Did the Vietnam Draft Increase Human Capital Dispersion? Draft-Avoidance Behavior by Race and Class ∗
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Registered with Selective Service and They Are Especially Keen to Comply with the Law
The R EGISTE R Spring 2017 SELECTIVE SERVICE SYSTEM WELCOMES THE AGENCY’S 13TH DIRECTOR Senator Donald reduce expenditures dramatically while at the same M. Benton was time doubling citizen participation in some of their appointed by programs. He was responsible for preserving more acres President Donald of critical habitat in one year than any other year during J. Trump to be the program. All of these records were accomplished the 13th Director while reducing taxpayer cost by more than 30 percent. of the United A prolific entrepreneur, Director Benton started his first States Selective company with his sister Nancy when he was 17 years Service System old. Over the years since, he has built and sold several on April 11, successful companies and provided countless jobs to 2017. Supreme Americans. Court Justice Mr. Romo presenting Mr. Allard with award. Samuel Alito A staunch supporter of veterans and veterans affairs, administered Director Benton is most proud of the fact that he is the his oath of office author of and the driving force behind, the legislation in the Supreme that built the magnificent WWll Memorial on the state Court two days capitol campus in Washington State. Additionally, he is a later on April 13. Prior to the Director’s appointment to past-President of the Jaycees and was an American Red lead the Selective Service, President Trump named him Cross volunteer and Board Chairman for many years. He as a Senior White House Advisor. The President directed has been an Assistant Scout Leader and Merit Badge him to lead the transition team at the Environmental Counselor in the Boy Scouts of America for the last ten Protection Agency (EPA) where he managed the years and has two sons who attained the rank of Eagle seamless transition of power to the new administration Scout. -
Syria: Reactions Against Deserters and Draft Evaders 03012018
Report Syria: Reactions against deserters and draft evaders Translation provided by the Office of the Commissioner General for Refugees and Stateless Persons, Belgium Report Syria: Reactions against deserters and draft evaders LANDINFO – 3 JANUARY 2018 1 About Landinfo’s reports The Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo, is an independent body within the Norwegian Immigration Authorities. Landinfo provides country of origin information to the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration (Utlendingsdirektoratet – UDI), the Immigration Appeals Board (Utlendingsnemnda – UNE) and the Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Public Security. Reports produced by Landinfo are based on information from carefully selected sources. The information is researched and evaluated in accordance with common methodology for processing COI and Landinfo’s internal guidelines on source and information analysis. To ensure balanced reports, efforts are made to obtain information from a wide range of sources. Many of our reports draw on findings and interviews conducted on fact-finding missions. All sources used are referenced. Sources hesitant to provide information to be cited in a public report have retained anonymity. The reports do not provide exhaustive overviews of topics or themes, but cover aspects relevant for the processing of asylum and residency cases. Country of origin information presented in Landinfo’s reports does not contain policy recommendations nor does it reflect official Norwegian views. © Landinfo 2018 The material in this report is covered by copyright law. Any reproduction or publication of this report or any extract thereof other than as permitted by current Norwegian copyright law requires the explicit written consent of Landinfo. For information on all of the reports published by Landinfo, please contact: Landinfo Country of Origin Information Centre Storgata 33A P.O. -
GREECE No Satisfaction: the Failures of Alternative Civilian Service
GREECE No satisfaction: the failures of alternative civilian service On 1 January 1998 Law 2510/97 on conscription, which had been passed by the Greek Parliament in June 1997, entered into force. For the first time, the law included a provision for alternative civilian service, a move which Amnesty International welcomed after years of campaigning for the release of conscientious objectors who were until then serving sentences of up to four years’ imprisonment for insubordination. Law 2510/97 states that conscientious objector status and civilian alternative service or unarmed military service are available to conscripts declaring themselves opposed to the personal use of arms for fundamental reasons of conscience based on religious, philosophical, ideological or moral convictions (Article 18, paragraphs 1, 2 and 3). However, Amnesty International is concerned not only that some of its provisions still fall short of international standards, but also that its application remains unsatisfactory or even clearly discriminatory against conscientious objectors. International Standards on Conscientious Objection Recommendation No. R (87) 8 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States of the Council of Europe Regarding Conscientious Objection to Compulsory Military Service of 9 April 1987 recommends that “[a]lternative service shall not be of a punitive nature. Its duration shall, in comparison to that of military service, remain within reasonable limits” (§10). The 1987 Recommendation of the Council of Europe Committee of Minister asserts that “applications for conscientious objector status shall be made in ways and within time limits to be determined having due regard to the requirement that the procedure for the examination of an application should, as a rule, be completed before the individual concerned is actually enlisted in the forces”. -
The Broken Promises of an All-Volunteer Military
THE BROKEN PROMISES OF AN ALL-VOLUNTEER MILITARY * Matthew Ivey “God and the soldier all men adore[.] In time of trouble—and no more, For when war is over, and all things righted, God is neglected—and the old soldier slighted.”1 “Only when the privileged classes perform military service does the country define the cause as worth young people’s blood. Only when elite youth are on the firing line do war losses become more acceptable.”2 “Non sibi sed patriae”3 INTRODUCTION In the predawn hours of March 11, 2012, Staff Sergeant Robert Bales snuck out of his American military post in Kandahar, Afghanistan, and allegedly murdered seventeen civilians and injured six others in two nearby villages in Panjwai district.4 After Bales purportedly shot or stabbed his victims, he piled their bodies and burned them.5 Bales pleaded guilty to these crimes in June 2013, which spared him the death penalty, and he was sentenced to life in prison without parole.6 How did this former high school football star, model soldier, and once-admired husband and father come to commit some of the most atrocious war crimes in United States history?7 Although there are many likely explanations for Bales’s alleged behavior, one cannot help but to * The author is a Lieutenant Commander in the United States Navy. This Article does not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Defense, the United States Navy, or any of its components. The author would like to thank Michael Adams, Jane Bestor, Thomas Brown, John Gordon, Benjamin Hernandez- Stern, Brent Johnson, Michael Klarman, Heidi Matthews, Valentina Montoya Robledo, Haley Park, and Gregory Saybolt for their helpful comments and insight on previous drafts. -
Iran: Military Service
Country Policy and Information Note Iran: Military Service Version 2.0 April 2020 Preface Purpose This note provides country of origin information (COI) and analysis of COI for use by Home Office decision makers handling particular types of protection and human rights claims (as set out in the Introduction section). It is not intended to be an exhaustive survey of a particular subject or theme. It is split into two main sections: (1) analysis and assessment of COI and other evidence; and (2) COI. These are explained in more detail below. Assessment This section analyses the evidence relevant to this note – i.e. the COI section; refugee/human rights laws and policies; and applicable caselaw – by describing this and its inter-relationships, and provides an assessment of, in general, whether one or more of the following applies: x A person is reasonably likely to face a real risk of persecution or serious harm x The general humanitarian situation is so severe as to breach Article 15(b) of European Council Directive 2004/83/EC (the Qualification Directive) / Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights as transposed in paragraph 339C and 339CA(iii) of the Immigration Rules x The security situation presents a real risk to a civilian’s life or person such that it would breach Article 15(c) of the Qualification Directive as transposed in paragraph 339C and 339CA(iv) of the Immigration Rules x A person is able to obtain protection from the state (or quasi state bodies) x A person is reasonably able to relocate within a country or territory x A claim is likely to justify granting asylum, humanitarian protection or other form of leave, and x If a claim is refused, it is likely or unlikely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under section 94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. -
Lessons of 1969'S US Selective Service Amendment
Vol. 8(7), pp. 175 - 184, October 2014 DOI: 10.5897/AJPSIR2013.0643 Article Number: 34D130747333 African Journal of Political Science and ISSN 1996-0832 Copyright © 2014 International Relations Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPSIR Review Lessons of 1969’S US Selective Service Amendment Act: Explaining US babyboomers’ civil war George Steven Swan North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA. Received 16 September, 2013; Accepted 16 August 2014 Studies of opinion cleavages among Americans born 1946 to 1964 are informed via Erikson and Stoller’s 2011 analysis of the impact of the December 1, 1969 Vietnam War draft lottery (which prioritized men vulnerable to 1970 callup). The scope of discussion therein and herein includes asessments of political socialization research from 1965, 1973, 1982 and 1997. Enabled there was the interpretive method, herein, of laying unfavorably numbered, vintage-1948 men’s opinions and behavior (which both mutated) within a detailed, contemporary military policy-context. This contextual perspective fleshes out, historically, that 2011 review. The results thereof revealed that those unfortunate men’s abrupt hostility to defense of South Vietnam and to public figures associated therewith (for example, President Richard M. Nixon of the Republican Party) as too “hawkish” (that is, assertively anticommunist) proved ironic. For Nixon’s prelottery Vietnam War policy already had executed the high-profile “dove” platform-plank rejected by the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Also appreciated is how published 2013 data on attitudes influenced by the Great Recession evidenced implicitly the dramatic durability of the draft lottery’s effect. -
The Ithacan, 1967-10-20
Ithaca College Digital Commons @ IC The thI acan, 1967-68 The thI acan: 1960/61 to 1969/70 10-20-1967 The thI acan, 1967-10-20 Ithaca College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.ithaca.edu/ithacan_1967-68 Recommended Citation Ithaca College, "The thI acan, 1967-10-20" (1967). The Ithacan, 1967-68. 7. http://digitalcommons.ithaca.edu/ithacan_1967-68/7 This Newspaper is brought to you for free and open access by the The thI acan: 1960/61 to 1969/70 at Digital Commons @ IC. It has been accepted for inclusion in The thI acan, 1967-68 by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ IC. 99 The Draft: 61; First Link In A <Chai'01J of Deout!m by KEVIN CONNORS Last Monday afternoon, mem time to the anti-draft movement. ing a personal statement by try did not support the wars I As the professors left (again Mrs. Dorothy Hill, Chief Clerk bers of a nationwide group From Cornell they marched Daniel Casher (one of the protest. waged by that country th~n t~e to the applause of the group) six at the board would make no known as "The Resistance" stag- peacefully to Aurora Street and ors) they each handed their draft government was not workmg m clergymen entered the building statement. When asked if any of ~ ed demonstrations in key cities assembled across from the local cards to the clerk along with the best interests of the people t b ·t . - t t t · throughout the country. A chap Ithaca Draft Board, which had statements giving their personal whom it governed. -
THE RIGHT to CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION in EUROPE: a Review of the Current Situation
THE RIGHT TO CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION IN EUROPE: A Review of the Current Situation Quaker Council for European Affairs Preface Aware of the fact that conscientious objectors are still treated harshly in some European countries and that the right to conscientious objection is not even recognized in all the member states of the Council of Europe, the Quaker Council for European Affairs commissioned this report to highlight the problems which still remain in Europe with regard to the right to conscientious objection to military service. This report provides an overview of the current situation in Europe. In recent years many developments have taken place with regard to conscription and conscientious objection. Several European countries have suspended conscription although by 2005 most European countries still maintain conscription and most European young men are still liable to perform military service. In many countries, particularly in Eastern Europe, the Balkans and the former Soviet Union, both legal regulations on the recognition of the right to conscientious objection and actual practice are changing quickly. In other European countries, the right to conscientious objection is still not recognized fully or at all and governments persist in harsh treatment of conscientious objectors. Although there is a wealth of information available about conscription and conscientious objection in some countries, surprisingly little is known about others. Moreover, there is no recent comparative survey on conscientious objection in easily accessible format. The last survey of this kind was published in 1998 by War Resisters' International ('Refusing to bear arms - a world survey of conscription and conscientious objection to military service'), which answered the need of many organisations working on issues of conscription and conscientious objection. -
Draft Evasion Pardons-The Long Range Impact in His Rush to Make
Draft Evasion Pardons-The Long Range Impact In his rush to make good on a cam paign promise to grant pardons to un punished Vietnam-era draft evaders, President-elect Carter may be treading dangerously near foreclosing the possi bility of ever again relying on Selective Service as a source of military manpower. Beginning with the Civil War some form of conscription has been necessary in every major war the United States has fought. It has even been necessary to use the draft during some periods of strained peace. In recent years the pressure of the draft convinced many young men to choose the alternative of service in the Reserve components. As long as this pres sure was there the strength of the Na tional Guard and the various service Re serves remained high without any major diversion of effort to recruiting. Now we have an All-volunteer active military establishment. It is composed of good people who are well-trained and well-equipped but it is very expensive. In fact, because of the expense of the active forces there has been a move to expand the roles played by the Reserve compo nents and to integrate them more closely with regular combat elements. Reserve manpower is a great deal less expensive to maintain. But, like a tiger spinning around with its own tail in its mouth, this reliance on the Reserves has brought the issue of the viability of the volunteer forces right back to its starting point-the question of whether we can economically keep our total forces up to strength without the draft. -
Ford Foundation Information Paper on Veterans, Deserters, and Draft Evaders” of the Charles E
The original documents are located in Box 6, folder “Ford Foundation Information Paper on Veterans, Deserters, and Draft Evaders” of the Charles E. Goodell Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Charles Goodell donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box 6 of the Charles E. Goodell Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library VETERANS, DESERTERS, AND DRAFT-EVADERS --THE VIETNAM DECADE -- Jnformation Paper The Ford Foundation September 197 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 I. VIETNAM-ERA VETERANS 3 Profile 5 THE ISSUES 8 Post-Vietnam Syndrome 8 Unemployment 12 Education and Training 13 Drug Abuse 15 Other-than-Honorable Discharges 19 Veterans Administration 23 CURRENT RESPONSE 25 The Veterans Lobby: Old and New 27 The Legislative Picture 31 II. AMNESTY 33 THE AMNESTY IDEA 34 Historical Record 34 Jurisdictional Question 36 SELECTIVE OPPOSITION TO WAR: A LEGAL PROBLEM 38 POSSIBLE CANDIDATES FOR AMNESTY -
Conscientious Objection to Military Service in Korea International Standard
Conscientious Objection to Military Service in Korea International Standard Statistics Conscientious Objectors who Received Currently Imprisoned a Favorable Decision from the CCPR 501 597 United Nations Current Situation as of October 31, 2014 Since the 1980’s, the UN Commission on Human Rights has taken the position that conscientious objectors to military service must be protected under Article 18 of the ICCPR*, which has the same effect as the domestic laws of Korea. In 2012, Undetained the UN Human Rights Committee(CCPR) released its Views 57 213 597 regarding 388 individual petitioners indicating Korea’s clear Detained violation of the ICCPR. This is the fourth time the CCPR has 17 made such a decision on Korea. Being On trial Imprisoned *ICCPR: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights investigated 2012 UN Human Rights Committee (CCPR) Views “The right to conscientious objection to military service inheres in the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. It entitles any individual to an exemption from compulsory Criminally Punished military service if this cannot be reconciled with that individual’s since 1950 religion or beliefs. The right must not be impaired by coercion.” ★ § 7.4 Jong-nam Kim et al. Republic of Korea, UN Doc CCPR/C/106/ 18,051 D/1786/2008 (25 Oct 2012) Punished Each Period Recommendations by Individual States Total Punished United States of America - “We are concerned that 13,169 the Republic of Korea does not provide alternatives to military service for conscientious objectors. More than 700 Imprisoned since Views Adopted conscientious objectors are currently serving jail terms by the CCPR in November 2006 waiting for another option to become available. -
The Home Front and War in the Twentieth Century
THE HOME FRONT AND WAR IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Proceedings of the Tenth Military History Symposium October 20-22. 1982 Edited by James Titus United States Air Force Acdemy and Office of Air Force History Headquarters USAF 1984 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Military History Symposium (U.S.) (10th : 1982) (United States Air Force Academy) The home front and war in the twentieth century Sponsored by: The Department of History and The Association of Graduates. Includes index. 1. Military history, Modem-20th century-Congresses. 2. War and society-History-20th century4ongresses. 3. War--Economic aspects-Congresses. 4. War-Economic aspects-United States4ongresses. 5. United States-Social conditions-Congresses. I. Titus, James. 11. United States Air Force Academy. Dept. of History. 111. United States Air Force Academy. Assocation of Graduates. IV. Title. D431.M54 1982 303.6'6 83-600203 ISBN 0-912799-01-3 For sale by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402 11 THE TENTH MILITARY HISTORY SYMPOSIUM October 20-22, 1982 United States Air Force Academy Sponsored by The Department of History and The Association of Graduates ******* Executive Director, Tenth Military History Symposium: Lieutenant Colonel James Titus Deputy Director, Tenth Military History Symposium: Major Sidney F. Baker, USA Professor and Head, Department of History: Colonel Carl W. Reddel President, Association of Graduates: Lieutenant Colonel Thomas J. Eller, USAF. Retired Symposium Committee Members: Captain John G. Albert Captain Mark L. Dues Captain Bernard E. Harvey Captain Vernon K. Lane Captain Robert C. Owen Captain Michael W.