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BOXWOOD BLIGHT UPDATE Symptoms Excessive Leaf Debris In CNLA Summer Meeting 2013 Boxwood Blight, Downy Mildews, and Other Diseases of 2013 (17 July 2013) Dr. Sharon M. Douglas Boxwood Blight, Downy Mildews, and Other Diseases of 2013 BOXWOOD BLIGHT UPDATE . Causal Agent: Calonectria pseudonaviculata (syn. Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum ) (fungus) . Hosts: – All Buxus species – Other Buxaceae including Sarcococca, Pachysandra terminalis, and P. procumbens Sharon M. Douglas The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station New Haven, CT www.ct.gov/caes www.ct.gov/caes Symptoms Blighted appearance from leaf and stem symptoms www.ct.gov/caes www.ct.gov/caes Excessive leaf debris in pots Apparently healthy root system www.ct.gov/caes www.ct.gov/caes 1 CNLA Summer Meeting 2013 Boxwood Blight, Downy Mildews, and Other Diseases of 2013 (17 July 2013) Dr. Sharon M. Douglas Boxwood Blight – July 2013 Infected pachysandra with foliar lesions www.ct.gov/caes www.ct.gov/caes CAES Research- Efficacy of Efficacy of Sanitizing Agents Sanitizing Agents (Douglas) . Sanitizing Agents: – Bleach (and bleach + Tween and bleach + detergent) – Hydrogen peroxide and peroxyacetic acid (Sanidate) . Concerns about contaminated tools or – Hydrogen dioxide (ZeroTol, Oxidate) equipment as a way to initiate new – Hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacetic acid, and octanoic acid (X-3) infections within and between nurseries, – Alcohol (isopropanol and ethanol) garden centers, or landscapes – Phenol, ethanol, and isopropanol (Lysol) – Quarternary ammonium compounds (GreenShield, . Current BMPs suggest using sanitizers to KleenGrow) decontaminate equipment and tools that . Concentrations of Sanitizing Agents: have come in contact with Cps – 1:10, 1:100, 1:1,00, and 1:10,000 . Pathogen (CT isolates): – Studies have not been conducted that – Cps CT-S1 from infected boxwood specifically target sanitizer efficacy for Cps – Cps CT-P1 from naturally infected pachysandra www.ct.gov/caes www.ct.gov/caes Mycelial Growth-Method 1 (Amended Plates) Efficacy of Sanitizing Agents on Product 1:10 1:100 1:1,000 1:10,000 Fungal (Mycelial) Growth Sanidate ▬ ┼┼ ┼ ZeroTol ▬ ┼┼ ┼ . Fungal cultures are exposed to log ▬ ┼┼ ┼ concentrations of sanitizing agents using two Oxidate ▬ ┼┼ ┼ methods X3 ▬ ┼┼ ┼ – Method 1- plates amended with sanitizer Lysol ┼ ┼┼ ┼ – Method 2- plates flooded with sanitizer for GreenShield different contact times (5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes) KleenGrow ┼ ┼┼ ┼ . Growth measured on ½PDA at 2, 7, 14, and Bleach ┼ ┼┼ ┼ 21 days Ethanol ┼ ┼┼ ┼ Isopropanol ┼ ┼┼ ┼ Water Control ┼ ┼┼ ┼ www.ct.gov/caes www.ct.gov/caes 2 CNLA Summer Meeting 2013 Boxwood Blight, Downy Mildews, and Other Diseases of 2013 (17 July 2013) Dr. Sharon M. Douglas Method 1-Amended Plates Method 1-Amended Plates 1: 10 1: 100 1: 1,000 1: 10,000 1: 10 1: 100 1: 1,000 1: 10,000 Lysol Oxidate Ethanol KleenGrow Control Control www.ct.gov/caes www.ct.gov/caes Mycelial Growth-Method 2 (Flooded Plates) (All contact times: 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes) Method 2- Flooded (KleenGrow) 5 min15 min 30 min 60 min Control Product 1:10 1:100 1:1,000 1:10,000 Sanidate ▬▬ ┼┼ 1: 10,000 ZeroTol ▬▬ ┼┼ Oxidate ▬▬ ┼┼ 1: 1,000 X3 ▬▬ ┼┼ Lysol ▬▬ ┼┼ GreenShield ▬▬ ┼┼ 1: 100 KleenGrow ▬ ┼ ┼┼ Bleach ▬ ┼ ┼┼ Ethanol ┼┼ ┼┼ Isopropanol ┼┼ ┼┼ 1: 10 Water Control ┼┼ ┼┼ www.ct.gov/caes www.ct.gov/caes Method 2- Flooded (Lysol) Method 2-Flooded (Ethanol) 5 min15 min 30 min 60 min Control 5 min 15 min 30 min 60 min Control 1: 10,000 1: 10,000 1: 1,000 1: 1,000 1: 100 1: 100 1: 10 1: 10 www.ct.gov/caes www.ct.gov/caes 3 CNLA Summer Meeting 2013 Boxwood Blight, Downy Mildews, and Other Diseases of 2013 (17 July 2013) Dr. Sharon M. Douglas Mycelial Growth-Amended Plates (Method 1) Mycelial Growth-Flooded Plates (Method 2) = Growth = Growth (All contact times: 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes) Product 1:10 1:100 1:1,000 Product 1:10 1:100 1:1,000 1:10,000 1:10,000 Sanidate Sanidate ZeroTol ZeroTol Oxidate Oxidate X3 X3 Lysol Lysol GreenShield GreenShield KleenGrow KleenGrow Bleach Bleach Ethanol Ethanol Isopropanol Isopropanol Water Control Water Control Management Strategies Management Strategies (cont’d) . In nurseries, garden centers, wholesalers, or landscapes with existing boxwood: . Start with pathogen-free material by – Isolate newly purchased plants for at least 4 purchasing from reputable suppliers, weeks nurseries, or garden centers – Avoid co-mingling of plants from different – Carefully inspect plants for symptoms at vendors time of purchase or at planting . Check new plants regularly for symptoms . To date, all properties diagnosed with boxwood blight installed new plants in 2011 or 2012 (2013?) www.ct.gov/caes www.ct.gov/caes Management Strategies (cont’d) Management Strategies (cont’d) . Keep accurate, detailed records of: . Space plants to maximize air circulation and minimize conditions favorable for – Plants received and source disease development, when possible – Location in landscape – Mortality and cause . Avoid overhead watering or working with – All fungicide applications plants when they are wet – Water is important for the spread and development of boxwood blight www.ct.gov/caes www.ct.gov/caes 4 CNLA Summer Meeting 2013 Boxwood Blight, Downy Mildews, and Other Diseases of 2013 (17 July 2013) Dr. Sharon M. Douglas Management Strategies (cont’d) Management Strategies (cont’d) . Sanitation- – Critical for eliminating/reducing inoculum, . Scout and inspect all boxwood and since the fungus can survive in plant pachysandra plantings weekly debris for up to five years – As soon as you observe suspicious • Rake, vacuum, or remove leaf debris symptoms on either host, bring samples to a • Work in areas where infected plants were specialist (plant pathologist) for examination located last and after completing work with and diagnosis healthy plants – CAES Plant Disease Information Office • Sanitize all equipment between plantings and • Web: www.ct.gov/caes/pdio properties (e.g., ZeroTol, Sanidate, X3, Lysol) – UCONN Home & Garden Center • Sanitize shoes and clothing (e.g., Lysol • Web: www.ladybug.uconn.edu/ solution or spray) www.ct.gov/caes www.ct.gov/caes Management Strategies (cont’d) Management Strategies (cont’d) . Regulatory actions in CT are under the statutory authority of The Connecticut . Once boxwood blight is confirmed, Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES) immediately pull and remove whole plants and place them in plastic bags to avoid – Sec. 22-84 and Sec 22-98 of the Connecticut carrying infected material through the General Statutes landscape . Official diagnosis of disease must be ‒ Follow guidelines for removal of adjacent confirmed by CAES plant pathologists plants . When a positive confirmation is made, . Infected plant material should NOT be CAES plant inspectors will immediately be composted notified www.ct.gov/caes www.ct.gov/caes Management Strategies (cont’d) Management Strategies (cont’d) . Fungicides-Professional . Once boxwood blight has been detected on – NOT CURATIVE either boxwood or pachysandra in a – Only effective as protectants landscape, very difficult to effectively manage – Boxwood: the disease and keep both hosts • Pyraclostrobin (Insignia), chlorothalonil (Daconil), fludioxonil (Medallion), kresoxim-methyl (Cygnus), – Consider removal of one or the other host mancozeb (Protect), propiconazole (Procon Z), – Infected pachysandra will not be killed, but will and thiophanate methyl (3336) serve as a continual source of the fungus – Pachysandra: . Refer to “Guidelines for reporting and • [Boscalid]+ pyraclostrobin (Pageant), managing boxwood blight in Connecticut chlorothalonil (Daconil), fludioxonil (Medallion), Landscapes. Version 2.0” for more mancozeb (Protect), and thiophanate methyl (3336) information www.ct.gov/caes www.ct.gov/caes 5 CNLA Summer Meeting 2013 Boxwood Blight, Downy Mildews, and Other Diseases of 2013 (17 July 2013) Dr. Sharon M. Douglas Management Strategies (cont’d) Additional Information . Fungicides-Homeowner . CAES Boxwood Blight Page – NOT CURATIVE – CT BMPs, Guidelines, and Fact – Only effective as protectants Sheets (some available in – For homeowner use on boxwood and Spanish) pachysandra: – www.ct.gov/caes • Chlorothalonil . ANLA Knowledge Center • Mancozeb – www.boxwoodblight.org/ www.ct.gov/caes www.ct.gov/caes DOWNY MILDEW DISEASES DOWNY MILDEW DISEASES . Becoming an increasing problem in the horticultural industry, but are not new to . Causal Agents: Peronspora, Plasmopora, the U.S. Pseudoperonospora (fungus-like . Have resulted in serious losses in many organisms, water molds) floricultural and greenhouse crops . Highly specialized pathogens that are . Early detection usually difficult generally host specific www.ct.gov/caes www.ct.gov/caes Common Hosts of Downy Mildew: DEVELOPMENT OF DOWNY . Bacopa . Aster MILDEW: . Pansy . Lamium . Lisianthus . Veronica . Moderately cool temperatures, high . Salvia . Dusty miller humidity, and moisture are favorable for . Coreopsis disease . Gazania . Impatiens . Spores are readily spread by circulating . Scabiosa . Snapdragon air or in air currents . Coreopsis . Coleus . Spores also spread by splashed or wind- . Alyssum . Rose driven rain or irrigation water . Gaillardia . Buddleia www.ct.gov/caes www.ct.gov/caes 6 CNLA Summer Meeting 2013 Boxwood Blight, Downy Mildews, and Other Diseases of 2013 (17 July 2013) Dr. Sharon M. Douglas SYMPTOMS OF DOWNY MILDEW: Impatiens Downy Mildew . Symptoms first appear as pale-yellow or green areas on the upper leaf surface . Causal Agent: Plasmopara obducens . Often misdiagnosed (fungus-like organism, water mold, . Diagnostic symptoms gradually develop
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