·arno ~a Volume G 1· Number 4· 2002 Page 2 Gestalt Dendrology: Looking at the Arnoldia (ISSN 004-2633; USPS 866-100) is Whole Tree published quarterly by the Arnold Arboretum of Peter Del Tredici Harvard University. Second-class postage paid at Boston, Massachusetts. 9 John Adams, Farmer and Gardener Corhss Knapp Engle Subscriptions are $20.00 per calendar year domestic, $25.00 foreign, payable m advance. Single copies of 15 The Discovery and Rediscovery of the most issues are $5.00; the exceptions are 58/4-59/1 Horse Chestnut (Metasequoza After Fifty Years) and 54/4 (A Source- H. Walter Lack book of Culuvar Names), which are $10.00. Remit- tances may be made m U.S. dollars, by check drawn 20 The Handsome (and Useful) Horse on a U.S. bank; by international money order; or Chestnut by Visa or Mastercard. Send orders, remittances, Klaus K. Loenhart change-of-address notices, and all other subscription- related commumcations to: Circulation Manager, 23 The Horse Chestnut: Accolades from Arnoldia, The Arnold Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Charles S. Sargent Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts 02130-3500. Telephone 617/524-1718; facsimile 617/524-1418; 25 Index to Volume 61 e-mail [email protected]. Front cover A species of Cecropia growing m Postmaster: Send address changes to Equador’s Amazon Basm, clearly showmg the tree’s Arnoldia Circulation Manager modular construction. As trees age, the modules that The Arnold Arboretum define their architecture repeat themselves, becoming 125 Arborway smaller and more numerous. All cover photographs Jamaica Plain, MA 02130-3500 by Peter Del Tredici Inside front cover The trunk of a bnstlecone pme, Karen Editor Madsen, Pmus anstata, growing on Mt. Evans m the Rocky Mary Jane Kaplan, Copyeditor Mountams accomodatmg the presence of a dead branch. Andy Wmther, Designer Inside back cover Environmental stresses can have a Editonal Committee profound influence on the form of a tree. In the case Phylhs Andersen of this Gmkgo biloba, those stresses anse not only Ellen S. Bennett from nature but from humans. Robert E. Cook Back cover An unusual case of nutnent recycling m Peter Del Tredici red oak, Quercus rubra Originally, a wound was Gary Koller covered with callus growth that eventually pushed its Stephen A. Spongberg way inside the rotting wood of the trunk. The callus Kim E Tnpp tissue formed a mushroom-like structure to fill the cavity, which eventually developed adventitious Copyright © 2002. The President and Fellows of roots. These roots are clearly "recycling" nutnents Harvard College from its own moist, rooting heartwood.

Gestalt Dendrology: Looking at the Whole Tree

Peter Del Tredici he most remarkable thing about trees is they develop and change over time. howEvery year they add height and girth in a flush of new growth. They are forever expand- ing, from the bottom to the top and from the inside to the outside-a tree that is not expand- ing is a tree that is dying. The growth of trees is totally different from that of vertebrate animals, which tend to reach their full developmental potential relatively early in life, and then main- tam themselves in the mature stage for as long as possible. To put it another way, animals are closed and entire in their development while trees are open and expansive. The easiest way to visualize what is meant by open development versus closed is to look at the different approaches to dealing with bodily injury. In trees, if a limb is broken off, then so be it; the trunk will grow around the break and attempt to cover over the dead branch by pro- ducing callus tissue that grows inward from the outer edges of the wound. In many cases, the tree will also produce a new branch just below the location of the old one. Some people call this response wound-healing, but in reality the tree is simply walling off the damaged or dead tis- sue-compartmentalizing it-in an effort to protect the undamaged portions of the trunk. Wound healing revealed in the trunk of an Dead tissue embedded within the trunk is of umdentified comfer that is supportmg a porch m downtown Alaska. The naked wood little consequence so long as rot does not spread Skagway, shows the that into the living wood (Shigo 1986). Mammals, of clearly complex mterlockmg gram forms where the branch is attached to the trunk, cannot tolerate the of dead tis- course, presence as well as where wound-healmg callus tissue has sue within their bodies. If they are to survive, been produced after the branch died. they must repair the injured body part; growing a new one is not an option. three scientists have defined the field, tree archi- Understanding what trees are and how they tecture describes the processes that regulate grow is central to the discipline known as tree the growth and development of trees. Contrary architecture, which was developed durmg the to the meaning of the term architecture when 1970s by a Frenchman, Francis Halle, a Dutch- applied to buildings, tree architecture is about man, Roulof Oldeman, and an Englishman (and dynamic change in tree form over time; it is not Harvard professor), Barry Tomlinson. As these about the static, geometrical shapes of mature

The distmctme, "layered" architecture of the pagoda dogwood, Cornus controversa, growmg at the Arnold Arboretum. This type of model is displayed by many understory trees found m temperate, deciduous forests. 4

trees seen in field guides. To put it another way, tree archi- tecture describes how trees develop their shapes, not what shapes they display. The discipline is particularly exciting because it deals with trees holistically, as intact, well-integrated organisms that are greater than the sum of their parts. Compared to most modern biology with its fixation on DNA sequencing, tree architecture takes a refreshingly nonreductionist approach to development. The Meristem Meristem is the term used for the specialized tissue that allows trees to continue expanding throughout their entire life span. This mer- istematic tissue produces the leaves, the stems, the flow- ers, the bark, and the roots- the differentiated tissues of the plant-while remaining undifferentiated itself. What makes meristematic tissue unique is that it exists in a perpetually embryonic state that allows the tree to be reborn every spring through- out its entire life. Four different types of mer- istems are produced by trees. The most obvious one is the Tree is with meristematic centers shoot meristem, or growing growth contmuously embryonic, locahzed m the shoot and root and m the vascular and cork point, which is located at the tips cambmms. Clockmse from top left: heart of bud on every every Expandmg buds of Fraser’s magnoha, Magnolia frasem, showmg tree. On a mature specimen promment, fohaceous stipules that protect the expandmg leaves. All leaf oak, for example, there can be tissue, as well as floral, is produced by the shoot menstem. thousands, if not tens of The pmmary and lateral roots of the red mangrove, Rhizophora thousands of buds, each with mangle. The brackish water the tree grows in makes it easy to observe the the root a tiny dome of branchmg of system embryonic The cambium the tissue that is the meristem. layer of japanese maple, Acer palmatum, made msible by the growth of wound-mduced callus a botched Shoot meristems followmg produce attempt at graftmg. and leaves, flowers, primary The dramatic, exfohatmg bark of the paperbark maple, Acer gmseum. twigs. Located at the tip of The more extensive the cambium growth, the more extensive the exfohation. 5

every root-and again, there are thousands of root tips on a mature tree-is a root meristem that, over time, produces the tree’s massme, underground root system. The third type of meristem is the vascular cambium, a column of tissue that sheaths the trunk, the branches, and the roots of the tree, and is responsible for the secondary increase in girth m all these parts. The vascular cam- bium is basically a gigantic cylin- drical meristem that outlines the periphery of the entire tree and produces the wood that forms the bulk of the tree. When as that broken branch mjury-such A fence post trom lodgepole pme, Pmus contorta, m Yellowstone mentioned the earlier-exposes National Park, clearly showmg the vamation m annual growth rmgs. cambium layer to the elements, it is the vascular cambium that produces the cal- prints of vascular cambium activity, with each lus tissue that overgrows the wood. The last ring accurately recording the amount of growth a type of meristem found m trees is the cork cam- tree makes in any given year. Because tree bium, which produces the bark that protects growth is mostly a function of rainfall, the width and insulates the tree. In general, the growth of of an annual growth ring provides an indirect the cork cambium keeps pace with the growth measure of the moisture available to the tree of the vascular cambmm, sloughing off the old that year. Scientists have used the information layers of bark as it produces new ones. embedded m the width of growth rings to recre- Whereas the specialized cells that compose ate past rainfall patterns that go back, quite liter- meristems retain their full developmental ally, thousands of years (Cohen 1998). Similarly, capacity throughout the life of the tree, cells in for trees that shed portions of their bark in dis- mammals can express their full developmental crete plates, such as london planes, stewartias, potential only in very young embryos. As the and ponderosa pines, the size of the plates that mammalian embryo ages, a liver cell can only are sloughed off each year serve as an mdirect produce a liver cell and a brain cell a brain cell. measure of the trunk’s expansion: the greater the This closed system of development, which lim- cambium expansion the larger the plates. Bark its the potential of any given cell early in its life patterns are distinctive for each species. span, stands in contrast to the open system of Growth and Goethe plants, in which cells located at the periphery of Rings the plant body retain their full developmental Growth rings and bark plates are just some of potential throughout the life of the tree. Theo- the more obvious indicators of the principle that retically speaking, a tree’s life span is limited everything that happens to a tree over the only by environmental disaster or predation by course of its life is embedded in its form. To put other orgamsms (Kaplan and Hagemann 1991).(. it another way, both the external and internal A direct consequence of the meristematic structure of trees are manifestations of basic structure of trees is that everything that has ever physiological processes. It was the German happened to them over the course of their long poet, philosopher, scientist Johann Wolfgang lives is embedded in the very fiber of their being, von Goethe who developed this concept and which is to say, the structure of their wood. The pioneered its use in science. The word he coined growth rings in nontropical trees are the foot- for this type of analysis-morphology-is still Tree growth is structurally optmnzed to promote stability and to reduce mechanical stress on all parts Left, bnstlecone pme, Pmus amstata, interacting mth a rock on Mt. Evans m the Colorado Rockies Above, a close-up of the pine at left, showmg the adaptme growth that the tree produced in order to deal with the immovable rock.

in use today. Morphology, literally, is the study wind, and that these responses are embedded in of the development of form. Indeed, it was the tree’s external form. For trees, the problem Goethe who, in 1790, first published the revolu- is balancing the need to expand its surface area tionary idea that the various components of as it searches for light and water with the need flowers are actually modified leaves-an idea to remam stable m relation to the force of grav- that modern genetic analysis has come around ity. In the real world, where destabilizing forces to supporting some two hundred years later abound, the necessity for expansion is often in (Arber 1950; Kaplan 2001).~. conflict with the necessity to remain upright. Goethe’s ideas about morphology have Trees have resolved this dilemma by employing mostly been forgotten by modern science, but a process known as adaptive growth, which they can be powerful analytical tools for anyone allows trees to add extra tissue (i.e., wood) to who takes the time to learn how about them. reinforce those parts of the trunk that are over- Indeed, within the field of mechamcal engineer- loaded, while ignoring those parts that are ing Goethe’s concept of "reading nature" is underloaded. To put it another way, adaptive making a comeback thanks to the development growth allows trees to structurally optimize of sophisticated computer programs that can their trunks, branches, and roots in order to accurately model the dynamic growth processes reduce the chances of mechanical failure under of living organisms. conditions of extreme loading such as wind, What these models demonstrate is that the snow, and ice. growth of a tree is responsive to external By carefully studying the growth of trees, stimuli, especially light, water, gravity, and Claus Mattheck, a professor of biomechanics at 7

the University of Karlsruhe, and his colleagues have developed a sophisticated computer pro- gram-known as Computer-Aided Optimiza- tion, or CAO-that accurately describes the growth of real trees in real situations. By adapt- ing this program to industrial design problems, engineers are now able to analyze the stresses experienced by various machine parts that tend to break frequently and to "grow" new parts that add extra material only to locations where it can have the greatest impact in terms of reducing mechamcal stress. In other words, they reinforce only those sections of the part that typically fail as opposed to making the entire part heavier. It is a remarkable and important engineering breakthrough that specifically mimics the adaptive growth processes that trees use to minimize the stresses they experience in their natural habitats.

From Meristems to Modules Another consequence of the meristematic nature of trees is their modular growth, a concept that refers to the construction of a tree through the repetition of uniform structural units. For every tree, these basic modular units remain consistent A stmkmg example of reiteration m tuhp poplar, Liriodendron tuhpifera, growmg at the Arnold through its life and are composed of a segment Arboretum. It was probably mduced a dramatic of stem that by produces mcrease m hght following the death of a nearby and- leaves, branches, specimen of the same species. when sexually mature- flowers. When trees are both tropical and temperate-based on the young, the modular units branching pattern of their twigs and on the that they produce are rela- position of their flowers. While somewhat theo- tively large in size and retical in concept, these architectural models few in number. As trees are useful in categorizing the known array of age, however, the modular growth forms displayed by trees. Relatively few units become smaller and of the twenty-three models are required in order more numerous, resulting to describe the vast majority of temperate trees. in an increasingly finer One corollary of the modular nature of tree and more ramified net- growth is that most trees have the capacity to work of branches, as seen repeat their basic architectural model during on the cover of this issue. the course of their lives. Such repetition of the Every tree species has basic model can happen either because of trau- its own characteristic matic injury to the tree’s framework, or because module that helps to the tree is experiencing conditions that are par- define its architecture. ticularly favorable to its growth. Regardless of The basic architectural Halle, Oldeman, and the cause, such reiteration, as it is called, is an "module" in frangzpam, Tomlinson have identi- of tree in in a world Plumena rubra, conszstmg important part growth fied models with ofa terminal znflorescence twenty-three fraught diseases, insects, snow, ice, and four subtending that describe the architec- drought, and hurricanes that threaten the health branches ture of all known trees- and stability of trees. 8

At the risk of sounding anthropomorphic, one might say that the shape of an individual tree is analogous to the personality of a human, being the product of the complex interaction between genetic endowment (nature) and environmental pressures (nurture). Quite literally, everything that ever happens to a tree in the course of its long life is embedded in its form, even the little things that might have happened to the tree when it was just a sapling. The body language of trees speaks not only to the influence of the past in the present, but also to the promise of the future. Bibliography Arber A. 1950. The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form Cambndge : Cambndge University Press Bell, A. D. 1991. Plant Form Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cohen, M. P. 1998 A Garden of Bmstlecones Tales of Change m the Great Basin Reno: University of Nevada Press. Del Tredici, P. 2000. Aging and Rejuvenation m Trees. Arnoldia 59(4): 10-16. - - . 2001. Sprouting in temperate trees: A morphological and ecological review. A tmsted white spruce, Picea glauca vnr albertiana, Botanical Review67: 121-140. m Canada’s Banff National Park, showmg the effects Femmger, A. 1968. Trees New York: Viking Press, New of several episodes of snow-loadmg and recovery York (reprinted 1991 by Rizzoli Books, New York) At its most basic the of reitera- level, process Goethe, J. W. v. 1952. Goethe’s Botanical Writings, trans. tion allows trees to expand indefinitely when B. Mueller. Honolulu: University of Hawaii conditions are good, or to start over after they Press (reprinted 1989 by Ox Bow Press, have been severely damaged. Following this Woodbndge, Connecticut).I. Hallc, F., R., A. A. Oldeman, and P B. Tomlinson. 1978. logic to its conclusion, one can say that trees, as Tropical Trees and Forests Berlin. Spnnger- have the to into a they age, potential develop Verlag. colony of reiterated subunits, linked together Kaplan, D. R. 2001. Fundamental concepts of by a common trunk and root system. Under leaf morphology and morphogenesis~ a extreme conditions, some trees that sucker contribution to the mterpretation of molecular from the base of the trunk genetic mutants. International Journal of literally fragment Plant Sciences 162: 465-474. into segments that their own roots sys- develop Kaplan, D. R., and W. Hagemann. 1991. The relationship tems and establish from complete autonomy of cell and organism m vascular plants. their original parent (Del Tredici 2001).~. BioScience 41~ 393-703. In order to reconstruct the history of any Mattheck, C. 1998. Design in Nature. Learmng from given tree, it is particularly important to be able Trees Berlin: Sprmger-Verlag. A. 1986 A New Tree NH: to recogmze the occurrence of reiteration, even Shigo, Biology Durham, Shigo and Trees, Assoc. if one don’t know what type of event mduced P. 2000. Trees. Their Natural History the reiterative On the Thomas, response. negative side, it Cambndge : Cambndge University Press. might have been caused by a weather event, a Zimmermann, M. H., and C. L. Brown. 1971. Trees biological attack, or some human intervention. Structure and Function Berlin: Spnnger- On the positive side, reiteration could be the Verlag. result of being grown in full sun as a specimen tree or to fol- being exposed additional sunlight Peter Del Tredici is director of living collections at the lowing the death of a nearby dominant tree. Arnold Arboretum. John Adams, Farmer and Gardener

Corliss Knapp Engle

The "Old House," the Adamses’ home in Qumcy, Massachusetts, pamted by E. Malcom, ca 1798.

he role that gardens played in the private at his own home. Adams had no influence on of George Washington and Thomas the White House garden, however; he spent only livesJefferson is well documented, but less is four months there, as its first occupant, from known about the gardening interests and activi- November to March of 1800-1801, and had time ties of our second president, John Adams. Like only to ask that a vegetable garden be planted most Americans of his time, John Adams began before his failure to win reelection forced him to life with the heart of a farmer rather than a return to Massachusetts. gardener, but in the course of traveling in the John Adams’ childhood was spent hunting, United States and in Europe he developed fishing, and exploring the wilds of what is now an appreciation of ornamental gardens that called Quincy, south of Boston. He loved his inspired efforts to imitate many of their features family farm, and the influence of his early expe- 10

more than thirty years.) In 1771 he wrote a recipe for compost that would delight organic gardeners today. Ingredi- ents include "20 loads of sea weed, i.e. Eel Grass, and 20 Loads of Marsh Mud, and what dead ashes I can get from the Potash Works and what Dung I can get from Boston, and What Rock Weed from Nat. Belcher or else where." This mix- ture, combined with livestock waste, weeds, and kitchen scraps "in the Course of a Year would make a great Quantity of Choice manure. "’ In a let- ter to his wife Abigail during one of his many absences over the years, he wrote that he was leaving the farm’s manage- ment to her good judgment and the advice of those working for the family, but instructed her to "Manure in hills if you think best, but manure your barley ground and harrow it well."5I As the Revolution wore on into the ----o~ .. , ...... , ,.~- ..,.... late 1770s, Adams was appointed to a The of the Treaty of Paris, 1783, Benjamin unfinished Signing by variety of consular posts in Europe. West. The artist began with portraits (left to nght) of john jay, John a break from his duties in Lon- Adams, Benjamin Franklm, Henry Laurens, and William Temple Taking don in he took a Franklin. However, the Bntish commissioners refused to pose. 1786, walk, inspecting on the way a piece of land belonging to riences in the outdoors stayed with him a "cow keeper." "These Plotts are plentifully throughout his life. Early in his working life manured," he wrote in his diary. "There are on he wrote for the Boston Gazette and Boston the side of the Way, several heaps of Manure, an ¡, Evening Post as "Humphrey Ploughjogger," hundred Loads perhaps in each heap. I have extolling the virtues of the farming life and urg- carefully examined them. This may be good ing the cultivation of hemp, Cannabis sativa manure, but is not equal to mine." In France he (marijuana), for the manufacture of cordage and went twice to see the gardens of the writer cloth; high on the list of actions he wanted Boileau, which he estimated to be five or six Congress to take in 1771 was promotmg hemp acres in size. "It is full of Flowers and of Roots for use in making duck.’ He also referred to and Vegetables of all Kinds, and of Fruits. hemp’s mind-altering capability, writing, as Grapes of several sorts and of excellent Quality. Ploughjogger: "Seems to me if grate Men dont Pears, Peaches, etc. but every Thing suffers for leeve off writing Pollyticks, breaking Heads, want of Manure. "6 boxing Ears, ringing Noses and kicking Breeches, we shall by and by want a world of Separations were many and long in the lives of Hemp more for our own consumshon."Z He Abigail and John Adams, and we’ve profited described hemp’s culture in great detail, from those separations in their diaries and let- explaining how to propagate it, how to treat the ters. Nonetheless, John could not always find seed, and how to harvest the mature plant.~ time to write as often as he-and Abigail- As a farmer, Adams was naturally interested would have liked, and she often complained in increasing the fertility of his land, and theo- about it. His answer to one such complaint ries about compost pepper his letters. (He shared bespoke his sense of priomties: "Suppose I this interest with George Washington, who should undertake to write the Description of recorded his experiments with compost over every Castle and Garden I see as Richardson 111

The East Front of Mount Vernon pamted by Edward Savage, ca 1792 The ha-ha bmlt by George Washmgton is marked by the bmck wall that cuts across the lawn m the foreground Adams may have learned about this garden feature from Washmgton did in his Tour through Great Britain, would From time to time, however, these European not yoo blush at such a Waste of my time."I gardens aroused the moralist in Adams. While But Adams did enjoy his garden visits and wrote on an excursion outside London with Thomas approvingly of the ornamental "pleasure Jefferson, he was charmed by the greenness and grounds" of England and France. the bird songs of Osterley, the Middlesex coun- Remarking on a French garden, he wrote: try house of Robert Child, but he remarked that "The Shade, the Walks, the Trees, are the most these country homes were "not enjoyed by charming that I have seen." In another garden, the owners ... They are mere Ostentations of seeing a collection of rocks that "[had been Vanity." He felt that the English "temples to drawn] together at vast Expense," Adams Bacchus and Venus are quite unnecessary as offered to sell the owner "1000 times as many mankind have no need of artificial Incite- for half a Guinea" from his fields in New ments," and hoped that English-style gardens England. (This humorous comment was no would never become fashionable in America 9 mere jest, since the hills of Quincy were at that because "Nature has done greater Things."~ time a major source of granite for construction Nevertheless, back home in 1796 he suc- in Massachusetts.) Visiting an ornate castle gar- cumbed to his own desire for "ostentation of den, complete with grottoes and water spouts, vanity" by installing in Quincy a feature popu- Adams took delighted interest in the fish ponds, lar in England at the time, the ha-ha.’° Used to where carp and swans swam over to be fed. create the effect of a long vista uninterrupted by "Whistle or throw a Bit of Bread into the water, fencing, with livestock grazing peacefully in the and hundreds of Carps, large and fat as butter, distance, the ha-ha is a banked ditch, five or six will be seen swimming near the top of the feet wide and five to seven feet deep. The higher water towards you ... Some of them then will bank of the ditch, closest to the house, is sup- thrust up their Mouths to the Surface, and ported by a wall of planking or masonry and gape at you like young birds in a Nest to their conceals a fence that keeps the cattle and sheep Parents for Food."g away while giving the impression that they can 12z

wander freely onto the house lawn. Perhaps Adams remarked on the lack of trees every- Adams learned about the ha-ha from George where in France but in the parks. To him, a Washington, who had one built at Mount "country of vineyards without trees ... has Vernon. Ha-ha’s can still be seen today in Vir- always [seemed] to me an appearance of pov- ginia horse country. erty."’S American forests impressed him both as Adams seems to have overcome his moral signs of the richness of nature and as an eco- objections to English garden fashion during the nomic resource. While ridmg the circuit in years he spent in Philadelphia serving as vice coastal Maine as a young lawyer m 1765, he president (1789-1797). There, he and Mrs. noted with wonder "all the varieties of the II Adams leased a small house from William Fir, i.e., Pines, Hemlocks, Spruces, and Firs." Hamilton, a wealthy man of property whose His description of a felled hemlock he found large estate, The Woodlands, was laid out in lying across a road evokes the vast forests of the the "natural" English manner and planted with East Coast that are now gone forever: "They had unusual native and exotic trees and shrubs. Yet cutt out a logg as long as the road was wide. I even during this period, Adams remained a measured the Butt at the Road and found it farmer at heart. He shared his interest in soil seven feet in Diameter, Twenty one feet in cir- improvement with John Rutherford, the U.S. cumference. We measured 90 feet from the Road senator from New Jersey, who told him all about to the first Limb." He estimated the tree to have lime, which "dissolves all vegetable Substances, been 130 feet tall.’6 such as Leaves, Straws, Stalks, Weeds, and con- verts them into an immediate food for veg- Although absent from Quincy for most of his etables. It kills the Eggs of Worms and Seeds of working life, Adams kept his emotional roots Weeds. The best method is to spread it in your firmly planted there. In 1787 he and Abigail pur- Barn Yard among the Straw and Dun," and chased the Old House m Quincy, where, follow- added a warning: "The German farmers say that ing his defeat m 1801 for a second presidential Lime makes the father rich, but the Grandson term, he would spend the remamder of his life. I I poor i.e. exhausts the Land."" In January 1794 he wrote: "I begin now to think all time lost that is not employed in farming; John Adams did not have the passionate mterest innocent, healthy, gay, elegant amusement! in large trees that was to provide the focus of Enchanting employment! How my imagination garden-building for his son John Quincy. On the roves over my rocky mountams, and through Qumcy farm, Adams’ practice was to trim or my brushy meadows." 17 Three years later, mis- remove trees to keep the land open for crops and erable with a cold and sounding like quite the livestock, and he appreciated trees mamly for gentleman farmer, he wrote: "Oh! My poor their economic value. Writing in his diary about meadow and wall, etc. etc., etc. It would do me a grove of red cedars, he noted that the good like a medicine to see [my gardener] one "prunings would be good browse for Cattle in hour at any sort of work."I~ Winter and good fuel when the Cattle have Naming a garden has always been a fashion- picked off all they will eat."’z able custom. In 1796, at the end of a gloriously Adams nevertheless was very observant of happy summer in Quincy, John Adams proposed trees during his travels and often commented on to name the land around the Old House them in his letters and diaries. When he stayed "Peacefield," for the sense of peace he enjoyed at The Hide m Middlesex while in England m there, but also in commemoration of the peace 1786, Adams noted that the grounds "are full of he had helped to win for his country in 1783 and rare Shrubbs and trees, to which Collection to preserve for the thirteen years following.’~ America has furnished her full Share, [includ- However, upon his unhappy return in 1801 he ing] Larches, Cypruses, Laurells."’3 Abigail, instead called the property "Stony Field, who had joined him on this visit, wrote in a let- Quincy," an appropriate name given the rocky ter that their host "called his tall cypress Gen- soil of the area. After he and Thomas Jefferson eral Washington and another by its side Colonel had mended their broken relationship in 1812, Smith as his aide-de-camp."la he jokingly began referring to his property as 13

hippocastanum, which came to the United States via England in 1741. In 1821 those horse chest- nuts shaded the two hundred West Point cadets who rested on the grass after their seven-mile march from Boston, while the 86-year-old former president addressed them from the porch of the Old House.21 Some of the ornamentals from the time of John and Abigail Adams still exist today at the Old House. According to family lore, the clump of Magnoha vmgmiana (sweet bay magnolia) next to the front wall was planted by Abigail.22 A black willow, Sahx nigra, grows at the very edge of the property, close to where the Furnace Brook runs. Because of its age, and because black wil- lows persist from rootstock, it is highly probable that this very tree is the one Abigail mentioned in A modern mew of the "Old House" m the Adams National Histoncal Park a letter to her sister on mamtamed by the U.S. National Park Sermce. April 7, 1800: "The verdure of the feilds "Montezillo," which he translated as "Little [sic] and the bursting of the Buds, with Hill" in contrast to the "Little Mountain," the foilage of the weeping willow, which you Jefferson’s Monticello. (The distinction is purely have heard me admire and which is the first fanciful, of course. The root in both cases is tree to vegetate in the spring, all remind me "monte," meaning either hill or mountam in of Quincy, my building, my Garden."z3 In a both Spanish and Italian.) Today the property is later letter she remarked on the "gracefulness called the Old House and is part of the Adams of its slender branches which float and wave to National Historical Park maintained by the U.S. every breeze. 1124 National Park Service. The white York rose, Rosa x alba, which Abigail Adams brought back from England in However much their land may have been a 1788, still grows at the Old House from cuttings working farm with fields and orchards, John and propagated over the years. A European rose Abigail Adams enjoyed having ornamental known from at least the sixteenth century, it is plants near the house. When they purchased seldom seen in gardens today, but in 1917, the the Old House, long triangular beds to the Arnold Arboretum’s first director, Charles southeast were bordered with low hedges of Sprague Sargent, wrote of his plans to propagate Buxus sempermrens (common boxwood/ and it for Mount Vernon. He considered it "a very planted with fruit trees. These boxwood-lined appropriate plant for the Mount Vernon garden beds exist today, though their plantings were both historically and because Washington might changed from trees to perenmals by succeeding very well have had it in his garden. "25 generations of Adamses. After 1800, Adams Other plants that John and Abigail enjoyed do planted one or two specimens of horse chestnut not survive. Writing to his granddaughter’s hus- in front of the house.z° We must assume they band in 1817 regarding a gift the couple had were the European horse chestnut, Aesculus made to him, Adams observed: "You would be 14

7 pleased to see the pritty Figure your Peach Trees John Adams to Abigail Adams February 26, 1779, The Book and Selected Letters the and Cherry Trees make in my Garden. Their of Ablgail John of Adams Family 1762-1784, ed. L. H. Butterfield, M. buds are at least a more forward than fortnight Fnedlaender, and Mary-Jo Kline (Cambridge: Harvard any of our native Trees. I hope you will contrive University Press, 1975), 241. to come and see them next fall. Be sure and 8 Ibid., 2:316; 2:314; 3:35. bring the Sprightly Elizabeth with you. Tell her 9 Ibid., 3 189; 3:186. never to forget how her great grandfather ~ ° Ibid., 3.231. smoked his Segar."z~ The peach and cherry " Ibid. trees are gone, but the "sprightly" Elizabeth is ’z Ibid., 2.88. remembered as the wife of Andrew Jackson i3 Ibid., 3:197. la Downing, the nurseryman and landscape gar- Abigail Adams to John Qumcy Adams, September 27, dening theorist. 1786, Letters of Mrs Adams, The Wife of John Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams Charles Adams was no (Boston Certamly landscape gardener C Little and James Brown, 1840), 2~ 154. on the scale or with the of intensity George 15 Adams, Diary and Autobiography, 4:40. or Thomas the ha-ha was 1~ Washington Jefferson; Ibid., 3:281. his first and last toward "ostentation of ’~ gesture Letters of John Adams Addressed to His Wife, ed. vanity." Perhaps with greater means he would Adams, 2:139. have done more, as Abigail suggested in a letter, ’8 Ibid., 2.251. saying "he cannot indulge himself in those 1~ Adams, Diary and Autobiography, 3:247. improvements upon his farm, which his inclina- z° Helen Nelson Skeen, "Documentary Narrative of tion leads him to, and which would serve to Buildings Shown on Historic Base Map of the Adams National Historic Site," report prepared for the amuse him, and contribute to his health. "2’ National Park Service (1964), 511 his farmer’s heart and his creative mtellect Still, Z~ Josiah Quincy, Figures of the Past (Boston Little, come together in an observation that remains Brown, & Co , 1926), 77-78. true to this very day. In a letter to Abigail he zz Skeen, 58 muses, "Mr. Madison is to retire [from Con- z3 Abigail Adams to her sister Mary Cranch, gress]. It seems the mode of becoming great is Philadelphia, April 7, 1800, New Letters of Abigail ed. Stewart Mitchell to retire. Madison, I suppose, after a retirement Adams, 1788-1801, (Boston: Houghton Miffhn, 1947), 244. of a few years, is to be President or Vice Presi- za Adams to Mary dent... It is marvellous how Abigail Cranch, Philadelphia, April political plants 16, 1800, Adams Papers, microfilm edition, grow in the shade. Continual daylight and sun- Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, reel 391 shine show our faults and record them. Our per- z5 Charles Sprague Sargent to Miss Comegys, July 9, sons, voices, clothes, gait, air, sentiments, etc. 1917, Archives of the Mount Vernon Ladies’ all become familiar to every eye and ear and Association, Mount Vernon, Vrrgima. z~ understanding, and they dimmish in proportion, John Adams to his granddaughter’s husband, John P. DeWmt, May 1, 1817, Cedar Grove, near Fishkill, upon the same that no man is a hero to principle N.Y., John Adams Letter Book, Adams Papers, reel his wife or valet de chambre."2~ 123. z~ Endnotes Abigail Adams to Thomas Boylston Adams, November 13, 1800, Letters of Mrs Adams, 2: 237. 1 John Adams, Diary and Autobiography of Adams, ed Adams to L. H. Butterfield (Cambndge, Mass.. Belknap Press of z~ John Abigail Adams, January 14, 1797, Letters Adams Addressed to Harvard University Press, 1961), 2.234 of John His Wife, 2~240. 2 "Humphrey Plough~ogger," rn Boston Evemng Post June 20, 1763, copy m Massachusetts History Society, Boston. Corhss Knapp Engle has been an enthusiastic gardener 3 Adams, Diary and Autobiography, 1:249. and flower show exhibitor in the Boston area for nearly 4 thirty years. She and wntes for Ibid., 2 49. photographs, lectures, horticultural organizations across the country, and has Adams to Letters 5 John Abigail Adams, April 3, 1794, served as chairman of the Garden History and Design Adams Addressed to His ed. Charles of John Wife, Committee of The Garden Club of America. This is an Francis Adams Charles Little and (Boston. James adaptation of an article first published m White House Brown, 1841), 2:151. History with the permission of the White House 6 Adams, Diary and Autobiography, 3:194; 3:14G. Historical Association. The Discovery and Rediscovery of the Horse Chestnut

H. Walter Lack

have only to imagine Paris in May man Empire had reached the climax of its politi- without the blossoming hQrse chest- cal and military power, extending at that time ’Vnuts TT 7e (Aesculus hippocastanum) linmg through most of the Balkan peninsula and its avenues to appreciate a statement attrib- mcluding all of what is now Hungary as well as uted to Thomas Jefferson: "The greatest service parts of modern Romania, Slovakia, Moldavia, which can be rendered to any country is to add and Ukraine. Quackelbeen’s letter to Mattioli a useful plant to its culture." It was not until the mcludes the following statement: sixteenth century that the horse chestnut was A species of chestnut is frequently found here [m cultivated outside the Ottoman Empire, but Istanbul], which has "horse" as common second once the first twigs and seeds had arrived from name, because devoured three or four at a time Istanbul, it quickly found its way into gardens they [the horse chestnuts] give relief to horses throughout western Europe and is now in culti- sick with chest complamts, m particular cough and worm diseases. vation in temperate regions all over the world. The horse chestnut’s native distribution is Since the horse chestnut does not occur restricted to the Balkan peninsula; however, naturally in Istanbul or its surroundings, knowledge of its native habitat remained con- Quackelbeen was almost certainly referring to a fused until the late nineteenth century, with tree cultivated in Istanbul, where it is still popu- most botanists believing its origms to be in lar today and where many specimens of consid- Asia. Linnaeus, for example, wrote in 1753 that erable size can be seen. Mattioli’s answer to the horse chestnut grows in the more northern Quackelbeen, dated Prague, 4 December 1557, regions of Asia; and the tree’s common name in includes several questions concerning the novel French-marronier d’Inde-still refers to a sup- tree and implies that Quackelbeen may have posed Asian origin. In fact, so strong was the included seeds with his letter. belief in the Asian origin of horse chestnut that Earlier, Mattioli had written about in the early 1800s, when the report of an Quackelbeen’s finding to Ulysse Aldrovandi Englishman’s discovery of horse chestnut grow- ~ 1522-1605 a well-known naturalist who in ing wild in the Pindus Mountains of Greece was 1567 would become co-director of the newly published, it was not believed; and it was not founded botanic garden of the University of until eighty years later that the Balkan origin of Bologna. In his 1561 letter to Aldrovandi in horse chestnut was finally accepted. Bologna, Mattioli mentioned specifically the "very large leaf consisting of five leaflets" and The Introduction of Horse Chestnut to wrote that "the fruit [seed] does not differ much Western Europe from our common chestnut [Castanea sativa], The first written report on the horse chestnut is but is only somewhat more round." This may found in a letter that Willem Quackelbeen indicate that Mattioli had also received a branch (1527-1561) wrote from Istanbul in 1557 to of the horse chestnut from Quackelbeen or a Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1501-1578), a physician drawing based on it, since leaf characters are not then living in Prague. Quackelbeen was at the mentioned in Quackelbeen’s letter. time physician to Augier Ghiselin de Busbecq The first printed illustration of the horse (1522-1592), ambassador of Ferdinand I, the chestnut was published by Mattioli in Prague Holy Roman Emperor, to Sultan Suleyman II, in 1563. It is a woodcut included in his New "the Magnificent," under whose reign the Otto- Kreuterbuch. The accompanying text merits 162

rounder than ours. The rind [testa] of this chestnut is blackish with the exception of the front part where it is attached to the spiny shells, where it is whitish and has the form of a heart. Below this rind there is no further skin as is the red wrinkled skin of ours. They taste nearly like ours, but sweeter and not so good to eat. The Turks call them horse chestnuts because they help pant- ing horses." Mattioli thus provided an excellent description and a good com- parison with a tree he knew well; born in Siena and later living in Gomzia, near the border that separates modern Italy from Slovenia, he must have been familiar with the European sweet chest- nut from childhood. It is clear from the woodcut that unripe fruits of the horse chestnut were used for the drawing; and since Mattioli describes the testa as blackish, it may mdicate discoloration of the immature fruits when dry. The possible sources of the materials used for Quackelbeen’s description and for the woodcut are of interest because they bear on the question of when and where the horse chestnut was first cultivated in Western Europe. A close study of the material in various archives provides some clues. The first clue appears m the introduc- tion to Mattioh’s New Kreuterbuch of 1563. In it the author thanks his corre- spondents for sending plant material, the first mentioned name From Joseph Jacobi Plenck, Icones Plantarum Medicmalium, Centuna by being III, pubhshed m Vienna, 1790 Jacob Anton Cortuso (1513-1603), a patrician of Padua and later the fourth attention: "There is also another foreign genus pretect of the Padua Botanic Garden. Cortuso of chestnuts which I have had depicted here reported in 1563 that he had sent a drawing of because of its beautiful form. The very famous the horse chestnut from Padua to Ulysse Augherius [Ghiselin de Busbecq], the legate of Aldrovandi in Bologna. This drawing may have the Christian Emperor at Istanbul, has sent me been based on a specimen that Cortuso had this twig with fruit from there. It is a tall tree, it received from the Levant, but it is not impos- has leaves similar to those of the castor bean sible that Cortuso already had a cultivated plant [Ricinus communis], they have six splits specimen in his garden. down to the petiole, which is long and thm. The Another correspondent mentioned by spiny shells are similar in size to ours [those of Mattioli was Ulysse Aldrovandi himself. In Castanea sativa], but they are yellowish, in Aldrovandi’s famous Erbario Dipinto, also each of them there is a chestnut thicker and called Iconographia Plantarum and now at the 177

Biblioteca Umversitaria in Bologna, we find an illustration of the horse chestnut annotated "Kananon Ippeion. Castanea sativa." This watercolor is a precise match of the woodcut published in Mattioli’s New Kreuterbuch and may be either a copy of the woodcut, the pattern on which the woodcut was based, or a copy of the pattern. Whichever it was, one aspect of the woodcut and of its twin, the Bologna water- color, remains enigmatic: since both illustra- tions show a fresh specimen (in the watercolor of the Erbamo Dipinto the leaves are painted greenish), the drawing could not have been made from material transported by sixteenth- century means from Istanbul to either Vienna or Bologna; after a ~ourney of that duration the horse chestnut twig would have arrived wilted, if not totally dry. It seems that the illustrator either worked in Istanbul and sent his painting to a correspondent in the West (Mattioli in Prague, Aldrovando in Bologna, Cortuso in Padua, or someone else); or he worked in the West, managing to make a dried twig appear alive or using a live specimen already growing there. Available documents do not allow us to know which of these possibilities is correct. However, Aldrovandi’s herbarium, kept today at the Istituto Botanico of the of University Aesculus hippocastanum L Illustrated in Ulysse contains a Bologna, yet another clue: leaf of the Aldrovandi’s Erbamo Dipinto, Vol 5, f 167, ca. 1560. horse chestnut annotated "Castanea equina flore albo." This specimen can neither be dated of His Roman Imperial Majesty Maximilian II, nor the provenance given, but it must have gives us the background in his Rariorum been incorporated into the herbarium prior to aliquotstirpmm historia, published in 1583. Aldrovandi’s death in 1605, making it one of Writing about Prunus laurocerasus (cherry lau- the oldest leaves of this species m existence. It rel), Clusius says that a specimen "was sent may have been sent to Bologna by one of here [to Vienna] from Istanbul at the beginning

Aldrovandi’s correspondents in the Ottoman of the year 1574, and again in the year 1581 ... Empire, but it may also have come from a tree Maybe two years later, at the beginmng of Janu- cultivated in western Europe-in Bologna itself, ary 1576, I received from the very famous David or in Cortuso’s Padua, or perhaps in Florence, m Ungnad, Imperial Ambassador to the Emperor of the garden of the Duke of Tuscany, where Jean the Turks, his small tree." The implication is Bauhin (1541-1612), another famous physician that living trees were indeed transported in win- and naturalist, mentions having seen a horse ter from Istanbul to Vienna, no doubt on the chestnut, apparently before 1569. (In fact, a backs of horses, mules, or camels. short biography of Bauhin written in 1963 Four pages later Clusius reports on the horse mentions that he had visited the Tuscany chestnut: "I have not seen its flower or fresh region m 1562.) fruit; it was brought here [to Vienna] from No city, however, has better documented evi- Istanbul in 1581 under this name [castanea dence for cultivation of the horse chestnut at an equina]." Since Clusms describes the unfolding early date than Vienna. Clusius, a court servant of the leaves in spring, there must have 188

been a living specimen in cul- tivation in Vienna at that SEMANTICS time-and one may assume that Aesculus hippocasta- Balkan semantics are complex: several languages are spoken in the for centuries four were and all num, like Prunus lauroce- area; many scripts used; Balkan words taken over from rasus, had originally been sent languages comprise many there by David Ungnad Graf other tongues. This last observation applies to the common name of the horse chestnut. The between the von Weissenfels (d. 1601/, one similarity fruits of the sweet chestnut and of the much of Busbecq’s successors as widespread ambassador to Istanbul. From more local horse chestnut is reflected in the common names capitals like Vienna and Flo- of the latter. In its native area the following names are used: rence or towns with famous Serbia: divljl kesten, wild chestnut; beli divlji kesten, botanic gardens like Padua white wild chestnut; gorki kesten, mountain chestnut and Bologna, horse chestnuts could be quickly distributed Macedonia: divlji kesten, wild chestnut to other regions in central and Greece: hippocastanon, horse chestnut western Europe, as was indeed the case. Bulgaria: konski kesten, horse chestnut

Albania: e horse chestnut Rediscovery in the Wild geshtenja kalit, Little is known about the dis- Surprisingly, Quakelbeen’s association of Aesculus covery in the 1790s of horse hippocastanum with horses has also survived in most lan- chestnut growing in its native guages spoken outside the Balkan peninsula-in the German habitat by John Hawkins, a Rosskastame, spelled today almost precisely as it was many-sided gentleman trav- spelled by Mattioli in 1563; in the English horse chestnut; eler from Cornwall. His dia- and in the Italian Ippocastano and castagno equino. Among ries and notes were ruthlessly the few exceptions to the general rule are the French burnt in 1903 (although his marronier d’Inde and Italian castagno d’India, both of correspondence survived) by which reflect the earlier belief m a more easterly habitat. It the owner at that time of should be noted, however, that seventeenth-century sources Bignor Park, Hawkins’ resi- give chastagne de cheval as the French name for the horse dence in Sussex, and the only chestnut, indicating that the nomenclatural association of known reference to his find- the tree with India is of a more recent date. ing the horse chestnut is the cryptic note "Ae. Hippo- castanum ... In Pindo et Pelio montibus. there that he probably first encountered this D. Hawkins," found in the Florae Graecae spectacular tree. A record of a visit by Hawkins Prodromus, published in England in 1806. to Mount Pilion also exists, found among the Did Hawkins visit these two mountains situ- recollections of James Thoburn, his servant. In ated in the remote parts of modern Greece and, this region, which according to Thoburn he vis- if so, at what time? ited in late spring of 1797, Hawkins may have A letter from Hawkins to his mother dated 144 seen the horse chestnut again. And, while pass- September 1795 shows that he had visited the ing a second time through the contemporary mainland of Greece in the late spring of 1795, province of Epirus in the spring of 1798 on his and a note in one of his archaeological papers way from Mesolongion via Ioannina to Durres published many years later (1820) makes it clear in modern Albania, Hawkins may have seen that he had been as far as "Yannina" (Ioannina, natural stands of the horse chestnut yet a third in the center of the peninsula), which is very time. Hawkins is not known to have collected near the Pindus Mountains and within the range herbarium material of the horse chestnut, how- of the horse chestnut’s natural distribution. It is ever, and although his finding was properly 19

published in the Florae Graecae Prodromus, the lower zone of the silver fir, at an altitude of 1000 botanical community did not believe it, no to 1300 m [3,300-4,250 feet]. They are shady, more or less humid ravines amidst woods. doubt remembering earlier errors in the litera- ture. Even well-known like Carl dendrologists Heldreich lists five localities, all in Koch then at the of (1809-1867), University "Eurytamen" and "Phthiotis," where he was believed the horse chestnut to be native Berlin, convinced that the horse chestnut was truly to much such as regions further east, the wild and indigenous, growing "in the most a of Balkan Himalayas, and specialist the flora, remote, uninhabited mountain regions." He Heinrich Rudolf August Grisebach ( 1814-1879~, even reports the common name then used of at the of professor botany University among the Greeks of the area (wild chestnut) as did not even mention Hawkins’ Gottingen, well as the local use of the fruits, which were claim in his rumelicae et Spicilegmm florae fed to horses to cure them of a cough. A speci- Edmond Boissier bithvmcae (1843-1844). men collected by Heldreich and kept in the (1810-1885), on the other hand, mentioned Naturhistonsches Museum in Vienna corrobo- Hawkins’ discovery only to refute and even rates this second rediscovery; it is labeled misattribute it. He wrote in his monumental "Evritania, on Mount Chelid6n in the silver fir Flora onentalis that the horse chestnut (1867) zone above the village Mikrochorio, c. 1000- had been found wild "in the allegedly growing 1750 m. [3,300-5,800 feet], spontaneous in mountains of northern Greece ... by Sibthorp shady ravines, at a locality called Kephalovoysi, [read Hawkins], but I have nowhere seen spon- 11 August 1879." taneous specimens. Probably origmatmg m the It should be noted that in its native habitat mountains of cultivated."" India, everywhere the horse chestnut is never found as the solitary, It was m more than only 1879, eighty years monumental tree of considerable age that is so after Hawkins’ that Theodor von discovery, common nowadays in parks and gardens, but as Heldreich then director of the (1822-1902), one of the many elements of a mesic wood and botamcal m was able to confirm garden Athens, not growing to be very old; this may explain the it. In 1878, the Treaty of Berlin that followed difficulty of finding it in the wild. In subsequent the Russo-Turkish War had resulted in of parts years (1950, 1980, and again in 1990) the ecology modern Greece (Thessaly and the southern part of this tree has been studied repeatedly and of ceded the Ottoman Epirus) being by Empire Heldreich’s report confirmed many times. In to the of Greece. Heldreich made use Kingdom May of 1881, central Greece was also transferred of this in Balkan affairs to visit the change area, from the Ottoman Empire to the Kingdom of still wild and in the summer of 1879. unsafe, Greece, resulting in yet more confirmations of Since his in Berlin in report, published 1880, Heldreich’s rediscovery and more searching in the first known of comprises description adjacent areas for Aesculus hippocastanum. In the horse chestnut’s native it is habitat, quoted 1883 it was Georgios I, king of Greece, visiting here at length: his new provinces accompanied by a "Mr. When my guide Nikitas told me m the Chelid6n Munter, director of the royal estates." The lat- Mountams m Evntania of a "species of wild ter confirmed Heldreich’s report-in the steep chestnut" m a ravine m the lower zone growmg valley of the river Arakhthos and on the south- of the silver fir I of the Castanea vul- thought ern slopes of the Pindus Mountains they, too, garis, sometimes common here, the wild form observed natural stands of the horse chestnut. with its smaller fruits here called "wild chest- nut," in contrast to the pruned variety with big- ger fruits, but smce he stated the leaves also to H. Walter Lack is Professor of Botany at the Freie be the fruits bitter and not to be different, very Umversitat Berlin and Director at the Botanrscher eaten, I did not shy at the detour any more. How Garten und Botanrsches Museum Berlm-Dahlem This was to see here m the wilder- great my surprise article is adapted from his "Lilac and Horse-Chestnut: ness on rocky outcrops of a ravine a group of Discovery and Rediscovery," Curtis’s Botamcal horse chestnut trees covered with half-ripe Magazine ~2000~ 17~2/: 109-137, with the kind

fruits ! ... All these localities are situated m the permission of the publisher Aesculus hippocastanum: The Handsome (and Useful) Horse Chestnut

Klaus K. Loenhart

H. Wilson, plant collector, connoisseur to Aesculus hippocastanum: it was the first tree of trees, and keeper of the Arnold Arbore- species to catch my attention when I was a child tum, once wrote that "if a census of opin- and later acquaintance has only strengthened ion were taken as to which is the most hand- my attachment. Perhaps the most striking fea- some exotic flowering tree in the eastern part of ture of the tree is its blossoms: upright candela- the United States there is little doubt but that it bra distributed in a pattern of almost geometric would be overwhelmingly in favor of the precision throughout the towering mounds of Horsechestnut."’ Certainly my vote for the foliage. My childhood interest was only inciden- most exotic flowering tree anywhere would go tally related to the flowers however. I grew up in

Aesculus hippocastanum on the banks of the Thames, Cookham, England, photographed by E. H. Wilson m the 1920s. 21

the countryside of Bavaria, where as kids we collected huge numbers of horse chestnut seeds to feed to deer during the winter. Later I became familiar with the horse chestnut in another context. An unwritten rule m Bavaria decrees that the horse chestnut-and only the horse chestnut-must be planted in all beer gardens, both to provide shade and to demonstrate that the establishment properly upholds the traditions of beer and beer gardens. Horse chestnut trees, many of them the variety Aesculus x carnea ’Briotti’, can therefore be found in all of the 172 beer gardens within the city limits of Munich-even those in the most crowded central area. The largest of them can be a hundred feet tall with a single tree sometimes shad- ing the entire garden. The horse chestnut, rather than some other tree, became the symbol of Bavarian beer gardens for several good reasons. It is easily raised from seeds; it can be the beer garden, most Bavarians assume that it transplanted without great difficulty if the seed- is a native species. Aesculus hippocastanum is lings are properly handled; it is adaptable to a native to the Balkan peninsula, however, and range of pH values; and it grows rapidly. Not was not mtroduced m western Europe until the least, its flowering season, in mid May, coin- mid 1550s, where it was quickly adopted. In cides with the beginning of the beer garden 1664 John Evelyn was writing, "This tree is now season, which draws huge crowds of people mto all the mode for the Avenues to their Countrey the breweries’ outdoor spaces. Palaces in France."z And it has not lost favor in But the very specific preference for horse Europe despite its many shortcomings, as noted chestnut also has historical roots. Beer gardens by John James in 1712: were founded around when the 1720, brewing I cannot deny but the Horse-Chestnut is a hand- to flourish. Because brewers industry began some Tree; ’tis certam it grows very upright, has to amounts of on needed keep huge ingredients a fine Body, a polish’d Bark, and a beautiful Leaf; hand, they built underground vaults to provide but the Filth it makes contmually m the Walks, the required space and moisture. Constant tem- by the Fall of its Flowers m the Spnng, its Husks peratures are critical during storage, and since and Fruit m the Summer, and its Leaves m Aesculus hippocastanum comes mto full leaf the Begmnmg of Autumn, mightily lessens its Memt: Add to that it is to just as the May sun begins to heat up the this, very subject May- Bugs and that it grows but to a ground, groves of horse chestnuts were planted Caterpillars ... moderate Stature, lasts but a very little while, on top of the cellars to guarantee consistent and that its Timber is of no manner of Proht.3 temperatures in all seasons. Thus, Bavaria’s beer gardens became some of the first rooftop gar- It is true that the wood of the horse chestnut dens known, and the horse chestnut an early has little or no commercial value: it is soft, device for passive air conditioning. lacks strength and durability, and burns badly. Because the horse chestnut has been so suc- Furthermore, it does not cut cleanly and decays cessfully grafted onto the important tradition of rapidly. Nor are horse chestnuts used in refores- 22

during World War II the nuts were roasted and combined with various kinds of grain for use in Ersatzkaffee (coffee substitute). Today Ersatzkaffee, still containing roasted horse chestnuts, is offered at high prices in Germany’s eco-stores. It would be unthinkable in Bavaria, but in Ireland the aromatic young buds have been used in beer as a substitute for hops. Those uses aside, perhaps the greatest demand for the tree’s products has come from pharmacology. The horse chestnut’s seeds and bark have long been widely used m European traditional medicine, and a visit to a medical database such as BIOSIS will show that the prac- tice continues today, chiefly for relief from edema but also for hemorrhoids. Extracts of horse chestnut are also recommended for certain cosmetic problems, among them cellulite and hair loss. Another extract of the bark has been shown to protect against UV dam- age, chiefly because of its antioxidizing proper- ties. And I should add a use that the scientific literature does not mention. My own great- grandmother ferments the nuts for a liquor that yields not only alcohol but also serves to relieve arthritic pain. E. H. Wilson made the case for the beauty of Aesculus hippocastanum. I hope I’ve made tation, being considered "principally unimpor- a convincing, if not exhaustme, case for its tant forest trees, with light, soft, coarse-grained, usefulness, and that if a census of perishable wood. "4 opinion were to be taken as to which is the most useful But ever since the horse chestnut was intro- exotic flowering tree, if not in the eastern part have found countless uses for duced, Europeans of the United States then in would it. In the form of its wood has Europe, you charcoal, provided find reason to vote for the handsome both fuel and Tanners and ample gunpowder. dyers horse chestnut. (yellow) have used the bark, and its grated nuts will bleach flax, hemp, silk, and wool. An infu- Endnotes sion of horse chestnuts will expel worms from 1 The Romance of Our Trees, 1920 the soil and kill them when soaked in it. Vermin z Silva Or, A Discourse of Forest-Trees find offensive the combination of a highly pow- ~ A. J Dezallier d’Argenville, Theory and Practice of der of its dried nuts with alum-water. Add to Gardenmg, translated by John James, 19122 that combination two of wheat flour and parts 4 George Rex Green, Trees of North Amenca, 1934 have a for you strong paste bookbinding. 5 The Encyclopaedia Bntanmca, l lth ed., vol. VI, It is reported that when the horse chestnut’s 1910. fruits are given to cows in moderation, both the yield and the flavor of their milk is enhanced. Bavarian deer relish the horse chestnut’s fruits, Klaus K. Loenhart is a practicing landscape architect and architect. He holds a m architecture from the but before will must be diploma pigs ingest them, they FHM Architecture School m Mumch, as well as master’s in lime-water.’ Humans too find it hard steeped degrees in architectural theory and in landscape to get excited about their taste. Nevertheless, architecture, both from the Harvard Design School. THE HORSE CHESTNUT ACCOLADES FROM CHARLES S. SARGENT

The forerunner of Arnoldia was titled Bulletin of Popular Information. Its purpose was to call attention "to the flowering of important plants and other matters connected with them." Initially published every Saturday during spring and autumn and from time to time during the remainder of the year, Charles S. Sargent wrote every issue of the Bulletin from its inception in 1911 to the year before his death in 1927. Not until 1918 did he feature Aesculus hippocastanum, when he included it in a review of large exotic trees that he could recommend for the northern United States for ornament or timber. He concluded that "from the experience gained in Massa- chusetts during about a century" only about twenty had proved themselves worth planting.2 From then on he expressed his admiration for the horse chestnut annually and enthusiastically.

o American Horsechestnut j or Buckeye can compare NoV in size or in the beauty of its flowers with the species of southwestern Europe (Aesculus hippocastanum), which is well known to many Americans who have never heard there were Horsechestnut-trees growing natu- rally in the United States. The European Horsechestnut is another of the great trees of the world. It is as much at home here and grows to as large a size as it does in western Europe. Few trees have more conspicuous flowers or foliage of deeper green.... When it is covered from top to bottom, as it is this year in the neighborhood of Boston, with its great erect clusters of white flowers, it is the most splendid object among the trees hardy in the northern states.... The finest plant in the E. H. Wilson photographed Salem’s acclaimed horse neighborhood of Boston known to chestnut in 1925. 24

the Arboretum is in a garden in Salem, Massachusetts, believed to have been planted one hun- dred and ten years ago and now seventy feet high with a trunk ten feet in girth, and a perfectly shaped head eight feet across. It was a favorite tree with Benjamin Bussey who bought his place in Jamaica Plain in 1806 and probably planted Horsechestnut trees there a

little later. A few of them are on the walk which led from his house to Bussey Hill, and these are no doubt the oldest planted trees in the Arboretum.3 The European Horsechest- nut only flourishes in deep cool soil, and although it has been largely used to shade city streets in this country and in Europe, it is not suited for such a purpose for the heat and drought of cities often cause it to lose its leaves in midsummer. Its place is in parks and gar- dens and by country roadsides.

’ Arboretum director E. D. Merrill, a believer in one-word magazine titles, changed the name in 1941. z Also on Sargent’s list are ginkgo, european larch, three species of poplar, three willows and their hybrids, katsura, white mulberry, ailanthus, european beech, english elm, one birch, three lindens, and the norway maple.

3 The plant records of the Arnold Arboretum-although comprehensive from its founding in 1872 and now inclusive of some preexisting plants-say nothing about preexisting horse chestnuts except to note that the first Aesculus hippocastanum planted since the 1872 was propagated from seed collected on the grounds of the Bussey Institute (once part of Bussey’s estate) and accessioned as number 266 in 1880. Index to Volume 61 (2001-2002) Numbers in parentheses refer to issues, those in boldface to illustrations of the entries

Abies 2 9, 12 Arthropod, soil 3. 11I Callus, woundanduced 4: 4 - - lasiocarpa 1 : 17 Ash, mountam 3: 199 Cambium 4: 4 Acer gmseum 4: 4 - white 2: 23, 25 - corlc 4~5 - palmatum 4. 4 Asimma triloba 2: 16 - vascular 4: 5 "Across the Chmo-Thibetan Asters 2: 7 Cambndge Common, MA 2: 26 Borderland (1908)," E. H. Wilson Astragalus 2: 4, 111 Campanella, Thomas J., "Henry 3 ~ 18-25 Avocado 2. 15 David Thoreau and the Yankee Acumdia 3: 199 Elm" 2: 26-311 Actmidia chmensis (nowA. Bactena, nitrogen-fixing 3 2, 9 Campanula 2’ 10 dehclosaJ 3: 19 Balkan peninsula 4. 155 Camstel tree 2’ 155 Adams, Abigail 4. 10, 12-144 Bamboo Brook Outdoor Education Cannabis satma 4: 10 Adams, John 4. 9, 10, 11-14 Center, Gladstone, NJ 1: 22, 26 Caragana 2~ 11I Aesculus x Carnea ’Bnotti’ 4: 211 Bark plates 4. 4, 5 Carex, alpme 2: 9 hippocastanum 4: 13, 15, 16, 17, Barlow, Conme, "Anachronistic Carex 2: 9 18-19,20,21,22,23-24 Fruits and the Ghosts Who Haunt Camca papaya 2. 15 2014 2014 uses of 4 21-22 Them" 2. 14-211 Cell, rhizodermic 3 4 "Aesculus hippocastanum The Bauhm, Jean 4 177 - root 3: 4 Handsome and (Useful) Horse Barrett, 0 W. 1 5-6, 9 Cenozoic 2~ 177 Chestnut," Klaus. K. Loenhart 4: Baxter, Peter 3’ 177 Cerastmm 2: 10 20-22 Bearberry 3: inside front cover Chanterelles 3~ 6 Agancus brunnescens 3 : 6 Beer gardens, Bavarian 4: 21, 22 Chelid6n Mountams [Greece) 4: 199 Alameda of Chihuahua 1: 10o Begoma 1: 7 Chenopodiaceae 3: 8 Alburnum 2: 28 Begonia gracihs var. mamnma 1 : 7 Cherry 1: 20 Alder 3: 9 Berbens 2. 9, 12 Cherry laurel 4: 177 4: Betula 2. 12 Chihuahua 1: 8 Aldrovandi, Ulysse 15-177 [Mexico] , Alexander, Bill 2: 20 - pendula 1 ~ 188 Chmese Academy of Science Alga 3: 2 Brltmore Estate [NC) 2 20 Institute of Botany [Kunmmg) 2 5 Alhum 2. 11I Birch, european white 1. 188 Chokecherry 2: 25 Alnus 2: 12 Blodiversity "hotspots" 2. 3, 4, 12 Cmcmm 2. 22 Amamta 3: 3 - conservation 2: 211 Citrus paradisi 3: 4 Amaranthaceae 3 8 Biomechanics, principles 1: 14 Clematis 2: 9, 12 Amencan Museum of Natural Biology, field 2 22-25 Clematoclethra 3~ 199 History, Jesup Collection of North Blueberry, lowbush 3 inside back Chmate change 2~ 211 Amencan Woods 1: 4 cover Clownflower 1:7 "Anachronistic Fruits and the Boboh Gardens, Florence 1: 32 Clusms 4: 177 Ghosts Who Haunt Them,"" Boletus 3: 3 Coffeetree, kentucky 2: 1G 18-19 Connie Barlow 2: 14-211 Book Review. Growmg Shrubs and Colorado [Rmer, Mexico] 1: 10 Anaphahs 2: 4 Small Trees in Cold Chmates, by Compost 4: 10 Andersen, Phylhs, "Of (Two) Michael S. Dosmann 1: 35-36 Concord, MA 2 28-311 Gardens: Book Review" 3: 30-32 Botanical mventory 2. 3 Condor, california 2: 211 Androsace 2’ 4 Boufford, David 2: 5, 6, 9, 13 Conservation International 2: 13 Anemone 2’ 9 Boxwood, common 4: 13 Cook, Robert E. 2: 155 Apalachicola River 2: 199 Bramaputra River 2: 4 Cordiceps 2: 6 Apical control 1: 20 Bramble 3: 199 . Cornell University 2: 25 - dominance 1 ~ 20 Branch 1: 18 Cornus 2: 7, 12 Apple seedlmgs 2 24, 25 - scaffold 1 ~ 188 - controversa 4: 2 - tree 2’ 22, 23, 24, 25 Brassicaceae 3: 8 - racemosa 2: 23 Arakhthos River 4. 199 Bnstlecone pme 3: back cover Cortuso, Jacob Anton 4: 16-177 Arbuscle 3: 3, 4 British Museum 1: 7 Corydahs 2~ 4, 111 Arbutus vanans 1 : 13 Buckthorn, purgmg 1: 19 Cotoneaster 2~ 4 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 3: inside - sea 2: 111 Cottonwood, Watson 1: 10 front cover Bud scale scar 1 ~ 18 Cove Hardwood forest 2: 19 Ansaema 2:4 - termmal 1: 20 Cow pasture 2 22, 23-25 Armillana bulbosa 3: 10 Bulletm of Popular Information 4. 23 Craigie-Longfellow National Arnold Arboretum 1: 4, 22, 2. 3, 6, Bussey, Benjamin 4: 24 Historic Site 1: 27 12, 15, 18-19; 3~ 13, 17, 4. 20 Buxus sempervmens 4: 5 Crataegus 2: 23

- - staff 1: inside back cover Cremanthodmm 2: 4 Arnoldia 4: 23 Cactus 1: 5 Cryptogramma 2: 111 Artemisia 2: 111 Cahforma Academy of Science 1 7 Cudrania 2: 166 26

Cunninghamia lanceolata 3: 14-16, Ferns 1: 4 - - map of 3. 4 17 Fir, chmese 3 14-16 Henry Botanic Garden 2: 20 Cypnpedmm tibeticum 3. 21 - subalprne 1. 17 Herbanum vouchers 2’ 3 Flanagan, Bnan "Wilson’s Lost Hedge apple 2: 166 ’ Da Xue Shan [Sichuan] 3: 13 Tree," 3: 12-188 Hedges 1: 31-34 Dadu Rrver 3: 13 Possil 3:3 "Henry David Thoreau and the Dahha coccmea 1 7 Frangrpanr 4: 7 Yankee Elm," ThomasJ Daphne 2: 12 Frank, A B. 3: 5-7 Campanella 2 26-311 Davenport, George 1: 4, 7 Fraxmus amemcana 2. 23 Himalayas 2: 3 Davidson, Rebecca Warren, Fungus 2. 7 Hippophae 2: 11I "Designing Woman Martha - arbuscular mycorrhizal 3: 4 - rhamnoides 2: 111 Brookes Hutcheson" 1: 22-30 - ectomycorrhizal 3 3, 4, 5 -sahclfoha 2: 111 Del Tredici, Peter 3’ 17 - mycorrhizal 3: 3-7, 8-9, 111 Honey locust 1. 18; 2: 16, 18-19 - - - "Gestalt Dendrology - root 3: 5 Honeysuckle 2: 25; 3: 199 Lookmg at the Whole Tree" 4’ 2-8 - soil 3: 2, 100 Horse chestnut 4: 13, 15-19, 20, 21, - - - photos by 3: covers; 4. - wood-earing 3: 100 22, 23-24 covers -- m Salem, MA 4: 24 Delphmmm 2. 4 Gallaud, I 3 7-8 - - uses of 4. 21-22 "Designing Woman. Martha Garden and Forest 1 : 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, "Horse Chestnut: Accolades from Brookes Hutcheson," Rebecca 12-13 Charles S. Sargent" 4 23-24 Warren Davidson 1 ~ 22-30 Gardens m England 4: 10o Hosie, Alexander 3: 188 Deutzia 3: 19 - -France 4: 10o Hsaochm Ho [Sichuan] 3: 23 Devonian 3: 2-3 -- London 4. 10 Hsrang-mu 3: 16 Diancang Shan [Yunnan] flora 2’ 6 Gentian 2: 7, 11 Hutcheson, Martha Brookes 1: 22- Diospyros vmgimana 2: 16 Genuana 2: 4, 9, 11, 12 30, 24 "Discovery and Rediscovery of the Geranium 2: 111 --- commissions hsted 1: 29 Horse Chestnut," H Walter Lack "Gestalt Dendrology. Looking at the --- "The Use of the Hedge 4: 15-19 Whole Tree," Peter Del Tredici 4: (1923)" 1: 31-34 Dogwood, gray 2: 23 2-8 --- photos by 1: inside front - pagoda 4: 2 Ghisehn de Busbecq, Augrer 4: 15-166 cover, 22-23 Dosmann, Michael S., "Book Gmkgo at Leng7i [Sichuan] 3: 13 Hydrangea 3: 199 Review: Growmg Shrubs and Gleditsia tmacanthos 2: 16 Hyphae Small Trees in Cold Chmates" 1~ Glomus mtraradices 3: 4 - fungal 3’ 5, 8 35-36 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 4 5 - mycorrhizal 3: 8-9 Draba 2: 111 Gongga Shan [Sichuan] 3: 13, 166 Duramen 2: 28 Grapefrmt 3: 4 Ilex 2: 4 Dysphoticzone 1: 18 Gray, Asa 1: 4, 6,9 Impatiens 2: 4 Gray Herbanum [Harvard Univer- Indigo 2’ 6 East Charlotte [VT] 1 ~ 2, 4 sity] 1: 4,G Indigofera 2 6 Ecological anachromsms 2: 14-21 Gray, Jane Lormg 1: 6 Institute of Biology, Chengdu Ecology, pasture 2: 22-25 Great Smoky Mountams National [Sichuan] 3: 13 Ectomycorrhiza 3: 4, 5, 7 Park 2: 199 Instituto Medico National de Elderberry 2: 6 Growth [m trees], adaptive 4: 6 Mexico 1: 6 Elaeagnus 2: 12 - - - modular 1: 21; 4: 7 Istanbul 4. 15, 177 Elm, "Howard" 2: inside back cover - - - rings 4’ 5 Istituto Botanico, University of Eh Lilly & Co. 1: 6 Guadala~ara 1: 12-13 Bologna 4 177 Elm, amen can 2: 26, 27-311 Gymnocladus dioicus 2: 16 - "Knight" 2 inside front cover Jalrsco [Mexico] 1: 12-13 - "Washmgton" 2 27 Ha-ha 4. 11-12, 14 Janzen, Dan 2: 15, 177 - "Whrtfield" 2’ 27 Halle, Francis 4. 3, 7 Jefferson, Thomas 4. 9, 13, 14 Emerson, Mary 2: 30 Hamrlton, William 4. 12 Jesup, Morris K. 1: 4 Endemic genera 2. 3 Harvard University Botamcal "John Adams, Farmer and Gardener,"" - mosses 2. 4 Museum 1: 6 Corhss Knapp Engle 4: 9-13 - species 2: 3 -- Bussey Institution 1: 24 Jumper 2. 6, 9, 25; 3: 20 Endomycorrhiza 3: 7 --Herbama 12:3, 122 Jumperus 2: 111 Endosymbrosis theory Hawkms, John 4: 18-199 - squamata 3: 20 Engle, Corhss Knapp, "John Adams, Hawthorn 1: 18; 2: 22, 23, 24-25 - - Fargesm 3: 20 Farmer and Gardener" 4: 9-13 Heartwood 2: 28 Epirus 4: 18 Heldreich, Theodor von 4: 199 Kangdrng [formerly Tachienlu] 3: 13, Espe~o, A. 1: 7 Hemlock 4: 122 16-177 Evolution, ghosts of 2 14-21 - chmese 3: 166 Kelley, Susan, photo of 2: 13 Hemp 4: 10o -- "Plant Hunting on the Rooftop Fairy-ring 3: 10 Hengduan Mountains [Chma] 2: 3, 7 of the World" 2: 2-144 Farrand [Beatrrx] 1: 24 -- dmersity [chart] 2: 4-5 Kelley, Susan, photos by 2: front & Feng Wan Lm 3. 16, 17 --endemism [chart] 2. 4-5 back covers 27

Kmgdon-Ward, Frank 2. 7 McNamara, Bill 3~ 13 "Pastures of Plenty A Case Study m Kirkham, Tony 3: 13 Meconopis 2: 7, 10 Field Biology," P L. Marks 2: 22-25 Kobresia meadow 2: 111 Mekong River 2: 2, 4, 7, 9-111 Pediculans 2~ 4, 5, 6, 10, 11 Kobresia 2 9 Merchiston Farm [Gladstone, NJ] 1: Pergola at Maudesleigh [MA] 1 Krummholz 1: 17 25 inside front cover, 22-23 Kunmmg Botamcal Garden 2: 5 Menstem 4’ 4-5 Perry, Bnan 2: 5 - shoot 4: 5 Persea amencana 2. 15

Lack, H. Walter, "Discovery and - root 4: 5 Persimmon 2: 16, 18-19 Rediscovery of the Horse Mexico 1: 2, 3, 4-9, 10-13 Philadelphus 2: 6, 12 Chestnut" 4. 15-19 - City of 1: 8 Picea 2 10 Landscape design 1~ 22-28 - flora 1: 7, 9 - asperata 3’ 16 --pnnciples 1 25 - type specimens 1 7 - glauca 4: 3 Larch 3: 19 Missouri Botamc Garden 1: 7 --var albertiana 4 8 Lanx potanmm 3 18 Mock orange 2’ 6, 3 19 - retroflexa (now P asperata var. Leaf scar 1: 18 Module, architectural 4:7 retroflexa) 3~ 21 Lepisorus 2: 11I Molseed, Elwood 1 7 -sitchensis 1~ 14 Ligulana 2: 4, 9 Monotropa 3: 6, 7 Pmdus Mountains, Greece 4 15, 18, Lmcoln [Abraham] 1. 4 Monterey [Mexico] 1~ 2, 7 19 Lmden 3: 19 Moseley, Fredenck S 1~ 27 Pme 2: 10

- - european 1. 15 Mount Vernon [VA] 4: 11, 12, 13 bnstlecone 4: 6 Lmdera obtusiloba 2: 12 Moxi [Sichuan] 3: 13, 14-17 - lodgepole 4: 5 Liqmdambar styraciflua 1: 17 Mushroom 3: 4, 6, 10 - stone 1 14, 15 Lhasa 2: 5, 6, 10, 12 - ectomycorrhizal 3: 10 Pmes of Mexico, George Russell Linnaeus 4’ 15 Mycorrhizae 3’ 6, 8-10 Shaw 1 ~ 4 Lmodendron tuhpifera 4: 7 - arbuscular 3’ 5, 7, 8 Pmus anstata 4: 6 L’Obel /Lobelms[ 1~ 8 Mycorrhizal associations 3. 11I - armandii 2: 7 Loenhart, Klaus K , "Aesculus - condmts 3: 9 - contorta 4: 5 hippocastanum The Handsome - symbiosis 3~ 9 - densata 2: 7, 12 and (Useful) Horse Chestnut" 4. -longaeva 3. back cover 20-22 National Science Foundation Biotic -Montezuma’ 1: 13 Longfellow National Historic Site, Surveys and Inventory 2: 3-5 - oocarpa Cambndge 1: 22 New York Botamc Garden 1. 7 - pmea 1: 14, 15 Lomcera 2: 9, 11, 12, 25 -- School of Apphed Design for - ponderosa 3: front & back covers Lopez-Ferran, A R. 1 7 Woman 1 ~ 24, 26 - pseudostrobus 1 ~ 4 Lousewort 2: 5 Newton, Isaac 1 4 - teocote 1: 4 Lozano, Filemon 1: 3, 9 "Nexus of the Underground: A Tale - yunnanensis 2: 7 of Mycorrhizae," David W Wolfe Plant exploration 2’ 3-13 Maclura pomifera 2: 14, 16, 17, 18 3: 2-111 "Plant Hunting on the Rooftop of Magnolia, Fraser’s 4: 4 Nicholson, Rob, "The Splendid the World," Susan Kelley 2: 2-14 - sweet bay 4: 13 Haul of Cyrus Guernsey Pnngle" "Plant Response to Pruning Cuts," Magnolia frasem 4. 4 1: 2-9 Lee Reich 3: 26-29

- - - vmgmiana 4. 13 photo by 1. front cover Pleached alley 1: 33 Malus 2. 22 "Notes of Mexican Travel," Cyrus Pleistocene 2: 14, 18, 19, 21 Mammut amencanum 2’ 14 Guernsey Pnngle 1. 10-13 -horses 2’ 177 Mangrove, red 4: 4 Plumema rubra 4: 7 Maple 3 19 Oak 1: 18 Plums 1: 4

- - ~apanese 4’ 4 enghsh 1 15 Pollen record, Pleistocene 2: 14 - paperbark 4’ 4 - evergreen 2~ 6 Polygonum 2. 10 Marijuana 4~ 10 Oaxaca [Mexico] 1. 6 Poplar 3 19 Marks, P. L., "Pastures of Plenty: A Oceloxochitl 1: 8 - tulip 4 7 Case Study m Field Biology" 2: "Of ~Two) Gardens: Book Review," Poppy, Himalayan 2. 7, 10 22-25 Phyllrs Andersen 3: 30-32 Populus 2: 7, 12 Martm, Paul 2: 15, 18 Oldeman, Roulof 4: 3, 7 - fremontm var. Wishzem 1: 10 Massachusetts Horticultural Society Osage orange 2: 14, 16, 17, 18, 19 -szechuamca 3: 19 1~ 4 Orchid 3:6 - yunnanensis 2: 6 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, - Thibetan lady-slipper 3: 21 Potentilla 2: 10, 11, 12 landscape architecture course 1. 24 Ottoman Empme 4~ 15, 19 - glabra Mastodon 2’ 14 Poutena campechmana 2~ 15 Mattheck, Claus 4’ 6-7 Pachycereus pnnglei 1 5 Pnmrose 2: 7 Mattioh, Pietro Andrea 4 15-177 Palongzang River 2: 11I Pnmula 2: 4, 6, 12 ’ Maudesleigh [Newburyport, MA] 1’ Pan Lan Shan 3’ 17 - Veitchil 3: 21 22-23,27,28 Papaya 2 15 Pringle, Cyrus Guernsey 1: 2-9, 3, 6

------garden plan 1: 26 Pawpaw 2. 16, 18-19 herbarium, Chihuahua 1: 6 Maudslay State Park, Newburyport, Paraqmlegia 2 111 - - - - University of Vermont 1: MA 1: 1-2, 28 Parke, Davis and Co. 1: 6 6,7,99 28

- - - "Notes of Mexican Travel" Saussurea spp 2: 4 - shape 1 14-211 1. 10-13 Schambach, Frank 2: 16-177 Trees, reiteration m 4: 7 Pruning 3: 26, 27-29 "Shapes of Trees. A Matter of - wound healing in 4: 3 Prunus 1: 20; 2: 12 Compromise," Peter Thomas 1: Tmbulus terrestms 2: 10o - laurocerasus 4: 17, 18 14-211 Trollms 2 : 10o Puerto Pumficayon, Sierra Madre Shaw, George Russell 1: 4 Truffle 3: 5-7 Onentale 1: front cover Shoot inversion 1: 20 - Pertgord 3: 6 Purdom, William 2: 7 - long 1: 19 Tuber magnatum 3: 5-6 Pyracantha 2: 5 - short 1: 19 - melanosporum 3: 5-6 - spur 1: 109 Tung River [Sichuan] see Dadu Quackelbeen, Willem 4: 15-16 Sibmaea 2: 111 River Quercus 2. 7, 12 Sichuan 2: 3, 10, 13; 3: 12 Twig 1: 18, 20 - gmsea 1: 13 Sierra Madre [Mexrco] 1: 7 -reticulata 1: 13 Silene 2: 111 , Ungnad, David 4’ 17-188 -robur 1: 14 Smithsoman Institution 1 7 U.S. Census Dcpartmcnt 1: 4 Qumcy [MA] 4: 9, 11, 12 Sorbus 2: 4, 11, 12 Umversitad Nacional Autonoma Spiraea 3. 199 Mexico 1: 7 Range fragmentation 2~ 19 Spiraea 2: 111 University of Vermont 1: 2, 6, 9 Ranunculus 2. 11I Spmt of the Garden by Martha - - - Pnngle Herbarium 1: 6, 7, 9 Red River watershed 2~ 177 Brookes Hutcheson 1: 22, 25, 28 "Use of the Hedge [1923/," Martha Ree, Rick 2: 5 "Splendid Haul of Cyrus Guernsey Brookes Hutcheson 1: 31-34 Reich, Lee, "Plant Response to Pnngle," Rob Nicholson 1: 2-9 Pruning Cuts" 3~26-29 Sprekeha formossissima 1. 9 Vaccimum angustifolmm 3: msrde Reiteration 111 [in trees] 4: 7 Spnngtail 3: back cover Rhamnus catharticus 1’ 19 Spruce 1 ~ 18, 2: 9, 10, 14 Vermont 1: 2, 4-7,9 Rhododendron 2: 4, 9, 10, 11, 12 - dragon 3 166 Viburnum 2. 12; 3: 19 - wardll 2. 7 - Chmese 3’ 21 Vienna 4: 17-199 Rheum 2: 11 - sitka 1 ~ 14

-nobile 2: 7 - white 4: 3b, 8 Walden Pond 2: 27, 30 4: 4 Rhizophora mangle Stellera chamae~asme 2: 7 144 Rhubarb 2: 7 2’ 11l Washington, George 4~ 9-12, Stipa Watson, Professor 1: 24 Rhus 2’12 tree 1. 177 [Benjamin] Sweetgum Watson, Sereno 1: 7 Ribes 2: 12 3: 9 6, Symbiosis - - on 1:88 E. 2’ inside Tigndis Richardson, A., photo black 4: 13 back cover Tachienlu Willow, [now Kangding, Sichuan] - 2: 100 Rio Grande 10 3: 188 creepmg [River, Mexico] 1: 6, 13, 16, 17, E H. 3: 4: 22 Rock, Joseph 2: 6 Ta-p’ao shan 3: 25 Wilson, 12-17; 20, - - - "Across the Chino- Root 4: 4 brick 3: 24 system Tea, Thibetan Borderland" Rosa 2 12 Tetracentron smense 3 : 199 (1908) 3: - x alba 45 Thahctrum 2: 10 18-25 - m ultiflora 2’ 22 Thistle 2: 22 - - - photos by 2: inside front Rose 3: 19 Thoburn, James 4: 188 cover, 3: 14, 18-25, 4: 20 - multiflora 2: 22 Thomas, Peter, "The Shapes of "Wilson’s Lost Tree," Mark - white york 4: 13 Trees: A Matter of Compromise" Flanagan 3: 12-188 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1 ~ 7, 9; 1 14-21 Wmdsor Great Park [UK] 3: 155 3: 13, 15-16 Thoreau, Henry David 1: 2; 2: 27-311 Wolfe, David W, "Nexus of the Royal Botamc Garden Edinburgh 1: 7 Thorn 2: 22-25 Underground 3 2-111 Rubus 2: 9, 12 - devrl’s 2: 10o Woman’s Land Army of Amenca 1 Ruddy, Steve 3: 13, 15-16 Tibet 2: 2-13, 2, 8, 9, 12-14 25 Rutherford 4’ 12 Tibetan Plateau 2~ 3, 3 Wound heahng [m trees] 4: 3 Tiger flower 1 back cover [wood- Wu Sugong 2: 5, 6, 10, 12 Salix 2: 9 cut], 8 - mgra 4: 13 Tigndm 1 7, 9 Yang Zhen 2: 5, 7 - shrubs 2: 111 - flos [= T pavoma] Yangtze River 2: 4, 6 Saltillo [Mexico] 1: 2, 7 - pavoma 1: back cover [woodcut], 8 Yannma [Ioannina], Greece 4~ 18 Salma roenenana 1: 9 - pnnglei 1: 8 Yanzi valley 3: 155 - murahs 1: 9 Tiha x europaea 1 : 15 Ym Kaipu 3. 155 - sessei 1: 9 Timm, Robert M. 2: 177 Younger Botanic Garden, Benmore, Salween River 2: 4, 111 Toluca [Mexico] / 1 11I Scotland 3’ 177 Salweema wardm 2: 10 Tomlinson, Barry 4: 3, 7 Yulongzue Shan 2: 6 Sambucus 2: 6, 12 Torreya, flonda 2’ 19, 20, 211 Yunnan 2: 3-7 Sapwood 2: 28 Torreya cahformca 2: 20 Sargent, Charles Sprague 1: 4, 5, 7; - taxifoha 2: 19, 20, 21 Zappy, Walter 3’ 12 2: 12; 3 17, 4: 13, 23-24 Tree architecture 4: 3-4 Zhong Shengxian 3: 166 The Arnold Arboretum

, , / , NEW 5 . 2 , , 2

Long-Range Plan Heralds Organizational Changes Robert E. Cook, Director

In July 2002, the Arnold Arbore- we will invest sigmficant new and spent a number of years in the tum will undergo a very sigmfi- resources in several research imtia- nursery industry. After receiving a cant change following two years of aves in collaboration with investi- master’s degree in public horticul- long-range planning. The institu- gators at Harvard University and ture administration through tion will be reorganized into four other institutions. Longwood Gardens in Pennsylva- primary departments: Living Col- To help manage these sigmfi- nia, he worked for seven years at lections, Public and Professional cant changes, we have created a the Arnold Arboretum as a Programs, Administration, and new senior position of Deputy Putnam Fellow and as head of Research. Living Collections will Director who will be responsible our educational programs before be responsible for the curation and for organizing the Public and Pro- accepting the directorship at maintenance of the woody plant fessional Programs department Descanso in 1996. We are collection and grounds in Jamaica and for implementing the goals of immensely pleased to have him Plain. Public and Professional Pro- our long-range plan. In Septem- return to work with us on these grams will organize and execute all ber, this position will be filled by exciting new plans. of our activities that provide edu- Richard Schulhof, currently direc- I believe these changes herald a cational and visitor services. As of tor of Descanso Gardens in Los period of new growth and achieve- July, this department will assume Angeles, California. Richard ment for the Arboretum, one that administrative responsibility for a earned his undergraduate degree would not be possible without the professional landscape program in landscape architecture at the conunmag support of our mem- that offers formal certificates upon University of California, Berkeley, bers and frtends. completion of all requirements. This program was formerly the Radcliffe Semmars in Landscape PIPD Program Design and Landscape Design Highlights New History, which will be transferred from the Radcliffe Institute for Plants for 2002 Advanced Study. The Plant Introduction, Distribu- The third department, Admin- tion, and Promotion (PIPD) pro- will consolidate all istration, sup- gram was established seven years port functions, including faahties, ago to make available to nurseries, finances, information technology, and eventually to gardeners, and personnel. Finally, a new unusual plants with excellent department, with the tentative ornamental potential that have title of Research, will acknowledge proven stress tolerant and free of a growing commitment to expand serious pests and diseases at the the institution’s capacity to sup- Arnold Arboretum. This year over port scholarship and generate new 35 shipments of Prunus depressa knowledge about woody plants ’Gus Melhquist’, Wzegela subsesszlis, based on the collections of the and Cepbalotaxus fortunez have been Arboretum. Over the next decade Cephalotaxus fortunei ~ continued on page 2 v from page I pale lavender for a multicolored Some plants of this species become sent to nurseries, botanical gar- effect. The plants at the Arnold small trees, but this accession is a dens, and other woody plant have reached 6 feet in height and multistemmed shrub with dark evaluation programs. width after 25 years. For best evergreen foliage, 12 to 15 feet growth, they need full sun or par- high and nearly as wide. Most Prunus ‘Gus depressa Mehlquist’ tial shade and moisture-retentive striking are the needles, which Rob Nicholson, formerly of the soil, and for best flowering they vary in length from 2 to 4 inches Arnold Arboretum and currently require adequate moisture. Insect and are 1/8-inch wide, flattened, at the Smith College Botanical and disease resistant and hardy to with whitish stomatal bands cov- Garden, and David Boufford of USDA zone 5, the Korean weigela ering the underside. Its habit is the Arnold Arboretum selected is a good ornamental shrub for upnght with side branches that this prostrate sand cherry from a borders or woodland edges. tend to droop. The species is dioe- stand along the Connecticut River aous, and female plants produce in New Hampshire. Native from Cephalotaxus fortunei 1 inch, bluish-green fruits that age New Brunswick to Quebec and Fortune’s plum yew, as this plant to olive-brown. Hardy to USDA Ontario, south to Massachusetts is commonly known, is native to zone 6, it prefers moist, loamy and New Hampshire, it is a very central and eastern China. The soils, but tolerates heavy clay. Best unusual deciduous woody Arnold Arboretum’s accession grown in light shade, it has been groundcover of medium to rapid 1846-80-A, the parent plant of reported to burn under full winter growth. Once established, it will the distributed clones, was grown sun. It can be used as a specimen, reach 6 to 12 inches in height and from seed collected in 1980 by the for a mass planting or informal several feet in width over a two- Sino-American Botanical Expedi- hedge; it does not attract deer. No to-three-year penod. It roots along tion to western Hubei Province. serious problems are known. its stems, increasing its ability to hold slopes. The dark green foli- age of the growing season is fol- Leventritt Garden Previewed at Flower Show lowed by vibrant crimson fall color. Simple one-inch white flow- ers appear in May and are followed by blue-black fruits in September. Fruits are not showy and are often hidden by the foliage. It is best grown in full sun to partial shade in moisture-retentive soil. In its natural habitat it behaves like other floodplam species, tolerates spring floods as well as the sum- mer droughts that follow. It is insect and disease resistant and hardy to USDA zone 4. Weigela subsessilis This weigela is native to South Korea and has been grown at the Arnold Arboretum since 1977 (AA accession # 1906-77). In con- Visitors to the Arnold Arbore- Staff from the Living Collec- trast to other members of the tum’s award-winning display at tions department replicated a 240- genus, the flowers it produces in the 2002 New England Flower square foot section of the garden, abundance in May are 2 to 3 Show were dazzled by a sneak pre- including 25 feet of fieldstone inches in length and change color view of the soon-to-open M. Vic- wall and trellis structures that gradually from a pale yellow tor and Frances Leventritt Garden supported Clematis montana var. through various shades of pink to of Shrubs and Vines. ~ continued on page 4 New Gates Dedicated at Forest Hills

About 100 area residents celebrated the May 4th opening of the Blackwell Footpath, which spans the Stony Brook Marsh section of the Arbore- tum. Boston Mayor Thomas Menino, members of the Arboretum Park Conservancy, and Arbo- retum Director Robert E. Cook participated in the celebration. The footpath, named for long-time Arbore- tum Park Conservancy member John Blackwell, provides an enjoyable walk between the Forest Hills MBTA station and the South Street gates of the Arboretum The 24-acre parcel of land was formally added to the Arboretum in 1996 and has since been rehabilitated after years of neglect. In keeping with its wetland character, the landscape will remain semiwild. Citizen volunteers orgamzed the Arboretum Park Conservancy, Inc., in the mid 1980s to promote the Arboretum as a public park. The Conservancy encouraged the City of Boston and Conservancy President Matthew J. Kiefer, joined by Boston Harvard University to expand their public- Mayor Thomas Menino and Arboretum Director Robert E. private partnership by protecting the wetland Cook, addresses visitors at the new Forest Hills Gates. and creating the footpath and gates. Funding for the footpath’s design and construc- Massachusetts and the City of Boston. Some 300 tion came from a Federal Transportation Enhance- individual donors and several foundations and chari- ment grant matched by the Commonwealth of table trusts funded the gates at each end of the path.

James Arnold Society Spring Meeting On May 10, 2002, members of the i James Arnold Society lomed ’ Arnold Arboretum gardener Steve ’ ’ Schneider for a tour of the lilac collection. The tour, held two / days prior to Lilac Sunday, show- , cased the collection at its fragrant ’, and floral zenith. Participants ; were also given a preview of the ’i Arboretum’s new shrub and vine , garden by director Bob Cook, followed by lunch in the Hunnewell Bmldmg. The James Arnold Society, I named for the Arboretum’s great benefactor whose bequest enabled the creation of the Arboretum, those who have made recognizes . life income gifts or bequest provi- Arnold Society members enjoy a tour of the lilac collection with Arbore- ~ eantJrtued on page 4 tum gardener Steve Schneider. Volunteers Lead Botanical Adventures for Children

Each year over 3,000 children The Field Study Experiences trees. The traimng will provide come from metropolitan Boston are held in fall and spring. In the guides with all the information classrooms to the Arnold Arbore- fall program-Plants zn Autumn: they need to lead a group. What tum to learn about trees under the How Seeds Travel or Natzve Tree.rl I’m looking for are people who guidance of a crew of affable vol- Natzve Peoples-students explore love children and the natural world. unteers. The Field Study Experi- seed dispersal strategies using the This is a wonderful program and a ences program, which celebrates collections along Meadow Road. great way to gain more knowledge its twentieth anniversary next They also visit the comfer section, of our collections and to share that year, gives children the opportu- learmng to identify trees that knowledge with children." amy to explore the landscape and supported the Eastern Woodland If you would like to learn observe natural phenomena in a peoples who lived here in pre- more about volunteenng as a uniquely structured way. Travel- colonial times. The spring program, school program guide this fall, ing in small groups led by trained Flowers Change, challenges stu- please contact Nancy Sableski at adult volunteers, children can dents to discover what happens to 617.524.1718 x 163. draw and write about trees and flowers as they change into fruit. collect flowers and seeds. The coordinator pro- Nancy Sableski, ~ from page 2 gram is based on hands-on expem- of children’s education, is actively rubens, forced into bloom for the ence with new volunteers for plants, encouraging recruiting Sep- exhibit. A vanety of wild-collected children to and look inside tember open traimng. Nancy observes, plants as well as cultivars selected flowers and seeds or to return to "People often express an interest for horticultural interest filled their classrooms with collections in volunteering but worry that the planting beds-among them, of and resin. don’t know about cones, needles, bark, they enough Cerczs canadensu ’Covey’, an eastern redbud with a weeping habit, and Fothergrlla gardenzz ’Harold Epstem’, 2002 Annual Fall Plant Sale a dwarf form of fothergilla. Infor- mation about the garden, mclud- Sunday, September 15, 2002 ing views of architectural models, The 22nd Annual Fall Plant Sale construction photographs, and a will be held at the Case Estates list of featured plantings, was in Weston, Massachusetts, on also displayed. Sunday, September 15, 2002. A silver medal and a superior This year the sale returns to its commendation certificate for origins as a benefit of member- recently introduced cultivars of ship and will be open only to plants were awarded by the Massa- Friends of the Arnold Arbore- chusetts Horticultural Society for the exhibit. tum. (If you are not a member, eye-catching you may join on the day of the sale and immediately receive free ~ from page 3 plants.) A detailed catalog of sale Living Collections department sions for the Arnold Arboretum. offenngs will be distributed to will be on hand to answer plant- For more information, please con- members this summer along with related questions. As always, park- tact either Anne D. McClmtock, free plant vouchers. ing will be available directly Executive Director, or Amy All sale plants will be woody, across the road from the entrance Goldman, Deputy Director, Arboretum-grown material, dis- to the Case Estates. University Planned Giving, played inside the Case Estates Rain or shine, we hope to see Harvard University, 124 Mt. barn. Members at the sustaining you there! If you have any ques- Auburn Street, Cambndge, MA level ($100) and above will be tions or would like to join the 02138-5762; 800.446.1277 or admitted to the barn at 8 a.m.; Friends of the Arnold Arboretum, 617.495.4647; email: all other members may enter at 9 please contact Anne Jackson at pgoC~harvard.edu; a.m. Members of the Arboretum’s 617.524.1718 x 165. www.haa.harvard.edu/pgo.