DOCSLIB.ORG

Nuclear Weapons and Indian Foreign Policy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nuclear Weapons and Indian Foreign Policy MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU STRATEGIAN LAITOS JULKAISUSARJA 1: STRATEGIAN TUTKIMUKSIA No 27 NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF STRATEGIC AND DEFENCE STUDIES SERIES 1: STRATEGIC RESEARCH No 27 ’A responsible nuclear weapons power’ – NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND INDIAN FOREIGN POLICY MIKA KERTTUNEN MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU Strategian laitos HELSINKI 2009 Mika Kerttunen: ’A responsible nuclear weapons power’ – Nuclear Weapons and Indian Foreign Policy Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu, Strategian laitos Julkaisusarja 1: Strategian tutkimuksia No 27 National Defence University, Department of Strategic and Defence Studies Series 1: Strategic Research No 27 Uusimmat julkaisut pdf-muodossa http://www.mpkk.fi/fi/tutkimus-opetus/julkaisut/stratl/ Kannen kuva: Janne Kopu Kansikuvan kuvalähde: dharma IV © Mika Kerttunen ISBN 978-951-25-1995-8 ISSN 1236-4959 Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu – National Defence University Strategian laitos – Department of Strategic and Defence Studies Edita Prima Oy Helsinki 2009 At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. Jawaharlal Nehru Tryst with Destiny August 14, 1947 CONTENT I INTRODUCTION Objectives and Methods 1 Theoretical Framework 5 On the Theoretical Foundations of International Relations 5 On Understanding Political Behaviour 11 Conclusion 20 II Conventions: Indian Strategic Culture 1 Culture as Context 27 2 Rules and Regulations; Ideas and Identities 37 The Constitution 38 State, Society and the Individual 42 Unity 46 Social and Economic Reforms 50 Secularism 53 Non-violence and War 57 Indian Identities – and Values 63 3 The Indian Security Community 71 Political Actors and the Security Administration 71 Decision-Making in Security-Related Issues 75 The Main Political Parties 84 III Indian Foreign and Nuclear Policies 1947–2004 4 Indian Foreign Policy 91 Regional Relations: Pakistan and China 95 A Place in the Sun: Non-alignment and the Great Powers 109 The United Nations and the Maintenance of Peace and 125 Security Conclusion 132 5 Indian Nuclear Policy 135 The Short Story of Indian Nuclear Policy 143 Deterrence in South Asia or a South Asian Deterrence? 174 Conclusion 180 IV The Manmohan Singh Government of India 6 The Government of India and Indian Foreign Policy 185 2004–2007 The Indian National Congress Party Returns to Power 185 Regional Relations: China and Pakistan 190 Global Relations: the United Nations 194 Global Relations: the United States 195 Global Relations: the Russian Federation, the European 201 Union Conclusion 203 7 The Government of India and Indian Nuclear Policy 211 2004–2007 The Prime Minister on Nuclear Policy 211 India in the Conference on Disarmament 213 The Defence Establishment on Nuclear Policy 219 Conclusion 225 V Conclusion 8 Foreign and Nuclear Policies 233 Two Dimensions and Five Claims 233 Two Governments 237 9 Methodological Reflections 243 Appendixes 1 Indian Nuclear Forces and Delivery Vehicles 249 2 India’s Draft Nuclear Doctrine, August 17, 1999 251 3 Cabinet Committee on Security, January 4, 2003 257 4 PM’s Suo-Motu Statement on Discussions on Civil 259 Nuclear Energy Cooperation with the US: Implementation of India’s Separation Plan, March 7, 2006 New Delhi Bibliography 265 Abstract 285 Tiivistelmä 287 Figures Figure no. 1. Research design 5 Figure no. 2. Hierarchy and interaction between different 15 levels of doctrine Figure no. 3. Culture-action nexus over time in time 31 Figure no. 4. Conceptualization of the Indian strategic culture 32 Figure no. 5. The Inclusive-Exclusive and Local-Global 68 Dimensions with Opposing Discourses in Indian Identities Figure no. 6. Indian national security apparatus 78 Figure no. 7. Main values in Indian nuclear discourses 181 Figure no. 8. Comparison between Prime Minister Nehru’s, 208 Vajpayee’s and Singh’s policy orientations. Figure no. 9. Comparison between Prime Minister Nehru’s, 229 Vajpayee’s and Singh’s nuclear policy Tables Table no. 1. Competing idealistic and realistic ontological and 132 methodological discourses in Indian foreign policy Table no. 2. Issues of domestic origin in Indian foreign policy 204 Table no. 3. Regional issues in Indian foreign policy 206 Table no. 4. Global issues in Indian foreign policy 207 Table no. 5. Main themes of disarmament in Indian nuclear policy 226 Table no. 6. Main themes of international nuclear regimes in Indian 227 nuclear policy Table no. 7. Main themes of nuclear doctrine in Indian nuclear 228 policy Table no. 8. Intentions-to in Indian Foreign and Nuclear Policies 234 Table no. 9. Three Frames within Indian Foreign and 239 Nuclear Policies Acknowledgements My journey to India started in the late 1960s when for some unidentified reason I became interested in the Indian subcontinent. The 1971 Indo- Pakistani war even engaged the then 10-year-old observer to write a report for a school paper. This long-lasting curiosity has led me to Skinner, Berlin, Vico and Kautilya and has offered enjoyable moments reading breathtaking speeches like Jawaharlal Nehru’s Tryst with Destiny or Natwar Singh’s Why India Matters. This study would have been much poorer without the unquestioning support I have received from my family, friends and colleagues. I wish to thank especially my wife who has patiently understood my stubbornness and enthusiasm. The National Defence University (NDU) has provided me with an inspiring academic atmosphere, time and financial support without which this research would not have been possible. At this point my warmest thanks go to the former commandant of the NDU, Major General Aarno Vehviläinen and the former director of the Department of Strategic and Defence Studies, Colonel Heikki Hult who had the courage to fight my case against the bureaucratic forces in the early 2000s. There are many others to thank. I will name but a few colleagues whose support I have found essential: the directors of the Department of Strategic and Defence Studies Colonels Kaarle Ruutu, (MajGen) Pertti Salminen, Juha Pyykönen and Erik Erroll for their always vital institutional support; Ambassador Benjamin Bassin for his support in India and elsewhere; Teija Tiilikainen for introducing the history-of-ideas approach to me; Stefan Forss for educating me on nuclear weapons; Torsti Sirén for our never- ending discussions on philosophy and methodology; Tommi Koivula for always having time for linguistic debates; Pasi Sirviö for gathering and organizing my empirical material; Susanna Eskola for her wise comments and corrections on the manuscript; Joonas Sipilä for the editing, and Anna Mikkonen and Mark Shackleton for improving my English. Last but not least, I wish to express my gratitude to my seminar colleagues and professors of the Department of Political Science (University of Helsinki), especially Professors Jaakko Pakkasvirta and Teivo Teivainen, as well as my tutors, Riikka Kuusisto and Professor Tuomas Forsberg. I was fortunate to get Director Raimo Väyrynen and Professor Achin Vanaik (University of Delhi) to pre-examine my manuscript. Their critical and insightful comments helped me to improve this thesis. Kruununhaka, March 2009 Mika Kerttunen 1 I Introduction OBJECTIVES AND METHODS But I am confident that India will enter the next millennium with its head held high, a strong and prosperous nation, proud of its past and confident of its future as a leading member of the comity of nations. Atal Bihari Vajpayee1 ndia has de facto possessed nuclear weapons for the last nearly 35 years. This capacity and capability has been manifested in the 1974 I peaceful nuclear explosive, Pokhran I, in the series of five nuclear detonations in 1998, Pokhran II, and in developing the Agni and Prithvi ballistic missiles. Over her half century of independence India has nevertheless not been able to resolve the questions of poverty, illiteracy, and backwardness that plague the nation.2 The gap between Mohandas Gandhi’s and many Indians’ moral principles of non-violence and the actual policy of the state has sometimes seemed to be widening instead of closing. Ancient Indian scripts provide two opposing views on the role of force: it is at the same time considered a necessity and denounced. Another gap has been that India had nuclear weapons and thus a sort of deterrence for a long time without a specific nuclear doctrine or a strategic or operative command and control system. A demonstrative capacity without a written nuclear doctrine has characterized Indian nuclear strategy, and confronted the nuclear legacy of the five established nuclear weapon states and the theories behind or deduced from this experience. Simultaneously the Indian state has also faced differing desires and interests that have been reflected in the nuclear policies. Domestic actors and factors together with international pressures and bilateral conflicts have all had their say in nuclear issues. Indian voices concerning such issues as whether to acquire 1 Frontline 1997, vol 14, no. 16. 2 India accounts for about one-fifth to one-third of all poor people in the world. See e.g. Deanton & Kozel 2004 or The Times of India, August 27, 2008. The Human Development Index (HPI-1) estimates that about 31% of the Indian population live below the threshold level (HDI). 2 · Nuclear Weapons and Indian Foreign Policy nuclear weapons, to negotiate and sign nuclear non-proliferation regimes, and to constitute threat perceptions and their responses have been many. Often the Indian diversity in this respect, too, had led a questioning of the real motives, intentions, and purposes of New Delhi’s policy makers. The political decision-making on foreign policy and security policy issues is concentrated in the hands of the Prime Minister and high-ranking Cabinet ministers. Despite the existence of cabinet-level institutions like the Defence Committee of the Cabinet, the Political Affairs Committee of the Cabinet, or the Cabinet Committee on Security, strategic planning and decision-making has been haphazard, fragmented and bureaucratic.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Indira Ghandi
    UN Secretariat Item Scan - Barcode - Record Title Page 36 Date 12/06/2006 Time 2:11:31 PM S-0882-0001-36-00001 Expanded Number S-0882-0001-36-00001 Title items-in-lndia - Indira Ghandi Date Created 19/01/1966 Record Type Archival Item Container S-0882-0001: Correspondence Files of the Secretary-General: U Thant: with Heads of State, Governments, Permanent Representatives and Observers to the United Nations Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit 19 January 1966 Bsar Hr* 2be Secretary-General"would be grateful ±f you would Kindly transmit the enclosed personal letter from. him to Her Excellency the I*r3bne Minister. Yours e Bola-Bennett Sbder-Seeretary for Special l^litical Affairs %* Br^esh '€., Hislira , Deputy §ermaneKb Representative of India to the tJnited Nations 5 Sast 6«H;a Street Sew York 21, lew. Torfe RM 19 Itear Hease allow w& to extend to yoa my wsraest personal congratulations OK your designation as the Prime Minister of India. I sen convinced -feat your great country has chosen well in selecting you, through its traditionally democratic processes, to he t&e Bead of its Governraeat- flhile I am equally convinced that your own goalities and experience in the affairs of State have ty themselves earned for ysu the eoafMenee of the people of India ia your ability to lead them, I also rejoice at the fiirther distinction you have brosgfot, on the one hand, to the family of your illustrious father and, on the other hand, to womanMod the world over. Knowing something of the extent of the responsibilities you are assuming tjoth for the welfare aacl the progress of your country and for the iicmeaBely important role it esa play in the affairs of Asia and the world, X offer you ray jaost sincere good -wishes snd all the support amd eneottrageifflefit of which 1 am capable* 2 recall with parti culsr pleasure oiar meeting last September j aad look forward to the contintistioB of our association.
    [Show full text]
  • Most Eminent Indian Women Who Contributed to the Constitution of India
    _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Written & Conceptualized by: Bonani Dhar Development Sociologist, Gender & Human Resource Specialist Ex-World Bank & UN Adviser CDGI, Students & Faculty Development Cell & Chairperson WDC Phone: 9810237354 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Most Eminent Indian Women who contributed to the Constitution of India The Constitution of India was adopted by the elected Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950. The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389. While we all remember Dr. B R Ambedkar as the Father of the Constitution and other pioneering male members who helped draft the Indian Constitution, the contribution of the fifteen female members of the Constituent Assembly is easily forgotten. On this Republic Day, let’s take a look at the powerful women who helped draft our Constitution. 1. Ammu Swaminathan Image Credit: The Indian Express Ammu Swaminathan was born into an upper caste Hindu family in Anakkara of Palghat district, Kerala. She formed the Women’s India Association in 1917 in Madras, along with Annie Besant, Margaret Cousins, Malathi Patwardhan, Mrs Dadabhoy and Mrs Ambujammal. She became a part of the Constituent Assembly from the Madras Constituency in 1946. In a speech during the discussion on the motion by Dr B R Ambedkar to pass the draft Constitution on November 24, 1949, an optimistic and confident Ammu said, “People outside have been saying that India did not give equal rights to her women. Now we can say that when the Indian people themselves framed their Constitution they have given rights to women equal with every other citizen of the country.” She was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1952 and Rajya Sabha in 1954.
    [Show full text]
  • GIPE-B-46123-Contents.Pdf (1.392Mb)
    I a eec \:", 'i1:.>·t tlh: Illl-'11 ~tnd \\<Hllen '' fl,' -...rr~ ''"-' tlh.: L'OITidor-.. of India\ l'.trlic~Jlh:llt ll<lU-..e. h~t\e been l)~trli;tnll..:nLtrialb uf outstanding ahilit:. '-Ltturc ~llld e\ceptional < lLtl< 1ri;tl -..kill-... This hook presents '-<ll1h.. ' of the most memorable parli;tnll:ntary speeches deli,·ered h: thL·m during the last fifty years ( l <J-+ 7-l<><n ). The hook opens. quite ;tppropriatcly. with Pandit J ;t\\ aha rial Nehru's historic speech on the Objectives of the Constitution and ·India's TrYst\\ ith Destim·· deli\ ered on the floor of the Constituent Assemhh in I t)-f 7. It concludes with some of the most brilliant speeches in the fiftieth year of Indian independence- with former Prime Minister I K Gujral's ~tsscssmcnt of fiftv vcars. former Speaker P A Sangma \call for a second freedom struggle and Dr Karan Singh's vision of a resurgent India. The selection cm·crs diverse is-..ues and themes of continuing n;tt i< 1nal and international interest. 100 Best Parliamentary Speeches 1947- 1997 (COl\' p:JTERISEQ]_ 100 Best Parliamentary Speeches 1947- 1997 Compiled & Edited by DR. SUBHASH C. KASHYAP ~ t:::l HarpetCollins Publishers India HarperCollins Publishers India Pvt Ltd 7116 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002 First published in 1998 by HarperCollins Publishers India Selection and Compilation Copyright© Dr. Subhash C. Kashyap 1998 ISBN 81-7223-325-6 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,. or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the publishers.
    [Show full text]
  • Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi
    jawaharlal Nehru and r Rajya-- . Sabha -- -----.:-=~---_._.-- ---- .. ''I'': ]awaharlal Nehru and "Rajya, Sabha SUDARSHAN AGARWAL Secretary General, Rajya Sabba ,- Prenti"ce..Hall of India iP'D'OIW@U@ I!JIITtilOU@@] New Delhi-l1O 001 1989 , ' • I ~ Of m<im::ftfm"~. 'fr: Iilili'llr.fd ~ ~ ~ I. Rs.89.00 (Hitopadesh) (For a lion neither coronation is done JAWAHARLAL NEHRU AND RAJYA SABRA nor any sacraments are performed, by Sudarshan Agarwal He acquires the kingdom of forest by his own valour) c PRENTICE-HALLINTERNATIONAL, INC., Englewood Cliffs. I PRENTICE-HALLINTERNATIONAL, INC., London. PRENTICE-HALLOF AUSTRALIA,PTY. LTD., Sydney. PRENTICE-HALLCANADA, INC., Toronto. PRENTICE-HALLOF JAPAN, INC., Tokyo. PRENTICE-HALLOF SOUTHEAST ASIA (PTE.) LTD., Singapore. EDITORA PRENTICE-HALLDO BRASILLTDA., Rio de Janeiro. PRENTICE-HALLHISPANOAMERICANA,S.A., Mexico City. @ 1989 by Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the author and the publishers. ISBN-0-87692-637-5 The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publishers. Published for the Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi. Phototypeset and Printed by Mohan Makhijani at Rekha Printers Private Limited, New Delhi- I 10020 and Published by Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi-lIO 00 I. T Foreword .... ; . Jawaharlal Nehru was the builder of modern India. Even in his life time he had become almost a legend. He was the idol of the Indian masses. The great visionary that Nehru was, he believed that the new India had essentially to be deinocra.tic.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report English 2014-15.P65
    49th ANNUAL REPORT 2014–2015 NEHRU MEMORIAL MUSEUM AND LIBRARY 49th Annual Report, 2014-15 The Nehru Memorial Museum and Library entered the 49th year of its existence as a scholarly institution of outstanding standing during the period covered by this report. It was established in 1966 as a society, registered under the Registration of Societies Act of 1860. While pursuing the aims and objectives of the Society set out in its Memorandum of Association, the institution has striven to not only retain its standings but also improve its profile. This report details its manifold activities, especially its contribution to the fields of advanced historical research and contemporary studies. The Nehru Memorial Museum and Library consists of a personalia Museum on the life and times of Jawaharlal Nehru; a Library which has a pre-eminent position among the social science libraries in the country; the Oral History Division; the Manuscripts Division; the Research and Publications Division; the Reprography Division; the Centre for Contemporary Studies; the Planetarium; and the Nehru Learning Centre for Children and Youth. In accordance with the objectives of the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library Society, the Institution places considerable emphasis on research activities, and on the facilitating the work of researchers by extending them the use of its facilities. ORGANIZATION The Executive Council of the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library Society met twice during the year (24th June, 2014 and 27th November, 2014) and the Finance Committee met four times in the year (24th June, 2014, 27th November, 2014, 9th February, 2015 and 20th March, 2015). The names of the members of the Society, its Executive Council and Finance Committee are listed in the Appendix.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict Between India and Pakistan an Encyclopedia by Lyon Peter
    Conflict between India and Pakistan Roots of Modern Conflict Conflict between India and Pakistan Peter Lyon Conflict in Afghanistan Ludwig W. Adamec and Frank A. Clements Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia John B. Allcock, Marko Milivojevic, and John J. Horton, editors Conflict in Korea James E. Hoare and Susan Pares Conflict in Northern Ireland Sydney Elliott and W. D. Flackes Conflict between India and Pakistan An Encyclopedia Peter Lyon Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England Copyright 2008 by ABC-CLIO, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lyon, Peter, 1934– Conflict between India and Pakistan : an encyclopedia / Peter Lyon. p. cm. — (Roots of modern conflict) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2 (hard copy : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-57607-713-9 (ebook) 1. India—Foreign relations—Pakistan—Encyclopedias. 2. Pakistan-Foreign relations— India—Encyclopedias. 3. India—Politics and government—Encyclopedias. 4. Pakistan— Politics and government—Encyclopedias. I. Title. DS450.P18L86 2008 954.04-dc22 2008022193 12 11 10 9 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Production Editor: Anna A. Moore Production Manager: Don Schmidt Media Editor: Jason Kniser Media Resources Manager: Caroline Price File Management Coordinator: Paula Gerard This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook.
    [Show full text]
  • Padma Vibhushan * * the Padma Vibhushan Is the Second-Highest Civilian Award of the Republic of India , Proceeded by Bharat Ratna and Followed by Padma Bhushan
    TRY -- TRUE -- TRUST NUMBER ONE SITE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAM SELF LEARNING AT ANY TIME ANY WHERE * * Padma Vibhushan * * The Padma Vibhushan is the second-highest civilian award of the Republic of India , proceeded by Bharat Ratna and followed by Padma Bhushan . Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is given for "exceptional and distinguished service", without distinction of race, occupation & position. Year Recipient Field State / Country Satyendra Nath Bose Literature & Education West Bengal Nandalal Bose Arts West Bengal Zakir Husain Public Affairs Andhra Pradesh 1954 Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher Public Affairs Maharashtra V. K. Krishna Menon Public Affairs Kerala Jigme Dorji Wangchuck Public Affairs Bhutan Dhondo Keshav Karve Literature & Education Maharashtra 1955 J. R. D. Tata Trade & Industry Maharashtra Fazal Ali Public Affairs Bihar 1956 Jankibai Bajaj Social Work Madhya Pradesh Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi Public Affairs Madhya Pradesh Ghanshyam Das Birla Trade & Industry Rajashtan 1957 Sri Prakasa Public Affairs Andhra Pradesh M. C. Setalvad Public Affairs Maharashtra John Mathai Literature & Education Kerala 1959 Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta Social Work Maharashtra Radhabinod Pal Public Affairs West Bengal 1960 Naryana Raghvan Pillai Public Affairs Tamil Nadu H. V. R. Iyengar Civil Service Tamil Nadu 1962 Padmaja Naidu Public Affairs Andhra Pradesh Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit Civil Service Uttar Pradesh A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar Medicine Tamil Nadu 1963 Hari Vinayak Pataskar Public Affairs Maharashtra Suniti Kumar Chatterji Literature
    [Show full text]
  • 100 Tributes
    100 Tributes to Gandhiji on his 100 Portraits by his 100 contemporaries in their own handwritings Ramesh Thaakar Navajivan Publishing House Ahmedabad _ 4,500 248 Pages Hard case binding 9.5 inch x 13.25 inch Four color offset printing Enclosed in protective sleeve PUBLISHER’S NOTE The title of this volume 100 Tributes can be interpreted in two ways: these are 100 tributes to the father of the nation by Rameshbhai in form of 100 portraits… It can also be perceived as one tribute each by 100 of Gandhiji’s contemporaries… When Urvish Kothari introduced Rameshbhai Thaakar to us, we immediately knew that this was a treasure waiting to be unveiled to the world. The first thought that occurred to us was that this volume must be produced in a manner befitting its great contents and hence the idea of creating classic book with no expenses spared—perhaps deviating from the path Navajivan has taken for years—was born. This volume contains 100 portraits of Mahatma Gandhi sketched by Rameshbhai along with handwritten tribute by Gandhiji’s associate/contemporary on it. Care has been taken to reproduce the original sketches as faithfully as the technology permits. These portraits are arranged in the chronological order of the date on which the tribute was given. The Original sketches are printed on the recto—right-hand page of the book, while the facing left page contains the details like verbatim script of the original write-up along with its translation in other two languages. The page also gives the details like the name of the tribute giver in English, Hindi and Gujarati language; short introduction of that personality; the date on which the tribute was given and the original language in which the tribute is written.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Padma Vibhushan Awardees
    Birth / SNo Year Recipient Field Country death 1 1954 Satyendra Nath Bose 1894–1974 Science & Engineering 2 1954 Zakir Hussain 1897–1969 Public Affairs India 3 1954 Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher 1888–1957 Public Affairs 4 1954 Jigme Dorji Wangchuk 1929–1972 Public Affairs Bhutan* 5 1954 Nand Lal Bose 1882–1966 Arts 6 1954 V. K. Krishna Menon 1896–1974 Public Affairs 7 1955 Dhondo Keshav Karve 1858–1962 Literature & Education 8 1955 J. R. D. Tata 1904–1993 Trade & Industry 9 1956 Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi 1893–1981 Public Affairs 10 1956 Fazal Ali 1886–1959 Public Affairs 11 1956 Jankibai Bajaj 1893–1979 Social Work 12 1957 Ghanshyam Das Birla 1894–1983 Trade & Industry 13 1957 Motilal Chimanlal Setalvad 1884–1974 Law and Public affairs 14 1957 Shriprakash 1890–1971 Public Affairs 15 1959 John Matthai 1886–1959 Literature & Education 16 1959 Radhabinod Pal 1886–1967 Public Affairs 17 1959 Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta 1900–1974 Social Work 18 1960 Naryana Raghvan Pillai 1898–1992 Public Affairs 19 1962 H. Varda Raja Iyengar 1902-1978 Civil Service 20 1962 Padmaja Naidu 1900–1975 Public Affairs India 21 1962 Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit 1900–1990 Civil Service 22 1963 A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar 1887–1974 Medicine 23 1963 Suniti Kumar Chatterji 1890–1977 Literature & Education 24 1963 Hari Vinayak Pataskar 1892–1970 Public Affairs 25 1964 Gopinath Kaviraj 1887–1976 Literature & Education 26 1964 Acharya Kalelkar 1885–1981 Literature & Education 27 1965 Arjan Singh 1919 Military Service 28 1965 Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri 1908–1983 Military Service 29 1965 Mehdi Nawaz Jung 1894–1967 Public Affairs 30 1966 Valerian Gracias 1900–1978 Social Work 31 1967 Bhola Nath Jha Civil Service 32 1967 Chandra Kisan Daphtary 1893–1983 Public Affairs 33 1967 Hafix Mohammed Ibrahim Civil Service 34 1967 Pattadakal Venkanna R Rao Civil Service 35 1968 Madhav Shrihari Aney 1880–1968 Public Affairs 36 1968 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1910–1995 Science & Engineering United States* 37 1968 Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis 1893–1972 Statistical Science 38 1968 K.
    [Show full text]
  • Shifting Power and Human Rights Diplomacy | India Shifting Power and Human Rights Diplomacy India
    Shifting Power and Human Rights Diplomacy India Edited by Doutje Lettinga & Lars van Troost 1 Strategic Studies Initiated by Amnesty International Netherlands Shifting Power and Human Rights Diplomacy | India Shifting Power and Human Rights Diplomacy India Edited by Doutje Lettinga & Lars van Troost Published in March 2015 by Amnesty International Netherlands 2 3 Shifting Power and Human Rights Diplomacy | India Shifting Power and Human Rights Diplomacy | India Shifting Power and Human Rights Diplomacy Table of ContentsTable of Contents Also in this series: List of Authors and Editors 7 Thijs van Lindert and Lars van Troost (eds), Shifting Power and Diplomacy: Brazil, November 2014. Introduction 11 www.amnesty.nl/RisingPowerBrazil India’s changing geopolitics and the New Humanitarianism 19 C. Raja Mohan Other publications by Strategic Studies: Human rights diplomacy and performance of a rising India since 2000 27 Sanjoy Banerjee Doutje Lettinga and Lars van Troost (eds) Debating The Endtimes of Human Rights. Institutions and Activism in a Promoting human rights in the Indo-Pacific: Prospects, drivers and constraints 35 Neo-Westphalian World, July 2014. Nitin Pai & Sushant K. Singh www.amnesty.nl/endtimes India can no longer remain a bystander on foreign policy 43 Thijs van Lindert and Doutje Lettinga (eds) The Future of Human Rights in an Urban World. Exploring Opportunities, Meenakshi Ganguly Threats and Challenges, September 2014. Indian multilateralism and the global human rights order 47 www.amnesty.nl/UrbanWorld Rohan Mukherjee India, emerging powers and global human rights: Yes, but… 55 Matthew David Stephen India and the European Union: Human rights challenges 65 Gulshan Sachdeva Foreign policy, human rights and civil society in a Modi-fied India 73 Vijay Nagaraj Developmental diplomacy: India’s international aid policy 81 Ram Mashru Digital India abroad: India’s foreign policy and digital rights 91 Strategic Studies is an initiative of Amnesty International Netherlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Marx, the Mahatma, and Multiracialism: South African Indian Political Resistance, 1939-1955
    I . Wesleyan University The Honors College Marx, the Mahatma, and Multiracialism: South African Indian Political Resistance, 1939-1955 by Christopher Sarma Class of 2009 A thesis submitted to the faculty of Wesleyan University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Departmental Honors from the College of Social Studies Middletown, Connecticut April, 2009 i Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... iii Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1: From Imperial Brothers to South Africans: Early South African Indian Identity ........................................................................................................... 14 “A Call for Labor”: The First Indians Come to South Africa ................................ 14 Breaking Cords: Anti-Indian Legislation ............................................................... 15 “The Conquest of Adversary through Suffering”: 1907 Satyagraha Campaign ..... 17 “Feelings of Sympathy”: The 1913 Campaign ....................................................... 22 An Alien Element in the Population: Malan’s Attack on the Indians .................... 26 Chapter 2: A Call to Fight: The Rise of Yusuf Dadoo and the Start of the Second World War ................................................................................................................. 32 “Leading to Bitterness”:
    [Show full text]
  • Indian China Policy in the Prelude to War
    Indian China Policy in the Prelude to War — Historical Perspectives on the Forward Policy Decision Johan Skog Jensen Master's Thesis in History University of Oslo Spring 2011 Contents Acknowledgements ii List of Abbreviations iii List of Maps iv Introduction 1 Historiographical Perspectives 7 I: In the Shadow of Empires: The Historical Landscape 17 (i) Nehruvian China policy – visions of greatness 17 (ii) Tabula rasa? The Great Game revisited 33 (iii) Asian light, Himalayan shadows 51 II: The Rise of the Border Dispute 53 (i) External pressure 53 (ii) Internal pressure 60 (iii) The diplomatic response 65 (iv) Indian perceptions and positions harden 72 III: The Forward Policy Decision 78 (i) Policy precedents 79 (ii) Contextual factors 86 (iii) The Prime Minister's decision 99 (iv) A game of chess and a battle of wits 109 Conclusion 114 Bibliography 121 i Acknowledgements Asia is "rising" in Norway, too. Thanks to a growing academic infrastructure, it has been an enjoyable experience to study Indian diplomatic history in Oslo. The Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies (IFS) not only granted a generous two year scholarship, but also provided a stimulating setting for the work. I would especially like to thank Geir Heierstad, Tor Jørgen Melien and Saira Basit for their support. I am also grateful to the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS) which was kind enough to host me for some time with a SUPRA-scholarship. The University of Oslo and the Department of History (IAKH) offered the necessary funding for research work in India. According to Umberto Eco it is a sign of dubious style to acknowledge one's formal supervisor.1 I cannot, however, resist the temptation to express my gratitude to professor "pandit" Helge Pharo for his thorough guidance.
    [Show full text]