL Raskin indictment. At a press conference The MOVEMENT, NEW LEFT REVIEW, committee. The membership of the CC A second place for organizing new in New York last month called by Spock etc., and continually analyze where things should probably change every two or three people and providing a positive presence and Cannon, Dr. Spack gave his full support are at internally and in the world. months, The Central Committee has two (ie, non-demonstration) on campuses are to the Oakland Case. They called for Political discussion about chapter pro­ primary tasks: first, to function as a external educational meetings which deal mutual support and a general Spring Of­ gram go on within cells; the assump­ decision-making body in emergency situ­ with a wide range of subjects. Educa­ fensive of all peace and anti-draft groups tion underlying this phase is that each cell ations and to serve as an information tionals can be lectures by faculty, film against the continuation of the Vietnam member keeps his ear to the campus and channeling center between cells. festivals (and not just political films), War. knows where things are at and how they Emergency situations are rarities; they outside speakers, etc. Educatiunals should Contributions to the Defense found should tie into a national perspective. would probably only occur during a period be sent to 6468 Genvcnue .\venue, Ber­ Third, cells function as the main in- of strug!.;lc which might require immedi- cont. on pg. 13 keley, California, 94618. .. PAGE 10 THE MOVEMENT MAY, 1968

L.A. High School Revolts ~~RAI Q~ YS 0 SEC~ :,\"~'V . F. 5 "CHICANO POWER" S In East Los Angeles, Mexican-American an attempted rally resulted in failure when ~o~ \AlE SECEDE· IO~ high school students have been staging the administration pip e d loud music massive walkouts demanding' 'education throughout the school grounds and held not concentration camps." Here is a run­ a ticket raffle where the rally was to take down on the walkouts: place. The word "secede" does not mean slavery. Secession also has a radical tradition in March I- 300 students walkout of Wil­ the South. During the War Between the States, nearly 200 Southern counties refused to son High. Board Refuses cooperate with the plantation owners in fighting for slavery, The people in Winston March 5 - 2000 students walkout of Gar­ County, Alabama, declared their right to SECEDE from the state of Alabama. and con­ field High. The L.A. Board of Education finally met sequently, their young men spent almost the entire Civil War in prison for refusing to serve March 6 - 4500 students walkout of Un­ with 1200members of the Mexican-Ameri­ in the Confederate Army. coin, Roosevelt and Garfield. can community on March 26. The Board In the past several years, young Southerners have moved from rejection of the racism March 7 - 2000 students walkout of Gar­ didn't move very far towards meeting the of the South to a reluctant but comparative faith in the Federal government as the guaran­ field and Belmont. students' demands. There will be a "vol­ tor of the rights of alL WE NO LONGER HAVE THAT FAITHI The oppressive nature of March 8 - 5000 students walkout of lin­ untary program" for teaching Anglo teach­ our country's business, military, and governmental establishment has made us realize coln, Roosevelt and Garfield. ers Spanish. The people want the program that we must place our li"ope for change ultimately in each other, in our own determination At Roosevelt High, the principal tried to to be compulsory. The Board agreed that to create a Free South in a Free and Peaceful World. lock students inside the school. The stu­ the School will not discipline teachers or As young Southerners we hereby SECEDE from: dents climbed the fences that locked them students who participated in the walkouts in like animals. Helmeted, club-swinging prior to March II. But the Board refused The War Against the Vietnamese cops beat and arrested scores of high to act on the demand that police charges Racism and Exploitation of the Poor school students during each walkout. be dropped againstthe 1000r more arrest­ The Selective Service System ed during the walkouts. Dissatisfaction with the Boa r d's re­ We call for disassociation from the tools that the Federal government is using to The Demands sponse to community demands was re­ implement its attempts at global domination. especially the draft law and the use of our The chicano students say they did not flected in the mass walkout from the hear­ universities for military research, investment, and training~ walkout of their schools voluntarily. They ing by all 1200 except for a few dozen. By seceding from our countl:y's oppression, both nationally and locally, we reaffirm were pushed out by the deficiencies that our determination to work together to create a new South, free from racism and ex­ exist in all Mexican-American schools. ploitation and a world in which people are free to determine their own destinies. They are demanding: We ask other Southerners to join with local activity at your campus or community in (I) No discipline for participation in the publically expressing the SOUTHERN DAYS OF SECESSION on April 20-30, 1968. walKouts. We join with the Students for a Democratic Society in this ten-day focus of local pro­ (2) Bi-lingual and bi-cultural education. test. And we endorse the efforts of the students around the world as they participate in Teachers who know Spanish and understand the International Student Strike called by the Student Mobilization Committee for April Mexican his~ory and culture. Texts which 26,1968. tell the true story of oppression of Mex­ By The Southern Student OrganiZing icans and their contribution to American Committee, history. Box 1403, Nashville, Tenn. 37212 (3) Removal of all administrators and teachers who display prejudice against chicanos. (4) Smaller classes. ALITTLE (5) Teachers should live in the com­ SOUTHERN munity where they teach. (6) No more dismissal of teachers who disagree politically or philosophically with TERRORIST administrators. REACTION ,. " . ACTION TO ORANGEBURG .'. SAN FRANCISCO -- We don't know if they're exactly in the movement or not, Demonstrations have been taking place but somebody's been blOWing up power all over the south in protest of the Orange­ ~._i lines in and around Berkeley, burg Massacre. In North Carolina stu­ On March 20 a Pacific Gas and Elec­ dents associated with militant black groups \ tric transmission tower in a lonely part on the Duke University and North Caro­ of Grizzly Peak in Berkeley was blown lina College campuses marched on Durham up. Dynamite had been taped to three of in protest of the killings in Orangeburg. the four legs. When the tower toppled, The protest was part of a statewide power to the University of California and series of demonstrations that night in­ the Lawrence Radiation Lab was knocked cluding 300 in Greensboro, 300 in Char­ out for 12 hours. lotte, 75 in Raleigh, 30 in Winston-Salem, A month earlier a bomb was thrown and 65 in Chapel HilL over the fence into a Berkeley substation, On February 13 at Berea, Ky, 100 No equipment was destroyed. The day people gathered for a memorial service, after the tower was destroyed, another conducted by black students from Llerea tower a mile away was blasted. Only one College. in honor of studeins killed in leg was dynamited, so it stayed up. Orangeburg. The service included a poetry On March 22 the attack shifted to the reading by black poets. Pacific Telephone Company, Two dyna­ mite blasts ripped up three telephone 0,' White Alert Teams (7) Community schools ~ trunk cables, one underground, two aerial. ~'lJ for community activities. in the Berkeley hills. The blasts cut off At the National Student Association (8) No more students doing janitorial ~ all phone servi<;e to suburban Walnut Conference in Atlanta February 23-25, work. '& students proposed \Vhite Alert Teams to ~ Creek. At the same time a bomb threat (9) Free speech areas and the right of '0' combat polic-e massacres on campuses. " 01'0 by phone caused the shutting down of the students to choose the speakers they have The students, prompted by speeches made $° <-".... freeway tunnel between Berkeley-Qakland at their own meetings. .,s; .... and Contra Costa county, the main traf­ by a South Carolina State Professor and (10) Self-regulation of dress and groom­ (J~ Charlie Webster of ,\FSC, who were both ~(j fic route into Walnut Creek. ing standards. c;. ~ Deplorable, of course, resorting to present during the massacre, said they (11) School facilities available to stu­ c5' ~ felt they must do something besides send­ :s:O this kind of dirty pool against two nice dents. oS companies like that. We suggest that they ing money or sympathy, The idea pro­ round up as suspects anyone that's gotten posed is to set up a central phone number Meanwhile, students, teachers and com­ a gas, electric or phone bill lately. to be alerted in the event of trouble on Support munity leaders went into session to map any campus. From that point, white stu­ The walkouts will continue until these further strategy to win for the East Side • dents participating from across the south demands are met. Severalgroups are sup­ decent schools, and teachers equipped to could be notified, They would go to the porting the high school students. The teach in them. It is likely that the situation campus and interpose themselves between Brow!1 Berets, a militant Mexican-Ameri­ will remain explosive until the der:1ands black students and the police. guards. etc.. can group for self-defense, has been bru­ are met. since they believe that racist cops would 0 B6HI!...Fl.a.HIt.. tally treated as a scapegoat. They receiv­ (c m p i 1 e d from CHICANO STU­ be less likely to kill woites than the black ed the brunt of the cops' clubs and anyone DENT NEWS: THE PEOPLES WORLD: and students and that more accurate press wearing a beret was arrested. United SOUTHERN ·CALIFORNIA SDS REGIONAL coverage would be available. They do Mexican-American Students (UMAS), an NEWSLETTER.) • GETTiNG READY admit, however, that some white students organization of college students, has been FOR THE would probably be killed. However, as assisting the high school students in their one delegate put it. "White Southerners protest. Chic;'.no Parents' Councils are have to show that they do repudidte cropping up throughout the East L.A. area REQUIRED MoVIE GoiNG ••• FiRiNG LiNE massacre in the short range and the to support their sons and daughters. 5~~ the new liberal racist soC'iety in the long range," So far White SDS high school students called K€VlYl.ed\4 Fi BY Mike James six schools hdve signed up to partici­ . sympathy walkouts at Venice and Grant Bobby in the 1m pate. For more inronllation: Dave Morris. POIt\fT OF 01\\)£5\ acting as Jo~ cJOIN COfrllMIJAJ!Ty UIJIOIJ High Schools. At Hollywood organizers ~'11 N· C!IFttJn Chi(~90, III. 60610 Milligan College, Tenn. were beaten up by the football team under Joseph Me earthy'S .srll<)ents for a Def'tlOc('"tic Socie~ Compiled from the \'ORKLIST ~l.\IL1J'C, errand boy. _ Ib08 W· Madison, ChiCd90, 111"0"2 the direction of the principal. At Fairfax .. Southern Student 0; ganizing Committee .1,.-I MAY. 1968 v COPS' FANTASY Los Angeles - Joe Maizlish, Kenneth Wilkes and Christian Hayden refused to be LEADS TO DEATH, _f#(Iterloy flteJf'J inducted on March 5. Baltimore,. Md. - Bob Libershal re­ ~'" fused to be inducted February 28. ,FRAMEUP ' ,,,,

SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. -- Floyd Rich­ ard, a young black father, has been "~t'L" • • .And jailed on a charge of involuntary man­ slaughter in the case of a policeman's fatal shooting of a white Vietnam veteran. On Dec. 23, about 10 P.M., Richard and a Within friend were giving directions to Sp/4 There are any number of ideas on how the military should be resisted: from outright The Army - Just in case the books on Harry James Smiley, unaware that they non-cooperation to various types of evasion to allowing one's self to be drafted and staying out of the Army and going to Can­ were being observed by two cops from then organizing from within, Of significance is the fact that resistance of all kinds is ada. didn't help you the Wall Street Journal, the San Francisco tactical squad. The increasing by all kinds of people. Following are just a few of the recent developments. now being opposed to the war, publishedan cops, who later said that they thought article March 20 on how guys in the the three might be contemplating an armed Army get out of being sent to Vietnam. robbery or a marijuana offense, drove wanting to get rid of Sellers, The case Seems like folks with bad backs, bad up and stopped them at gunpoint for was limited, then, to whether he actually eyes and so on are being sent over any­ questioning. During the questioning, ac­ refused to reporL In actuality, he had From way so new methods and afflictions are cording to Richard's friend, "I heard reported but had not steppedforward when being fervently sought. Company clerks a shot and the white kid grabbed his ordered to during the induction process, at Fort Benning, Ga. say that maybe a chest and asked the cops why he had American Civil Uberties Union lawyers Without. • • sixth of the college graduate draftees been shot." The two black friends were had unsuccessfully contended last year (who are perhaps more familiar with the handcuffed and arrested, and although both Essential reading for anyone liable to be that Sellers and all other South Carolina weak poims in the bureaucracy) in their were released within several days, Rich- caught in a draft - and lots of other folks blacks should not be subject to classifica­ companies get off even after they have . ard was still harassed by cops and finally too - are a couple of books which have tion and induction until they. are repre­ gotten Vietnam orders. Methods, many rearrested. He was charged with invol­ come out recently on the draft and possible sented on local and appeal boards. of which show plemy of good old yankee untary manslaughter in the Smiley killing, related problems. The word from Cleve is: "LET US RE­ ingenuity, vary from confusing Army rec­ and with possession of marijuana. His HOW TO STAY OUT OF TIlE ARMY SIST THE MACHINE AND JOIN THE ords (by applying two or more different lawyer, Claude O. Allen of Oakland said, (published by Monthy Review Press, 116 BLACK LIBERATION ARMYlIl!!! changes of status simultaneously or even "It is the worst case of a frameup I have West 14th St., New York City at $1.25) having one's self removed completely ever seen:' is a short paperback by Conrad Lynn. Nashville, Tenn. '. -- On March 15, from Army records) to having one's On March 27, a motion for dismissal Lynn, a lawyer experienced in draft cases, SNCC Field Secretary Fred Brooks, also spleen removed. of charges was refused. Smiley's parents has written a general outline of the draft former director of Nashville's controver­ Almost makes one wish that more folks are suing the San Francisco police dept. process and the various types of classi­ sial Liberation School, was sentenced to were allowing themselves to be drafted for $500,000, so it would be advantageous fications, deferments and exemptions. four years in jail for refusing to be so that their creative talems could real­ to the police to try to pin the murder on Very inadequate, but might serve to give inducted into the Army. ly be challenged. Richard instead. The trial was set for those who aren't fairly expert on the sub­ Brooks pleaded "Not Guilty" on. the April 11. ject some ideas on possible ways to stay grounds that he is a conscientious objec­ out. After reading it, find a good draft tor and opposes the war in Vietnam. ' counselor or lawyer. Fort Ord, Calif. - Two soldiers ...... Just in case Lynn's book doesn't do the here are being investigated with the pos­ job, another paperback entitled MANUAL sibility of a court martial for allegedly FOR DRAFT-AGE IMMIGRANTS TO CAN­ Seattle, Washington -Earnest Dud­ "promoting disloyalty and disaffection NEW CIA ADA has been put together by a fellow ley was sentenced February 24 to the among the troops and civilian populace:' nameof Mark Satin. (Send $1.00 in falter­ maximum of 5 years in prison for refus­ A three year sentence would be possible ing yankee currency to Toronto Anti­ ing induction. His case is now on appeal; as a result of Private Ken Stolte, Jr. Draft Programme, 2279 Yonge Street, with a defense committee soliciting nation­ and PFC Daniel Amick having exercised SECRET WEAPON Toronto 12, Ontario Canada) Very good: 'al support and publicity. Legal arguments their rights of free speech in passing out informative on such things as the new for the defense all hinge upon the con­ a leaflet condemning the war and advoca- . Canadian immigration law and the pro­ stitutionality of the draft, the war in ting the formation of a G.t union. Just about a week folloWing the dis­ cess of obtaining immigrant status. Also Vietnam, and the applicability of the draft Anti-war sentiment is reported very patch of six F-Ill fighter-bombers to plenty of information on Canada - the to non-whites (Dudley is Black) in a non­ high at the base, with anti-war slogans SE Asia, the military admitted that the climate, politics, economy, culture, or­ representative society. lf you can help with and symbols replacing some of the more second one had already been' 'lost" . The ganizations which might help you, etc. ­ publicity, money, etc.,-write: Earnest Dud­ familiar variety of bathroom graffiti and F-lll is being used in combat for the which sounds like a fairly good place to ley Defense Committee, P.O. Box 713, Se­ troops openly wearing peace buttons while first time after being the object of much live. Out then what's not preferable to the attie, Washington. in uniform. controversy under the experimemaluesig­ Army or jail? nation of •'TFX". Berkeley, Calif. --A Berkeley student A source close to the administration. who turned in his draft card in disgust at who for obvious reasons wishes to re­ the war last October 16 was reclassified Fort Sill, Okla. --- The American main anonymous, iJdmitted these' 'losses" Louisville, Ky. --- Kentucky's owners and ordered to report for induction. Fol­ Serviceman's Union and the Committee for to be .part of the latest CIA plan to defeat have brought om the ultimate weapon in lowing the order to show up on March 4 G.I. Rights acqUired legal aidfor Corporal North Vietnam. their long attempt to get rid of organizers in New York,HaleZukas askedfor atrans­ Rodney Oshiro when he was r.harged with "The plan", he confided, "is to lose of the huge numbers of Kentucky poor folks. fer of induction proceedings from there speaking to an officer with a "disrespect­ enough of these planes over enemy ter­ Joseph Mulloy, an organizer for the South­ to this area so that any legal proceedings ful inflection." Although the case was ritory to ensure their being able to piece ern Conference Educational Fund (SCEF) arising from his refusal to report would lost, GI's are reported impressed by the together at least one relatively undamaged and one of 5 SCEF people arrested on a be carried out here. effort with the result of an upsurge of plane. Once they do this it is expectedthey charge of sedition last summer, was or­ Despite Zukas' being confined to a interest in the union. will start building them:' The F -Ill, gen­ dered to report for induction into the mili­ wheelchair and having no use of his hands, erally admitted to be quite useless and tary on February 23. Mulloy had previous­ local board #2 in Bayshore, NewYorkevi­ Clovis, New Mexico -- Air Force Cap­ extremely expensive (the price probably ly applied for conscientious objector status demly decided that his opposition to the tain Dale Noyd was sentenced to a year running close to 8 figures - all to the and, though he was supported in his claim war made him quite eligible as cannon in federal prison for refusing to train left of the uecimal). is expected to com­ by prominent members of the Catholic fodder. He is expecting a new order to re­ pilots to fly jet fighters for the war. pletely destroy North Vietnam's economy Church, was t urn e d down by the draft port for induction in this area soon. with in a year if put into production there. board. This left him no other choice than to refuse induction, though he would have been willing to do civilian work had he ~an Francisco -- PFC George Davis, 19, been given a 1-0 claSSification. Columbia University --- A poll con­ was sentenced Feb, 19 to four year~ at Mulloy, age 23, hos worked against war. ducted here found 30% of the seniors to be hard labor for refUSing to fight in Viet­ molJemerrr CARS Ge. poverty, strip mining and racial dis­ opposed to the war to such an extent that nam. crimination with SCEF and other organi­ they would refuse mi litary servitude" at TenDeR zations. He was employed with the Appa­ any cost" while it continues. Washington, D.C. --- A lack of enthu­ LOVInG lachian Volunteers until his dismissal as siasm was evident among the men of the a result of his decision not to submit to 13th Tactical Fighter Wing over the trans­ CARe the draft. Three key members of the Ken­ Chicago - In the past two years 659 fer of Our Fearless Leader's son-in­ tucky staff .of AV have resigned in prutest men have failed to report for induction law, Patrick Nugem, to flight line duties IIi of his being fired and 14 of the West Va. here. Most of those resistors come from with their unit. The brass assured the staff demanded he be rehired. Dlack neighborhoods, where the draft men that the likelihood they will soon be comes down the hardest. shipped off to Vietnam has nothing to do with Pat's presence. Earl~s San Francisco - The Resistance an­ A letter sent anonymous by one of the Atlanta, Ga. -- Cleveland Sellers, a nounced March 28 at a press conference men to the Washington Evening Star said, SNCC field worker and one of those wound­ here a draft card turn-in set for April 3 in part: ed at the same time South Carolina cops and in which people in 75-85 cities will •'Without unfairly impugning Airman VOLKSWAGEN National Guard murdered four students at participate. Nugent's motives, it is not difficult to Orangeburg February 8, W<1S convicted of It was alsu announced that Paul Rupert view his newly manifested patriotic zeal draft "evasion" in a U,S, District Court and Greg Byers had refused induction in as part of a plan to revive flagging pub­ March 28. The judge chose to ignore the Oakland the morning of the press con­ lic support for the Administration's Viet­ 1830 SAN PABLO AVE. fact that black people are unrepresented ference. nam policy. on Sellers' South Carolina draft board. "I cannot .•• accept the apparent utili­ BERKELEY He also saw an irrelevant the fact that zation of our wing as a pawn in a political the board's files listed him as a "semi­ Little Rock, Ark. - Mike Vogler was chess game in which the strategist has no professional agitator," thereby proving <1 arrested March 5 for refusal to report for qualms about making any move that will political as well as racist motivation for civilian work, wino" PAGE 12 THE MOVEMENT MAY. 1968 CIPA IN CHICACO ORGANIZING THE MIDDLE CLASS

By Bobbi' Cieciorka though no longer the focus of massive unable to really help through their social attention. service jobs. Many of the people who came Radicalism is growing in Rogers Park. It is being helped along by an organization Out of the experience has grown a to CIPA came as liberals, and the tran­ called CIPA (Committee for Independent Po'litical Action). Rogers Park is a middle group of enlightened high school stu­ sition to radical perspectives was some­ class lakeslj10re neighborhood in Chicago's 49th ward. CIPA is an experiment in middle ,dents who can see through the maneuver­ times a long and difficult one. Now how­ class organizing which has been going on since the fall of 1966. There is a lot for move­ ing of bureaucracy and who are beginning ever, the core of CIPA workers are con­ ment people to look at in the CIPA experience, especially in the face of the recurring to work seriously on organizfng within firmed in their radical stance. This is in question: can middle class people be organized for radical change? each of the local high schools. part necessitated by the liberalness ofthe CIPA grew out of a city-wide call for independent political action. It was envisioned neighborhood; that which is radical has to that networks of independent political units - block clubs, area groups, ward organiza­ Draft Resistance be differentiated continually from that tions - would be developed all over Chicago, In fact this only happened in the 49th which is liberal. This solid radicalness ward with CIPA. Electoral politics were seen as a good vehicle for organiZing since Another CIPA related group is the Rog­ means, among other things, that the :nany middle class people retain faith in the electoral process and can be drawn into ers Park Resistance which does draft candidacies of McCarthy and Kennedy have action this way, However. CIPA intended from the beginning to use electoral politics counselling and on December 4 supported in no way changed the attitude of CIPA as an educating tool to build radical consciousness. ~ight young neighborhood men when they people tow a r d establishment politics. Early electoral efforts resulted in a thinking in terms of society having a posted a statement of non-cooperation There is no questi9n of working for Ken­ solid core of workers and a financial base limited amount of resources and they with the draft on the door of the local nedy as the lesser of two evils. Even though in the community but not in widespread ought to be damn gratefUl they've got what headquarters of the Democratic Party the neighborhood will probably go all for community involvement. There is now a they've got and not complain about the ('the local representation of the war Kennedy if given the chance, CIPA people hard core of perhaps 30 activists and a little problems in their lives." This last effort"). Two draft cards were slipped would use his candidacy to expose his in­ larger group of around 150 who partici- is perhaps a stronger curb to action through the mail slot during the dem­ ability to satisfy people's real demands. pate occasionally. here than it might be in a poorer com- onstration. Since the early campaigns CIPA has munity where it might be easier to see Square Provo broadened and deversified its approaches through. The Spark to the community and has begun to ask a Despite the diversity of the community. CIPA continues to work in electoralpoli­ lot of serious questions about how to CIPA people find some attitudes pervas- Then there is the ROGER SPARK, a bi­ tics, but here too there is a strong em­ move in a middle class neighborhood, what ive: everyone seems to hate his job, and weekly newspaper put out by CIPA since phasis on prodding people to see alter­ they can hope to build, what" middle class" everyone understands that he is getting last December. It includes local news ­ natives. Candidates in the upcoming elec­ means. screwed in the market place. often news not covered in other local press tion will use what they call the' 'square -- and commentary or national events, both provo" approach, that is, a simplistically CIPA's Role from a radical perspective. It has a mailing straightforward manner of dealing with The Neighborhood of 1,000, a happily expanding circulation, community problems. If a factory is pollu­ The 49th ward is made up mostly of What then is the role of CIPA, an or­ and is well received in the neighborhood. ting the air, the candidate will climb the East Rogers Park, a fairly stable and de­ ganization attempting to buildradical poli': Anti-war organiZing during last sum­ roof and stop up the chimney. If kids fined neighborhood. It also includes part tical consciousness? The greatest obstacle mer included such things as a peace fair need a place to play the candidate will of Edgewater, a less defined area, CIPA to movement might be roughly defined as on the lakeshore beach and occasional set up a play lot on the vacant lot down people call Rogers Park''middle class" lack of vision, an inability to conceive of evening anti-war• film showings on the the street and perhaps be arrested. These but are qUick to point out that this is a alternative ways of life and modes of ac- beach. actions are object lessons that there are decidedly non-functional definition which immediate and functional ways of dealing tells little about the real forces, stresses with problems - after which people can go and potentials of the neighborhood. on to talk about why such practical solu­ Rogers Park is a mostly white neigh­ tions to problems can't happen within our borhood but has small popul,!.tions of current social structure. several minority groups with recent in­ Underlying all these new directions in fluxes as urban renewal disturbs nearby which CIPA has branched out is agrowing neighborhoods. It is a well educated neigh­ awareness of the need to involve people borhood with many young liberally orien­ in real work, as persons, not just as ~ ted professionals as well as a large c:: bodies, the need to see politics as how you CIl grouping of older people. (The middle E liv~, not just who you vote for. TI1US a can­ s... aged have moved to the suburbs). There Q) didate, canvassing, will say: "Yes. I'm co are both white collar and blue collar c:: running and I'd like you to vote for me, but Q) workers with a wide range of incomes. It ~ if you want to do something really useful is predominantly a community of renters .3 for the community why don't you get involv­ rather than home owners. ;>, ed in the resistance or the nursery school .Q All this tells us very little about how ( 0 or start talking to the people on your block the people who live in Rogers Park think .~ about whatever issue most concerns you:' and feel, or about how politics, especial­ :.~ r ~ ly radical politics, might fit into their What It All Means lives. Poison Cookie Hole discussion with Viviaflo Rothstein about her trip to N. Vietnam. So what is important in the CIPA exper­ How People See Themselves ience? People are being radicalized. That tion, and hence, an inability to get involv­ Women means that they are beginning to see alter­ CIPA people point out one immediate ed -- inertia. native modes of action, they are breaking difference between Rogers Park and poor­ CIPA attempts in many ways to jog out of their blinders, beginning to see how er neighborhoods: local issues are not people out of their inertia, into a recog­ At one point a group of the women in they as individuals can act. Responsibility obvious; you don't have rats and roaches nition of viable alternatives, into mo­ CIPA, both organizers and women who is spread over an ever widening group of and garbage on the streets to point to, tion. These attempts take a multitude of related as wives of men who were active, people. People respond to the trust placed Vietnam is a major concern, but people forms. got together to discuss the special situa­ in them and become more involved, Bonds feel as powerless to effect change there tions and problems of women in political between people become more important as as they do in their own lives. Many of the Poison Cookie Hole organizations. The discussions started well as the sense of political involvement young liberals understand and support jls gripe sessions but soon grew to be in and responsibility to the community. the black liberation movement but, again, High school kids are an obvious consti­ an exploration of themselves and their People take their politics into the com­ they do not see how it relates to them nor tuency, more open and flexible than many personal and political lives. Out of this munity so that the importance of some­ how they relate to it. Racism wears a other groups. Kids in the local high schools they have emerged with new confidence thing like a PTA meeting is seen in the liberal cloak and speaks an enlightened feel isolated, unable to move with just one in their abilities as political individuals political perspective of the whole com­ rhetoric but remains racism. Busing and or two friends to back [hem up. Amy as well as new understanding and affec­ munity, Certainly CIPA is seen as a real open housing are issues on which people Kesselman of CIPA got together some tion for each other. They are developing a force \;Vith which they must deal by the will take strong verbal positions, but no of these students; out of their meetings program of consumer information in areas liberal establishment in the neighborhood. action. developed s eve r a 1 underground news­ like food, drugs and medical care and are People begin to make personal decisions Many problems are not different from papers and later a coffee house called the talking about setting up co-ops to provide about what they will do with their lives what an organizer might find in any Poison Cookie Hole. The Cookie Hole improved services in these areas. A co­ from a radical and responsible pOSition, neighborhood. However, the veneer of was created and controlled by the kids. operative nursery school has already been At least one grad student is foregoing respectability obscures the discontent of Amy was an advisor only, but her CIPA set up, and there is talk about developing his studies because to continue would many of the area's residents more than connection aroused conservative com­ an agit-prop theater group. mean leaving and right now he sees his would probably be found in a poorer munity opposition (warping the minds of involvement in the neighborhood as more neighborhood. People insist upon viewing. our youth). Internal Education important. their problems as individual; they cannot Seventy kids came on the night the It is hard to say where these develop­ see beyond their own isolation to the Cookie Hole opened and saw it closed on There has also been an internal educa­ ments will lead, what kind of radical social roots of what troubles them, Often a technicality by the cops. TIle night it tion program wherein people attempted to community could conceivably emerge, they can envision no possibility of change, reopened the area swarmed with cops but break down the liberal American dream whether a middle class constituency can ndr of a happier. more fulfilling life, they could find no pretense to close it. and begin to understand the realities of be as effectively organized as a poor or When they can glimpse such possibili­ Opposition tactics c han g e d to putting this country - that its flaws are not working class one. But whatever happens ties, they f'till car-not see what they as pressure on the kids: red baiting on the "mistakes" and" aCCidents" but integral in the long run, it is important that the individuals mi2;ht do to realize these one hand, offers of ass i s tan c e (With parts of the system, built into it from the ripples spread, that the circles of under­ possibilities. And always, to deny the strings) from the mayor's Youth Welfare first. This kind of analysis has helped a standing widen throughout the community, legitimacy of discontent, people talk about Commission on the other. The landlord lot of people who had been becoming dis­ that people break out and free themselves how things aren't so bad and there's a lot repossessed, claiming violation of lease illusioned because of their inability to do for future radical action. From this point of people a lot worse ofL As one CIPA and the Cookie Hole was closed for a couple the kinds of things they wanted to do, such of view CIPA looks like a very good begin­ staff worker puts it: " People are still of months. The place is open again now, as people with humane impulses who were ning•• MAY, 1958 THE M()VEM2:NT PAGE 13

ACTIVISTS KIDNAPPED IN MEXICO CENTRALISM, OR . • • CONT'D FROM -PG. 9 by Harold jacobs be viewed as secondary organizing func­ ford-Bryn Mawr SDS, a newly formed On Friday evening, March 8, six Bay Area students and journalists were kidnapped tions; when conducted in this manner, chapter, organized into a cell/work group from the Mexico City airport by alleged Mexican immigration officials as they were they become tactical tools rather than in­ structure; Swarthmore SDS has a lIluch about to check in on a flight to Cuba. tellectual seminars and irrelevant dis­ looser form of study group chapter in The six, jack Bloom, Bobbi Cieciorka, Harold jacobs, Connie Kurz. Stuart McRae, cussions. operation (in this case integrating cell and Karen Wald, all active in movement organizations, had no difficulty entering Mexico The cell structure leads, then, to and work group functions.) Temple SDS as tourists. All had valid passports, Mexican tourist visas, and Cuban visas" three effects: the formation of demo­ has just begun an attempt to get cells Five of the six had applied for State Department authorization for the trip early in cratic chapter structures with a leader­ going. February" At the time they left the authorizations had not come through, although some ship totally responsive to a constituency; of them were led to believe by State Department officials that their request would be a constituency which is politically sophis­ approved, ticated in both theory and practice; and an Other Implications Mexico is the only Latin American ly, It is often said that the movement organizational form which can function in Usually people who are brought political country maintaining diplomatic relations knows what it is against but not what it a non-target vacuum and which likewise awareness initially through a confrontation with Cuba. In accord with international is for. A close look at the Cuban revo­ provides for the more or less total in­ with the Selective Service System sink agreements between the two countries, lution undoubtedly will serve to speed up volvement of chapter people in political into political inactivity because there is Mexico has thus far allowed United States the process whereby our ovm movement struggle on a long-term basis. Probably no organization into which they can be citizens, including those without State De­ comes to define itself positively, The the most important point is the latter: integrated which has a total analysis of partment authorization, to travel to Cuba threat that Cuba poses is the threat of we need totally involved political or­ America; most draft resistance groups through Mexico. 'vVhat happened to the six example, the liVing embodiment of an ideal ganizers, not only on campus but in the are in fact single issues groups (with was a blatant departure from previous just, as the expression goes, 90 miles off community generally. some exceptions like the BORG ;.Ind the practices, the coast of Florida. It is thus imperative Cleveland Draft Resistance Union). The multi-group appro;.lch to draft resistance The six were kept prisoners in their that the route to Cuba through Mexico, Praxis Makes Perfect abductors' cars for over twenty hours, presently the least expensive way of going, in which DRU's and SDS are separate divided into two groups and driven from be kept open. Limited experience, and applied theory. can be politically irrelevant; by organiz­ Mexico City to the border towns of Rey­ The six are filing protests with the suggest the cell structure is best suited ing draft case people into SDS chapters nosa - McAllen and Matamoros ­ Mexican and U.S. governments. The six to the needs of chapters on multiversity which are cell structures we can build Brownsville, where they were ordered by iiltend to resume their trip as soon as campuses. In those monsters it is im­ strong on-going political forms rather Mexican officials to cross over to the U.S. possible. ~ portant that political and personal activity than SDS-DRU coalitions of a limited and At no time was an explanation given to be centered around the chapter both for tenuous nature. (I11is integration is espec­ them, either by their abductors or by Mex- . personal and political survival. .\Iso. ially useful for rural campuses where ican officials at the border towns, as to Puerto Rico: new chapters would probably benefit the metropolitan dynamic is not a key why they were being forcibly expelled greatly and assure their political life by factor.) The creation of strong political from Mexico. forming immediately into .a cell struc­ organizations and strong political people ture and thus avoid repeating mistakes is in reality and in the long run the ~)Oly ATTACK ON LlBERACION made by chapters over the years. viable alternative to the draft which is Who is Responsible? Penn State SDS reorganized around the political. There is some evidence, however, that Twenty-six persons wer.e arrested in above program two months ago and is Eric Mann has been doing some think­ U.S. authorities had foreknowledge of the Puerto Rico on February 28th. when police having partial but good success with the ing about a similar structural organiza­ incident. The group taken to McAllen raided a community meeting held to pro­ cell structure..\fter years of isolation, tion for post-college SDS people who have contacted U.S. immigration officials in test Police persecution of young members new people are being organized into the moved on to work situations. The form I3rownsville in order to link up with their of LlnERACION who live in Barrio Tortu­ chapter through one-to-one efforts and Eric envisions, as I understand it, is educational programs where people are one in which teachers, social workers. friends < Wben the U.S. authorities in go, a working class neighborhood near Rio Brownsville were asked whether the Mex­ Piedras. contacted. Work groups are functioni ng, professionals, etc., come together as a icans had informed them that three North .\t 8:00 P.M. some 120 riot police sur­ especially the military R&D research. local organizing committee to do political Americans were being taken over the rounded the house where the meeting was group, and a programmatic approach to work in a given geographic area; the border, U.S. immigration officials said being held, Without showing arrest or throwing military R&D work off campus rationale behind his thinking is the same they had NOT been so contacted but boast­ search warrants they broke into the house, is formulating. Most importantly. the as that which led to the cell structure ­ ed that they •'had independent sources of manhandled around 100 persons 8;nd took 26 political awareness of the 35-40 members concept: we need permanent, relevant information" to expect the group. to the headquarters of the Criminal Inves­ now permanently in cells has grown tre­ political organizations keyed to the long Further. a story about the kidnapping tigation Corps. mendOUSly in two months. On the bad range struggle which will focus on polit­ which appeared in the S.\N FR.\NClSCO The object of the arrests were 13 mem­ side, about 30 people have drifted in and ical work rather than the work situation it­ EXAMINJ:;:R (3/15/68) claimed the se­ bers of LlBERACION who were pt'esent our of cells; this is probably a case of self in daily life, The two forms, then, are curity affairs desk in the State Depart­ at the meeting. LlBERi\ClON. a youth pro­ kids being unsure of themselves and the mutually important in that they provide ment confirmed that the abduction took ject for National Liberation. begull in the lack of firmly developed cell proi~ram. a continuity for political work in which place. State Department officials were summer of last year, intensively training The process has slowed down recently. people can come from study to work, from quoted as saying they were "not directly full-time volunteers who live in both rural The Central Committee has not func­ a campus cell group to a city cell group. involved," thus leaving open the possibili­ and urban working class communities in tioned as well as it could. In reaction to Ilad we been organized along continuous ty they were INDIRECTLY involveJ. :\c­ Puerto Rico ant.! plans to hegin organizing the old leadership, cells elected mostly lines since our beginning we may not cording to the State Department. Mexico among Puerto Rican people in the ghettoes new people to the Central Committee, have lost 100,000 members over the years. maintains the six were expelled because of the United Stateo;. They organize at people who are still somewhat unsure of With the political sitllation in America they were hippies aild •'hippies are per­ grassroots level against various aspects of themselves and their role as leadership. today we cannot afford to lose people sons non-grata in Mexico," the colonial situation with emphasis on Further, some of the old leadership, because we do not treat their needs or­ The •'official" explanation makes no resistance to the draft and the war in especially the idealogues, still persist ganizationally. On this point, at least, sense for the following reasons: (1) the Viernarn. in that assumed role; yet the development Mao is relevant to our movement: there six are not hippies and do not look or act of people negates the efforts of the Super­ can be no revolution without a revolu­ like hippies; (2) the six had no difficulty intellectuals to dominate. tionary organization. entering Mexico as tourists; (3) the si x ATMOSPHERE Smaller schools, especially the Antioch/ The most important poiht to stress to were in the process of LE:\ VING :Ylexico These arrests took place in an atmos­ Reed/Swarthmore ~ind of school, are chapters considering the cell structure is: when abducted. If allowed to leaveTor Cuba "hen, of hy~teria un the part of the mass less suited for the cell structure on one experiment. The total model may not fit they would have been out of t\lexico in less media and in the colonial government level-communications on small campuses your particular conditions and should be than two hours. Instead. the l\Jexicans went structure o\'er Jcts of Sabotage against are infinitely better than at multiver­ modified to fit local reality. From the to the trouble of driving them -on a pra.:­ U.S. enterprises which have been occur­ sities - but can easily adapt chapter func­ dynamic of our experimentation comes tically non-stop, 800 mile trip -to the L.S. ring here and have increased over the last tions into the study group approach. Ilaver- our growth. That's Praxis.• border. month. In o;pite of front page hysterical It appears thJt both the L'.S. and :\Iex­ coverage by the press 'lnd police state­ ican governments were implicated in the ments that the arrests were relatcd to the kidnapping, In contrast to the L·,S., Mexico acts of sabotage, only eiQht persons were has friendly relations with Cuha, If the charged, all of them with minor offenses. • Mexican government cooperated with the National public response to the arrests U.S., it was probably because of L',S. has been one of support for LII3ER.\CIO~ WANTED • pressure. and of general anger against police bru­ tality and of the continueclclear-cut viola­ Cuban Threat tions of civil rights. ,\mong the members of LI13ERACION people interested in making a long-term commitment to The l.l.S, government has sought to iso­ arrested in the raid is juan M. Rivera. radical community organizing. All types of skills and late Cuba by means of an illegal and im­ at present on tria I for resistance to the moral blockade. TIle restrictions imposed draft. T)Jis case to~ether with that of eight abilities are welcome. We have a particularly urgent need on travel t(l Cuba are a direct extension of others is being used as a test case which for a PRINTER, an EDITOR, and a NURSERY SCHOOL U.S. polic) toward Cuba. The C.S. pass­ challenges the le~ality of the draft in TEACH ER. (see article descr ibing CIPA activities in port, which is supposed to function to pro­ Puerto Rico. Prominent civil rights law­ this issue of THE MOVEMENT) tect Americans who travel to foreign COLII1­ yers from Puert(l Rico and the:; Li.S. Jre tries. is now used as a means of curbing participating: in the defense. travel. .\ few days after these arrests two The case of the six underscores the fact young men related to the work of LIf3­ that I ;.S. citizens cannot travel freely, ER!\CION were arrested for draft resis­ without h a r ass men t or intimidation, tance. Migual Rodriguez and Israel Rodri­ to countries the U,S. government defines guez, part-time volunteers active in com­ C.I.P.A. as OLlt of bounds to Americans. But what munity organizing; against the draft, were kinJ of threat does Americans travelling arrested by the FBI at the same ti me that freely to Cuba pose for u.S. officialdom? three members of the Movement Pro­ The trips to Cuba by movement people Independence were arrested on the same 1517 Howard st. Chicago, III. 60626 - (312) 338-5872 serve to enrich our movement political- cll;.lrge. _ PAGE 14 THE MOVEMENT MAY, 1968

'ANALYSIS OF PEACE AND FREEDOM MOVEMENT continued

test vote." The delegates wanted to or­ graduate students. The draft group is now number of draft card turn-ins. In an ef­ thousands of Americans to revolutionary ganize and build movement institutions. independent and PFYt has moved on to fort to involve as many people as pos­ ideas, perhaps for the first time. The neighborhood groups of 10-30 people other organizing efforts. It is precisely sible, they emphasize the moral correct­ At the Richmond Convention, PFM re­ are the institutions worth maintaining and these small, but hard working organiza­ ness of draft refusal and not fundamental jected dewocracy and reformism and expanding. Basic decision making power tions that can help spark radical activity political opposition to an imperialist war yet will retain appeal to the waivering and all the local organizing efforts flow in outlying areas. and draft. Some "student power" fights, liberal. The alliance with theBlack Pan­ from these groups. In some areas, these In theory, these small groups and the to improve campus parking or dorm rules ther Party presents a difficult job of edu­ local groups are even 'IDO democratic. county organizations would not only make for example, are reformist in nature. cation among the Party's predominant­ Because local groups are constantly en­ campaign promises, but would follow them Local PFM campaigns will force these ly white middle class members. Yet it grossed in hammering out the correct up with concrete organizing projects. Yet groups to face political issues, pErhaps can be done. Alameda County (Berkeley political line and the most democratic when the campaigns get underway, there for the first time. A hot debate on the and Oakland) is launching a campaign to structure for the organization, they often will be a real tension between purely elec­ Kennedy issue, or on support for the NLF elect Huey P. Newton to Congress. TIlis will not concern themselves with the local toral activity and non-electoral forms of will help immeasurably in radicalizing campaign will force many whites to con­ issues that will keep people attending organizing. Any group has a limited num­ some •'local community organizations." front their own racism and perhaps over­ meetings. Paradoxically, PFM's position ber of resources -- skilled leadership, come it. There is tentative agreement on Vietnam or racism is well discussed time, money. Faced with a choice of run­ with militant Mexican-Americans which and decided democratically, but there ning a candidate for U.S. Congress or or­ CONCLUSIONS is a significant addition to the New Left are very few community people attend­ ganizing a military base or high school 1968 is a crucial year in America's coalition. Implimentation of support for ing meetings to appreciate the resulting around immediate issues, the Congres­ history. Nixon p!omises to escalate the Stop the Draft Week and carrying through political masterpiece. Too much concern sional race will win. The argument is war. Kennedy and McCarthy are trying on the 18-year-oldvote referendum should for democracy and internal problems will sometimes made that by running an elec­ to co-op young people and members of mi­ attract many young people into the Party. result in a very pure, but very small toral campaign and involving high school nority groups. There is a very strong Finally the Senatorial race should help to PFM. 1 think this trend will reverse now students and military personnel, one is likelihood that even with a viable third unite the Party behind a radical candidate that the election campaigns are imminent IPSO FACTO organizing them. I would party, the Kennedy forces will absorb who will make the party visible to Cali­ Even these imperfect local clubs are contend that mobiliZing students for pre­ a good number of sincere anti-war ac­ fornia voters. tremendously valuable in rural areas cinct canvassing is much less effective tivists. If any "peace" candidate should While the PFM is not a revolutionary where there is little or no radical activity than organizing them into an anti-draft win the Democratic nomination and oppose party. it may be laying the groundworkfor other than PFM. The idea of a third party union, for example. Some counties re­ Nixon for the Presidency, there would be one. It has broken with the two-party devoted to peace galvanized local citizens, alize the difference and are trying to do no national Peace and Freedom Party. system, expressed a hatred for capital­ sometimes without even contacting the both or are forgetting about local elections. The prospects are better in local areas. ism and even a hesitating allegiance will central PFM. 'The Butte County organiza­ But a majority of counties, certainly the In California a moderate Democrat Allan attempt to attract non-voters as well as tion was started by a retired man who heard larger ones, will run almost exclusively Cranston may oppose a reactionary Re­ P and F registrants. If the radical senti­ about PFM over T.V., learned how to be­ electoral campaigns. publican Max Rafferty for U.S. Senate. The ment expressed in Richmond prevails, come a registrar, and single - handedly On the other hand, many •'local com­ PFM candidate Paul jacobs could com­ PFM- will use the elections to organize signed-up all of Butte's 100 PFM regis­ munity organizing" efforts are profound­ mand a good deal of support from liberals people into the anti-war and black lib­ trants. He was never in contact with the ly political. Too often protest amongst and left-liberals. He might even take eration movements -- not to get a big pro­ state office until after the registration middle-class people means expiation of enough votes away from the Democratic test vote. irive. In Santa Barbara, the local PFM moral guilt and nothing else. Some local candidate to give Rafferty a victory. Copyright by Reese Erhlich 1968. All group spawned a draft resistance group or­ Resistance chapters for instance, eschew PFM cannot solve all the problems radi­ rights reserved.• ganizing college seniors and first year radical politics in favor of the optimum cals face in 1968, but it will expose __~~ 4'''''' ~""'...-

• WHERE IT"S AT "NEW RESe~\\CH (Deeply involved in the upsurge of ••• A GUI DE FOR Black consciousness, many Black students -- CoMMUNITV ORGt\NIZfNG ••• have been getting together to demand that their schools make the changes necessary •• • Real Estate OWtlershi p.. Urban to serve the students. Many of the issues Serv;ce~ arising are of the type which have also Ret1ewal ••• Cornmunit.Y l Public .• been brought up by white students, such .Police .•. Cou.-ts Law.,Yers •.. Unions ••• as the dehumanizing dorm regulations, repressive and arbitrary administrations Consumer Aet'on Jobs ... . and the whole factury atmosphere of the college which is meant to turn the student •Or.9ani!it)~ Resources ... ~ other's .•. into a machine useful to the corporate [)ONA"10N 5 state. This becomes especially distaste­ $1. °.. ful to the Black student when he realizes that he is being turned out for use by the white corporate state. POSTERS b~. ERVIN COB8S The following is from a. report by Afriamerican News Service on the recent RAP BROWN AND LQ ROI JONES events at Howard University. $,. so each available tfYJm the MtJlJemQ"t During the past two years, Howard students have made request. upon request, .': demand upon demand to rectify the most basic problems of curriculum improve­ ment and academic freedom. The re­ ,0...~·· .... · sponse of the University has been swift and repressive action to silence those students and faculty who have been singled ~~" r ~l , t' out as rebels in the university com­ munity. Last year scores of students and faculty were asked not to return to the if~ campus. \ j' ~j.' This past month, an attempt was made !\1 .;,,; " .;' . , to repeat the mass expulsions of black l~: radical students. Most of the precipitating: I action centered around Howard's 101st Charter Day Celebration of March 1. In early January or February students had presented a list of demands to the school - administration concerning elimination of .. student repression and the establishment of a black curriculum. They asked that an answer be given by no later than Charter Day. When the administration re­ fused to reply, 39 students marched on GIANT POSTERS ST. ,.. stage of Crampton Auditorium in the SEND ME .... middle of Charter Day exercises and de­ MALCOLM X ANb PLEr£E manded that their position be given a hear­ ing and a response. The administration CHE GUEVAR~ - responded by breaking up the Charter Day I enclose $ Assemblv. $1.00 each _ check if ontfJ 75¢ to Movement MOVEMENT subscriber Sit-In (22 x Ie ihc:hes)••• SubscrIbers ail to the MOVEMENT On March 15th, a disciplinary hearing th ~rdncisc(), -SPECIAL BULK R~ 449 14 ST. San Calif. 94103 letter was sent to approximately 39 stu­ dents who were singled out by the admin-

"l'f",. MAY, 1968 THE MOVEMENT PAGE 15

MARTIN LUTHER KING ...... •...... CONTINUED .~. - For that voice and that man articulated a dream, a vision of America and of the world. His words and TEXAS SO. rIVE life spoke to that hope which springs in all' ofus for a " continued from'p.4 ganizing anyway on allthe black campuses? full and just solution to American and world racism, Floyd: Well, they're trying, but a' lot and for worldpeac~. around the cQuntry,against black people of them have been scared, into organiZing There were disagreements and differences as to ,is political. a Book of the Month Club. See they won't The MOVEMENT: Is there a defense com­ let us on to organize. They can keep us how to reach that goal. Non-violence, which Martin mittee? down like they want to keep' us down. Luther King held as a religious principle, was seen by Floyd: The TSU Five defense fund for the The MOVEMENT: What is happening along many as a tactic - and a tactic that Proved insufficient purpose' of publiciZing what happened in' thse lines at TSU itself? Houston. Now we're also talking, about Floyd: Well the people are willing to 'in the context of a violent and racist America. what happened in Orangeburg because we 'support us, but due to the atmosphere And yet within the changed context of Black Power know exactly 'what happened there -- how that was created'-- what they can do and many students were murdered and wounded what they con't do -- see they're under and self-defense, Martin Luther King continued to and who they charged,with the whole mount demonstrations, and ,to speak out against the deal -- Cleveland Sellers. war, illustrating the inextricable connection between racism at home and the war in Vietnam. And the new TSU and Orangebur~, directions in the black movement were built upon the The MOVEMENT: Would you like to say a little about the link-up between TSU and experience and contributions of those first years in the Orangeburg and other black campuses? South. Floyd: Well the whole thing as far as The voice is now stilled, but its echo runs deep. The work black campuses are concerned is that the city officials, the local government and remains. Anothe.r rY!arfyr in the movement has been the, states are trying to, control black added to the list which we all know is far far too long. campuses in every state and every city in Medgar Evers, Malcolm X, Ruby Doris Robins'on, the U.S. And the methods that they prac­ tice --' they have peopl~ to try to find out Martin Luther King . .. another man, done gone exactly how militant black studentS are another of countless black men murdered in this supposed to be -- so then they'll know how to maneuver on ,the campus. So TSU land. was the first - it was a test ,tube for The shock was real. Martin Luther King is dead. But police and government trying to tak e control of campuses Oy using firepower. not dead, we hope, are the visions of a better time, the - - Grambling was the first used as a test hopes for better relations between men. tube -- and Central State -- to see how Not dead is the dream. Not' dead is the anger we the National Guard could come in and all feel that this has happened and happened so many just arrest people on the campus and surround the campus. They're making times before. The sorrow transformed to dedication, examples of certain sO'-called' radicals the dream, and, the anger, mu~t build, 'the future. in order to say if you're now thinking about becoming a human rights activist a hammer that they'll be thr~wn out of well then this.is what'll happen to you. school if they protest on campus or off campus. They're taking a hell of a chance ~~ ~~ .,., ~., .."" " You'll either be murdered or put in jail on trumped-up charges. And these methods if they protest on or off campus regarding are being used on all the black campuses our trial. Some are planning to take that wuch as Central State, Grambling, Ar­ chance when the trial comes up. So they HOWARD" UNIVERSITY kansas A & M, South Carolina State, haven't actually stopped the students, but Howard, Tuskegee. And we've had some they're trying the best they can. They're ( kicking some out every semester, then istration as "leaders" of the student informationthat they're planning on break­ Administration Response , they let them come back in and kick them movement. The students responded to ing up the BSU at Hampton Institute. , out again. the letters on the follOWing Monday As the NEW -HOWARD was getting it­ 'The MOVEMENT: What's been the re­ by entering the administration building, self ,together, so were the Board of sponse to your case by students at TSU7 along with nearly 200 other students and Trustees; They met and' by Friday de­ Floyd: Well' they've been trying to or­ Publicity staged a sit-in. On Tuesday the sit-in cided that (1) they wanted the campus back, ganize around our trial but the admin­ The MOVEMENT: You have beentravelling was repeated, only the numbers had in­ (2) that they were going to get the campus istration is collaborating with ,the .local around the country noW trying to get creased to 500. The students spent Tues­ back by any means necessary, and (3) and state government. They put out sheets publicity and funds for the case. day night inside the administration build­ they would try to work out a concession ~ for freshman entering the college which Floyd: We need the money for pUblicity so ing. Wednesday morning, administration plan with the students to return the campus list what you can and ,can't do, who you the legal defence can be made into a officials were greeted by 2100 students peacefully: So they Sent their most liberal can talk to, how long you can say out, and political defense. who refused to let them into the build­ members, Kenneth Clark. Percy Julian et when you can't stay out. Its actually, The MOVEMENT: What sort of response ing. al to work out ,an agreement with the stu­ been .incarceration or a concentration have you gotten around the country? On that ,day, the "NEW HOWARD" dents. Into the administration building camp, but you know, you can't see it Floyd: On the East Coast and the South University was formed. Students took over they came and meet they, did with the but its there. and in Texas, pretty good. The West the entire administration building', in­ ~ The MOVEMENT: Are the black univer­ steering committee of NEW HOWARD. , Coarst is slow, but its coming. cluding the school switchboard. Com-: ,sity administrators co-operating wit h The meeting lasted way up into the wee The MOVEMENT: Who have you been mittees headed, and staffed by students smalLhours of Saturday morning, with the Iwhite local governments to control the ,talking to ,around the country? Black were formed to meet all the responsibil­ Board of Trustees skillfully wearing down campuses? , arid white students? ities of the student take-over. "NEW the members of the steering committee Floyd: Definitely. The black administra­ Floyd: Yes. HOWARD" had the support' of all the pro­ until they reached a tentative settlement, tion with the white, masters are col­ The MOVEMENT: \\'ht's been the re­ fessional schools of Howard, as well as the subject to approval of the entire student laborating with the dty and local and sponse from white students1 8,750 student body of the Liberal Arts body' assembled in the halls ,of the ad- ~, state governments. The' administration Floyd: Very, very good. College. The Law students had formed a ministration building. The sixteen de­ lets all the police, and national guard The MOVEMENT: What sort C'f support Legal Defense Committee. Two hundred mands were whittled down to three con­ come on the campus. They don't tell are you asking for? strong, they had filed suit in the District cessions, supposedly embodying the sub­ them they can't come on the campus. Floyd: Number on,e is organize arounc Court to keep New Howard opened, and to 'stance of the original 16. The conces- The MOVEMENT: Are the stude'nts or-, trumpe

Well, all that remains now is for God last fall, everyone has been talking about country wouldn't prove better? And not an ideology that is anti-human. One front to declare Himself a candidate for the going to Chicago for the Democratic a week of demonstrati,ons in August, but that is expected to explode this summer Democratic Presidential nomination. But Convention. Plans are being made for sustained demonstrations starting now and is the ghetto. While it would not be ad­ maybe it won't be necessary. His son has massive demonstrations there and yet, continuing until. visable for white radicals to venture into already entered the race and we, the youth there seems to have been very little The Chicago demonstration is going to an exploding ghetto, that is no reason why of America, are supposed to stop what­ questioning done as to whether it is even be aimed at disrupting the Convention. the middle-class ghettos couldn" have ever it is we've been doing and follow in the best tactic to go to Chicago. Well, the MFDP did that in 1964 with a their own kinds of explosions. It's time his path with loud Hosannas. If I were to There is no doubt that there should be couple of hundred people. To disrupt people really started raising hell about follow in his path, you can be sure that 1 demonstratons of some nature at the the Convention is nothing compared to the higher prices being created because would have a silencer on my Hosanna. Convention this summer. What there IS disrupting America. We all know, too, of the war. It's time people started going But that is neither here nor there. doubt about is the size and scope of those that somebody is going to be nominated ipto supermarkets and shopping free, be­ What does matter is that Bobby Kennedy demonstrations. Already Mayor Daly and at that convention, whether it is disrupted cause they've paid for all the food a has found it politically expedient to run the Chicago police have made it clear that or not. The Democratic Party is going to hundred times over. It's time you drove "'---:- for the Presidential nomination. And it they are going to have a good time busting run a candidate even if they have to have off from' the gas station pump, smiling is strange to see what short memories heads come August. The press has made the Convention at the LBJ ranch. There­ and not paying. people have. In the 1964 election, every­ it clear that the National Guard and local fore, the point of any demonstration is to Everyone's expecting a showdown at sta~peded ~ \ one was into voting for John­ police have been getting training in crowd communicate a militant oppOSition to the Chicago and if Lyndon Johnson can ef­ son, because Goldwater was so bad. No one control all winter. And everybody on the war and hopefully, win a few more people fectively See that Chicago is kept under could think of anything good to say about Left is almost super-cool about the fact to that pOSition. Making all plans to do control, you better believe that it will be Johnson then, but everyone rationalized that there is going to be blood shed in this at Chicago (via ABC,NBC, & CBS)may a big enough victory to insure him of being it by saying, "Well, you don't want Gold­ Chicago and most of it won't be the be a fatal mistake. Everybody on the Left re-elected. Everybody is going to Chi,cago water, do you?" Now, four years later, blood of cops. Yet, everybody's talking admires the Vietcong, but few seem to for a confrontation, but is the New Left the stampede is on to de-throne Lyndon and about and planning for Chicago. realize that some of their tactics can be prepared for the confrontation? Prepared replace him with McCarthy or Kennedy. One would think that come August every applied here. to WIN the confrontation? It just seems Once again people are concerning them­ city in the country is going to disap­ Let Chicago be Khesahn. Mass troops that everybody is prepared to confront ,selves with the 'lesser of two evils' pear and Chicago will be the only place around Chicago, but let the question be and go to the hospital. That's all well and rather than fighting all evils. ,- left to go. I doubt it. People talk a lot raised in the enemv's mind that Chicago good, but it ain't necessarily political. Many feel that the New Left is in danger about local organizing, etc., but somehow may not be the target. Maybe the week The easiest thing in the world is getting of being coopted by Bobby. If it is, it in the face of Chicago, the mass demon­ of the Convention is the week to take a beat up, sent to the hospital and jail. would indicate where the New Left was stration mentality takes over. That men­ White House tour and instead of touring, There are viable alternatives to all the time. lf it has not moved beyond tality says that the bigger a demonstra­ take over the White House. Maybe that's Chicago. These should be explored seri­ a point where it would not be vulnerable tion, the better. The more people you the week to take over the Democratic ously. They might prove to be more ef­ to a Kennedy candidacy, then the rhetoric have, the better. This' is the bigger the City Halls and Governor's offices around fective, particularly if they can be tied of the New Left represents the thinking penis, the better the screw ideology and the country. Of course, these would be in with local organizing projects and other of a few and not that of a sizeable con­ it is obvious that it is not how well­ temporary take-overs, but what better issues besides Vietnam. It's not the war stituency which is committed to fighting endowed you may be that counts, but how way to let the world know that the country in Vietnam we should be trying to stop. the good fight against the system, well you use that with which you've been really is falling apart. It's an ideology and a system. Peace will The real danger to the New Left comes, endowed. Too, this might be the time to open up not come with the cessation of the war in however, not from Prince Charming as What would a massive demonstration new fronts. After all, the fact that this Vietnam. Peace willcome from the revolu­ much as it comes from the monomania at Chicago prove that a series of demon­ country is waging a war in Vietnam is only tion... that is developing around Chicago. Since strations in every city of any size in the part of the story. That war stems from 'TOWARD CONSUMER DRUG CONTROL By Dave George did nothing for the consumer. Sporadic rely on different drugs, pharmacies have Chicago have worked out as a result of The high cost and uncertain quality of publicity, price exposes and protest large inventories, slow turnover, and a several months consideration of the con­ prescription drugs is not the most seri­ demonstrations will not insure permanent high markup. Besides, many physicians sumer's prescription drug problem. This ous part of America's health care prob­ changes. Neither Betty Furness nor LBJ's prescribe high-priced trade name drugs' project started from a picket and boycott lem, but it is one many people want to new consumers commission will ade­ instead of lower priced equivalent quality of a corner drugstore after a consumer do something about. This problem isn't quately protect our interests. Only con­ drugs, simply because they have no in­ had checked around on the price because as appalling in its size and its human sumer controlled organizations will deal formation about· drug prices and quality he felt his original quotation of $9.50 consequences as the problem of general successfully with consumer exploitation. except the propaganda from the company was too high. This incident was followed health care in the ghettoes and low income salesmen. up by a survey of 17 drugstores in the areas, but its solution does seem to be TRADE NAMES AND LARGE Consumers could start their own coop area. It was found that prices rangedfrom within the reach of ordinary people. A INVENTORIES drugstore. But besides the problem of the $1 to $9 on the same prescription of co-op drug plan is a base from which large financial investment to g~t started, penicillin G and that black people were to build more extensive community con­ Any program aimed at retail drug­ it would have to compete with other stores quoted higher prices in several stores trolled health services such as coopera­ stores only cannot win great savings. Be­ with no particular economic advantage. To than white people. Following. the enthusi­ tive group medical plans. cause of the large number of drugs on the win savings, a consumers' group could astic response to a public forum, the The recent -- and almost forgotten -­ market, about 19,000 (many are gener­ support efforts to reform the prescrip­ group is organizing people into member- Congressional hearings on drug prices ically the same), and'because ph~ians tion drug laws which now serve the in­ ship in the drug coop. ... terests of the qrug corporations. This should be part of a long range effort but more immediate consumer controls are possible. Consumers can get real savings ONE DOWN on prescriptions only if drugstores - like supermarkets - <;:an keep a fairly small inventory moving qUickly and if the lower Continued priced generic equivalent drugs can be who want to see the war ended and so purchased. are casting their votes for Bobby and Gene, and continue to emphasize the fundamental I<1DIVIDUAL SUBSCR.IPTIO~S THE FORMULARY -A LIST OF sameness of Kennedy, McCarthy and Lyn­ HIGH QUALITY AND LOYV COST DRUGS don Johnson. Just as LBJ has been one of $ /2 issues our best organizers in the past, Bobby 2 PDr I' There is a way that a local group of will serve that same function in the future. BULK SUBSCRIPTIOnS .. (P€R monTH) 'II consumers can cope with the problem of We should not despair. We shouldremem­ too many drugs and too-costly name brand bel' that we began to build our move­ 1-10 1'1 20¢ each 111111' \111 \ drugs. Consumers can encourage their II, 1t - 99il ' 1/ 0 each + pos1aJJe III I /1'11.11' ment while Bobby's older brother was 'Ml~r~ ~ s doctors to prescribe, whenever possible, president. Our task remains essentially Ii Ii I,' 7.., each + DO'