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University of Illinois Extension Circular 1374

ACZSUBRARy CONTENTS

Chapter I : Managing Insect Pests in the Home, Yard, and Garden

Insect/Mite Feeding 1

Insect Leftovers 1 Asian Lady Beetle 2 Asian Longhorned Beetle 2 Gypsy Moth 3 Insecticidal Nematodes 4 White Grubs in Turf 5 Termite Control 5

Sources of Information on Insects 7

Table 1. Management Suggestions for Insects in Vegetables 7 Table 1A. Days Between Insecticide Application and Harvest 10

Table 2. Management Suggestions for Insects in Flowers 10 Table 3. Management Suggestions for Insects in Trees and Shrubs 12

Table 4- Management Suggestions for Insects in Lawns 16

Table 5. Management Suggestions for Household Insects 17

Table 6. Names of Insecticides 24

Table 7. Conversion Table for Small Quantities of Insecticide 31

Chapter 2: Controlling Weeds in Home Lawns Weed Life Cycles 33 Lawn Weed Control 34 Weed-Control Groups 37

Table 1. Recommended Turfgrass Planting Combinations for Specific Midwest Sites and Applications 35

Table 2. Suggested Mowing Heights for Commonly Used Turfgrass Species 35 Table 3: Postemergence Herbicide Control of Broadleaved Weeds in Turf 39 Table 4: Timing Applications of Broadleaf Postemergence Herbicides 40

Chapter 3: Controlling Weeds in the Home Garden Prevention 43 Cultivation and Mechanical Removal 43 Mulching 44 Ground Covers 45 Herbicides 45 Pesticide Safety 48 Classification of Herbicides 50

Table 1. Preemergence Herbicides Recommended for Application by Home Gardeners 47 Table 2. Postemergence Herbicides Recommended for Application by Home Gardeners 48 Table 3. Efficacy Ratings of Herbicides Recommended for Application by Home Gardeners 49 Chapter 4: Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Landscape Diagnosis 53 Before You Spray 54 How to Use This Chapter 54 Table 1. Report on Plant Disease Series 56 Table 2. Product Labeled for Turfgrass Diseases 60 Table 3. Disease Symptoms of Flowers and Nonwoody Ornamentals 63

Table 4- Products Labeled for Specific Flowers or Other Nonwoody Ornamentals 65 Table 5. Disease Symptoms of Woody Ornamentals 82 Table 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals 84

Table 7. Pesticides Listed in Tables 2, 4, and 6 103

Chapter 5: Managing Diseases in the Home Vegetable Garden Disease Control Before Planting 105 Cultural Practices 107 Disease Control During the Growing Season 107 Principal Diseases of Vegetables and Recommended Control Measures 108 Key to Seed Sources 122

Table 1. Disease-Resistant/Tolerant Bean Varieties 110

Table 2. Disease-Resistant/Tolerant Cabbage Varieties Ill Table 3. Disease-Resistant/Tolerant Muskmelon Varieties 112 Table 4- Disease-Resistant/Tolerant Watermelon Varieties 112 Table 5. Disease-Resistant/Tolerant Cucumber Varieties 113

Table 6. Disease-Resistant Pea Varieties 113

Table 7. Disease-Resistant/Tolerant Pepper Varieties 115

Table 8. Disease-Resistant Sweet Corn Varieties 118 Table 9. Disease-Resistant/Tolerant Tomato Varieties 119 Table 10. Fungicides for Use by Vegetable Gardeners 120

Chapter 6: Managing Pests in Home Fruit Plantings Production Tips 125 Disease-Resistant Apple Trees 125 Insecticides and Fungicides 126 Instructions and Tips for Spraying 129 Preventing Mouse Damage 130 Preventing Rabbit Damage 131 Preventing Bird Damage 131 Additional Information 131

Table 1. Approximate Amount of Spray Required for Fruit Trees of Various Sizes 130

Table 2. Spray Schedule for Apples, Crabapples, Pears, and Quinces 132

Table 3. Spray Schedule for Grapes 133

Table 4- Spray Schedule for Blueberries 133

Table 5. Spray Schedule for Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Plums, and Cherries 134

Table 6. Spray Schedule for Strawberries 135

Table 7. Spray Schedule for Brambles (Blackberries and Raspberries) 136

Table 8. Relative Effectiveness of Selected Fungicides Against Specific Diseases of Various Fruit Crops 137 Chapter 7: Integrated Pest Management and Pesticide Safety

Integrated Pest Management for Homeowners 139 Pesticides in the Environment 143 Labels 149

What Information Is Found on a Pesticide Label 149 Human Pesticide Protection 149 Understanding Pesticides 155 Pesticide Characteristics 155

Table 1. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Types and Insect Groups They Are Used On 141 Table 2. Natural Enemies That Can Be Found in Landscapes and Gardens or Purchased 142 Table 3. Plants That Can Be Used in Landscapes and Gardens to Attract Natural Enemies 145 Table 4. Pesticide Label Signal Woods 151 Table 5. Pesticide Formulations 158 Table 6. Tank Sprayers 159

Table 7. Granular Applicators 162

Appendix: Plant Clinic Data Form 165

MANAGING INSECT PESTS IN THE HOME, YARD, AND GARDEN

Insect/Mite Feeding

Insects and mites that attack ornamental plants feed in various ways. The five major feeding behaviors are chewing, sucking, mining, boring, and galling. Chewing insects (beetles, caterpillars, grasshoppers, earwigs, and weevils) physically remove portions of plants, such as leaves, or consume entire plants. Sucking insects/mites (aphids, whiteflies, mealybugs, scales, leafhoppers, and spider mites) possess mouthparts that are inserted

into the plant to remove fluids. They generally cause plants to stunt and wilt. In addition, many sucking insects transmit plant viruses. Mining insects (beetles, caterpillars,

wasps, and flies) create tunnels on plant leaves or stems as they feed below the leaf surface. Wood-boring insects (beetles, caterpillars, and wasps) feed within the food- and water-conducting portions of plants, causing plant stunting, wilting, and possibly death. Galling insects/mites (aphids, thrips, eriophyid mites, adelgids, and cynipid wasps) exist within the internal portions of plants, creating outgrowths on leaves and branches. Galls, in general, are not harmful to plants. Pest-management options depend on the feeding behavior of the insect or mite. Chewers, suckers, and miners are generally easier to manage, especially with pest-control materials such as insecticides, because they are exposed. In addition, they are more susceptible to natural enemies (parasitic wasps and predators). In contrast, borers and gallers are protected within the plant, which makes control very difficult.

Insect Leftovers

To properly diagnose an insect problem on ornamental plants, it is best to actually see

the organism causing the problem. However, sometimes it is possible to rely on "insect leftovers" as a way to determine the cause of a problem. Insects can leave subtle reminders or remains that indicate their presence. Most insect leftovers are a direct result of insects' feeding on plants; however, they may leave evidence from the normal process of molting (shedding of old outer skin) as a result of getting larger or changing into

another life form. Aphids, for example, leave white cast skins as evidence of molting. These cast skins may be mistaken for whiteflies or dead aphids.

The information in this chapter is provided for educational purposes only. Product trade names have been used for clarity, but

reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the University of Illinois; discrimination is not intended against any

product. The reader is urged to exercise caution in making purchases or evaluating product information.

Label registrations can change at any time. Thus the recommendations in this chapter may become invalid. The

user must read carefully the entire, most recent label and follow all directions and restrictions. Purchase only enough pesticide for the current growing season. Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

Many insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts (aphids, whiteflies, soft scales, and mealybugs) produce a clear, sticky liquid called honeydew as evidence of their presence. The reason these types of insects produce honeydew (sometimes in large

quantities) is that they require protein (in the form of amino acids) for development. However, to obtain their normal requirement, they must consume large amounts of plant sap. Plant sap contains an assortment of other materials in larger

quantities than amino acids. The excess is then excreted as honeydew.

Honeydew is a problem for several reasons. First, it can attract stinging insects (for example, wasps, hornets, and yellowjackets), which may lead to an increased inci-

dence of people getting stung. Second, it attracts carpenter and other ants, which protect piercing-sucking insects such as aphids from natural enemies (for example,

Colorado potato beetle parasitic wasps and predators). Third, it is an excellent growing medium for black sooty mold fungi, which may reduce the plants' ability to manufacture food. Chewing insects, especially caterpillars, may leave evidence of their presence in the

form of fecal material or frass deposits. This is the excess, similar to piercing-sucking

insects, that is excreted, as caterpillars tend to consume more than they can use.

For example, a gypsy moth can consume 1 square foot of leaf material per day,

which results in the production of tremendous amounts of frass. Insects such as lace bugs and thrips tend to leave black, hardened fecal deposits

on the undersides of leaves. This type of insect leftover is characteristic of these insects and helps in identification. Many wood-boring insects leave very noticeable leftovers when they infest a plant. This occurs when the larvae tunnel within the plant or when adults use their chew-

ing mouthparts to create emergence openings. An excellent way to determine if

wood-boring insects are the problem is to look for the presence of sawdust-like

deposits (also known as wood shavings) at the base of plants or below entry sites. These are just a sample of insect leftovers from some general insect groups. So,

although it is best to have the actual insect causing the problem to make an accu-

rate diagnosis, using insect leftovers is another way to possibly identify the problem.

Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle

The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis, is a native of Asia and was introduced in the southeastern United States to deal with aphids on pecan trees.

However, it spread rapidly to other portions of the United States. It is a tree-dwelling lady beetle and a very good predator of aphids and scales. The pair of white, oval markings directly behind the head, which forms a black M-shaped pattern, can distinguish the multicolored Asian lady beetle from other species of lady beetles. Adults are

3 V4 inch long, /i6 mcn wide, and yellow to orange in color. In addition, the body is usually covered with 19 black spots. Adults can live for 2 to 3 years. There are multiple

generations per year. The multicolored Asian lady beetle is a nuisance pest because the adults tend to congregate and overwinter inside buildings in large numbers. Although

Multicolored Asian lady beetle it may bite, it does not injure humans, nor can it breed or reproduce indoors. It is attracted to lights and light-colored buildings, especially to the warm, south side. Beetles can be prevented from entering homes by caulking or sealing cracks and crevices. Beetles already in homes can be physically removed by vacuuming or

sweeping. Commercially available indoor light traps can be effective. If crushed, the beetles leave a stain. The dust produced from an accumulation of dead multicolored Asian lady beetles behind wall voids may trigger allergies or asthma in people. Insecticides are not recommended for use indoors.

Asian Longhorned Beetle

The Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis , is native to China, where it feeds on many different types of hardwood trees. The beetle feeds on maples (Acer spp.), including boxelder, sugar, silver, red, and Norway maples. Additional hosts ONE • Managing Insect Pests in the Home, Yard, and Garden are horsechestnut, black locust, and ash trees, as well as elms, birches, willows, and poplars. The beetle was first reported in New York in 1996. It was then found in

Chicago in 1998. It arrived in wooden crating material containing goods from China and other areas of east Asia.

3 The adult Asian longhorned beetle is about /4 inch to 1 V4 inches long. Its shiny black body is covered with about 40 white spots, predominantly on its abdomen. Its long antennae are one-and-a-half to two-and-a-half times its body length, with black and white rings on each segment. The feet have a blue tinge.

The female chews holes in the bark of trees to lay eggs. Each female is capable of laying from 30 to 70 eggs. After she has laid the eggs, she covers them with bark, and plant sap may flow from these wounds. The eggs hatch into white, wormlike larvae that bore into tree trunks and branches. Larval tunneling can girdle tree

3 stems and branches. Later, beetles chew their way out, leaving exit holes /s to V2 inch in diameter. The egg-laying and emergence holes generally occur on the upper side of branches. Adults are active from May to October, but they can be found earlier in spring or later in fall if temperatures are warm. During the rest of the year, they are located deep within infested trees. A generation usually takes one year, and they have no natural enemies in the United States.

If you find an Asian longhorned beetle, contact your local Extension office or the Illinois Department of Agriculture. For additional information on the Asian longhorned beetle, consult the following Web site: Asian longhorned beetle http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/alb/

Gypsy Moth

The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, is a leaf-feeding insect that is a serious threat to many forest and ornamental trees. It is native to Europe, southern Asia, and Africa. Gypsy moth has spread throughout the northeastern and midwestern portions of the United States, infesting and defoliating millions of acres. Gypsy moths spread from infested to uninfested areas by being transported by people. The egg masses and other life stages can be found on cars, recreational vehicles, firewood, nursery stock, children's outdoor toys, and outdoor household furniture. It is important that these items be thoroughly inspected before returning home from a gypsy moth-infested area. The severity of a gypsy moth invasion cannot be understated, as continued defoliation of homes, landscapes, urban parks, and recreational areas may have a significant economic impact on the state by reducing home values and tourism.

Gypsy moth is a regulated pest, which means that federal and state agencies are responsible for monitoring and implementing control efforts in areas infested with gypsy moth.

Gypsy moth undergoes four developmental life stages; these are the egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa, and adult. Gypsy moth females lay between 500 and 1,000 eggs Gypsy moth larva in sheltered areas, such as underneath the bark of trees. The eggs are covered with a dense mass of tan- or buff-colored hairs. The eggs are the overwintering stage of the insect. Eggs are attached to trees, houses, or any outdoor objects. The eggs hatch in spring into caterpillars. Gypsy moth caterpillars possess five pairs of blue dots followed by six pairs of red dots lining the back. In addition, they are covered with hairs. Young caterpillars spread to new locations by crawling to the tops of trees, where they spin silken thread and are caught on wind currents. The caterpillar stage eats the leaves of trees. They can consume tremendous amounts of leaf material. As a result, they produce a large amount of frass. When populations reach outbreak proportions, the caterpillars can completely defoliate host trees over a wide geographic area. Repeated defoliation over several years can have devastating effects, often leading to tree stress and death. Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

Gypsy moths have a wide host range, which includes oaks, crabapple, linden,

poplar, beech, willow, birch, sweetgum, and hawthorn. Trees less susceptible to

attack are ash, sycamore, honeylocust, dogwood, junipers, yew, lilac, arborvitae, and tulip tree. Conifers, such as pine and spruce, are more susceptible to death than deciduous trees because they don't produce another flush of growth once defoliated. As a result, conifers can die after one severe defoliation. In early summer, gypsy moth enters a pupal stage. They are primarily located in

sheltered areas such as tree-bark crevices or leaf litter. Adult gypsy moths are present from July into August. Females have white- to cream-colored wings, a tan body, and

a 2-inch wingspan. Female gypsy moths cannot fly. Males, which are smaller than females, with a 172'rnch wingspan, are dark brown and have feathery antennae. Both the adult female and male can be identified by the inverted V-shape that points to a dot on the wings. Gypsy moth has only one generation per year.

The only way to manage gypsy moths is to arrest their migration. The main

strategy to manage gypsy moth movement is called slow-the-spread (STS), which is designed to delay the amount of territory invaded, through trapping and applying insecticides. To prevent further spread, before moving out of an infested area, be

sure to visually inspect all vehicles and outdoor items to prevent transporting gypsy moth to uninfested areas. To determine the spread of gypsy moth, federal and state agencies conduct com- prehensive trapping programs. This monitoring provides a means of determining

the potential infestation of an area and if a quarantine should be implemented. Gypsy moth adults When large numbers of gypsy moths are detected in traps, then an area may be designated as quarantined.

Insecticidal Nematodes

Insecticidal nematodes, also called entomopathogenic nematodes, only attack insects and their relatives. The infective juvenile stage of the nematode usually enters a natural opening of the insect, such as the mouth, anus, or spiracle. (Spiracles are openings used by the insect for breathing.) Once inside the insect, the nematode

penetrates the gut lining or air tube, releasing bacteria. These bacteria attack and feed on the blood and other body tissues of the insect, causing death within 2 days. Insecticidal nematodes are rather fragile animals, being very susceptible to drying and to the ultraviolet rays in sunlight. For this reason, insecticidal nematodes

are most effective in the soil and tunnels of boring insects, where they are protected from dry air and sunlight.

Steinernema carpocapsae is sold as Biosafe. It is most effective against very active

insects near the soil surface, such as cutworms, armyworms, sod webworms, and other soil-living caterpillars.

Heterorhabditis bacteriophora is commonly called Hb nematode in trade literature

and is sold under the trade names Cruiser and Gardens Alive Hb Nematodes. It

searches through the soil for hosts, which makes it more effective than Steinernema

carpocapsae against less active insects such as white grubs, black vine weevil larvae, and fungus gnat larvae.

Application of insecticidal nematodes is normally recommended for late in the

day, preferably after 3 p.m., when the sun is low enough to reduce evaporation and intense sunlight. For turf applications, the turf should be wetted both before and immediately after application to reduce the chances of the nematodes' drying out

and dying. Similarly, sufficient irrigation, usually at least V2 inch, is needed to move the nematodes into the soil, where they are protected from both drying and

ultraviolet light. Levels of control with insecticidal nematodes can be quite high, but 60 to 70

percent control is more common in turf applications. This level of control is usually ONE • Managing Insect Pests in the Home, Yard, and Garden enough to reduce pest numbers below damaging levels. Although insecticidal nematodes are living organisms and reproduce in attacked insects, they should be used as conventional insecticides are used: Apply them when control is needed. Do not expect the nematodes to survive in the soil from year to year in sufficient numbers to provide a high level of control. Being living organisms, insecticidal nematodes are exempt from many of the US EPA's pesticide regulations. Tests have shown them to be harmless to mammals.

This trait allows them to be introduced into the market much more quickly than chemical insecticides. However, they avoid much of the consumer protection provided by pesticide registration. When using a new insecticidal nematode or one under an unfamiliar label, try it out on a small area to be sure that you are satisfied with the results before applying it to a large area.

White Grubs in Turf

The primary white grubs that attack turfgrass in Illinois are the masked chafers, also known as annual white grubs, and Japanese beetle. Both have a 1-year life cycle.

Eggs are typically laid in the first half of July and hatch by early August. The C- shaped, white larvae feed on grass roots, causing the turf to turn brown from mid-

August through the fall. Because the roots have been eaten off, the turf is easily pulled up, exposing the white grubs lying in the root zone. Adult masked chafers and Japanese beetles do not lay very many eggs in dry soil or under tree canopies. Thus, white grubs can be prevented by reducing watering in late June, allowing the turf to become dormant and brownish. It will green back up with rains or watering in August. This approach is probably the most effective nonchemical control of these insects.

In areas where rains have been infrequent and unwatered turf is dry and brownish, preventive treatments for white grubs are justified in irrigated turf, particularly where there is a history of grub problems. Halofenozide or imidicloprid should be applied by the end of July. Both of these insecticides are effective but take 3 weeks to kill the grubs.

In areas where unwatered turf is green due to summer rainfall, there are still likely to be spots where grubs are numerous enough to cause turf damage in August through the fall, especially in areas where Japanese beetle occurs. Browning of turf from white grub root feeding is more likely if there is a prolonged dry period in the fall. To keep on top of the situation, scout for grubs in early August, when most of the eggs should be hatched. White grub Scout for white grubs by cutting through the turf with a heavy knife. Pull back the turf and count the white grubs in the root zone. Lightly till the soil with the knife to check for grubs a couple of inches deeper. If the soil is not moist in the root zone, this step is particularly important because the grubs move deeper to find moisture. If you find 10 to 12 or more grubs per square foot, treatment is justified.

Raccoons, skunks, and birds cause turf damage searching for grubs. If these animals are numerous in the area and you've experienced this type of damage before, realize that these mammals dig when as few as three to five grubs per square foot are present. To treat for grubs found in early August or later, use a quick-acting insecticide such as trichlorfon or diazinon.

Termite Control

Termites are capable of causing extensive, expensive damage to houses and other buildings. They remove wood from the inside, leaving no holes or sawdust on the outside, which makes their presence difficult to detect. In addition, Illinois termites are subterranean, that is, they live in underground colonies and can attack a house from a colony located several houses away. Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

Nonchemical control options for termites are listed in Table 5. Do-it-yourself chemical-control options for the homeowner are few. Octoborates, sold as Tim-bor

and Bora-Care, can be sprayed or painted onto wood to protect it from termites,

other wood-boring insects, and wood rot. Jecta is the trade name of a product that can be injected into the wood. Octoborates permanently protect the wood. Because octoborates are very water soluble, treated surfaces exposed to rain should be protected with a coat of paint or varnish.

Permethrin is available to the homeowner for spot-treatment of termite infesta-

tions. Sulfluramid, sold as Terminate, is a preventive baiting system available to homeowners. Homeowners can treat an infestation of termites themselves in an old stump, fence, landscape timbers, mailbox post, small shed, or other small structure. In cases where termites are attacking a house or other valuable building, we strongly recommend that a professional pest-control operator be hired to do the job. Although the cost of a professional treatment may appear expensive to some homeowners, proper termite control involves specialized knowledge, considerable labor cost, and (in the case of barrier treatments) specialized equipment.

There are two major options for termite control, barrier treatments and baits. Termite Termite Conventional (barrier) treatments involve treating the soil from the top of the foun- worker soldier dation footer to near the soil surface with an insecticide. To provide uniform cover-

age underground, the insecticide is usually injected every foot along the outside and Termites inside of the foundation. Most systems effectively keep out termites for 5 years or longer. Barrier treatments are meant to protect the structure from termite attack. They do not directly eliminate the colony, although the loss of termite workers coming to a treated building could affect the colony. Insecticides used include

• bifenthrin (Talstar)

• cypermethrin (Demon)

• fenvalerate (Tribute)

• fipronil (Termidor)

• imidacloprid (Premise)

• permethrin (Dragnet, Permethrin Pro, Prelude)

Baits rely on the termite workers' encountering the bait placed in the ground around the building or across a tunnel indoors. The bait, either a slow-acting insec-

ticide or an insect-hormone mimic (insect-growth regulator), is taken back to the

Antenna colony by the workers where it severely weakens or kills the colony. Baits used not "elbowed include

• diflubenzuron (Labyrinth bait used in the Exterra system)

Middle part of Wings similar In shop*, • hexaflumeron (Recruit bait used in the Sentricon system) body not narrow sue, and patttrn — many small veini • sulfluramid (FirstLine system, Terminate system) Termite Both the Sentricon and Exterra bait systems are used as stand-alone systems for Winged termite existing termite infestations and for termite prevention. FirstLine and Terminate are used alone for termite prevention but should be used in conjunction with spot barrier treatments for existing termite infestations. In cases of known termite infestations, pest-control operators may opt to combine a barrier treatment with either Exterra or Sentricon bait systems, depending on the situation. Again, proper termite

control in a house or other valuable building is best conducted by a professional pest-control operator.

Authors

P. Nixon and R. Cloyd

Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences ONE * Managing Insect Pests in the Home, Yard, and Garden

Sources of Information on Insects

Fact sheets describing the life history, habits, and damage of specific insects and nonchemical methods of management can be obtained from your local Extension office. These fact sheets are indicated by the NHE number in the tables of this chapter.

TABLE I. Management Suggestions for Insects in Vegetables

Insect Crop Strategies Insecticide

Aphids (NHE-47) most garden crops Nonchemical. Use forceful water acephate Mites (NHE-58) sprays to knock pests off plants. insecticidal soap Thrips Encourage natural enemies. malathion Chemical. Apply on foliage to control the insects. Aphids and leafhoppers transmit plant diseases;

early control is important. Mites web on the underside of leaves; apply insecticide to underside of

leaves early, before extensive webbing occurs.

Blister beetles (NHE-72) most garden crops Nonchemical. For cutworms, carbaryl Cutworms (NHE-77) attach collars of paper, aluminum permethrin

Flea beetles (NHE-36) foil, or metal at planting for small rotenone Grasshoppers (NHE-74) numbers of plants. For picnic bee-

Leafhoppers (NHE-22) tles, pick and destroy overripe or Picnic beetles (NHE-40) damaged vegetables. Chemical. Apply to base of plants

at first sign of cutting by cutworms. Control grasshoppers in garden borders when hoppers are small.

All cabbage worms (NHE-45) cabbage and related Chemical. Presence of white Bacillus thuringiensis crops, salad crops, butterflies signals start of infesta- kurstakia leafy vegetables tion. Control worms when small. permethrin

It is almost impossible to raise cole crops in Illinois without controlling these pests.

Hornworms (NHE- 130) tomatoes Nonchemical. Handpicking usu- Bacillus thuringiensis Fruitworms ally provides satisfactory control kurstakia of hornworms. Without treatment, carbaryl

fruitworms usually damage less permethrin than 5% of the crop, so treatment may not be justified. Chemical. For fruitworms, apply to late-maturing tomatoes 3 or 4 times at 4- to 10-day intervals from small-fruit stage.

aNo time limitations.

_ 8 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE I. Management Suggestions for Insects in Vegetables (cont.)

Insect Crop Strategies Insecticide

Earworms (NHE-33) sweet corn Nonchemical. If corn is harvested carbaryl by the end of July in the northern cyfluthrin

half of Illinois, damage is usually permethrin avoided. Chemical. Apply at fresh-silk stage to early and late corn every 2 days, 4 or 5 times (carbaryl); or every 5 days, 2 or 3 times (permethrin).

Colorado potato beetles eggplant, potatoes, Nonchemical. Insects are usually Bacillus thuringiensis tomatoes present only in late May and June. tenebrionisa Handpick larvae and adults off carbaryl plants. cyfluthrin permethrin rotenone

Potato leafhoppers (NHE-22) potatoes, beans Chemical. Apply 3 or 4 times at permethrin weekly intervals starting in late May or early June. Late potatoes and beans require additional treatments. These pests are the most

serious for potatoes in Illinois.

Bean leaf beetles (NHE-67) beans Nonchemical. Plant late enough carbaryl so that farmers' soybeans emerge rotenone before garden beans, making over-

wintering beetles less of a problem. Chemical. Leaves are riddled in early plantings. Apply once or

twice as needed. Harvest is not

affected if less than 20% of foliage

is eaten. They also feed on pods.

Mexican bean beetles beans Chemical. Except for southern carbaryl

Illinois, a pest only of late beans. rotenone

Harvest is not affected if less than

20% of foliage is eaten. Apply insecticide to underside of leaves.

Cucumber beetles (NHE-46) vine crops Nonchemical. In the spring, cover carbaryl plants with polyester row covers rotenone

until blooming starts. Chemical. Apply as soon as beetles appear in spring. When blos- soming begins, apply insecticide late in the day so as not to inter- fere with pollination by bees.

aNo time limitations. ONE • Managing Insect Pests in the Home, Yard, and Garden

TABLE I. Management Suggestions for Insects in Vegetables (cont.)

Insect Crop Strategies I nsec ticide

Corn rootworm beetles sweet corn Chemical. Apply to green silks carbaryl every 2 or 3 days while beetles are cyfluthrin

present and clipping silks. Cease

treatments when silks turn brown.

Squash bug squash Nonchemical. Handpick masses of permethrin reddish brown eggs on leaf under- sabadilla sides. Keep garden free of debris and lay down boards. During the day, remove boards and remove hiding bugs. Chemical. Treat bugs with sabadilla dust.

Squash vine borers (NHE-8) squash Nonchemical. In the spring, cover carbaryl plants with polyester row covers permethrin

until blooming starts. Plant sec- rotenone

ond crop in early July. Chemical. Make weekly applications to crowns and runners when plants begin to vine. Apply late in the day.

Slugs all Nonchemical. Reduce mulches, iron phosphate compost, and other organic matter. metaldehyde

Chemical. Apply as bait to soil.

Soil insects (including grubs, Nonchemical. Cover the soil with wire worms, root maggots) screening along rows of root maggot-susceptible plants in the springtime. For grubs and wire- worms, control grassy weeds and avoid root crops in new garden

space that had been turf.

Whiteflies tomato, squash, Nonchemical. Use forceful water insecticidal soap others sprays to knock pests off plants. Place yellow sticky traps near infested foliage to trap and eliminate adults. Chemical. Make 2 applications 5 to 7 days apart when large numbers are present.

dNo time limitations. 1 »

10 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE I A. Days Between Insecticide Application and Harvest

in (X O O1-1 ^T rt P- M O o T3 4-1 t2

carbaryl 14 14 3 — 3

malathion 7 1 14 7 5 3 1 1 3 3 3

permethrin — — — 1 1 — — — — 3 — 7

rotenone — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — 1 1 1

— = insecticide not labeled for that crop.

aTo avoid bee kill, apply insecticides late in the day, after blossoms have closed.

TABLE 2. Management Suggestions for Insects in Flowers

Insect Strategies Insecticide

Aphids, mealybugs, spittle- Nonchemical. Encourage natural enemies. acephate bugs, scales (NHE-7, -114) Chemical. Spray foliage thoroughly. Repeat treatments may be needed. disulfoton imidacloprid insecticidal soap malathion

Blister beetles (NHE-72) Chemical. Spray foliage. Repeat treatments may be needed. carbaryl cyfluthrin

Caterpillars, including Nonchemical. Handpick caterpillars off plants, acephate

painted lady, woolly-bears, Chemical. Spray foliage. Repeat treatments if needed, Bacillus thuringiensis and other leaf-feeding cater- kurstaki pillars carbaryl cyfluthrin

Cutworms (NHE-77) Nonchemical. Small numbers of plants may be protected with collars esfenvalerate

of paper, aluminum foil, or metal. permethrin Chemical. Apply to base of plants. Do not spray on plant foliage.

Earwigs (NHE-142) Nonchemical. Reduce mulches. Trap earwigs in pieces of garden hose carbaryl or rolled-up newspaper. Dump captured earwigs into soapy water. Chemical. Spray foliage as needed. Do not spray blooms.

Grasshoppers (NHE-74) Chemical. Spray foliage, also adjacent grassy or weedy areas. carbaryl

Note: Use only one insecticide from those listed. Do not use oil-based sprays on plants. Do not use malathion on African violets. Do not use carbaryl on Boston ivy. Do not use diazinon on ferns. Repeated use of carbaryl foliage sprays may cause mite or aphid infestations to increase and to become damaging. Do not use insecticides during full bloom. Do not use dimethoate on chrysanthemums. 1

• ONE Managing Insect Pests in the Home, Yard, and Garden 1

TABLE 2. Management Suggestions for Insects in Flowers (cont.)

Insect Strategies Insecticide

Iris borer Nonchemical. Tall bearded iris tolerates borer attack. Other, smaller- dimethoate

corm varieties are less likely to get borers but are devastated if borers attack.

Chemical. Apply in April when leaves are 5 to 6 inches tall. Make only one application. Add a small amount of liquid detergent to spray mix to improve coverage on leaves.

Japanese beetles and other Chemical. Spray foliage. Repeat treatments if needed. carbaryl leaf-feeding beetles cyfluthrin I

Mites Nonchemical. Use forceful water sprays to knock mites off plants. bifenthrin Chemical. Spray foliage. Repeat in 5 days. dicofol hexakis insecticidal soap

Plant bugs, leafhoppers Chemical. Spray foliage. Repeat treatments if needed. acephate carbaryl cyfluthrin

Slugs (NHE-84) Nonchemical. Remove old leaves, stalks, poles, boards, and other iron phosphate debris where slugs like to hide and lay eggs. Copper edging repels slugs. metaldehyde bait

Chemical. Apply as a bait to soil.

Stalk borers (NHE-24) Nonchemical. Remove weeds to eliminate hosts of young borers. acephate Chemical. Spray foliage thoroughly and frequently. carbaryl

Thrips Nonchemical. Encourage natural enemies by avoiding unnecessary acephate insecticide use. insecticidal soap Chemical. Spray foliage thoroughly.

Whiteflies (NHE-136) Nonchemical. Place yellow sticky traps near infested foliage to trap acephate and eliminate adults. disulfoton Chemical. Spray foliage thoroughly. Repeat in 5 days. insecticidal soap pyrethrin resmethrin

1 Note: Use only one insecticide from those listed. Do not use oil-based sprays on plants. Do not use malathion on African violets. Do not use carbaryl on Boston

| ivy. Do not use diazinon on ferns. Repeated use of carbaryl foliage sprays may cause mite or aphid infestations to increase and to become damaging. Do not use insecticides during full bloom. Do not use dimethoate on chrysanthemums. 12 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 3. Management Suggestions for Insects in Trees and Shrubs

Insect Strategies Insecticide

Aphids (NHE-7) Nonchemical. Use forceful water sprays to knock aphids off acephate plants. Encourage natural enemies. imidacloprid Chemical. Spray foliage thoroughly, with force, when aphids insecticidal soap become numerous. Repeat as needed. Check for presence of lady malathion beetles and other predators before spraying.

Bagworms (NHE-6) Nonchemical. Handpicking of bags in winter and early spring Bacillus thuringiensis reduces later infestations. kurstaki Chemical. Spray foliage thoroughly. Apply in late June. Later cyfluthrin

sprays are less effective.

Borers: Nonchemical. Keep the tree healthy and vigorous, and avoid lindane Ash (NHE-145), lilac wounds or injury to the trunk. Prune out large lilac trunks. (NHE-145), peach tree Chemical. Spray trunk and limbs in early to mid-June or when

a bridal wreath spirea is in full to late bloom. Repeat 2 weeks later.

Asian longhorned beetle Report sightings to your local Extension office.

Bronze birch (NHE- 143) Nonchemical. Keep trees watered during the summer. Keep trees lindane healthy and vigorous. Chemical. Apply to trunk and limbs in mid-May or when bridal wreath spirea3 finishes bloom. Repeat twice at 2-week intervals.

Flatheaded apple tree, oak Nonchemical. Keep trees healthy and vigorous and avoid trunk lindane wounds. Chemical. Spray trunk and/or limbs in mid-May or when bridal wreath spirea3 blooms have mostly turned brown. Repeat 2 weeks

later.

Cankerworms (NHE-95) Chemical. Spray foliage when feeding or worms are first noticed acephate in spring. Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki carbaryl

Eastern tent caterpillars Nonchemical. Remove nests at night and destroy. same as for

Chemical. Spray when nests are first noticed. cankerworms

Elm leaf beetles (NHE-82) Chemical. Spray as soon as damage is noticed. acephate Bacillus thuringiensis

tenebrionis carbaryl

Note: Use only one insecticide of those listed. Do not use acephate on flowering crab, sugar maple, red maple, redbud, American elm, Lombardy poplar, or cottonwood. Do not use carbaryl on Boston ivy. Do not use diazinon on ferns or hibiscus. Do not use malathion on canaert red cedar. >Spiraea x vanhouttei. hCatalpa speciosa. c The following may be damaged by petroleum oil in some situations: beech, Japanese holly, redbud, spruce, Savin juniper, Douglas fir. The following are usually damaged by petroleum oil: maples, hickories, smoke-tree, black walnut, many azaleas. Do not spray petroleum oil on bald cypress. ^Daucus carota. ^Magnolia x soulangiana. .

ONE • Managing Insect Pests in the Home, Yard, and Garden 13

TABLE 3. Management Suggestions for Insects in Trees and Shrubs (cont.)

Insect Strategies Insecticide

European pine shoot moths, Chemical. Spray ends of branches thoroughly in late June or acephate Nantucket pine moths (NHE- when catalpab blooms for European species and in mid-May for cyfluthrin 83) Nantucket species. dimethoate

Fall webworms Nonchemical. Clip off and destroy infested branches. acephate

Chemical. Spray when first webs appear. Make sure spray pene- Bacillus thuringiensis trates webbing. kurstaki carbaryl Galls (NHE-80, -81): Oak, hickory, hackberry, Leaf galls are not harmful to the tree. Treatments are not maple bladder leaf galls warranted.

Cooley spruce, eastern Chemical. Apply in late September or October; or in early spring, dimethoate spruce just after budbreak.

Gouty oak, horned oak Nonchemical. Prune galls out of young trees. On older trees,

pruning is not practical.

Gypsy moth Nonchemical. Remove egg masses and put into soapy water. Bacillus thuringiensis Wrap burlap around trunk; remove trapped caterpillars, pupae, kurstaki and moths daily. soybean spray oil Chemical. Spray B.t.k. when caterpillars are small—usually when oak leaves are about half-expanded. Spray egg masses with soy-

bean spray oil.

Imported willow leaf beetles Chemical. Spray when larvae and foliage are small. Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis carbaryl

Japanese beetle Nonchemical. Handpick, particularly when beetles first emerge. acephate Traps can result in more damage in heavily infested areas. carbaryl

Chemical. Spray foliage. Repeat treatments if needed. cyfluthrin esfenvalerate

Lace bugs: Oak, sycamore Chemical. Spray when nymphs appear. However, lace bugs rarely acephate are numerous enough to warrant treatment. carbaryl malathion Leaf miners:

Boxwood, hawthorn, oak Chemical. Leaf miners usually do not harm the tree. Spray foliage acephate

thoroughly when miners first appear. Repeat treatment in 10 to

1 2 days. Do not use acephate on boxwood.

Note: Use only one insecticide of those listed. Do not use acephate on flowering crab, sugar maple, red maple, redbud, American elm, Lombardy poplar, or cottonwood. Do not use carbaryl on Boston ivy. Do not use diazinon on ferns or hibiscus. Do not use malathion on canaert red cedar. '•'Spiraea x vanhouttei. hCatalpa speciosa. c The following may be damaged by petroleum oil in some situations: beech, Japanese holly, redbud, spruce, Savin juniper, Douglas fir. The following are usually damaged by petroleum oil: maples, hickories, smoke-tree, black walnut, many azaleas. Do not spray petroleum oil on bald cypress. d Daucus carota. eMagnolia x soulangiana 14 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 3. Management Suggestions for Insects in Trees and Shrubs (cont.)

Insect Strategies Insecticide

Leaf miners: (cont.) Birch, holly Chemical. Spray foliage. Repeat treatment in 3 weeks. acephate dimethoate

Mealybugs Nonchemical. Encourage natural enemies by avoiding unneces- acephate sary insecticide use. insecticidal soap Chemical. Spray foliage thoroughly and with force. Repeat in malathion

2 weeks. petroleum oil as summer-oil sprayc

Mimosa webworms (NHE-109) Nonchemical. Physically remove and destroy nests. acephate

Chemical. Spray foliage thoroughly when first nests appear (June, Bacillus thuringiensis July). A repeat treatment for second-generation larval feeding kurstaki may be needed (August). cyfluthrin

Periodical cicadas (NHE-113) Nonchemical. Protect very young trees (less than 2-inch diameter) with screening around the trunk. Treatment not recommended on older trees because they will grow out of damage.

Plant bugs Chemical. Spray when nymphs appear in spring. acephate carbaryl

Potato leafhopper Chemical. Spray in early summer when damage is first appearing acephate

and leafhoppers are present. Repeat if necessary. Leafhoppers will cyfluthrin

reduce tree growth but not harm tree health, so control is not usually needed.

Sawflies Nonchemical. Handpicking is effective. carbaryl

Chemical. Spray as soon as worms or damage is evident.

Scales (NHE-100, -114,-144, Nonchemical. Cottony maple scale is naturally controlled by the acephate

-146) twice-stabbed lady beetle. Avoid insecticide use if beetles are insecticidal soap present. malathion

Chemical. Spray foliage when crawlers are present for ( 1 ) pine needle petroleum oil as c scale in late May when bridal wreath spirea is in late bloom or has summer-oil spray finished bloom; (2) oystershell scale in late May when bridal wreath

spirea is in late bloom or has finished bloom; (3) euonymous scale in early June when catalpab starts to bloom; (4) cottony maple scale in d mid-July when Queen Anne's lace is blooming; (5) spruce bud scale

in mid-July when Queen Anne's lace is blooming; (6) oystershell

scale again in August when Queen Anne's lace is blooming.

Note: Use only one insecticide of those listed. Do not use acephate on flowering crab, sugar maple, red maple, redbud, American elm, Lombardy poplar, or cottonwood. Do not use carbaryl on Boston ivy. Do not use diazinon on ferns or hibiscus. Do not use malathion on canaert red cedar. "Spiraea x vanhouttei. hCatalpa speciosa. c The following may be damaged by petroleum oil in some situations: beech, Japanese holly, redbud, spruce, Savin juniper, Douglas fir. The following are usually damaged by petroleum oil: maples, hickories, smoke-tree, black walnut, many azaleas. Do not spray petroleum oil on bald cypress. ^Daucus carota. ''Magnolia x soulangiana. ONE • Managing Insect Pests in the Home, Yard, and Garden 15

TABLE 3. Management Suggestions for Insects in Trees and Shrubs (cont.)

Insect Strategies Insecticide

Scales (cont.) Apply when plants are still dormant in late winter to control petroleum oil as

cottony maple (NHE-144) and tulip tree scales. Do not use on ever- dormant sprayc greens or hard maples. For tulip tree scale, a malathion spray in

late September or in early spring is also effective.

Spruce spider mites Nonchemical. Use forceful water sprays to knock mites off plants, bifenthrin Chemical. Spray when mites are numerous, usually spring and dicofol

early fall. Concentrate spray on underside of foliage. Repeat in insecticidal soap 5 days. hexakis

petroleum oil as summer-oil sprayc

Thrips Chemical. Mainly on privet. Spray foliage thoroughly. same as for aphids

Two-spotted spider mites Nonchemical. Use forceful water sprays to knock mites off plants, bifenthrin Chemical. Spray when mites are numerous, usually midsummer. dicofol Concentrate spray on underside of the foliage. Repeat in 5 days. hexakis insecticidal soap

petroleum oil as summer-oil sprayc

Yellow-necked caterpillars Nonchemical. Handpicking of colonies is effective. acephate

Chemical. Spray foliage when worms are small (July). Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki carbaryl

Zimmerman pine moths Chemical. Spray trunk and branches in mid-April or as saucer dimethoate (NHE-83) magnoliae goes from pink bud to early bloom for young larvae endosulfan and/or mid-August for adults and young larvae. lindane

Note: Use only one insecticide of those listed. Do not use acephate on flowering crab, sugar maple, red maple, redbud, American elm, Lombardy poplar, or Cottonwood. Do not use carbaryl on Boston ivy. Do not use diazinon on ferns or hibiscus. Do not use malathion on canaert red cedar. aSpiraea x vanhouttei. hCatalpa speciosa.

c The following may be damaged by petroleum oil in some situations: beech, Japanese holly, redbud, spruce, Savin juniper, Douglas fir. The following are usually damaged by petroleum oil: maples, hickories, smoke-tree, black walnut, many azaleas. Do not spray petroleum oil on bald cypress. dDaucus carota. e Magnolia x soulangiana.

-. 16 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 4- Management Suggestions for Insects in Lawns

Insect Strategies Insecticide3

Ants (NHE-1 1 1); cicada killer Chemical. Apply as spray or granules and water in thoroughly. cyfluthrin and other soil-nesting wasps For individual nests, pour in nest and cover with soil. Treat only

(NHE-79, 450) large, damaging nests. Ants are beneficial in aerating the soil. Both ants and wasps kill insect pests.

Aphids (NHE-148) Chemical. Spray grass thoroughly. acephate insecticidal soap

Armyworms Chemical. Apply as sprays or granules. Use 5 to 10 gal of water carbaryl

per 1,000 sq ft. Steinernema carpocapsae

Bluegrass billbugs Chemical. Drench at high rate in July if damage is observed. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora imidacloprid Steinernema carpocapsae trichlorfon

Chinch bugs Nonchemical. Avoid thick thatch to prevent bug infestations. deltamethrin Chemical. Spray infested areas where chinch bugs are present. lindane

15' Sod webworms (NHE-1 Chemical. Webworms usually damage lawns in late July and in carbaryl August. deltamethrin Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Steinernema carpocapsae trichlorfon

White grubs (NHE-104, -147), Nonchemical. Adult beetles are attracted to watered lawns to lay carbaryl including annual white grubs, eggs. Allow turf to go dormant and slightly brown from late June halofenozide masked chafers, Japanese bee- to mid-July to reduce egg laying. Plant trees: Adult beetles lay few Heterorhabditis tles, and green June beetles eggs under tree canopies. bacteriophora Chemical. Apply as spray or granules to small area and then apply imidacloprid

72 in. of water before treating another small area. Grub damage trichlorfon usually occurs in late August and in September. Apply imidaclo-

prid or halofenozide only once in mid-July if adult beetle flight

was high in areas where grub attack is common. Apply carbaryl only for green June beetle grubs.

"Use only one insecticide from those listed. : :

ONE • Managing Insect Pests in the Home, Yard, and Garden 17

TABLE 5. Management Suggestions for Household Insects

Insect Strategies Insecticide

Ants (NHE-111), including Nonchemical. Keep foods in tightly sealed containers or in the Outdoors

carpenter ants (NHE-10) (nui- refrigerator. Most ants prefer sweets and fats. Practice good sanita- cyfluthrin sance pest) tion. Avoid leaving dirty dishes or food particles where they are esfenvalerate accessible to ants. Caulk cracks and crevices in house foundation. permethrin

Washing ant trails with detergent may confuse and greatly reduce Indoors ants. Carpenter ants excavate nests in damp wood indoors near bifenthrin current or old roof leaks and water and drain-pipe leaks. Replace boric acid damaged wood-containing nests. cyfluthrin Chemical. Outdoors: Spray completely around foundation and the cypermethrin

adjacent 1 ft of soil. Place baits along areas where ants travel in diatomaceous earth nonfood areas. Apply an RTU spray to baseboards, cracks, and d-phenothrin door thresholds. Apply boric acid in out-of-reach areas only. fipronil Spray carpenter ant nests with RTU spray. hydramethylnon baits imiprothrin

mint oil permethrin propoxur resmethrin tralomethrin

Ants, pharaoh (nuisance pest) Nonchemical. Follow suggestions given above for other ants. boric acid baits Chemical. Indoors: Place baits near water sources and other areas methoprene baits

where ants are found. Treat for several weeks, replacing bait as it becomes dry. Professional help may be needed.

Boxelder bugs (NHE-9) Nonchemical. Keep screens and other openings in good repair. carbaryl

(nuisance pest) Caulk all seams around windows and doors. Indoors: Remove the insecticidal soap bugs by vacuuming. Chemical. Spray boxelder bugs on tree trunks, on foundation walls (insecticidal soap), under eaves, and in other areas where they gather. Use carbaryl on foliage and under trees where bugs are feeding.

Bumblebees Nonchemical. Avoid areas where bumblebees are prevalent. Mow carbaryl areas near underground nests in evening when bees are less active. Wear protective clothing. Chemical. Apply dust to dry areas around nest openings. Wear protective clothing.

Carpenter bees Nonchemical. In the fall, fill the holes, and paint or varnish the carbaryl dust entire wood surface. Chemical. Dust entrances to nest with insecticide. Do not plug entrance.

Note: Those species indicated as nuisance pests are primarily a problem due to their presence and are unlikely to cause harm to people, pets, buildings, or building

contents. Thus, an acceptable option is to ignore them and not try to control them. Whenever possible, purchase specially prepared, ready-to-use (RTU) forms of

insecticides for indoor use. Use only one insecticide from those listed. When preparing 1 gallon or more of a spray, follow the mixing directions on the pesticide label.

— :

18 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 5. Management Suggestions for Household Insects (cont.)

Insect Strategies Insecticide

Carpet beetles, clothes moths Nonchemical. Destroy all badly infested materials. Check for any bifenthrin (NHE-87) dead mammal or bird carcasses that may be in wall voids, chim- cedar shavings neys, or fireplace areas. Keep accumulation of lint to a minimum, cyfluthrin and vacuum thoroughly in areas where hair and other natural cypermethrin

fibers gather. Remove all bird, insect, and rodent nests in the fall d-phenothrin before cool weather. Place cleaned or washed woolens in insect- napthalene free chests that are tightly sealed or in plastic bags. Dry cleaning paradichlorobenzene

and laundering kill these pests. permethrin Chemical. Spray RTUs in edges of carpeting, baseboards, cracks, resmethrin and crevices. Place cedar shavings, napthalene, or paradichloroben- tralomethrin zene in folds of woolens stored in airtight containers.

Centipedes, millipedes, sow- Nonchemical. Correct situations where moisture occurs, such as Outdoors bugs (NHE-93) (nuisance pest) crawl spaces; poorly drained areas; and piles of trash, mulch, or cyfluthrin compost. Remove indoors by vacuuming. esfenvalerate Chemical. Outdoors: Apply as a foundation spray. Millipedes are permethrin not effectively controlled with insecticides. Indoors: Use RTU Indoors: spray according to label. bifenthrin diatomaceous earth d-phenothrin

Chiggers (NHE-127) Nonchemical. Eliminate or mow breeding sites, especially tall carbaryl

grass, weeds, and other thick vegetation where there is an abun- DEET RTU dance of moisture and shade. Wear protective clothing, such as a long-sleeved shirt and trousers, shoes, and socks. Tuck pant legs into boots or socks. Avoid sitting on the ground in lawn or brushy areas. Take a warm, soapy shower or bath immediately after returning from any infested areas. Chemical. Treat lawns, roadsides, and areas not mowed. For personal protection, a repellent such as DEET prevents attack.

Clover mites (NHE-2) Nonchemical. Eliminate grass and other vegetation in a 1 -ft band Outdoors:

(nuisance pest) all the way around the house. Also make sure window and door insecticidal soap seams are properly caulked and sealed to prevent entry by the Indoor sprays: mites. Indoors: Mites can be killed and removed by vacuuming d-phenothrin and washing surfaces with soap and water. tetramethrin Chemical. Spray mites with insecticidal soap on outside walls and Indoor foggers: foundation. Indoors: Spray mites on surfaces and adjacent cracks cypermethrin and crevices with RTUs, or use indoor foggers. d-phenothrin permethrin pyrethrin tetramethrin tralomethrin

insecticides for indoor use. Use only one insecticide from those listed. When preparing 1 gallon or more of a spray, follow the mixing directions on the pesticide label. :

ONE • Managing Insect Pests in the Home, Yard, and Garden 19

TABLE 5. Management Suggestions for Household Insects (cont.)

Insect Strategies Insecticide

Cluster flies (NHE-1) Nonchemical. Seal cracks and openings around windows, eaves, dichlorvos resin (nuisance pest) and siding. Use window screening over air-intake vents or air- strips conditioning systems. Seal off attic openings with screening or d-phenothrin caulking. tetramethrin Chemical. Use dichlorvos resin strips in rooms or between storm and interior window panes. Fog lightly in rooms with RTU. Repeat spraying as needed.

Cockroaches: German (NHE- Nonchemical. Practice proper sanitation by keeping food prop- abamectin

3), brown-banded (NHE-4), erly sealed or stored in the refrigerator. Keep trash covered. Do bifenthrin American and Oriental not allow dirty dishes to accumulate. Clean frequently under boric acid (NHE-5) refrigerator and stove, where food particles may accumulate. cyfluthrin Eliminate hiding places, such as piles of newspapers, boxes, and cypermethrin papers. Caulk cracks and crevices in the foundation. Do not leave diatomaceous earth pet food out overnight. d-phenothrin Chemical. Spray RTU into cracks and crevices where roaches fipronil hide. Treat under sink, refrigerator, and cabinets, and on base- hydramethylnon bait boards, etc. Treatment throughout the home may be needed to hydroprene control brown-banded roaches. Treatment may be supplemented imiprothrin with boric acid applied into out-of-sight and out-of-reach voids mint oil under cabinets and appliances. permethrin pyriproxifen resmethrin sulfluramid bait tralomethrin

Crickets (NHE-137): Field, Nonchemical. Cracks and crevices around windows and doors Outdoors house, camel and in the foundation should be properly sealed and caulked. cyfluthrin Indoors: Remove crickets by vacuuming. House lights attract both diatomaceous earth field and house crickets. Keep garbage cans clean, and empty esfenvalerate

them frequently. Keep firewood at least 1 to 2 ft from the founda- permethrin tion. Eliminate sources of moisture by fixing leaky pipes and mod- Indoors: ifying damp areas. Remove fallen leaves, bark mulch, and other bifenthrin organic debris near foundation. cyfluthrin Chemical. Use outdoors to spray completely around foundation cypermethrin

and the adjacent 1 ft of soil. Apply an RTU spray to baseboards, diatomaceous earth cracks, and door thresholds. d-phenothrin imiprothrin permethrin resmethrin tralomethrin

Note: Those species indicated as nuisance pests are primarily a problem due to their presence and are unlikely to cause harm to people, pets, buildings, or building contents. Thus, an acceptable option is to ignore them and not try to control them. Whenever possible, purchase specially prepared, ready-to-use (RTU) forms of insecticides for indoor use. Use only one insecticide from those listed. When preparing 1 gallon or more of a spray, follow the mixing directions on the pesticide label. :

20 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 5. Management Suggestions for Household Insects (cont.)

Insect Strategies Insecticide

Drain flies (NHE-91) (nuisance Nonchemical. Practice proper sanitation. Clean out overflow drains, pest) drain traps, and basement drains. Keep screens in good repair. Chemical. Use chemicals only after solving sanitation problems. Pour rubbing alcohol or drain cleaner into overflow drain and main drain to eliminate maggots.

Earwigs (NHE-142) (nuisance Nonchemical. Remove plant debris, organic mulch, and boards Outdoors: pest) from around buildings. Indoors: Remove by vacuuming. Caulk cyfluthrin cracks and crevices around windows and doors and in the founda- esfenvalerate tion. permethrin Chemical. Apply outdoors as a foundation spray. Indoors: Spray Indoors RTU into cracks and crevices. bifenthrin cyfluthrin cypermethrin diatomaceous earth d-phenothrin permethrin resmethrin tralomethrin

Elm leaf beetles (NHE-82) Nonchemical. Seal cracks and crevices around windows and Bacillus thuringiensis (nuisance pest) other openings to prevent entry. Indoors: Remove by vacuuming. tenebrionis Chemical. Spray nearby Chinese elm trees during the summer to carbaryl

reduce the number of beetles that come into homes in the fall.

Fleas (NHE-107) Nonchemical. Indoors: With hot, soapy water, launder pet bed- Pets: ding and rug areas used by pets. Vacuum thoroughly to remove carbaryl dust lint and dust around baseboards and cracks where flea eggs and naled larvae accumulate. Thoroughly clean furniture in areas that pets Outdoors: frequent. Outdoors: Eliminate vegetation that serves as a harbor- carbaryl age for the native mammal population (carriers of fleas). Prevent Indoors pets from resting under the house, and exclude mammals by methoprene + per- screening attic and eave entrances. methrin, pyrethrin, Chemical. Pets: Treat pets directly as needed. Indoors: For infesta- or tetramethrin tions in the home, spray RTU on carpets and rugs and into cracks pyriproxifen and crevices in areas where fleas are observed. Vacuum rugs and upholstered furniture thoroughly about 30 minutes after spraying. Outdoors: Apply to lawn.

Flies (NHE-16): Houseflies, Nonchemical. Proper sanitation is important. Dispose of refuse d-phenothrin gnats, midges frequently and prevent the accumulation of rotting or decaying mint oil vegetation. Keep screens in good repair. Fly strips and flyswatters tetramethrin also can be effective. Chemical. Use RTU to spray around garbage cans and other rest-

ing sites.

insecticides for indoor use. Use only one insecticide from those listed. When preparing 1 gallon or more of a spray, follow the mixing directions on the pesticide label. .

ONE • Managing Insect Pests in the Home, Yard, and Garden 21

TABLE 5. Management Suggestions for Household Insects (cont.)

Insect Strategies Insecticide

Honeybees (NHE- 141) Nonchemical. Caulk cracks and crevices during the winter or carbaryl dust

early spring to prevent nest building. Seal attic openings, air- intake vents, and air-conditioning systems with window screening. Swarms usually leave within a week without treatment. Chemical. Dust wall openings where bees are entering. Remove and destroy nests and honey. Treat wall openings at dusk or dawn. Wear protective clothing.

Lice (NHE-105): Human, Nonchemical. Practice proper personal hygiene. Avoid using other Kwell shampoo head, crab, body individuals' combs, hats, towels, and hairbrushes. Bedding and (available only by clothing should be changed and washed frequently. Sanitation of a physician's pre- locker rooms and proper laundering help reduce the incidence of scription)

lice. Premise treatments are rarely needed for head lice because malathion

they die within 48 hours without human contact. Crab louse is permethrin usually transmitted through intimate sexual contact. pyrethrin Chemical. Apply to body according to label directions. Do not

get shampoo or chemical in the eyes. Consult a physician if eyes are affected.

Mites, bird Nonchemical. Remove empty bird nests on buildings. Kill mites d-phenothrin with soap and water at nest location, on windowsills and frames, tetramethrin and on interior surfaces. Chemical. Spray building where nest was located. Spray windowsills and frames.

Mites, human: Human scabies, Chemical. Consult a physician. Follow label directions, Kwell lotion human itch mites (NHE- 135) (available only by a physician's pre- scription) pyrethrin

Mosquitoes (NHE-94, -132) Nonchemical. Keep screens in good repair. Cover flues and chim- Outdoors: neys during the summer months. Eliminate resting places such as Bacillus thuringiensis

tall grass, weeds, shrubbery, and vines from around the home. israelensis Eliminate rainwater-collecting items such as old tires, pans, cans, DEET RTU and buckets. Weekly, drain plastic swimming pools and birdbaths. d-phenothrin Provide for proper water drainage around the foundation of the malathion home. When visiting mosquito-infested areas, wear protective resmethrin

clothing to prevent bites. If small garden ponds are present, use

Top minnows, Gambusia sp., or Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis.

"Bug zappers" and ultrasonic devices have not proved to be particularly

effective in controlling mosquitoes and other noxious flying insects

Chemical. Spray tall grass, areas around doorways, and other

resting sites. Use a repellent like DEET when entering mosquito- infested areas.

TABLE 5. Management Suggestions for Household Insects (cont.)

Insect Strategies Insecticide

Pantry and cereal pests (NHE- Nonchemical. Discard infested packages. Thoroughly clean and 11): Grain beetles, Indianmeal vacuum food cabinets and shelves. Keep dry food in tightly sealed moths, flour beetles containers. Freeze pet food and birdseed for 3 to 4 days.

Pomace flies, fruit flies Nonchemical. Remove sources of infestation, such as apples, tomatoes, potatoes, onions, and other stored fruits and vegetables. Make sure drains and garbage disposals are clean. Remove

remaining flies with commercial traps or long-necked bottles such

as wine bottles laid on their sides, containing a little wine or a mixture of water, sugar, and yeast.

Powder-post beetles (NHE-85) Nonchemical. Avoid buying furniture or wood products that have borates not been stained, varnished, or properly dried. Properly paint or varnish new wood items to seal pores and to prevent egg laying. Chemical. Paint or spray infested unfinished wood with borates. Follow label directions.

Silverfish (NHE-86) (nuisance Nonchemical. Reduce the humidity. Reduce harborage sites by bifenthrin pest) caulking cracks and crevices. Eliminate silverfish food sources by boric acid storing books, papers, and linens in tightly sealed containers or cyfluthrin cabinets. cypermethrin Chemical. Spray runways, baseboards, closets, and places where diatomaceous earth

pipes go through the walls. Repeat treatments in 4 weeks if d-phenothrin needed. Apply boric acid in out-of-reach areas only. imiprothrin permethrin resmethrin tralomethrin

Spiders (NHE-1 7, -116) Nonchemical. Keep screens in good repair and screen other Outdoors:

openings. Caulk all seams around windows and doors. Spiders are cyfluthrin considered beneficial, as they are predators of insects and other esfenvalerate small animals. Indoors: Remove by vacuuming. permethrin Chemical. Use outdoors to spray completely around outside foun- Indoors:

dation and the adjacent 1 ft of soil. Apply RTU spray to base- bifenthrin board, cracks, and door thresholds. Do not use diazinon EC indoors. cyfluthrin cypermethrin d-phenothrin imiprothrin permethrin resmethrin tralomethrin

Springtails (NHE-70) Nonchemical. Eliminate moist areas, fallen leaves, and mulch (nuisance pest) around the home. Keep screens and doors in good repair. Allow potting soil of houseplants to dry out between waterings. Indoors: Reduce humidity and moisture leaks in infested areas.

TABLE 5. Management Suggestions for Household Insects (cont.)

Insect Strategies Insecticide

Swimming pool insects (NHE- Nonchemical. Keep outside light to a minimum. Maintain proper Do not add insecti- 103) (nuisance pest) chlorine balance in the pool. Cover pool when not in use. cides to pool water.

Termites (NHE-57) Nonchemical. Remove termite tubes connecting the soil to wood sources. Eliminate wood-to-soil contacts. Ventilate damp areas such as crawl spaces for proper drying. Use treated wood when landscaping or constructing outside structures. Cedar and red- wood are somewhat resistant; termites prefer hardwoods. Chemical. Refer to termite section at the beginning of this chapter for additional information.

Ticks (NHE-56): Brown dog Nonchemical. Keep vegetation, weeds, and brush mowed. Avoid Outdoors: ticks, American dog ticks, lone areas where ticks are known to be present. Wear long-sleeved carbaryl star ticks, black-legged ticks shirt and trousers when visiting infested areas; tuck pant legs into malathion (deer tick) socks. Check for ticks on skin or clothing every few hours. tetrachlorvinphos Remove attached ticks by grasping with tweezers where mouth- 50WP parts are attached to the skin and pulling slowly. Vacuum base- Pets: boards and cracks and crevices thoroughly to destroy eggs and carbaryl dust immatures. tetrachlorvinphos Chemical. Apply spray to lawns, fencerows, roadsides, and areas dust not regularly mowed. Treat pets as needed. Spray or dust base- Humans: boards, cracks, and crevices around pet bedding. Use a repellent DEET RTU like DEET when entering tick-infested areas. Permethrin can be permethrin used on clothing.

Wasps (NHE-141), hornets, Nonchemical. Keep garbage cleaned up and properly covered. carbaryl dust yellowjackets Avoid indiscriminate killing of wasps, hornets, and yellowjackets, d-phenothrin as they are considered beneficial. When picnicking, keep food mint oil properly covered or sealed. Avoid areas where yellowjackets are resmethrin prevalent. Keep overripe fruit and vegetables cleaned up and away from human activity. Caulk cracks and crevices during the winter or early spring to prevent yellowjacket nests, but do not caulk opening of active nest. Chemical. For nests below ground, apply diazinon according to

label, and seal opening with soil. Dust with carbaryl the wall openings where yellowjackets are entering. Spray outdoor, aboveground wasp and hornet nests with RTUs. Remove nests and destroy them. Treat nests at dusk or dawn. Wear protective clothing.

TABLE 6. Names of Insecticides

Common name Chemical and trade names

abamectin Avermectin B , a mixture of avermectins Raid Max Roach Bait (+ hydroprene)

acephate O, S -dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate Acephate Orthene Orthenex (+ triflorine, hexakis) Ortho Isotox (+ hexakis) Ortho Rosepride Systemic (+ resmethrin)

Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis bacterial toxin Mosquito Attack Mosquito Dunks

Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki bacterial toxin

B.t. Caterpillar Attack Dipel Thuricide

Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis bacterial toxin Potato Shield Biological Insecticide

bifenthrin (2 methyl [I ,V'biphenyl]-3-yl) methyl 3-(2'chloro-3 ,3 ,3-trifluoro- 1 -propenyl) -2 ,2-dimethylcy clopropane carboxylate Ortho Home Defense Indoor & Outdoor Insect Killer 5 Ortho Houseplant & Garden Insect Killer Ortho Rose & Flower Insect Killer

borates disodium octaborate tetrahydrate Bora-Care Jecta Tim-bor

sodium tetraborate pentahydrate Pic Ant Control System (+ boric acid) Walgreen's Ant Control Systems

Borax sodium tetraborate decahydrate Terro Ant Bait

)onc acid boracic acid boric acid Dr. Moss's Liquid Bait System (for ants)

Note: This table lists the common names of insecticides used in the tables, followed by the italicized chemical names and the capitalized commercial trade names. The insecticides listed in parentheses will add some control to the situation, but the one in the heading will be as effective or more effective in controlling the pest. Some products may be available under a variety of trade names that are not listed in this table. Be sure to read the label. The label on the container always lists these products by the common name or chemical name. ,

ONE * Managing Insect Pests in the Home, Yard, and Garden 25

TABLE 6. Names of Insecticides (cont.)

Common name Chemical and trade names boric acid (cont.) Hot Shot Roach Powder Pic Boric Acid Roach Killer Revenge Liquid Bait Ant Killer Roach Powder Roach Prufe carbaryl 1-naphthyl methylcarbamate Sevin cyfluthrin Cyano (4'fluoro-3'phenoxyphenyl) methyl 3-( 2 ,2-dichloroethenyl) -2 ,2-di methylcyclopropanecarboxylate Bayer Advanced Garden Insect Killer Bayer Advanced Garden Rose & Flower Insect Killer Bayer Advanced Home Pest Control Bayer Advanced Home Pest Control Indoor & Outdoor Insect Killer Bayer Advanced Lawn & Garden Multi-Insect Killer Bayer Advanced Multi-Insect Killer Raid Max Roach & Ant Killer (+ pyrethrins, propoxur)

cypermethrin d'Cyano-3'phenoxybenzyl cis, trans-3-(2 ,2'dichlorovinyl)-2 ,2- dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate Cyper Eight Raid Deep Roach Fogger Raid Max Deep Roach Fogger

DEET N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide Cutter Off deltamethrin d'Cyano-3'phenoxybenzyl (1R, 3R)-3-(2 ,2-dibromovinyl) -2- ,2-dimethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate Bonide Delta Eight Insect Control

diatomaceous earth silicon dioxide in diatomaceous earth Concern Diatomaceous Earth Crawling Insect Killer Safer Ant & Crawling Insect Killer Diatomaceous Earth SureFire Roach & Ant Killer dichlorvos 2 ,2'dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate Hot Shot No-Pest Strip Revenge Bug Strip

dicofol 1 I -Bis(chlorophenyl) -2 ,2 ,2-trichloroethanol Kelthane dimethoate O, O-dimethyl S-(N-methyl carbamoyl methyl) phosphorodithioate Cygon Ferti-lome Ornamental & Evergreen Spray

TABLE 6. Names of Insecticides (cont.)

Common name Chemical and trade names disulfoton ,0-diethyl S'[2'(ethylthio) ethyl] phosphorodithioate

Bayer Advanced Garden 2 in 1 Systemic Rose & Flower Care Ferti-lome Di-Syston d-phenothrin 3'phenoxybenzyl d-cis/trans 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropenyl) cyclopropanecarboxylate Ace House & Garden Bug Killer (+ tetramethrin) Deep 6 Flying Insect Killer (+ tetramethrin) Deep 6 House & Garden Insect Killer (+ tetramethrin) Enforcer Dust Mite Killer Enforcer Flea Killer for Carpets Enforcer Four Hour Fogger (+ tetramethrin)

Ferti-lome Stinger II Wasp & Hornet Jet Spray (+ tetramethrin) Hi-Yield Roach Blaster K-Rid Flying Insect Killer (+ tetramethrin) K-Rid House & Garden Bug Killer (+ tetramethrin) Ortho Ant-Stop Ant Killer Spray (+ tetramethrin) Ortho Home Defense Home & Garden Insect Killer (+ tetramethrin) Raid Flying Insect Killer (+ allethrin) Raid House & Garden (+ allethrin) Sumithrin Walgreens Wasp & Hornet Killer (+ tetramethrin)

d-trans allethrin allyl homolog of cinerin 1 endosulfan hexachlorohexahydromethane-2 ,4,3 -benzodioxathiepin oxide Thiodan esfenvalerate (S) -d-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate Black Flag Roach & Ant Killer (+ prallethrin) Ortho Bug-B-Gon Multi-Insect Liquid

fenbutatin-oxide Bis [tris (2-methyl-2-phenylpropyl) tin] oxide Ortho Rosepride Orthenex Insect & Disease Control Concentrate (+ acephate)

fipronil [5-amino-l -(2 ,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl) -4-( I ,R,S)-trifluoromethyl) sulfinyl)-lH- pyrazole-3 -carbonitrile] Combat Quick Kill Formula (ant bait) Combat Quick Kill Formula (roach bait)

I halofenozide Benzoic acid, 4-chloro-,2 benzoyl-2-( I , -dimethylethyl) hydrazide GrubEx Ortho Grub-B-Gon

Heterorhabditis bacteriophora insect-attacking nematode hexakis same chemical as fenbutatin-oxide Orthenex (+ triflorine, acephate) Ortho Isotox (+ acephate)

TABLE 6. Names of Insecticides (cont.)

Common name Chemical and trade names

hydramethylnon tetrahydro-5 ,5 'dimethyl-2( I H) -pyrimidinone ( 3-[4-(trifluoromethyl) phenylj-l '(2-[4'(trifluoromethyl) phenylUethenyl)-2'propenylidene) hydrazone Combat Outdoor Ant Killing Granules Combat Plus Roach Killing Gel Combat Roach Killing Gel Combat Source Kill (roach bait)

hydroprene ethyl-3,7, 1 I -trimethyl dodeca-2 ,4 dienoate Raid Max Plus Roach Bait (+ abamectin)

imidacloprid 1 4(6'chloro-3'pyridinyl)methyl]'N'nitrO'24midazolidinimine Bayer Advanced Lawn Season-Long Grub Control Merit

imiprothrin [(2 ,5'dioxo-3'(2'propynyl)'l -imidazolidmyl) methyl cis-trans chrysanthemate Raid Ant & Roach (+ cypermethrin)

insecticidal soap potassium salts of fatty acids Concern Insect Killing Soap Reuters Aphid-Mite Attack Safer Entire Insect Killer for Trees &. Shrubs (+ pyrethrins) Safer's Insecticidal Soap Safer Yard & Garden Insect Attack (+ pyrethrins)

iron phosphide iron phosphide Escar-Go Sluggo

lindane Gamma- 1 ,2,3,4 ,5 ,6'hexachloro

malathion diethyl mercaptosuccinate , S-ester with O, O-dimethyl phosphorothioate Cythion Mal-A-Cide

metaldehyde 2 ,4 ,6 ,8'tetramethyl-l ,3,5,7-tetroxocane Deadline Ferti-lome Eliminate Ferti-lome Eliminate Snail, Slug, and Bug (+ carbaryl) Hi-Yield Snail & Slug Killer Pellets K-Gro Snail & Slug Bait K-Gro Snail & Slug Pellets Ortho Bug-Geta Plus Snail,Slug & Insect Killer (+ carbaryl) Ortho Bug-Geta Snail & Slug Killer Spectracide Snail & Slug Killer

Note: This table lists the common names of insecticides used in the tables, followed by the italicized chemical and the capitalized commercial trade I names names. The insecticides listed in parentheses will add some control to the situation, but the one in the heading will be as effective or more effective in controlling the pest. Some products may be available under a variety of trade names that are not listed in this table. Be sure to read the label. The label on the container always lists these products by the common name or chemical name. 3

28 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 6. Names of Insecticides (cont.)

Common name Chemical and trade names

methoprene isopropyl-l l-methoxy-ij ,1 I -trimethyl-2 ,4 dodecadienoate Enforcer Flea Spray (+ permethrin) Hertz Central Home Flea & Tick Killer (+ permethrin) Ortho Flea-B-Gon Total Flea Killer Indoor Fogger (+ permethrin) Ortho Total Flea Killer Indoor Spray (+ permethrin) Precor Raid Flea Killer Plus (+ tetramethrin, pyrethrins)

mint oil mint oil Victor Poison Free Ant & Roach Killer (+ sodium lauryl sulfate) Victor Poison Free Flying Insect Killer (+ sodium lauryl sulfate) Victor Poison Free Wasp & Hornet Killer (+ sodium lauryl sulfate) naphthalene naphthalene Moth Crystals

paradichlorobenzene 1 ,4-dichlorobenzene Moth Crystals

permethrin ( -phenoxyphenyl) methyl ( I ) cis/tranS'ethenyl'2,2-dimethylcyclornopanecarboxylate Ace Garden Insect Killer Ace Multi-Purpose Garden & Pet Dust Acme Indoor Fogger (+ tetramethrin) Conquest Indoor & Outdoor Pest Control Dragon Lawn & Garden Protector Eight Insect Control Eight Vegetable, Fruit, & Flower Spray Eight Yard & Garden RTU Enforcer Ant Kill & Barrier Treatment (+ pyrethrins) Enforcer Four Hour Fogger (+ pyrethrins) Gordon's Home Pest Killer GreenThumb Roach, Ant & Spider Killer (+ pyrethrins) GreenThumb Home Insect Fogger (+ pyrethrins) Hi-Yield Total Release Fogger (+ pyrethrins) Hot Shot Ant Killer Plus Hot Shot Flying Insect Killer Plus (+ allethrin)

Hot Shot Fogger ( + tetramethrin) Meijer Wasp & Hornet Killer (+ tetramethrin) No-Pest Multi-Purpose Garden Dust Ortho Bug-B-Gon Multi-Purpose Garden Dust Ortho Home Defense Hi-Power Indoor Insect Fogger (+ pyrethrins) Permanone Raid Ant Killer (+ pyrethrins) Raid Fumigator Raid Wasp & Hornet Killer (+ tetramethrin) Raid Yard Guard Outdoor Fogger Formula VII

Note; This table lists the common names of insecticides used in the tables, followed by the italicized chemical names and the capitalized commercial trade names. The insecticides listed in parentheses will add some control to the situation, but the one in the heading will be as effective or more effective in controlling the pest. Some products may be available under a variety of trade names that are not listed in this table. Be sure to read the label. The label on the container always lists these products by the common name or chemical name. ONE • Managing Insect Pests in the Home, Yard, and Garden 29

TABLE 6. Names of Insecticides (cont.)

Common name Chemical and trade names

permethrin (cont.) Revenge Home Exterminator Formula II (+ pyrethrins) Spectracide 3X Insect Control Spectracide Ant Shield Home Barrier Granules Spectracide Bug Stop (+ pyrethrins) Spectracide Carpenter Ant Killer Spectracide Immunox Plus Spectracide Flying Insect Killer (+ pyrethrins) Spectracide Terminate Supplemental Spot Treatment Spectracide Yard & Patio &. Mosquito Spray Walgreens Roach & Flea Fogger (+ pyrethrins)

petroleum oil petroleum oil Bonide All Seasons Horticultural Oil Spray Bonide All Seasons Spray Oil Dormant & Summer Oil Spray Dormant Oil Spray Ferti-lome Scalecide Hi-Yield Dormant Spray

Horticultural spray oil Ortho Volck Oil Spray Pratt Scalecide SunSpray Ultrafine Oil

propoxur 2-( I -methylethoxy) phenyl methylcarbamate Baygon Bonide Termite & Carpenter Ant Control Enforcer Battle Stations for Roaches Walgreens Roach Control Systems

pyrethrins principally from plant species Chrysanthemum cinariaefolium Ace Flower & Vegetable Insect Spray Concern Multi-Purpose Insect Killer Conquest Insecticide Concentrate Dragon Easy Garden Ferti-lome Quik-Kill Ferti-lome Red Spider & Mite Spray Flowtron Indoor and Outdoor Insect Killer Gordon's Garden Guard Hot Shot Kitchen Bug Killer I-Bomb Meijer Rose & Flower Meijer Tomato & Vegetable Miracle Grow Bug Spray Natural Guard Natural Insect Spray Ortho Flea-B-Gon Pet Flea & Tick Killer Ortho Rose &. Flower Insect Killer Ortho Tomato & Vegetable Insect Killer

TABLE 6. Names of Insecticides (cont.)

Common name Chemical and trade names pyrethrins (cont.) Reuter Yard & Garden Insect Attack Roach Attack Schultz-Instant Fruit & Vegetable Insect Spray Schultz-Instant Houseplants & Garden Insect Spray Schultz-Instant Roses &. Flower Insect Spray Spectracide Tomato & Vegetable Insect Spray Whitmire Ultra Guard Houseplant Insect Spray pyriproxyfen 2-[l -methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy] pyridine Enforcer Flea Fogger (+ permethrin, pyrethrins) Enforcer Flea Spray (+ tetramethrin, d-phenothrin) Enforcer Flea Spray for Homes (+ permethrin) resmethrin (5'benzyl'3-furyl) methyl 2,2 dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropenyl) cyclopropanecarboxylate Burgess Bug Killer Burgess Insect Fog Ferti-lome White-fly & Mealybug Killer GreenThumb Yard & Patio Fogger Ortho Outdoor Insect Fogger Walgreens Flying Insect Killer (+ allethrin) rotenone principally from the plants Derris and Cube

Sabadilla principally from the plant Schoenocaalon

soybean spray oil soybean oil Golden Naturil Spray Oil

Steinernema carpocapsae insect-attacking nematode Biosafe sulfluramid N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide Hot Shot Maxattrax Ant Bait Raid Ant Baits Plus Spectracide Power Bait Ant Bait Terminate Termite Home Defense System

tetramethrin ( 1 -cyclohexene-l ,2 -dicarboximido) -methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropenyl)' cyclopropanecarboxylate Black Flag Flying Insect Killer (+ d-phenothrin) GreenThumb Flying Insect Killer (+ d-phenothrin) GreenThumb Wasp & Hornet Killer (+ d-phenothrin) Hot Shot Fogger (+ permethrin) Raid Flea Killer (+ pyrethrin) Spectracide Bug Stop Indoor Fogger

Note: This table lists the common names of insecticides used in the tables, followed by the italicized chemical names and the capitalized commercial trade names. The insecticides listed in parentheses will add some control to the situation, but the one in the heading will be as effective or more effective in control ling the pest. Some products may be available under a variety of trade names that are not listed in this table. Be sure to read the label. The label on the container always lists these products by the common name or chemical name. ONE • Managing Insect Pests in the Home, Yard, and Garden 31

TABLE 6. Names of Insecticides (cont.)

Common name Chemical and trade names

tralomethrin ( te trabromoe thyl)-2,2-dime thy Icyclopropanecarboxy lie acid Ace Home Insect Control Ace Indoor Fogger Hot Shot Roach & Ant Killer (+ allethrin) Hot Shot Spider Killer (+ allethrin) K-Gro Home Insect Killer K-Rid Ant & Roach Killer (+ allethrin) K-Rid Home Insect Killer 4 K-Rid Roach & Flea Fogger No-Pest Indoor Fogger Spectracide Ant & Roach Killer (+ allethrin) Spectracide Ant Shield (+ allethrin) Spectracide Bug Stop Indoor & Outdoor Home Insect Control Spectracide Bug Stop Indoor Fogger Spectracide Flea & Tick Killer

trichlorfon dimethyl (2, 2, 2-trichlorO'l -hydroxyethyl) phosphonate Bayer Advanced Lawn Grub Control Dylox

TABLE 7. Conversion Table for Small Quantities of Insecticide

1 level tablespoon = 3 level teaspoons

1 fluid ounce = 2 tablespoons

1 cup = 8 fluid ounces or 16 tablespoons

1 pint = 2 cups

1 quart = 2 pints or 32 fluid ounces

1 gallon = 4 quarts or 128 fluid ounces A.4 V * J

—^fjti w 4 WJ£ 1

vShmnH

Wm wm.% .

CONTROLLING WEEDS IN HOME LAWNS

Weeds are plants growing where they are not wanted. Weeds are usually controlled in

home lawns because they distract from the overall appearance of the turf. High-quality

lawns normally are judged by their uniformity. Uniformity is the combined visual effects of lawn grass leaf width (texture), color, density, and growth habit. Weeds often have

different leaf shapes, sizes, flowers, colors, or growth habits than lawn grasses and, thus,

reduce uniformity within a turf area. Several turfgrasses, such as tall fescue or creeping bentgrass, may be weeds when growing in Kentucky bluegrass or fine-fescue turf areas

because these grasses reduce the uniformity of the turf.

Weed Life Cycles

Weeds usually have one of three life cycles: annual, biennial, or perennial. Annual weeds live for a single season. There are two types of annuals, and both reproduce by seeds. Cool-season annuals (also known as winter annuals) germinate in

late summer or fall, are dormant during the winter, flower in spring or early summer, and then die. Chickweed (Stellaria media) and henbit (Lamium amplexicaule) are examples of cool-season annual weeds. Warm-season annuals (also known as summer annuals) germinate during spring or summer, flower, and die at the end of that growing season.

Crabgrass (Digitaria spp.), goosegrass (Eleusine indica) , spurge (Euphorbia supina),

knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) , and yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca) are examples of warm-season annual weeds.

Biennial weeds live for two seasons. During the first growing season, these weeds remain in a vegetative phase. Following a cold treatment (vernalization), biennial weeds bolt, flower, set seed, and die during the second growing season. Wild carrot (Daucus

carota) and bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) are examples of biennial weeds in turf. Perennial weeds live for multiple seasons and flower more than once. Perennial structures (rhizomes, stolons, crowns, entire plants, nutlets, or roots) survive from year to year. Wild garlic Allium vineale) yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) quackgrass ( , ,

(Elytrigia repens), ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea) , and violet (Viola spp.) are examples of perennial weeds.

The information in this chapter is provided for educational purposes only. Product trade names have been used for clarity, but

reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the University of Illinois; discrimination is not intended against any

product. The reader is urged to exercise caution in making purchases or evaluating product information.

Label registrations can change at any time. Thus the recommendations in this chapter may become invalid. The

user must read carefully the entire, most recent label and follow all directions and restrictions. Purchase only enough pesticide for the current growing season

„ 34 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

Lawn Weed Control

There are several lawn weed-control methods homeowners can employ. The first

method is weed prevention, the second is the use of environmental and cultural

management, and the third is the use of chemical weed controls. Prevention

When planting turfgrasses, it is important to use soil, seed, sod, plugs, or sprigs that

Warm-season annual weeds are as free of weeds as possible. If you are bringing in soil for landscape applications, attempt to buy soil that does not contain weed seeds or vegetative plant parts that may develop into future weed problems. Inspect seed labels to determine the quantity of weed or crop seed within the seed. Avoid planting annual ryegrass in any perma-

nent turf setting; although annual ryegrass is generally short-lived, it may persist as a weed grass for more than one growing season. Examine sod, plugs, or sprigs for the

presence of weeds before purchase. In general, purchase and use high-quality soil, seed, sod, plugs, or sprigs at the time of lawn establishment. The high quality may be somewhat more costly in the short run but provides an attractive lawn with fewer weeds over the long run. Reducing weed spread from areas adjacent to established turf also can help prevent weed infestations. Mowing weeds before they flower can reduce seed movement into turf areas.

Environmental and Cultural Management

Another defense against weed infestations in turfgrass is to produce a dense stand Spring »-Fall Spring -Fall

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTIVE of healthy turf. Quality turf can compete well with weeds. It is best achieved by

providing a good growing environment and by properly preparing planting soils, planting high-quality turfgrasses suitable for the given situation, and using proper Biennial weeds cultural practices (mowing, watering, fertilizing, and cultivating).

Excessive traffic physically damages turf and also compacts soil; thin turf, which

can result, is prone to weed invasion. Perennial ryegrass and tall fescues have the ability to tolerate wear better than most other cool-season grasses. Where appropriate,

use these grasses in high-traffic areas. Compaction reduces the quantity of large, gas-

containing pore spaces in soils. Some weeds (for example, goosegrass and knotweed)

are more tolerant of low-oxygen conditions in soil than are most turfgrasses. Cultivate these areas so that the turf can better compete with weeds.

Along with compacted soils, other unfavorable growth environments also can

create growing conditions in which weeds are better adapted than turf. Shade that reduces light quantity and quality favors weeds (for example, creeping Charlie and

common chickweed) rather than turf. Prune or remove trees to allow more light to reach the growing area; this also can increase air movement and decrease disease problems. Soils that are excessively wet or dry create environments in which weeds

often grow better than does turf. If possible, provide external and internal drainage to remove excess water from the turf root zone. Also, supplemental irrigation may be used in dry periods. In general, try to create growing environments that favor your lawn instead of weeds. Cultural defense against turfgrass pests begins with the proper preparation of plant-

Perennial weeds ing soils and the planting of selected turfgrass cultivars. Proper planting of turfgrasses includes planting bed preparation; timing; and use of high-quality, adequate seed, sod,

plugs, or stolons. It is important to pay particular attention to soil drainage, moisture

retention, fertility, and pH. A properly prepared planting bed meets a turf's growth demand; this can reduce future problems associated with soils that are too wet or dry,

infertile, prone to compaction, full of debris, or too acidic or alkaline.

When selecting turfgrasses, it is important to consider the turf's use, its growth

environment, its desired appearance, the management it is to receive, and its resistance to pests. Plant high-quality turfgrasses that are most likely to give you the TWO • Controlling Weeds in Home Lawns 35

TABLE I. Recommended Turfgrass Planting Combinations for Specific Midwest Sites and Applications

Setting Turfgrass

Full sun Kentucky bluegrass blend (3 or more Kentucky bluegrass cultivars OR >80% Kentucky bluegrass/perennial ryegrass OR tall fescue blend (3 or more tall fescue cultivars) OR bermudagrass (southern portion of Midwest) OR buffalograss (very-low-maintenance areas) OR zoysiagrass (southern portion of Midwest)

Dry shade 30-50% blend of shade -tolerant Kentucky bluegrasses + 50-70% fine -leaf fescues OR tall fescue blend OR zoysiagrass (southern portion of Midwest)

Wet shade 70% or more rough bluegrass + remainder in blend oi shade-tolerant /3 rule Kentucky bluegrasses

outcome you desire. We recommend that mixes (combinations of two or more species of turfgrass) and/or blends (combinations of two or more cultivars of the same species) be planted to reduce overall turfgrass disease potential and provide grasses capable of tolerating varied sites (Table 1).

Following turfgrass planting and selection, mowing, irrigating, fertilizing, and cultivating can be used to reduce pest problems. Proper mowing is critical to turfgrass health and appearance because turfgrasses that are mowed too short become open, inviting weed invasion. They also may develop inadequate root systems, which allow plants to succumb more readily to insect and disease pests. If turfgrasses are allowed to grow too tall, they can appear unkempt and coarse in texture; turfgrass playability on athletic fields can also be affected. Basic mowing recommendations include frequent mowing at the tallest height recommended for the specific turf appearance and use (Table 2).

Irrigating turfgrasses is also important. Overwatered turf may grow too rapidly; develop shallow root systems; and be prone to invasions of weeds, insects, and diseases. Underirrigated turf may become open and sparse, develop a poor appearance, and allow weed invasions. Under most circumstances, water deeply and infrequently,

TABLE 2. Suggested Mowing Heights for Commonly Used Turfgrass Species Proper watering means watering deeply to the Turf species Mowing height (in inches) depth of the root system.

Buffalograss 2 to 3

Creeping bentgrass 3 74 to /4

Fine-leaf fescue 2 to 3

Kentucky bluegrass 2 to 3

Perennial ryegrass 2 to 3

Tall fescue 2 to 3

Zoysiagrass 1 to l'/ 2 36 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

to the depth of the root system. To maintain green, actively growing turfgrass

1 throughout the entire season, supply 1 to 1 / 2 inches of water per week from natural or artificial sources. Fertilizers maintain turfgrass density, vigor, and color. Applying large amounts of nitrogen, however, can result in turfgrasses that are lush and prone to many dis-

eases. Inadequate nitrogen fertilization leads to open turf that is readily invaded by weeds. If other minerals in the soil—especially potassium, phosphorus, iron, and sulfur—are present in adequate amounts, turf color, disease resistance, and stress tolerance can be improved. Conduct soil tests and supply these elements as recommended by the results. Lacking test results, supply a complete fertilizer in appropriate amounts and timing to capitalize on periods of active turfgrass growth. Cultivation activities include core aerification, slicing, and vertical mowing. These activities can reduce thatch and prepare turf for overseeding. Core aerifica-

tion is also useful for reducing soil compaction. Conduct cultivation activities during periods of active growth, when turfgrasses are best able to recover from these practices. See other turfgrass-management publications available from ACES/ITCS Dry-spreader application Marketing and Distribution and from the Department of Natural Resources and

Environmental Sciences at the University of Illinois.

Chemical Weed Controls

Although proper turfgrass planting, selection, and culture should result in adequate pest control, at times the intelligent selection and use of chemical weed controls (herbicides) may be necessary to control turf weeds. Herbicides should be used only after weed-prevention activities and proper culture have failed to produce the

desired quality of turf. Avoid using herbicides as a quick fix while mismanaging your lawn. For the most efficient weed control and safest use, be sure to read, under-

stand, and follow all label directions before mixing and using any herbicide. A few minutes spent studying the information on the label may prevent misuse and needless accidents. Herbicides control one or more plant species. They may be classified into one of

three types (contact, systemic, or soil sterilant), depending on the nature of their activity on plants.

Contact herbicides kill plant parts covered by the chemical. Systemic herbicides,

Contact pesticide absorbed by plant organs and translocated throughout the plant, may be either selective, killing certain weeds without injuring desirable grasses, or nonselective,

controlling all vegetation.

Glyphosate, a nonselective herbicide, is useful in renovating turfs infested with

extensive populations of annual weeds. Glyphosate is also used to kill perennial weedy grasses, such as quackgrass, that cannot be controlled by selective herbicides. Because glyphosate has no residual soil activity, treated areas may be reseeded soon

after application. Mecoprop is a selective herbicide used to control broadleaved

weeds in turf.

Soil sterilants are chemicals that render the soil toxic to all plant life. How long the soil remains sterile depends on the material used, the rate of application, and the prevailing environmental conditions that affect decomposition of the herbicide

in the soil. Soil sterilants have no place in turfgrass management, however, they are useful in preventing plant growth under fences and in other areas that are difficult to mow. Herbicides may be applied to prevent weeds from infesting a turf or to control

weeds already present. Bensulide is a preemergence herbicide applied in the springtime to prevent crabgrass. Once the weed has germinated, DSMA may be used as a Systemic pesticide postemergence treatment to selectively control the crabgrass invader. TWO • Controlling Weeds in Home Lawns 37

Weed-Control Groups

There are three groups of chemical controls for turf weeds: annual grasses, perennial grasses and other perennial monocots, and broadleaved weeds. The most common annual grasses found in home lawns are crabgrass, yellow foxtail, goosegrass,

fall panicum, and barnyardgrass. Common perennial grasses in turf include tall fescue, quackgrass, bentgrass, and nimblewill. Other perennial monocots include yellow nutsedge, wild garlic, and star of Bethlehem. Broadleaved weeds include annuals such as common chickweed or prostrate spurge and perennial weeds such as dandelions and white clover. Perennial Grasses and Other Perennial Monocot Weeds Perennial grassy weeds are considered to be the most difficult weed problems to deal with in lawns. Control options are limited because the weed species are biolog- ically very similar to the lawn species. In fact, many perennial grassy weeds are not considered weeds per se but are considered desirable grasses when growing by them- Tall fescue selves under a different set of conditions. For example, several common perennial grasses are considered weeds when growing in Kentucky bluegrass lawns because they differ greatly in leaf width, color,

or growth habit. Tall fescue is more coarse and grows in distinctive clumps when it occurs with Kentucky bluegrass. Creeping bentgrass, a very desirable turf species for

golf courses, becomes a weed in bluegrass lawns because it appears as patches of finer grass, usually lighter in color. Zoysiagrass, a warm-season turf species, appears

as patches of thick grass, dormant (straw-colored) for much of the spring and fall in Kentucky bluegrass or other cool-season grass lawns. Additional perennial grasses and perennial monocot weeds are frequent weed problems. Quackgrass, a coarse species with thick underground stems (rhizomes), can be a

major problem in lawns. Nimblewill, a creeping warm-season species, often appears as light-colored patches in lawns. Yellow nutsedge and wild garlic appear similar to grasses but belong to other plant families and are controlled with different herbicides.

One way to distinguish perennial grasses from annuals is the time of the year established plants are present. Perennials (other than nimblewill and zoysiagrass) appear as established green grasses early in spring, whereas most annual grasses, such as crabgrass, do not appear until late spring or early summer. Likewise, most

annuals die off quickly in fall, but perennials do not.

Removing these weeds and weed patches by hand is one control option. It's Quackgrass

important to get all of the plant, as many have underground or aboveground stems

(rhizomes or stolons). The stems enable these species to spread quite readily; so, if broken or cut, they regrow.

Selective chemical control is not an option with most perennial grassy weed species. Unlike selective herbicides used on annual grasses (for example, crabgrass), nonselective herbicides used to control perennial weed grasses also may damage the

lawn species. For this reason, spraying over the lawn is not suggested unless the

problem is severe enough that all grasses must be killed and the lawn reestablished. Using a nonselective herbicide, such as glyphosate, you can spot-treat patches of the undesirable species. After weeds and portions of lawn die, reseed with desirable grass

species. Treating in early to mid-August is generally thought of as the best timing (late July to early August for nimblewill and zoysiagrass), as late August into early

September is the most favorable time for reseeding. If you are resodding the area

afterwards, there is a longer period to treat the weeds. Keep in mind, however, that the weed species must be actively growing to be controlled by glyphosate. Allow 10

to 14 days to determine if weeds have been controlled completely. Other perennial monocot weeds require different chemical controls and are difficult to control. For these weeds, consult a lawn-care professional or your local Extension office to discuss methods of chemical weed control. m. 38 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

Broadleaved Weeds

Broadleaved weeds, such as dandelion, clover, and creeping Charlie, are weed problems in turf because they have obvious differences in leaf shape, growth habit, and flower shape and color. Trying to determine why these weeds have invaded a lawn

is the first step in managing broadleaved weeds in lawns. Weeds can be indicators of underlying problems. For example, ground ivy invades lawns in shade, while knotweed may indicate soil compaction. Assorted weeds may indicate overall poor

Creeping Charlie conditions for lawn grasses and/or poor management. After identifying the weeds present, step two for controlling broadleaved weeds should be to review lawn-care practices and make adjustments as needed to ensure a good stand of grass. Sound lawn-care practices should promote a healthy, vigorous turf able to prevent and compete with weed invasions. These practices include proper selection and establishment, fertilization, watering, mowing, thatch management, and related practices. Alter the environment that may be favoring weeds, such as reducing shade or improving poor soil conditions.

The third step is removal of existing broadleaved weeds. Pulling by hand is one option; be sure to get as much of the root system as possible.

Chemical control of these weeds is most often accomplished using postemergence

herbicides. These herbicides are systemic, that is, the herbicides are absorbed by the plant's organs and translocated throughout the weed. Postemergence broadleaved herbicides found in garden centers typically include 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy- acetic acid); mecoprop, or MCPP, (2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) propionic acid); or dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid); with two- and three-way combinations

available (Table 3). Additional herbicides are available to commercial landscape- care services for use on lawns. When using any chemical pest control, be sure to read, understand, and follow

the label directions for proper use of these chemicals. If mishandled or misapplied,

postemergence broadleaved herbicides may damage or kill many desirable ornamen-

Buckhorn plaintain tal or edible plants in the landscape. There are general guidelines for using broadleaved herbicides on lawns. Avoid

windy days, as these materials can damage many landscape and garden plants if they drift (spray droplets land off the lawn). Also avoid hot days (over 85 °F) and

periods when weeds are heat- or drought-stressed. It's best to have adequate soil moisture but no rain for 24 hours after application. Do not mow turf for a few days before and after application. Consider spot-treating weeds rather than broadcasting weed killer over the entire area. Use caution on newly seeded areas; wait four mow- ings before treating a newly seeded lawn, and wait 30 days before seeding an area treated with broadleaved herbicides. Refer to the label for potential hazards when used on lawns over the root zone of trees (such as with dicamba).

Early fall to midfall can be a good time to control cool-season annual weeds, such as henbit, and cool-season perennial broadleaved weeds, such as dandelions.

Control is often good as weeds prepare for winter dormancy. Moreover, as weeds die following the herbicide application, lawns spread readily into bare areas in the

cooler weather of fall. Control provided by spring and early summer applications may not be as good as that in autumn. In addition, warmer temperatures increase

the chance of lawn injury. Regardless of the time of year, the best control is Dandelion achieved when weeds are young and actively growing (Table 4). Annual Grasses In home lawns, crabgrass and other annual grassy weeds are common problems that can be treated through both chemical and nonchemical methods. Proper lawn-care practices to encourage a dense stand of vigorous grass are the best way to prevent weeds from invading. For example, mowing height can have a big impact; lawns mowed higher (over 2 inches) tend to have fewer problems with annual grasses such TWO • Controlling Weeds in Home Lawns 39

TABLE 3. Postemergence Herbicide Control of Broadleaved Weeds in Turf

Combination of

Weeds controlled 2,4-D MCPP dicamba all three materials

Black medic xo Broadleaved plantain X Buckhorn plantain X

Common chickweed •• XX

Curly dock xo X Dandelion X XX X

Ground ivy (creeping Charlie) .. xo XX Henbit xo xo X

Knotweed xo X

Postrate spurge .. xo XX Thistles XX xo X

3 Violets ••

White clover xo X Wild garlic xo XX Yarrow xo X Yellow woodsorrel xo xo xo

Note: All herbicides listed should be applied when weeds are actively growing. Turfgrass species exhibit different tolerances to these herbicides. Follow label directions for appropriate turfgrass species, rates, timing, and degree of safety when used near trees and shrubs.

.. = Lack of a rating for herbicide-weed combinations indicates that information was unavailable at time of publication. x = Usually provides adequate weed control. xx = Multiple applications may be necessary for control. xo = May provide only partial weed control. aViolets are best controlled using broadleaved herbicides containing triclopyr. Products containing triclopyr can be applied by professional turf specialists.

as crabgrass. Close-mowed lawns tend to open up, allowing weeds like crabgrass to invade. Light, frequent watering also favors crabgrass. Crabgrass often invades areas seeded in late spring because bare soil, frequent watering, and the onset of hot weather are ideal for its growth.

In some situations, turf is grown in environments that favor weed growth and development. Many annual grassy weeds are more tolerant of wet or compacted soils or shade than are turfgrasses. Altering the growing environment to favor the turfgrass can shift the competitive edge away from weeds. Herbicides (weed killers) are also available to manage annual weeds. Pre- emergence herbicides prevent annual grassy weeds such as crabgrass from emerging.

Timing of application is very important, as the weed killer should be applied before the crabgrass emerges from the soil. Crabgrass germinates when soil temperatures are greater than 55° to 60°F for 5 to 7 consecutive days, and it can continue to germinate until soils reach 95 °F. Other annual grasses germinate as soils get warmer Crabgrass than 60 °F.

For central Illinois, mid- to late April is the suggested time for applying a preemergence crabgrass herbicide. In the southern portion of Illinois, make the application 1 to 2 weeks earlier, 1 to 2 weeks later in northern Illinois. If the spring is very warm, use the earlier dates; in cold, "late" springs, these materials could be 40 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 4- Timing Applications of Broadleaf Postemergence Herbicides

Weed Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov

Black medic Broadleaf plantain Buckhorn plantain Common chickweed - Curly dock Dandelion Ground ivy (creeping Charlie) - - - Henbit Knotweed Prostrate spurge Thistles ------Violets White clover Wild garlic Yarrow Yellow woodsorrel

Source: Adapted from Lawn Weeds and Their Control, NCR Extension Publication Number 26. Note: For more information about lawns and turf, see http://www.turf.uiuc.edu

applied during the later timing. Using forsythia's blooming as a guide is not depend- able. Many preemergence crabgrass herbicides are available in combination with

lawn fertilizer at garden supply stores, so the crabgrass prevention and spring fertilization can be done at the same time. Some herbicides may be reapplied for extended control; refer to the label for timing and rates. Core-aerifying or dethatching should be done based on label

Control i 'WM'.i. i l U'i'll llj iViiniiiJiJiill barrier instructions. One of the management problems associated with preemergence her- Apply control Germinating seeds is for herbicide siduron anytime in late die upon contact bicides seeding or overseeding practices. Except the winter or spring with control barrier (Tupersan), preemergence annual-grass weed killers also damage germinating desir-

able grass seed. Siduron is often combined with starter fertilizer. Preemergence control If crabgrass plants are appearing in lawns in mid- to late summer, remember that

they are annual plants and die as temperatures drop in the fall. Postemergence crabgrass herbicides should be applied when crabgrass plants are very small; typi-

cally crabgrass is noticed too late for these to be effective. The suggested strategy to

avoid crabgrass next season is to improve the lawn through cultural practices and consider a preemergence herbicide in the spring.

Authors

T. Voigt

Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences

B. Spangenberg

Extension Educator, Horticulture

iShVate

^m-.m^

s*-5 CONTROLLING WEEDS IN THE HOME GARDEN

A weed is a plant growing where it is not wanted. Weeds compete with desirable plants for water, soil nutrients, sunlight, and gaseous components of the air needed for growth. Many weeds also harbor diseases and insects that may attack plants around the home.

The first step in developing a weed-control program for your home garden is correct

identification of the weed species that you wish to control. It is also important to be

familiar with the weed's biology and/or life cycle when choosing a weed-control strategy.

Three general methods of weed control can be used in the home garden: ( 1 ) cultivation and mechanical removal (hoeing, pulling); (2) mulching (smothering of weeds); and (3) herbicides (weed killers). In fact, the most successful weed-control programs are those that take an integrated approach when controlling weeds.

Mechanical removal and mulching control many weeds but may not control all those present. In these cases, herbicides can be used to gain supplemental control. Additionally,

it is also important to know that herbicides do not control all weeds, and there may not be a herbicide labeled for use around the plant species in your home landscape.

Prevention

Preventing future weed infestations can often eliminate weed problems. Weed seeds come into a garden by a variety of means, such as birds, wind, and even muddy boots. Fresh top-

soil and soil attached to the roots of new plants added to the garden may also contain weed seeds. However these sources are likely to be of minimal concern compared to the ever- present seed bank in your garden just waiting to germinate. Certain weeds are extremely prolific seed producers. For example, one common lambsquarters plant may produce half a

million seeds over the course of a season. It is key to control weeds before they flower and set seed. Doing this dramatically decreases the seed bank in your garden over time.

Cultivation and Mechanical Removal

The combination of cultivation and mechanical removal is the safest, most common, and recommended method for controlling weeds in home gardens. Because only those

The information in this chapter is provided for educational purposes only. Product trade names have been used for clarity, but

reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the University of Illinois; discrimination is not intended against any

product. The reader is urged to exercise caution in making purchases or evaluating product information.

Label registrations can change at any time. Thus the recommendations in this chapter may become invalid. The

user must read carefully the entire, most recent label and follow all directions and restrictions. Purchase only enough pesticide for the current growing season. 44 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

weeds that are present can be controlled, the process must be repeated several times throughout the growing season. Adequate control of weeds with this method may be difficult during vacations or busy work periods.

Shave off deeply rooted weeds with a sharp hoe while gently breaking up the soil crust. Deep tillage can cause severe injury to shallow-rooted flowers and vegetables and can bring deeply buried weed seeds to the surface, where they can germinate. Keeping equipment sharp and in good condition helps to reduce injury to desirable plants. Hoe carefully around your plants, and hand-pull weeds close to the plants. Weeds in small areas can be controlled by wheel hoes or hand hoes; in large gardens, use power equipment such as Rototillers and garden tractors. This equip- Cultivating by hoe ment should be set shallow when used in a garden for weed control. To prevent root injury, avoid cultivating too close to crop plants. Mulching

Mulching controls weeds by preventing light from reaching the weed seeds or

seedlings. An added benefit of mulch is that it helps keep weeds shallow-rooted and makes them easier to pull by hand. This method controls many annual weeds—those that germinate from seed each year. Perennial weeds (those that sprout each year from underground plant parts) usually must be removed by cultivation or hoeing.

The advantages of mulching include moisture conservation, prevention of soil crusting, reduction of erosion, increased soil temperatures in spring, and the ability to keep edible aboveground plant portions clean. Organic Mulches

The organic materials used most frequently for mulching include plant residues Pulling weeds by hand such as straw or hay (free of weed seeds); crushed corncobs; various nut hulls; leaf and grass composts; peat; wood products such as sawdust, wood chips, shredded bark, and shavings; and well-rotted animal manure. Use the most economical mulch available. For good results, apply the mulch materials to a depth of 4 to 6 inches. A combination of several layers of newspaper covered by organic materials has shown promise as a summer mulch. Use papers with black ink; most black ink

used for newsprint (but not colored ink) is soy based. Applying natural mulch materials may require considerable hand labor. Most organic materials are bulky and must be hauled to the place of use, but this problem

is not serious in small gardens.

Nitrogen required Organic mulch for decomposition materials (pounds per ton of mulch)

Cocoa pods 6.0 Corncobs (ground) 22.5 Hay, grass clippings 7.6 Peanut hulls 8.5 Sawdust (fresh) 26.0 Wheat straw 17.6

As organic mulches decompose, they return organic matter and some plant Compost bin nutrients to the soil and improve soil tilth. Added benefits are the prevention of

soil compaction, conservation of soil moisture, erosion control on slopes, cooler soil temperatures in summer, and added attractiveness of the garden. When organic materials are used, you may need to add nitrogen fertilizer to prevent nitrogen deficiency in the mulched crop. With alfalfa, clover, or other

legume mulches, however, excess nitrogen is released during decomposition. THREE • Controlling Weeds in the Home Garden 45

Synthetic Mulches Common synthetic mulches include polyethylene, paper, paper-polyethylene combinations, black polypropylene mats, fiberglass mats, wax-coated papers, and aluminum and steel foils.

l = Polyethylene film is used in a thickness of 1 to l /2 mils (1 mil 0.001 inch) and a width of 3 to 6 feet. Black polyethylene is preferable for the home vegetable garden because it prevents light from reaching the weed seedlings. It is generally not practical to use transparent polyethylene as a full-season mulch because weeds develop under the polyethylene. To install the mulch, press the edges down into furrows and cover them firmly with soil. A push-type, one-wheel cultivator works well to open and close furrows. The mulch may also be installed by using a rake or shovel to cover the edges with soil. Do not throw excess soil on top of the mulch.

It is better to apply synthetic mulches in crop rows than to attempt covering the entire area. The area between the rows of polyethylene mulch must be carefully mm cultivated or hoed.

Use of polyethylene mulch increases soil temperatures in the spring and hastens Black polypropylene cover the development of some crops. A number of "weed mat materials" (geotextiles) are readily available to homeowners. These materials may or may not be used underneath an organic mulch. When used, they prevent the weeds that germinate in the organic mulch from rooting into the soil, thus making them easy to pull. Cultivation, mulching, or even the two in combination do not control most perennial weeds. Perennials can be controlled by removing the top growth to deplete the food (carbohydrate) supply in the underground storage tissues. This method may suppress the growth of perennial weeds, but completely eradicating the weeds with this method requires frequent recutting of the top growth.

Ground Covers

Reducing the amount of bare soil in the garden and in your landscape, in turn, reduces the number of weeds present. As the canopy of your flowers and vegetables closes, your weed problems are reduced. In sunny areas, it is beneficial to use plants with abundant light-blocking foliage and to plant densely. Shady areas in your landscape, such as beneath shallow-rooted trees like maples, are difficult areas to grow turf. The result is often an unsightly mix of bare ground and weeds. A well-established ground cover can act as a living mulch by shading out weeds and keeping the soil cool. Shade-loving ground covers such as English ivy, pachysandra, and hosta can be used in areas where turf struggles to grow.

Herbicides

Using herbicides in small ornamental and vegetable gardens containing several crop species is not a good practice because different flowers, vegetables, and weeds vary in their tolerance to herbicides. Some herbicides may remain in the soil longer than one growing season and may kill or injure some species the following year (especially if excessive rates are used). Ideally, a specific herbicide should be used kjfij / for each crop species; but most people have small areas of several species in their gardens, making it impractical and expensive to buy the several herbicides that Hand can sprayer would be needed.

Application must be controlled carefully when a herbicide is used on small areas.

For serious weed problems, it is often thought that if a little more herbicide is applied, then weed control will be better. The fallacy of this approach is that increased herbicide application rates often result in damage to desirable plants.

A low-percentage granular formulation is suggested for small garden areas. 46 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

CAUTION: Check the container label very carefully for rates of material to use and application techniques. Applications must be accurate and uniform. Excessive amounts

may cause injury to the current or subsequent crops. Application techniques vary depending on the use of a preemergence or postemergence herbicide. Preemergence herbicides are applied before weeds emerge because they control weeds as they germinate. These herbicides need to be placed where germinating seeds are—either by shallow cultivation or watering, depending on label directions. Postemergence herbicides are applied to the foliage of weeds

and must remain on the weed foliage for several hours to be effective. If rain falls shortly after application, re-treatment may be necessary. Postemergence herbicides should be applied on warm, sunny days when weeds are actively growing. For the home gardener who prefers not to remove weeds by hand, Dacthal, Devrinol, and Treflan are preemergence herbicides labeled for a number of ornamental and vegetable species. These herbicides may not be the most effective for a

large planting of an ornamental, fruit, or vegetable species. Herbicides for these large plantings are listed in "Weed Control for Commercial Vegetable Crops" and

"Managing Weeds in Landscape Plantings and Nursery Crops" in the Illinois Agricultural Pest Management Handbook and the Commercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook, respectively (revised annually).

Herbicides may be sold under several trade names. If you cannot identify the trade names on the container, look on the label for the common name or the chemical name of the active ingredients. The trade names listed in this publication

are for products commonly used in Illinois. Products of identical content that are Yellow foxtail marketed under other trade names may be equally effective. For more complete information on the registered use of herbicides discussed in this chapter, consult "Managing Weeds in Landscape Plantings and Nursery Crops" in the Commercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook. Preemergence Herbicides

DCPA (Dacthal) is a preemergence herbicide that controls very small weed

seedlings soon after the weed seeds germinate. It does not control weeds that have

emerged prior to application. The herbicide is most effective when rainfall occurs

or the soil is irrigated within 2 to 3 days after application of the herbicide. Weeds

that have already emerged should be removed before DCPA is applied.

DCPA is the best multipurpose herbicide for home-garden use. It is available as a 75 percent wettable-powder and as a 5 percent granular formulation. DCPA may be used for annual grass control in lawns; on a number of species of flowers; and on strawberries, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, dry and snap beans, cucumbers, squash, melons, collards, kale, mustard greens, turnips, garlic, onions, potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams, tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, and horseradish. Do not use DCPA on beets, bugleweed, button pink, carnation, germander, geum, mesembryanthemum, pansy, phlox, sweet William, and telanthera.

A one-time application to all species is not always possible in a garden of flowers or vegetables because some plants in early growth stages are susceptible to injury. It

is preferable to use DCPA at seeding or transplanting time if the species is adapted

for it. When application must be delayed, remove emerged weeds, and then apply DCPA to prevent further weed development. Consult the container label for the Large crabgrass appropriate application time.

DCPA is effective in controlling annual grasses that are a problem in the spring. Broadleaved weeds must be removed mechanically. Due to production difficulties, DCPA has become difficult to locate and purchase.

Napropamide (Devrinol) is a preemergence herbicide labeled for a wide range of

herbaceous and woody plants. It should be incorporated into the soil by mechanical means or irrigation. Control existing weeds before applying napropamide. .

THREE • Controlling Weeds in the Home Garden 47

Napropamide may be used in asparagus, tomatoes, peppers, strawberries, tree fruits, nuts, shrubs, and shade trees. It controls annual grasses such as barnyardgrass, crabgrass, fall panicum, and goosegrass. Broadleaved weeds that can be controlled by napropamide include carpetweed, purslane, lambsquarters, and pigweed.

Trifluralin (Preen, Treflan) is used in soybean production in Illinois, and it is widely available. It can be purchased as a liquid with 4 pounds of active ingredient per gallon for large areas or as a low-percentage granular form for smaller areas. Trifluralin may be used for weed control in green, lima, and dry beans; broccoli; brussels sprouts; cabbage; cauliflower; carrots; kale; mustard greens; okra; peas; peppers; tomatoes; turnip greens; apricots; cherries; grapes; peaches; and plums. Trifluralin can be used to control weeds around evergreens, trees, shrubs, and many established annual and perennial flowers. Do not use trifluralin on sweet corn, strawberries, bramble fruits, or blueberries because injury may result. Trifluralin must be moved into the soil soon after application to prevent loss of the chemical from the soil surface. A Rototiller or similar equipment should be used to mix trifluralin with the soil to a depth of 3 to 4 inches. When it is impractical to mix trifluralin with the soil mechanically, all emerged weeds should be removed and the herbicide incorporated into the soil by rainfall or sprinkle irrigation.

The correct amount of trifluralin to use depends on the soil type. The appropriate amounts are shown on the container label.

Trifluralin is quite effective on annual grasses, but many broad-leaved weeds must be removed mechanically.

A list of preemergent herbicides recommended for application by home gardeners is presented in Table 1

Postemergence Herbicides Pigweed Fluazifop-P-butyl (Fusilade) is a postemergence grass herbicide. It is used for controlling grass weeds in evergreens, broad-leaved ornamental plants, and broad-leaved ground covers. It should be applied with a nonionic surfactant to improve efficacy. It works best when applied to small grasses with three to five leaves.

Glufosinate (Finale) is a nonselective contact postemergence herbicide. The results of glufosinate treatment are visible sooner than those with glyphosate. The drawback to using glufosinate is that as a contact herbicide it only kills the plant

TABLE I. Preemergence Herbicides Recommended for Application by Home Gardeners

Trade name and common name Chemical name

Betasan (bensulide) 0,0-bis(l-methylethyl) S-[2- l(phenylsulfonyl)amino]ethyl] phosphorodithioate

Dacthal (DCPA) dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate

Devrinol (napropamide) NN-diethyl-2-(l-napthalenyloxy) proprionamide

Treflan, Preen, Weed Preventer; a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro Garden Weed Prevent; Garden N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine Weed Prevent and Plant Food; Preen 'n Green; Preen for Groundcovers; Easy Weeder; Easy Weed 'n Green (trifluralin) 48 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

tissue it contacts. Deep-rooted weeds are not controlled by glufosinate. They resprout from their root system and continue to be a problem. Glyphosate (Roundup, Kleenup, Kleeraway) must be applied to the foliage of green, actively growing plants to be effective. Because glyphosate has no soil activ-

ity, it may be applied in the early spring. It may also be applied in the fall, after the edible plants have been removed from the garden but while the perennial weeds

are still growing. Because glyphosate is nonselective, do not apply it to (or let it drift onto) desirable or edible plants. Be sure to read the label for complete application instructions. Glyphosate may be used to control perennial weeds in vegetable gardens where

labeled vegetable species are to be grown. It must not be applied where nonlabeled

vegetable species are to be grown. If gardeners in areas that are infested with perennial weeds are willing to restrict their choice of crops for one year, this method can effectively reduce the weeds. To find out which species are labeled, check the

glyphosate label or contact your local Extension office.

Sethoxydim (Vantage, Poast) is a postemergent grass herbicide used to control

grasses in plantings of ornamental broad-leaved and vegetable plants. It is most effective when used to control seedling or small grasses, 3- to 5-leaf stage.

A list of postemergence herbicdes recommended for application by home gar-

deners is presented in Table 2. As effective as herbicides are at controlling weeds,

they do not control all weeds. Table 3 rates the efficacy of herbicides recommended for application by home gardeners at controlling some common weed species.

Pesticide Safety Phenoxy and Dicamba

Phenoxy herbicides (2,4-D and others) and dicamba (Banvel) are used to control broadleaved weeds in corn, turf areas, and roadways. Most flowers, shrubs, shade

trees, small fruits, tree fruits, and vegetables are susceptible to injury by these herbicides. When applying these materials, be sure that direct spray, drifting spray, or fumes do not reach susceptible plants.

Use the amine formulation of 2,4-D, which is less volatile and does not drift as

easily as the esters; and apply it under calm conditions and temperatures below 80°

to 85 °F. A sprayer used to apply phenoxy herbicides or dicamba on grass should not be used to apply other pesticides on gardens. Phenoxys usually cannot be cleaned out of sprayers thoroughly enough to avoid injury to broadleaved plants.

TABLE 2. Postemergence Herbicides Recommended for Application by Home Gardeners

Trade name and common name Chemical name

Fusilade, Over-The-Top Grass Killer; Butyl(R)-2[4[[5-(trifluoromethyl-2- Ornamec 170; Grass-B-Gon Grass pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoate Killer; KICK-OUT; Bermudagrass Killer (fluazifop-P-butyl)

Finale (glufosinate) 2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl) butanoic acid

Vantage, Poast (sethoxydim) 2-[l-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)-propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen- 1-one

Roundup, Kleenup (glyphosate) N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine THREE • Controlling Weeds in the Home Garden 49

TABLE 3. Efficacy Ratings of Herbicides Recommended for Application by Home Gardeners3

Preemergence herbicide Postemergence herbicide

Weed Bensulide Dacthal Napropamide Trifluralin Fluazifop Glyphosate Glufosinate Sethoxydim

Barnyardgrass G F G G G G F G Crabgrass G G G G G G F F-G Goosegrass G F G G G G F G

Quackgrass .. .. N G G P F

Bindweed .. ,. .. N F P-F N

Chickweed F G G G N G .. N

Dandelion •• •• N P-F •• N

Galinsoga P N F F N G N

Groundsel F-P F P N G ,. N

Henbit .. .. N F-G . N

Lambsquarters F .. F G N G G N

Nightshade N .. N N-P N G G N

Nutsedge N .. N N N P P N Oxalis N F P F N G N

Pigweed F G G N G G N

Purslane F F G G N G .. N

Ragweed N .. N N-P N F-G G N

Spurge P G G N ., N

Sowthistle .. ,. N ,. N

Canada thistle .. N G P N Velvetleaf N N N-P N G G N

G = Good F = Fair P = Poor N = No control expected a Herbicide control ratings are based on product labels, the authors' experience, and information received from Marshal McGlamery, Department of Crop Sciences, and John Masiunas, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences.

Soil Deactivation

If a garden area becomes contaminated with a persistent herbicide or a soil sterilant, this area can be decontaminated by applying activated carbon to inactivate

the herbicide. See Horticulture Fact Sheet VC-15-81 , "Testing for and Deactivating

Herbicide Residues," available from Horticulture Facts, University of Illinois, 1 105 Plant Sciences Laboratory, 1201 S. Dorner Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, (217)333-

0350. The first copy is free, additional copies 25 cents each.

Disposal of Pesticide Containers and Surplus Pesticides

Use pesticides safely. Read the labels. If pesticides are handled or applied improperly, or if unused containers are disposed of improperly, injury can occur to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, pollinating insects, and fish or other wildlife. Water supplies also can become contaminated. Use pesticides only when needed, and handle them with care. Follow directions, and heed all precautions on container labels. Store all pesticides in a cool, dry, locked storage area so that they are not accessible to children, unknowledgeable persons, or animals. Do not dispose of pesticides through sewage systems or where they can run off into drainage ditches or bodies of water. Haul them or have them hauled to a sanitary landfill for burial. 50 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

Never place aerosol cans on a stove or heater or near any source of heat that might exceed 120°F. Store in a cool place—not in the hot sun. Have empty aerosol cans hauled away and buried by experienced disposal crews. Do not incinerate aerosol cans.

Classification of Herbicides

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency classifies herbicides for general use or restricted use. An Illinois resident wishing to use a herbicide classified for restricted use must be certified as a private or commercial pesticide applicator by the Illinois Department of Agriculture. Your local Extension office can give you details on this program. No herbicide discussed in this article has been classified for restricted use.

Authors

D. Williams

University of Illinois Arboretum and Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences

M. Wiesbrook

Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences

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&!« CHAPTER

MANAGING PLANT DISEASES IN THE HOME LANDSCAPE

Diagnosis

The first step in an effective disease-management program is proper identification of the

problem. This step is often the most difficult as well. It is important to gain a broad knowledge of the various diseases that are likely to occur on a host, as well as the non- disease problems that may have similar symptoms. At the very least, start with a good

library of reference books to which you can refer. Keys to help with diagnosis, as well as a

list of disease fact sheets, are provided in this chapter.

Plant diseases are either noninfectious (also referred to as abiotic) or infectious (also referred to as pathogenic). Noninfectious diseases are caused by environmental or cul-

tural conditions, often involving some type of stress. Examples include iron chlorosis, improper watering, or extremes in weather conditions. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens, living agents that cause disease and may spread from plant to plant. Four types of pathogens cause most infectious diseases of plants: fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. Plant pathogens, generally microscopic in

size, cannot be seen with the unaided eye. The plants they infect, however, develop symptoms that can be seen and that provide clues to the type of pathogen and disease

present. Examples of infectious diseases include black spot of rose, dollar spot of turf, and anthracnose of many trees. Examples of symptoms might include wilting, leaf spots, and reduced or abnormal growth.

Whether a disease is infectious or noninfectious may be determined by looking at many different species in the same area. Disease pathogens usually infect certain plant

species or closely related species, so if different species show similar symptoms, or stress,

then a noninfectious cause is more likely. Improper conditions, or stress, affect many different species. Also, the noninfectious diseases can occur very rapidly as conditions change (for example, when an overnight temperature change causes plants to wilt), whereas infectious disease pathogens generally develop more slowly. Be alert for multiple causes contributing to plant decline. Often symptoms caused by improper growing conditions, chemical injury, or environmental stress are similar to symptoms caused by infectious disease pathogens. Plants under stress are more susceptible

The information in this chapter is provided for educational purposes only. Product trade names have been used for clarity, but

reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the University of Illinois; discrimination is not intended against any

product. The reader is urged to exercise caution in making purchases or evaluating product information.

Label registrations can change at any time. Thus the recommendations in this chapter may become invalid. The

user must read carefully the entire, most recent label and follow all directions and restrictions. Purchase only enough pesticide for the current growing season. 54 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

to infectious disease agents, so the disease problem may be secondary to the cause

of the stress. Be sure to keep an open mind and gather all the facts before making a diagnosis.

Before You Spray...

Once you have identified the problem, it is important to consider all your options before reaching for the sprayer. We strongly recommend that you learn the basics of the disease you are dealing with and read through the integrated pest management section of this

handbook (Chapter 7) before you use a pesticide . Far too often, plant diseases occur due to poor site selection, temporary conditions that favor the pathogen, or mis- management of the plant's environment. As a result, fungicides may be applied too

late to do any good; and, in some cases, the real problem is never addressed.

Sometimes, pesticide applications are necessary. The intent of this chapter is to

provide a list of registered pesticides, as well as references to other disease- management information so that you may choose the appropriate methods and

proper product for the disease encountered. It is not the intent of the authors to promote chemical controls nor to promote one product over another. Some products are available to commercial applicators but not to homeowners.

If the product is a restricted-use pesticide (RUP), special licensing is required to

purchase and apply it. However, most pesticides are not RUPs, but rather they are packaged in large quantities that make them inappropriate for most homeowners to purchase due to safe storage and disposal issues. Although there are many effective pesticides in the homeowner market, labeled for a wide range of plants and dis-

eases, not all plants and diseases are covered. In such cases, it may be necessary to Disease-free seed seek the help of a commercial pesticide applicator. Considering the equipment and

time it takes to apply pesticides properly, you may find that the expertise of a certi-

fied commercial applicator is well worth the money. In some cases, the authors have grouped related plants for which the diseases and pesticide recommendations are nearly identical. Before purchasing and using any pesticide, carefully read the instructions and information provided in the prod-

uct label to be certain that it is safe and legal to apply it to the plant or site you wish to spray.

Although the nonchemical control measures change little over the years, pesti-

cide names, formulations, labels, and recommendations may change annually. It is

your legal responsibility to verify that you are using the product according to its label: Check the label for changes each time you buy a pesticide. The pesticides listed in this chapter are approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

as of October 1, 2000, to the best of our knowledge. The handbook will be updated when a significant number of pesticides available to the homeowner have label changes.

How to Use This Chapter

Table I

A series of fact sheets discussing specific diseases of plants is available from the

Department of Crop Sciences at the University of Illinois. The fact sheet series is

called Report on Plant Disease (RPDs) . Each fact sheet describes one disease or a group of diseases and discusses host plants, environmental conditions necessary for Infected leaf disease, details on the pathogen, and disease-management suggestions. The RPDs are an excellent source of information on nonchemical disease control. If resistant plant varieties or cultivars are available, they are usually listed in the RPD. For

additional information, many diseases listed in Tables 2, 4, and 6 refer to a particular

RPD in Table 1 . Only RPDs concerning turf, ornamental plants, and fruit trees are listed in this chapter. FOUR • Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 55

Table 2

This table categorizes turf diseases that a homeowner might encounter, arranged according to the season in which the disease is most common. Use these seasons and temperature ranges as guides only—several early season turf diseases can be report on found well into spring. Pesticide options are listed in the middle column, while PLANT DISEASE timing and application instructions are provided in the right column, along with a OAK WILT AND ITS COKTROI. reference to more information (RPD) about the pest.

Tables 3 and 5

As previously mentioned, correct identification of a disease problem is the first step in disease management. There are literally hundreds of books available on the subject of disease identification of ornamental plants. Tables 3 and 5 attempt to present simple keys to disease identification based on symptomology. Table 3 provides a key

(, BOCK JACK FUv HBO, i^WlXI ' for diseases of flowers and other nonwoody plants. Use this for hosts that include uM«td DrUM annuals, perennials, and biennials that do not have a woody stem. Table 5 provides a similar key for plants with woody stems, including trees, shrubs, and some vines.

These tables are meant to serve as a guide or aid in identification. Fact sheets or reference books will often be necessary to make a correct diagnosis. In some cases, you Report on Plant Disease may need help from a diagnostician. Your local University of Illinois Extension office can assist you with plant and pest diagnostics by providing fact sheets and by direct- ing you to local or regional Extension educators, state specialists, or the University of Illinois Plant Clinic (www.cropsci.uiuc.edu/research/clinic/clinic.html). In addition, your local Extension office is equipped to submit samples to a statewide diagnostics system called "Distance Diagnosis." Tables 4 and 6

These tables list nonchemical and chemical controls for use against the common diseases found on flowers and other nonwoody ornamental plants (Table 4), as well as the woody plants (Table 6), found in Illinois. Pesticide options are listed in the middle column, while timing and application instructions are provided in the right column, along with a reference to more information (RPD) about the pest. Viral diseases are not listed because chemical controls are not effective against the viruses. In a few cases, a disease is listed even though no chemical is available for control. This was done intentionally to provide information about reference material and to point out that the disease was not mistakenly skipped.

Table 7

Table 7 provides more information about each pesticide listed in Tables 2, 4, and 6.

Look to this table for information about the full trade name, active ingredient, pesticide mobility, and company name.

Authors

B. Paulsrud and N. Pataky

Department of Crop Sciences 1 )

56 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE I. Report on Plant Disease Series

Report on Plant Disease (RPDs) publications are available on the Internet (http://www.ipm.uiuc.edu/urban/index.html) at no charge, through your local University of Illinois Extension office, or from the Department of Crop Sciences at

Department of Crop Sciences Plant Pathology Extension N-533 Turner Hall

1 102 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801 (217)333-8375

for $1.00 each. Please make check payable to the University of Illinois.

The date in parentheses indicates the most recent update. An asterisk indicates an RPD that has one or more color images.

Grasses and Turf

400 Recommendations for the Control of Diseases of Turfgrasses (3/89)

401* Slime Molds (1999)

402* Turfgrass Disease Control (1995)

403* Fairy Rings, Mushrooms, and Puffballs (1998)

404* Snow Molds of Turfgrasses (1997)

405* Helminthosporium Leaf Crown and Root Diseases of Lawn Grasses (1999)

406 Powdery Mildew of Turfgrasses (4/86)

407* Sclerotinia Dollar Spot of Turfgrasses (4/86)

408 Summer Patch and Necrotic Ring Spot of Lawns and Fine Turfgrasses (9/92)

Diseased grass 409* Leaf Smuts of Turfgrasses (1998)

410 Pythium Blight of Turfgrasses (10/92)

411* Rhizoctonia Diseases of Turfgrasses (5/86)

412* Rusts of Turfgrasses (2000)

413 Red Thread and Pink Patch of Turfgrasses (1986)

414 Bacterial Wilt and Decline of Turfgrasses (10/87)

415 Yellow Tuft on Downy Mildew of Turfgrasses (4/88)

416* Anthracnose of Turfgrasses (9/88)

417 Minor Leaf Spot and Blight Diseases of Turfgrasses (10/88) Ornamentals

600 Fungal Leaf Spots of Black Walnut (6/87)

60 * Leaf Diseases of Mountain-Laurel ( 1 998 FOUR * Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 57

TABLE I. Report on Plant Disease Series (cont.)

602* Armillaria Root Rot of Trees and Shrubs (2000)

603* Iron Chlorosis of Woody Plants: Cause and Control (1996)

604* Cytospora Canker of Spruce (1996)

605 Leaf Rusts of Poplars and Willows in the Midwest (2/90)

606 Phomopsis Canker and Dieback of Russian Olive (6/87)

607* Bacterial Disease of Geraniums (4/90)

608 Virus Diseases of Geranium (9/89)

609* Tulip Fire or Botrytis Blight (2000)

610 Black Spot of Rose (10/87)

611 Powdery Mildew of Roses (3/88)

612 Gladiolus Viruses (8/83)

613 Leaf Spots, Anthracnose, and Scab of Pansy and Violet (9/83)

614 Common Viruses of Orchids (5/90)

615 Damping-off and Root Rots of House Plants and Garden Flowers (2/88)

616 Bacterial Diseases of Anthurium, Dieffenbachia, Philodendron,

and Syngonium (5/90)

617* Powdery Mildews of Ornamentals (7/87)

618* Oak Wilt and Its Control (2000)

619 Fasciation, or Leafy Gall (4/91)

620* Leaf Scorch of Woody Plants (1997) Diseased leaf 621* Anthracnose Diseases of Shade Trees (1997)

622* Phomopsis Twig Blight of Juniper (1999)

623 Botrytis Blight or Gray Mold of Ornamental Plants (1/90)

624* Needle Blights and Needle Casts of Pines (1999)

625* Sphaeropsis Blight or Diplodia Tipblight of Pines (1997)

626 Rose Cane Cankers (5/90)

627 Hollyhock Rust (2/82)

628 Iris Leaf Spot (4/82)

629 Oedema or Corky Scab (1998)

630 Rose Rusts (4/89)

631 Red Spot, Leaf Blotch of Peonies (4/82)

632 Rose Viruses (9/88) ) ) )

58 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE I. Report on Plant Disease Series (cont.)

634 Tulip Breaking or Mosaic (9/90)

635 Snapdragon Rust (7/82)

636* Canker and Dieback Disease of Woody Plants (1997)

63 7 Leaf Spot or Blight of Hawthorn ( 7/87

638* Firethorn (Pyracantha) Scab (2000)

640* Stem Blight of Vinca Minor (1995)

641* Decline and Dieback of Trees and Shrubs (1996)

642* Wood Rots and Decay (1999)

647* Dutch Elm Disease and Its Control (2000)

648 Leaf Spot Diseases of Shade and Ornamental Trees in the Midwest (5/88)

649* Pachysandra Leaf and Stem Blight (2000)

650 Fusarium Wilt Diseases of Herbaceous Ornamentals (2/88)

651 Gladiolus Corm Rots ( 1 1/83)

652* Leaf Spot Diseases of English Ivy (11/83)

653 Pepperomia Disease (4/88)

654 Mosaic Diseases of Iris (4/88)

655 Common Leaf Diseases of Zinnia (10/87)

656 Bacterial Wetwood and Slime Flux of Landscape Trees (4/89)

657 Downy Mildew of Snapdragons (12/88)

658 Geranium Rust (1/89)

659 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Begonia (2/89)

660 Elm Yellows or Phloem Necrosis and Its Control (1998)

661 Cytospora Canker of Poplar and Willows (5/90)

662 Witches' Broom of Hackberry (7/89)

663* Oak Leaf Blister (1999)

664* Phytophthora Root Rot or Wilt of Rhododendrons and Azaleas

in the Midwest (2000)

665 Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (4/91

666 Rose Rosette Disease (10/91)

Tree Fruits

Fire blight 800* Cherry Leaf Spot ( 1 995

801* Fire Blight (1999) 7 * ) ) )

FOUR * Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 59

TABLE I. Report on Plant Disease Series (cont.)

802* Cedar-Apple and Related Rusts (1997)

* 803 Apple and Crabapple Scab ( 1 99 7

804* Brown Rot of Stone Fruits (1999)

805 * Peach Leaf Curl and Plum Pockets (1999)

806 Perennial Canker of Peach ( 1 0/84

807 Cultural Practices to Control Diseases in Home Fruit Plantings (1/91)

808 Stem-pitting Disease of Stone Fruits (6/89)

809* Black Knot of Plums and Cherries (2000)

810 Bacterial Spot of Stone Fruits (9/88)

811 Scab of Peach, Nectarine, Plum and Apricot (9/88)

812 Phytophthora Collar Rot of Apple (1988)

813 Botryosphaeria Canker and Fruit Rot of Apple (10/84)

814* Black Rot of Apple (1999)

* 8 1 5 Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck of Apple (1999)

816* Powdery Mildew of Apple (1998)

8 1 Necrotic Leaf Blotch of Golden Delicious Apples ( 1 0/84

Miscellaneous

1003 The Weather and Plant Diseases (8/89)

1004 Problems of Mixing Pesticides ( 1 1/88)

1005 Plant Damage from Air Pollution (4/86)

1006* Crown Gall (1999)

1008 Sclerotinia Disease, White Mold or Watery Soft Rot ( 10/89)

1010* Verticillium Wilt Disease (1997)

1100* Collecting and Shipping Soil Samples for Nematode Analysis (1996)

1101 Root-knot Nematodes (1993)

1 102* Foliar Nematode Diseases of Ornamentals (2000)

1 1 03 Lesion Nematodes (10/91)

1104* Pine Wilt Disease (1998)

1 106* The Ectoparasitic Nematodes of Illinois (1997)

1108 Nematode Parasites of Turfgrass (2000)

KmUHHHBffllRiSHfH 60 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 2. Products Labeled for Turfgrass Diseases

Turfgrass diseases and when they typically appear Labeled pesticides 3 Comments3

Cold weather (<32° to 45T); usually winter Snow molds (gray snow mold; pink Pink snow mold: Bonide Bonomyl, Spray recurring problem areas just snow mold/Fusarium patch) Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Halt. before snowfall, and repeat once or

twice during the winter when snow is

Gray snow mold: Bonide Fung-onil, absent. Continue to mow in the fall Dragon Daconil, Ortho Daconil. until the grass stops growing. Avoid excessive nitrogen application in the

fall. Fusarium patch can continue up to about 60°F. All turf species may be Cool weather (45° to 60T); usually affected. See RPDs 400, 404. early spring or late fall Powdery mildew Ferti-lome Systemic, Immunox. Spray, at labeled interval, when dis-

ease is first noticed. Reduce shade and increase air circulation. Mainly affects

Kentucky bluegrass and fine-leaf fescues. See RPDs 400, 406.

Red thread/pink patch Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Spray, at labeled interval, when dis-

Dragon 3336, Dragon Daconil, Ferti- ease is first noticed. Warm, dry lome Halt, Ferti-lome Systemic, weather and a light application of

Immunox, Ortho Daconil. fertilizer stop this disease. Perennial ryegrass, older Kentucky bluegrass varieties, and fine-leaf fescues are particularly susceptible. See RPD 413.

Leaf smut Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti- Make 1 or 2 applications, 14 to 21 lome Halt, Ferti-lome Systemic, days apart, in October or November Immunox. just before the grass goes dormant. Drench fungicide into the soil with

1 inch of water immediately after application. All turf species may be affected. See RPDs 400, 409.

Warm to hot weather (60° to 75 °F or greater); usually late spring, summer,

or early fall Dollar spot Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Captan, Spray, at labeled interval, when dis-

Bonide Fung-onil, Dragon 3336, Dragon ease is first noticed. The disease can Captan, Dragon Daconil, Ferti-lome often be minimized by applying nitro-

Fungicide, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome gen fertilizer. Core-aerify in the spring

Systemic, Immunox, Ortho Daconil. and/or fall to reduce compaction and thatch layer. All turf species may be affected. See RPDs 400, 407.

a Refer to Table 7 for additional product information. Temperature groups are just general guidelines. Before using any product, carefully read its label to identify any varietal, environmental, or plant-stage interactions that may occur. Repeated use of a product or active ingredient may lead to pesticide resistance and the loss of pest control. Whenever possible, alternate effective active ingredients to reduce the development of pest resistance. See the Commercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook (updated annually) for additional products available to commercial applicators. —

FOUR • Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 61

TABLE 2. Products Labeled for Turfgrass Diseases (cont.)

Turfgrass diseases and when they typically appear Labeled pesticides 3 Comments3

Warm to hot weather (60° to 75 °F or greater); usually late spring, summer, or early fall (cont.) Fairy rings (green arcs and/or rings of None suggested, Fungicides are not very effective. mushrooms) Green rings can be masked by following a moderate fertility program. Mushrooms may indicate decay of buried wood. See RPDs 400, 403.

"Helminthosporium" leaf spot, Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Captan, This disease is most commonly noted melting-out Bonide Fung-onil, Dragon 3336, when dead patches appear during the

Dragon Captan, Dragon Daconil, Ferti- summer, but it actually begins as leaf lome Fungicide, Ferti-lome Halt, spots during cooler weather. Spray, at

Immunox, Ortho Daconil. labeled interval, when leaf spots first appear. Do not spray dead patches they must be renovated. All turf species may be affected. See RPDs 400, 405.

Pythium blight None available for homeowner use. Reduce shade and increase air circulation. Avoid excess nitrogen and watering in the late afternoon and evening. All turf species may be affected, particularly annual bluegrass and perennial ryegrass. See RPDs 400, 410.

Rhizoctonia brown patch Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Captan, Spray, at labeled interval, when dis-

Bonide Fung-onil, Dragon 3336, Dragon ease is first noticed. Reduce shade and

Captan, Dragon Daconil, Ferti-lome increase air circulation. Avoid excess Fungicide, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome nitrogen and watering in the late Systemic, Immunox, Ortho Daconil. afternoon and evening. All turf species may be affected, particularly

tall fescue and perennial ryegrass. See RPDs 400, 411.

Rust Bonide Fung-onil, Dragon Daconil, Spray, at labeled interval, when dis-

Ferti-lome Systemic, Immunox, Ortho ease is first noticed. Typically appears

Daconil. when turf is under stress from drought or low mowing. Most turf species are susceptible. See RPDs 400, 412.

SI lme moldsids N one recommended. Mow, rake, or hose down to remove mold when seen. See RPDs 400, 401.

TABLE 2. Products Labeled for Turfgrass Diseases (cont.)

Turfgrass diseases and when they typically appear Labeled pesticides3 Comments3

Warm to hot weather (60° to 75°F or greater); usually late spring, summer, or early fall (cont.) Summer patch and necrotic ring spot Consult a professional applicator. Rake out dead patches and reseed with a mixture of turf species and/or vari-

eties. Stress such as soil compaction, low mowing, drought, and foliar diseases makes turf more susceptible to these diseases. Core-aerify in the

spring and or fall to reduce compaction. Mainly affects annual and Kentucky bluegrasses and fine-leaf fescues. See RPDs 400, 408. aRefer to Table 7 for additional product information. Temperature groups are just general guidelines. Before using any product, carefully read its label to identify any varietal, environmental, or plant-stage interactions that may occur. Repeated use of a product or active ingredient may lead to pesticide resistance and the loss of pest control. Whenever possible, alternate effective active ingredients to reduce the development of pest resistance. See the Commercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook (updated annually) for additional products available to commercial applicators. FOUR • Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 63

TABLE 3. Disease Symptoms of Flowers and Nonwoody Ornamentals

General symptoms Specific symptoms Possible disease

Leaves Leaves show small to large Small dark specks are present, indicating fungal fruiting Fungal leaf spot definite spots that vary in size, bodies; spots often roundish, with dark margins. Scab shape, and color. Spot anthracnose

Dark, water-soaked angular spots in leaves; spots later turn Bacterial leaf spot or blight gray, brown, reddish brown, or black; margin usually water- soaked.

Irregular, often large, dead areas in leaves. Leaf blight or blotch Anthracnose

Leaves spotted or blighted; Tan to gray, coarse mold. Botrytis blight or gray mold later covered with dusty mold growth. White to light gray mold:

Powdery to mealy; easily wiped off. Powdery mildew

Powdery white, raised pustules on underleaf White rust surface; may later turn yellow, then brown.

Light gray to pale purplish downy growth on underleaf Downy mildew surface.

Black mold:

Sooty or crusty; easily wiped off. Sooty mold or blotch

Sooty mold inside "blisters," or galls. Smut

Yellow, orange, reddish orange, reddish brown, chocolate Rust brown, or black mold in raised pustules.

Leaves with yellow to brown Foliar nematodes or black angular spots or stripes; plants stunted or bushy.

Leaves mottled light and dark May form an irregular light and dark green mosaic or mot- Viruses, including mosaic, green or yellow; often stunted, tled pattern. mottle, crinkle, streak, curled, and crinkled. ringspot, or spotted wilt

Leaves and shoots stunted or Yellow-green or reddish brown rings, "oakleaf," Yellows dwarfed and erect; appear "watermark," or line patterns in leaves. Dwarf "bunchy"; younger parts uni- Stunt formly yellow, sometimes red or purple.

Leaves wilt, wither, and die; Discoloration inside lower stem. Wilt disease may involve part or all of plant. 64 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 3. Disease Symptoms of Flowers and Nonwoody Ornamentals (cont.)

General symptoms Specific symptoms Possible disease

Leaves (cont.) Leaves wilt, wither, and die from stem or crown rot, root Miscellaneous diseases and rot, drought or excess water, transplant shock, injury from injuries

insects or other animals, fertilizer or pesticide injury, an

excess of soluble salts, frost, other mechanical injuries.

Stems and branches

Plants lack vigor; leaves are Seedlings collapse and die; stand is poor. Damping-off small and pale, may later wilt Seed rot or turn yellow. Stems of older plants are water-soaked or discolored and Stem or crown rot decayed, often just at the base.

Stems or branches show definitely marked, discolored (often Canker or dieback sunken) dead areas; parts beyond may wither and die.

Shoots are often dwarfed or aborted; leaves are distorted; Leaf gall or fasciation cauliflowerlike growth may appear at the soil line.

Rough, swollen gall (flesh-colored, greenish, or dark) usu- Crown gall ally found at or near the soil line. Flowers Flowers are spotted, often wither or rot; may be covered Flower or blossom blight with mold growth.

Flowers are blotched or streaked with white or yellow. Mosaic or flower breaking

Flowers are greenish yellow, dwarfed, aborted, or absent. Aster yellows

Roots, bulbs, corms, and tubers Plants lose vigor, often are Roots decay; feeder roots die back; may be covered with Root rot stunted; may turn pale or yel- mold. low; tops may wilt and die back. Bulb, corm, or tuber decays; may be covered with mold. Bulb, corm, or tuber rot

Rough, roundish galls form on roots, corms, or tubers. Crown gall

Roots damaged. Lack of hairy roots; root browning or galling. Nematodes FOUR • Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 65

TABLE 4. Products Labeled for Specific Flowers or Other Nonwoody Ornamentals

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments3

Ageratum Cercospora leaf spot Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Spray at budbreak, and repeat 30 days later

Powdery mildew 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Orthenex-1. or when disease first appears.

Rust Immunox, Immunox Plus, Orthenex-1. Follow label directions.

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

3336, Ferti-lome Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Damping-off Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Avoid overwatering. A mixture of products Fungal crown and root rots Halt. may be required for control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Ajuga

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Begin applications when mildew first 3336, Ferti-lome Halt. appears. See RPD 617.

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Disease is favored by damp conditions.

Botrytis blight 3336, Ferti-lome Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Sclerotium (crown) rot Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Follow label directions. See RPD 615. Halt.

Fungal root rots (Pythium, None identified for homeowner use. Avoid overwatering. Follow label direc- Phytophthora) tions. See RPD 615.

Alyssum

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

3336, Ferti-lome Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Fungal root and crown rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Artemisia

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Disease is favored by cool, damp condi-

3336, Ferti-lome Halt tions. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Fungal root rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Aster, China (Callistephus)

Botrytis blight (bud and stem Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Disease is favored by cool, damp condi-

rot and petal blight) Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon tions. Sanitation is very important. See Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Halt. RPD 623.

a Refer to Table 7 for additional product information. Before using any product, carefully read its label to identify any varietal, environmental, or plant-stage interactions that may occur. Repeated use of a product or active ingredient may lead to pesticide resistance and the loss of pest control. Whenever possible, alternate effective active ingredients to reduce the development of pest resistance. See the Commercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook (updated annually) for additional products available to commercial applicators. 66 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 4. Products Labeled for Specific Flowers or Other Nonwoody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments3

Aster, China (Callistephus) (cont.)

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when mildew first Rust Bonide Mancozeb, Bonide Remedy, Dragon appears. See RPD 617. 3336, Dragon Mancozeb, Dragon Sulfur, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Funginex, Immunox, Immunox Plus, Orthenex, Orthenex-1.

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Mancozeb, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Begin applications when disease first Mancozeb. appears.

Rhizoctonia stem (crown) and Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Follow label directions. See RPD 615. root rot Halt. Sclerotinia (cottony) stem rot

Other fungal root rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPDs 615,650.

Baby's breath—See Gypsophila.

Balsam

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Fungal root and crown rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Begonia

Botrytis blight, leaf spot, and Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Copper, Bonide Disease is favored by damp conditions.

stem rot Mancozeb, Dragon 3336, Dragon Copper, Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623. Other fungal leaf spots Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Halt, Phyton 27.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Dragon Begin applications when mildew first Copper, Ferti-lome Halt, Funginex, appears. See RPD 617. Immunox, Immunox Plus, Ortho Lime- Sulfur, Phyton 27.

Bacterial leaf spot Bonide Copper, Dragon Copper, Ferti-lome Keep foliage protected. Avoid wetting the Blackspot, Phyton 27. foliage when watering. See RPD 659.

Fungal root, stem, or crown rots Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Captan, Dragon Do not apply to very young seedlings. A 3336, Ferti-lome Halt. mixture of products may be required for control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615. a Refer to Table 7 for additional product information. Before using any product, carefully read its label to identify any varietal, environmental, or plant-stage interactions that may occur. Repeated use of a product or active ingredient may lead to pesticide resistance and the loss of pest control. Whenever possible, alternate effective active ingredients to reduce the development of pest resistance. See the Commercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook (updated annually) for additional products available to commercial applicators. FOUR • Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 67

TABLE 4. Products Labeled for Specific Flowers or Other Nonwoody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments 3

Begonia (cont.) Tuber rot Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Captan, Dragon Apply to clean, disease-free begonia tubers 3336, Ferti-lome Halt. as directed; drain; and plant in well-

drained soil. See RPD 615.

Bleeding heart (Dicentra)

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Disease is favored by cool, damp condi-

Halt. tions. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Calendula

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when disease first appears. Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Immunox.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Begin applications when disease appears. Rust 3336, Dragon Sulfur, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti- See RPD 617. lome Sulfur, Ferti-lome Systemic, Funginex, Orthenex, Orthenex-1.

Rhizoctonia or Sclerotinia Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Follow label directions. See RPD 615. (cottony) stem and root rot Halt.

Pythium and Phytophthora None identified for homeowner use. Follow label directions. Avoid overwater- root rots ing plants. See RPD 615.

Carina

Rust Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease first appears. Fungal leaf spots Halt.

Carnation, Pinks (Dianthus)

Anthracnose Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Captan, Bonide Begin applications when disease first Alternaria branch rot and leaf Fung-onil, Bonide Mancozeb, Bonide appears. Sanitary measures are important. spot Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon Daconil, Greasy blotch Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Blackspot, Other fungal leaf spots Ferti-lome Halt, Hi-Yield Lime Maneb, Ortho Daconil.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Begin applications when mildew first 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, appears. See RPD 617. Immunox, Immunox Plus, Orthenex-1.

Rust Bonide Captan, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Follow label directions. Bonide Mancozeb, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Funginex, Immunox, Immunox Plus, Orthenex, Orthenex-1.

TABLE 4. Products Labeled for Specific Flowers or Other Nonwoody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments3

Carnation, Pinks (Dianthus) (cont.)

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Bonide Disease is favored by cool, damp condi-

Mancozeb, Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, tions. Sanitation is very important. See Dragon Daconil, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti- RPD 623. lome Blackspot, Ferti-lome Halt, Hi-Yield Lime Maneb, Ortho Daconil.

Rhizoctonia stem rot Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Follow label directions. See RPDs 615, Fusarium root rot Halt. 650.

Pythium root rot None identified for homeowner use. Avoid overwatering plants. Check label for Phytophthora root rot directions and limitations. See RPD 615. Damping-off

Celosia

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Other fungal leaf spots and Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Diseases are favored by damp weather. Begin blights Halt. applications when disease first appears.

Fungal root and crown rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Chrysanthemum (Shasta and painted daisy, not Transval daisy) Ascochyta stem and ray blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Copper, Bonide Diseases are favored by damp weather. Begin

Septoria and other fungal leaf Fung-onil, Bonide Mancozeb, Bonide applications when disease first appears. spots Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon Captan, Anthracnose Dragon Daconil, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti- lome Blackspot, Ferti-lome Fungicide, Ferti- lome Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Ferti-lome Systemic, Hi-Yield Bordeaux, Ortho Daconil.

Rust Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Bonide Mancozeb, Begin applications about a week before rust

Ferti-lome Sulfur, Immunox, Immunox is expected. Plus, Orthenex-1.

Botrytis blight or gray mold Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Captan, Bonide Disease is favored by cool, damp condi- Copper, Bonide Mancozeb, Bonide Remedy, tions. See RPD 623. Dragon 3336, Dragon Captan, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Blackspot, Ferti-lome Fungicide, Ferti-lome Halt, Phyton 27.

FOUR * Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 69

TABLE 4. Products Labeled for Specific Flowers or Other Nonwoody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments3

Chrysanthemum (Shasta and painted daisy, not Transval daisy) (cont.)

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when mildew first Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon appears. See RPD 617. Sulfur, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Orthenex-1, Phyton 27.

Fungal root, stem, or root rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPDs 615,650.

Bacterial wilt Ferti-lome Fire Blight, Phyton 27. Follow label directions.

Clematis

Ascochyta leaf spot and stem Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Disease is favored by rainy periods during rot Halt. spring and early summer.

Coleus (Plectranthus) Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Follow label directions. Rust 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Orthenex-1.

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

3336, Ferti-lome Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Fungal root and crown rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Daffodil—See Narcissus

Dahlia

Botrytis flower blight Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Disease is favored by damp conditions.

Fungal leaf spots and blights Halt, Hi-Yield Bordeaux. Begin applications when disease first appears. See RPD 623.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when mildew first Dragon 3336, Dragon Sulfur, Ferti-lome appears. See RPD 617. Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Funginex, Immunox, Orthenex, Orthenex-1.

Fungal crown and root rot Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPDs 615, 650. Daisies-See Chrysanthemum or Gerbera.

TABLE 4. Products Labeled for Specific Flowers or Other Nonwoody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments3

Daphne Phytophthora and Pythium None identified for homeowner use. Follow label directions. Avoid overwater- root rots ing plants. See RPDs 615, 650.

Delphinium (Larkspur)

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Begin applications when disease first 3336, Ferti-lome Halt. appears. Sanitary measures are important.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when mildew is first Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon seen. See RPD 617. Sulfur, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Ferti-lome Systemic, Funginex, Immunox, Ortho Lime-Sulfur.

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

3336, Ferti-lome Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Sclerotium root and crown rot Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Follow label directions. See RPD 615. Sclerotinia wilt Halt.

Other fungal root and crown Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for rots Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 650.

Dianthus—See Carnation and Sweet William.

Dusty Miller (Centaurea) Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Follow label directions. 3336, Ferti-lome Halt.

Fungal root and crown rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Fuchsia

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

Dragon 3336, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti- Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623. lome Halt, Phyton 27.

Rust Bonide Mancozeb, Dragon Mancozeb, Follow label directions. Immunox, Orthenex-1.

Qazania

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

3336, Ferti-lome Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

3Refer to Table 7 for additional product information. Before using any product, carefully read its label to identify any varietal, environmental, or plant-stage interactions that may occur. Repeated use of a product or active ingredient may lead to pesticide resistance and the loss of pest control. Whenever possible, alternate effective active ingredients to reduce the development of pest resistance. See the Commercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook (updated annually) for additional products available to commercial applicators. FOUR • Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 71

TABLE 4. Products Labeled for Specific Flowers or Other Nonwoody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments 3

Geranium (Pelargonium)

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Bonide Keep water off the foliage. Disease is Mancozeb, Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, favored by cool, damp conditions.

Dragon Daconil, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti- Sanitation is very important. If needed,

lome Fungicide, Ferti-lome Halt, Hi-Yield begin applications a month before first Bordeaux, Hi-Yield Lime Maneb, Ortho cuttings are taken. See RPD 623. Daconil, Phyton 27.

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Bonide Sanitary measures are important. Disease is Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon Mancozeb, favored by damp conditions. Follow label Ferti-lome Halt, Hi-Yield Bordeaux. directions.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Follow label directions. See RPD 617. 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Immunox.

Rust Bonide Fung-onil, Bonide Mancozeb, Begin applications when rust first appears. Dragon Daconil, Dragon Mancozeb, See RPD 658. Immunox, Ortho Daconil.

Downy mildew Bonide Mancozeb, Dragon Mancozeb. Follow label directions.

Bacterial leaf spots Phyton 27. Begin applications when disease first appears.

Rhizoctonia root and stem rot Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Follow label directions. See RPD 615. Halt.

Blackleg (Pythium) None identified for homeowner use. Follow label directions. Avoid overwatering plants. See RPD 615.

Qerbera (Transvaal daisy)

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when mildew first Halt, Phyton 27. appears. See RPD 617.

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

Halt, Phyton 27. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Sclerotinia blight Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Follow label directions. Halt.

Phytophthora root rot None identified for homeowner use. Follow label directions. Avoid overwatering plants. See RPD 615.

Qladiolus

Botrytis leaf and flower spot Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Bonide Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions. and corm rot Mancozeb, Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623. Dragon Daconil, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti- lome Blackspot, Ferti-lome Halt, Hi-Yield Bordeaux, Ortho Daconil. a Refer to Table 7 for additional product information. Before using any product, carefully read its label to identify any varietal, environmental, or plant-stage interactions that may occur. Repeated use of a product or active ingredient may lead to pesticide resistance and the loss of pest control. Whenever possible, alternate effective active ingredients to reduce the development of pest resistance. See the Commercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook (updated annually) for additional products available to commercial applicators. 72 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 4- Products Labeled for Specific Flowers or Other Nonwoody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments3

Qladiolus (cont.) Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Follow label directions. See RPD 617. 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur.

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Bonide Disease is favored by wet periods. Begin

Mancozeb, Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, applications when the leaf spots first Dragon Daconil, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti- appear, lome Blackspot, Ferti-lome Halt, Ortho Daconil.

Fungal corm rots (Fusarium Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Captan, Dragon Soak or dust corms as directed within 24 yellows, Penicillium, 3336, Ferti-lome Halt. hours after digging, or before planting. Dry Stromatinia, and others) and store properly. Read the label for product limitations. See RPDs 615, 650, 651.

Qynura (Velvet plant)

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Fungal root and crown rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Qypsophila (Baby's breath)

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

3336, Ferti-lome Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Phytophthora crown and root None identified for homeowner use. Follow label directions. Avoid overwater- rot ing. See RPD 615. Pythium root rot

Hollyhock (Alcea) Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Follow label directions. Anthracnose Dragon 3336, Dragon Daconil, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Halt, Hi-Yield Bordeaux, Immunox, Ortho Daconil.

Rust Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, For rust, begin applications, at labeled Powdery mildew Dragon 3336, Dragon Daconil, Dragon interval, when new growth appears in the

Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome spring. Sanitation is important. See RPDs Sulfur, Immunox, Ortho Daconil. 617,627.

Hosta

Bacterial leaf spot None identified for homeowner use. Disease is favored by damp conditions. Follow label directions.

aRefer to Table 7 for additional product information. Before using any product, carefully read its label to identify any varietal, environmental, or plant-stage interactions that may occur. Repeated use of a product or active ingredient may lead to pesticide resistance and the loss of pest control. Whenever possible, alternate effective active ingredients to reduce the development of pest resistance. See the Commercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook (updated annually) for additional products available to commercial applicators. FOUR • Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 73

TABLE 4- Products Labeled for Specific Flowers or Other Nonwoody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides 3 Comments 3

Hosta (cont.) Fungal crown and root rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Excess mulch may attract injurious insects. Halt. A mixture of products may be required for control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Hyacinth (Hyacinthus)

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Fungal bulb rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Hydrangea-See Table 6.

Impatiens

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

3336, Ferti-lome Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Follow label directions. See RPD 617. 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Phyton 27.

Bacterial leaf spot Phyton 27. Follow label directions.

Fungal root and crown rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Iris Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Bonide Follow label directions. See RPDs 623, Rust Mancozeb, Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, 628. Botrytis blossom blight Dragon Copper, Dragon Daconil, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Fungicide, Ferti-lome Halt, Hi-Yield Bordeaux, Immunox, Immunox Plus, Ortho Daconil, Phyton 27.

Fungal crown, rhizome, and Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for bulb rots Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPDs 615,633,650.

Bacterial soft rot and rhizome Apply a recommended insecticide, starting The soft rot bacteria enter through fresh

rot when fan leaves are several inches tall. iris borer wounds and other injuries. Dig up

infected plants after flowering is over; transplant disease-free, borer-free rhizomes.

74 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 4- Products Labeled for Specific Flowers or Other Nonwoody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments3

Ivy, English (Hedera helix)

Fungal spots and blights of Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Disease is favored by wet periods during

leaf, stem, and twig Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome spring and early summer. Begin applica-

Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Hi-Yield Bordeaux. tions when the disease first appears. See RPD 652.

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Hi-Yield Bordeaux, Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623. Phyton 27.

Bacterial leaf spot Dragon Copper, Ferti-lome Blackspot, Follow label directions. Phyton 27.

Fungal root and crown rot Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. See RPD 615.

Larkspur—See Delphinium

Liatris

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Lily (Liliutn)

Botrytis flower blight and leaf Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Bonide Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions,

spot or blight Mancozeb, Dragon 3336, Dragon Daconil, Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623. Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Blackspot, Ferti-lome Halt, Hi-Yield Bordeaux, Hi- Yield Lime Maneb, Ortho Daconil.

Other fungal leaf spots and Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Ferti- Follow label directions. blights lome Blackspot, Ortho Daconil.

Fungal root and bulb rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Some products may be used only on Easter

Halt. lily. A mixture of products may be required for control. Carefully follow label directions and restrictions. See RPDs 615, 650.

Lobelia (Cardinal flower)

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Other fungal leaf spots and Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Follow label directions. blights Halt.

Fungal root and crown rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

•'Refer to Table 7 for additional product information. Before using any product, carefully read its label to identify any varietal, environmental, or plant-stage interactions that may occur. Repeated use of a product or active ingredient may lead to pesticide resistance and the loss of pest control. Whenever possible, alternate effective active ingredients to reduce the development of pest resistance. See the Commercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook (updated annually) for additional products available to commercial applicators. FOUR * Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 75

TABLE 4- Products Labeled for Specific Flowers or Other Nonwoody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments3

Lupine (Lupinus)

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Marigold (Tagetes)

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623. Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Halt.

Rust Bonide Mancozeb, Dragon Mancozeb, Follow label directions. Immunox, Immunox Plus, Orthenex-1.

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Copper, Bonide Follow label directions. Mancozeb, Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Halt.

Phytophthora stem rot and None identified for homeowner use. Follow label directions. Avoid overwater- wilt ing plants. See RPD 615.

Rhizoctonia root rot Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Follow label directions. See RPD 615. Halt.

Monarda (Bee balm)

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

3336, Ferti-lome Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Narcissus (Daffodil) Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Follow label directions. See RPD 623. Fungal leaf spots and leaf Dragon 3336, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti- scorch lome Halt.

Fungal bulb rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Follow label directions for product use Halt. before and/or after in storage. Keep bulbs dry. See RPDs 615, 650.

Nasturtium (Tropaeolum)

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Follow label directions. Halt.

Fungal root and crown rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

a Refer to Table 7 for additional product information. Before using any product, carefully read its label to identify any varietal, environmental, or plant-stage interactions that may occur. Repeated use of a product or active ingredient may lead to pesticide resistance and the loss of pest control. Whenever possible, alternate effective active ingredients to reduce the development of pest resistance. See the Ccrmmercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook (updated annually) for additional products available to commercial applicators. 76 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 4. Products Labeled for Specific Flowers or Other Nonwoody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides 3 Comments3

Orchid Botrytis flower spot or blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Follow label directions. See RPD 623. or gray mold Dragon 3336, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti- lome Halt, Phyton 27.

Black rot Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Damping-off and root rot Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Pachysandra

Volutella leaf and stem blight Dragon Copper, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti- The fungus is relatively weak, in that it or canker lome Blackspot, Ortho Daconil. attacks stressed plants. Avoid heavy mulching and overcrowding. See RPD 649.

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

3336, Ferti-lome Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Pansy, violet (Viola, not African violet)

Anthracnose Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Disease is favored by damp conditions. Begin

Scab Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon applications when disease first appears, and

Fungal leaf spot Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Halt, Hi-Yield Lime perhaps again in the fall, before covering Botrytis blight Maneb, Phyton 27. plants with mulch. See RPDs 613, 623.

Rust Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Spray when disease first appears. See RPD Powdery mildew Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon 617. Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Immunox, Immunox Plus.

Downy mildew Bonide Mancozeb, Dragon Mancozeb, Hi- Follow label directions. Yield Bordeaux.

Seed rot Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Follow label directions. Avoid overseedin^ Damping-off and seedling Halt. and overwatering. Check label for direc- blights tions and limitations. See RPDs 615, 650.

Pelargonium—See Geranium.

Peony (Paeonia)

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Dragon Disease is favored by damp conditions.

Red spot, leaf blotch, and Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Halt, Hi-Yield Sanitation is very important. Begin appli-

measles Bordeaux. cations when new shoot growth is 2 to 4

inches tall, and continue until flowers begin to open. See RPDs 623, 631.

Phytophthora blight Dragon Mancozeb. Apply spray to foliage, bases of shoots, and nearby soil during rainy periods. See RPD 615. '

aRefer to Table 7 for additional product information. Before using any product, carefully read its label to identify any varietal, environmental, or plant-stage interactions that may occur. Repeated use of a product or active ingredient may lead to pesticide resistance and the loss of pest control. Whenever possible, alternate effective active ingredients to reduce the development of pest resistance. See the Commercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook (updated annually) for additional products available to commercial applicators. FOUR • Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 77

TABLE 4- Products Labeled for Specific Flowers or Other Nonwoody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments 3

Periwinkle (Vinca minor)

Phoma stem blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Begin applications when disease first appears. Other fungal leaf spots and 3336, Ferti-lome Blackspot, Ferti-lome Halt. blights

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

3336, Ferti-lome Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Fungal root and crown rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Petunia

Botrytis blight, leaf blotch, and Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

flower blight Dragon 3336, Dragon Daconil, Ferti-lome Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623. Halt, Ortho Daconil.

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when disease first Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Halt. appears.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease first Rust Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Immunox, appears. See RPD 617. Immunox Plus, Orthenex-1.

Fungal root and crown or foot Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for rots (Pythium and Rhizoctonia) Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Philodendron

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Begin applications when disease first Botrytis blight Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon appears. See RPD 623. Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Halt, Ortho Daconil.

Bacterial leaf spot Dragon Copper, Ferti-lome Blackspot, Begin applications when disease first Ferti-lome Fire Blight. appears.

Damping-off Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may-be required for Root and stem rots Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Phlox

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when mildew is first Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon seen. Proper spacing of plants and plenty of Sulfur, Ferti-lome Halt, Funginex, sunlight are important. See RPD 617. Immunox, Orthenex.

78 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 4- Products Labeled for Specific Flowers or Other Nonwoody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides 3 Comments 3

Phlox (cont.)

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Copper, Bonide Begin applications when disease first Rust Liquid Sulfur, Bonide Remedy, Dragon appears. See RPD 623. Botrytis blight 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Hi-Yield Bordeaux, Flower blight Immunox.

Fungal root rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Pinks—See Carnation.

Primrose (Primula)

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

Halt, Phyton 27. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Follow label directions. Halt.

Fungal root and crown rot Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Rose (Rosa)—See Table 6.

Salvia (Sage)

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Follow label directions. Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Follow label directions. See RPD 617. Halt, Immunox, Immunox Plus, Orthenex-1.

Rust Immunox, Immunox Plus, Orthenex-1. Follow label directions.

Fungal root and crown rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Scilla Botrytis bulb rot Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Follow label directions. See RPD 615. Sclerotinia bulb rot Halt.

Shasta daisy See Chrysanthemum.

aRefer to Table 7 for additional product information. Before using any product, carefully read its label to identify any varietal, environmental, or plant-stage interactions that may occur. Repeated use of a product or active ingredient may lead to pesticide resistance and the loss of pest control. Whenever possible, alternate effective active ingredients to reduce the development of pest resistance. See the Commercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook (updated annually) for additional products available to commercial applicators. FOUR • Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 79

TABLE 4. Products Labeled for Specific Flowers or Other Nonwoody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides 3 Comments3

Snapdragon (Antirrhinum)

Anthracnose Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Disease is favored by wet conditions. Begin

Phyllosticta leaf and stem Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome applications when disease first appears.

blight Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur. Sanitation is important. Other fungal leaf spots

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

3336, Ferti-lome Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Rust Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Dragon Mancozeb, Follow label directions. Begin applications

Ferti-lome Sulfur, Ferti-lome Systemic, when disease first appears. See RPD 635. Immunox, Immunox Plus, Orthenex-1.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Disease is favored by wet conditions. Begin

3336, Dragon Sulfur, Ferti-lome Halt, applications when disease first appears. See Funginex, Immunox, Immunox Plus, RPD 617. Orthenex, Orthenex-1.

Downy mildew Dragon Mancozeb. Follow label directions. See RPD 657.

Rhizoctonia stem and root rot Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for or wirestem Halt. control. Follow label directions. Avoid overwatering. See RPD 615.

Pythium and Phytophthora None identified for homeowner use. Follow label directions. Avoid overwater- crown and root rots ing. See RPD 615.

Sclerotinia root and crown rot Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Follow label directions. See RPD 615. Halt.

Statice (Limonium) Anthracnose, Cercospora, Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Spray as needed at spring budbreak. See Alternaria, and Botrytis leaf 3336, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Halt, RPD 623. blights Ortho Daconil.

Pythium crown and root rot None identified for homeowner use. Follow label directions. Avoid overwater-

ing plants. See RPD 615. .

Sweetpea (Lathyrus)

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when mildew first Halt. appears. See RPD 617.

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Follow label directions. Halt.

miiiiiiinnnitiinmiiHHWi 80 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 4- Products Labeled for Specific Flowers or Other Nonwoody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides 3 Comments3

Sweetpea (Lathyrus) (cont.) Fungal root and stem rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Sweet William (Dianthus) Heterosporium leaf spot Bonide Remedy, Ferti-lome Systemic. Follow label directions.

Transvaal daisy—See Gerbera.

Tulip (Calochortus)

Fire or Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Disease is favored by cool, damp condi-

Dragon 3336, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti- tions. Sanitation is very important. See lome Blackspot, Ferti-lome Halt, Hi-Yield RPDs 609, 623. Bordeaux.

Fungal bulb rots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPDs 615,650.

Velvet plant—See Gynura.

Verbena

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Disease is favored by damp conditions. Begin

3336, Ferti-lome Halt. applications when disease first appears.

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

3336, Ferti-lome Halt. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when mildew first Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome appears. See RPD 617. Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur.

Bacterial leaf spot None identified for homeowner use. Follow label directions.

Rhizoctonia stem and root rot Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

Fungal root and crown rot None identified for homeowner use. Follow label directions. Avoid overwater-

( Py thium , Phy tophthora) ing. See RPD 615.

Vinca minor—See Periwinkle.

Viola—See Pansy, violet.

Zinnia

Alternaria leaf spot or blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Bonide Disease is favored by damp conditions. Begin

Other fungal leaf spots Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon Mancozeb, applications when disease first appears.

Ferti-lome Halt, Immunox, Immunox Plus. Sanitation is important. See RPD 655.

TABLE 4- Products Labeled for Specific Flowers or Other Nonwoody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments3

Zinnia (cont.)

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Bonide Begin applications when mildew first Liquid Sulfur, Bonide Remedy, Dragon appears. See RPD 617. 3336, Dragon Daconil, Dragon Sulfur, Ferti-lome Fungicide, Ferti-lome Halt, Funginex, Immunox, Immunox Plus, Orthenex, Orthenex-1, Ortho Daconil, Ortho Lime-Sulfur, Phyton 27.

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623. Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Halt, Phyton 27.

Fungal root and stem rot Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome A mixture of products may be required for Halt. control. Follow label directions. See RPD 615.

TABLE 5. Disease Symptoms of Woody Ornamentals

General symptoms Specific symptoms Possible disease

Leaves Small to large, scattered spots Roundish spots; may contain dark, speck- Fungal leaf spot in various sizes, shapes, and sized fungal fruiting bodies. colors Spots may have dark margins or drop out Spot anthracnose (shot-hole). Scab Shot-hole

Black, shiny spots. Tar spot

Irregular dead areas in leaves. Leaf blight or blotch

Variously colored "blisters"; leaves often Leaf curl or blister partly or entirely puffy, thickened, or curled.

Leaves spotted or blighted; Tan to gray, coarse mold. Botrytis blight later covered with dusty mold growth White to light gray mold, powdery to mealy. Powdery mildew

Black mold, sooty or crusty. Sooty mold

Yellow, orange, reddish orange, reddish Rust brown, chocolate brown, or black mold in raised pustules.

Leaves mottled light and dark Irregular mosaic pattern. Mosaic green or yellow Yellow-green or reddish brown rings; "oak- Ringspot

leaf," "watermark," or line patterns.

Leaves wilt, wither, and die; Discoloration in outer sapwood. Wilt disease may involve one or many branches or entire plant. Foliage appears scorched by fire; twig tips Fire blight curl downward to form "shepherd's crooks."

Other possible causes include wood rot; Miscellaneous diseases and injuries black knot; drought or excess water; transplant shock; construction damage; change

in soil grade; girdling roots; injury from insects, rodents, or other animals; pesticide

or fertilizer damage; winter and frost injury;

salt damage; lightning or fire injury; roots in septic tanks or sewer lines; or other mechanical injuries.

Leaves "scorched" at margins Leaf scorch (See also Miscellaneous diseases and tips; often later between and injuries, Specific symptoms, above.) the veins FOUR • Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 83

TABLE 5. Disease Symptoms of Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

General symptoms Specific symptoms Possible disease

Twigs, branches, and trunks Twigs and branches die back, Discoloration in outer sapwood. Wilt disease usually starting at the tips; foliage commonly wilts, with- No discoloration in outer sapwood. (See Root rot ers, and dies. Roots, Specific symptoms.)

Foliage appears scorched by fire; twig tips Fire blight curve downward.

Sap flows down trunk and branches from Wetwood wounds; becomes gray to white stain on bark.

Definitely marked, often sunken, swollen, Canker or dieback flattened, or targetlike areas (cankers) in bark and outer wood of twigs and branches.

Twigs and branches die back, Wood in branches or trunk decays; bracket, Wood rot usually starting at the tips; shelf, or mushroom fungi may form on bark foliage commonly wilts, withers, surface or trunk base. and dies. Other possible causes include injury from Miscellaneous diseases and injuries

fertilizer, pesticide, or salt; drought or excess

water; lightning or fire injury; transplant shock; winter injury; excess shade; construction damage; girdling roots; insect, rodent, or other animal injury; various types of

mechanical damage; change in the soil grade; or chlorosis.

Greatly swollen areas on twigs, Galls on Prunus rough and black, or olive Black knot branches, or trunk green and velvety in spring.

Roundish or spindle-shaped galls on Rust gall branches or trunk; often covered with yel- lowish to orange dusty masses in spring or early summer.

Rough, roundish, tumorlike galls, usually at Crown gall or near soil line or graft union.

Large, irregular swellings anywhere on Burr trunk or scaffold limbs of older trees.

Dense, brushy masses of stubby Witches'-broom shoots form on branches 84 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 5. Disease Symptoms of Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

General symptoms Specific symptoms Possible disease

Roots Trees lose vigor, growth slows, On roots, roundish, rough, tumorlike galls, Crown gall foliage off-color; tops (crowns) which may be several inches or more in may wilt and die back. diameter.

Roots decay; feeder roots die back; mold Root rot growth under bark or over roots; usually shoestring-like black strands are evident.

Roots somewhat necrotic, lacking feeder Nematodes (must be confirmed by soil or

roots; appear stunted or have small galls. root analysis)

Other possible causes include excess water; Miscellaneous diseases and injuries change in soil grade; construction damage;

injury from fertilizer or pesticide; girdling

roots; winter injury; salt, insect, or animal feeding; or wilt disease.

TABLE 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments3

Acer—See Maple.

Almond—See Cherry.

Amelanchier (Shadbush, Serviceberry, Juneberry) Cedar rusts Immunox. Spray 3 times, starting when new growth appears in the spring. See RPD 802.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease is first seen. Halt, Immunox. See RPD 617.

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease is first seen. Halt. See RPD 617.

Apple—See Crabapple or Chapter 6.

Apricot—See Cherry.

Arborvitae (Thuja)

Phomopsis needle and twi^ Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Only new growth is susceptible. Spray at bud- blight Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Hi-Yield break and continue at labeled intervals until Bordeaux. new growth has matured. See RPD 622.

aRefer to Table 7 for additional product information. Before using any product, carefully read its label to identify any varietal, environmental, or plant-stage interactions that may occur. Repeated use of a product or active ingredient may lead to pesticide resistance and the loss of pest control. Whenever possible, alternate effective active ingredients to reduce the development of pest resistance. See the Commercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook (updated annually) for additional products available to commercial applicators. FOUR • Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 85

TABLE 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides2 Comments 3

Ash (Fraxinus, not Mountainash) Anthracnose Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Apply when leaf buds begin to open and again

Other fungal leaf spots Bonide Mancozeb, Dragon 3336, Dragon if needed. See RPDs 621, 648. Daconil, Ferti-lome Halt, Ortho Daconil.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Begin applications when disease is first seen. Rust Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Immunox. See RPD 617.

Aspen—See Poplar.

Aucuba

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease is first seen. Halt. See RPD 648

Azalea—See Rhododendron.

Barberry (Berberis)

Bacterial leaf spot and twig Hi-Yield Bordeaux, Begin applications when disease is first seen. blight

Fungal leaf spot and blotch Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease is first seen. Anthracnose Halt.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease is first seen. Rust Halt, Immunox.

Basswood—See Linden.

Beech (Fagus)

Fungal leaf spot Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease is first seen. Halt. See RPD 648.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when mildew is first seen. Halt. See RPD 617.

1 Birch (Betula) Anthracnose Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Spray twice, starting at budbreak. See RPD Halt. 621.

Rust Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications about a week before rust Powdery mildew Halt, Immunox, Orthenex-1. normally appears. Spray for powdery mildew

when it is first seen. See RPD 617.

Bittersweet (Celastrus)

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease is first seen. Halt. See RPD 617.

86 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides2 Comments4

Bittersweet (Celastrus) (cont.) Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Spray twice, starting as the leaves unfold. See Halt. RPD 648.

Boston Ivy See Ivy.

Boxelder—See Maple.

Boxwood (Buxus) Fungal leaf spots and blights Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Collect and destroy fallen leaves; begin fungi- 3336, Ferti-lome Halt. cide applications in spring before new growth starts. See RPD 648.

Canker or stem blight Hi-Yield Bordeaux, Hi-Yield Lime Sulfur. Spray 4 times: (1) while dormant, after leaves (Pseudonectria) have been cleaned up and before new growth starts; (2) 10 to 14 days later; (3) when growth

is half complete; and (4) in autumn, when fall growth has ceased. See RPD 636.

Buckeye—See Horsechestnut.

Buckthorn (Rhamnus) Rust None identified for homeowner use. Begin applications about a week before rust normally appears.

Butternut—See Walnut.

Buttonbush (Cephalanthus) Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications about a week before rust Rust Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome normally appears. Spray for powdery mildew

Sulfur, Immunox. when it is first seen. See RPD 617.

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease is first seen. Halt, Immunox. Follow label directions.

Catalpa

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when disease is first seen. Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome See RPD 617. Sulfur, Immunox.

Fungal leaf spots Immunox. Begin applications when disease is first seen. See RPD 621.

Cedar—See Juniper and Arborvitae.

TABLE 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides 3 Comments 3

Cherry, Peach, Nectarine, Plum, Almond, Apricot, Cherry-plum, Cherry-laurel (nonbearing trees only) Black knot Use any product containing lime-sulfur or Remove and destroy infected branches 6 to 8

thiophanate methyl that is registered for inches below knot while tree is dormant. In use on the diseased tree. addition, apply lime-sulfur as a dormant application after pruning; or thiophanate methyl

when dormant, at pink bud, at petal fall, and

3 weeks later. If severe, spray for 2 consecutive years. See RPD 809.

Brown rot, blossom and twig Bonide Captan, Bonide Copper, Bonide Spray when first blossoms open, during full

blight Liquid Sulfur, Bonide Sulfur, Dragon bloom, and again at petal fall. See RPD 804. Captan, Dragon Copper, Dragon Sulfur, Ferti-lome Fruit Tree, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Hi-Yield Lime Sulfur, Immunox, Ortho Daconil, Ortho Home Orchard.

Leaf blister or curl Bonide Fung-onil, Dragon Copper, Dragon Spray once in fall after leaf drop or in early Plum pockets Daconil, Hi-Yield Bordeaux, Hi-Yield Lime spring before buds begin to swell. Applications Witches'-broom Sulfur, Ortho Daconil, Ortho Lime Sulfur, after budbreak are ineffective. See RPD 805.

Cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella, Bonide Copper, Bonide Fung-onil, Bonide Spray twice at 2 -week intervals, beginning at

syn. Coccomyces) Liquid Sulfur, Bonide Sulfur, Dragon petal fall, and again 10 to 14 days after typical Copper, Dragon Daconil, Ferti-lome Fruit harvest date. See RPD 800. Tree, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Ferti-lome Systemic, Ortho Daconil.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when disease is first seen. Bonide Remedy, Bonide Sulfur, Dragon See RPD 617. 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Ferti-lome Systemic, Hi-Yield Lime Sulfur, Immunox, Orthenex-1.

Rust Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Bonide Sulfur, Spray several times, at labeled intervals, start-

Orthenex-1, Ortho Daconil. ing about 2 weeks after petal fall.

Scab Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Captan, Bonide Begin applications at petal fall. See RPD 811. Other fungal leaf Fung-onil, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Bonide spots/blights Remedy, Bonide Sulfur, Dragon 3336, Dragon Captan, Dragon Daconil, Ferti- lome Fruit Tree, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti- lome Sulfur, Hi-Yield Lime Sulfur, Immunox, Ortho Daconil, Ortho Home Orchard, Ortho Lime Sulfur.

a Refer to Table 7 for additional product information. Before using any product, carefully read its label to identify any varietal, environmental, or plant-stage interactions that may occur. Repeated use of a product or active ingredient may lead to pesticide resistance and the loss of pest control. Whenever possible, alternate effective active ingredients to reduce the development of pest resistance. See the Commercial Landscape arid Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook (updated annually) for additional products available to commercial applicators. 88 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides 3 Comments3

Cherry, Peach, Nectarine, Plum, Almond, Apricot, Cherry-plum, Cherry-laurel (nonbearing trees only) Bacterial spot or shot-hole Bonide Copper, Dragon Copper. Apply once, in late dormancy up to late bud swell. See RPD 810.

Chestnut—See Horsechestnut.

Cotoneaster

Fire blight Phyton 27. If fire blight was severe last year, a dormant, early spring fungicide application may be of

some benefit. Pruning out the infected tissue is important, but overstimulated plants (due to heavy pruning and high nitrogen rates) are at

high risk for fire blight infections. See RPD 801.

Scab Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications at budbreak and continue, Fungal leaf spots Halt, Phyton 27. at labeled intervals, until frequent and prolonged wetting periods are uncommon (usually

about July 1). See RPD 803.

Cottonwood—See Poplar.

Crabapple, Flowering Crabapple, Apple, Pear (nonbearing trees only) Cedar rusts (apple, Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Begin applications at pink flower-bud stage

hawthorn, and quince) Bonide Mancozeb, Bonide Sulfur, Dragon and continue, at labeled intervals, 1 to 2

3336, Dragon Daconil, Ferti-lome Halt, weeks past petal fall. Resistant varieties are Ferti-lome Systemic, Immunox, Orthenex- available. See RPD 802.

1, Ortho Daconil.

Scab Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Captan, Bonide Begin applications when leaves just begin to Other fungal leaf Copper, Bonide Fung-onil, Bonide Liquid emerge from buds and continue, at labeled spots/blights Sulfur, Bonide Mancozeb, Bonide Remedy, intervals, until frequent and prolonged wetting Bonide Sulfur, Dragon 3336, Dragon periods are uncommon (usually about July 1). Captan, Dragon Daconil, Dragon Sulfur, Resistant varieties are available. See RPD 803. Ferti-lome Fruit Tree, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Ferti-lome Systemic, Hi- Yield Bordeaux, Hi-Yield Lime Sulfur, Immunox, Ortho Daconil, Ortho Home Orchard, Ortho Lime Sulfur, Phyton 27.

Fire blight Ferti-lome Fire Blight, Phyton 27. See Cotoneaster. Resistant varieties are available.

^Refer to Table 7 for additional product information. Before using any product, carefully read its label to identify any varietal, environmental, or plant-stage interactions that may occur. Repeated use of a product or active ingredient may lead to pesticide resistance and the loss of pest control. Whenever possible, alternate effective active ingredients to reduce the development of pest resistance. See the Commercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook (updated annually) for additional products available to commercial applicators. FOUR • Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 89

TABLE 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments 3

Crabapple, Flowering Crabapple, Apple, Pear (nonbearing trees only) (cont.)

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Copper, Bonide Begin applications when disease is first seen. Liquid Sulfur, Bonide Remedy, Bonide Resistant varieties are available. See RPD 816. Sulfur, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Ferti-lome Systemic, Hi- Yield Lime Sulfur, Immunox.

Currant, Alpine (Ribes)

Anthracnose Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease is first seen. Other fungal leaf spots Halt. See RPD 648.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease is first seen. Halt. See RPD 617.

Dogwood (Cornus) Spot (Elsinoe) anthracnose Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Fairly common disease that affects only the

Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon leaf and is of little significance compared to Daconil, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Discula anthracnose. Spray just before flower Halt, Ferti-lome Systemic, Hi-Yield bracts are fully expanded. In wet years, repeat Bordeaux, Hi-Yield Maneb, Immunox, 2 or 3 more times at labeled intervals. See Ortho Daconil. RPD 621.

Dogwood (Discula) Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Although rare in Illinois, this disease has been anthracnose Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon identified in the southern part of the state. Daconil, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti-lome High-risk situations include flowering dog-

Halt, Ferti-lome Systemic, Hi-Yield wood (C. floridia) growing in very shady and Bordeaux, Hi-Yield Maneb, Immunox, protected areas. Good plant health, sanitation, Ortho Daconil. and removal of new water sprouts (during dry

weather) are critical. Protect emerging leaves with a fungicide until fully expanded. See RPD 621.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when disease is first seen. Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon See RPD 617. Sulfur, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Phyton 27.

Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga)

Rhabdocline needle cast Bonide Fung-onil, Dragon Daconil, Ortho Inspect older needles in early spring. If fruiting Swiss (Phaeocryptopus) Daconil. bodies are present, consider spraying at bud- needle cast break and repeat, at labeled intervals, until

new growth is fully elongated.

Botrytis seedling blight Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Botrytis is favored by cool, damp conditions.

Halt, Phyton 27. Sanitation is very important. Follow label directions. a Refer to Table 7 for additional product information. Before using any product, carefully read its label to identify any varietal, environmental, or plant-stage interactions that may occur. Repeated use of a product or active ingredient may lead to pesticide resistance and the loss of pest control. Whenever possible, alternate effective active ingredients to reduce the development of pest resistance. See the Commercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook (updated annually) for additional products available to commercial applicators.

™-d 90 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments 3

Elm (Ulmus) Anthracnose Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Begin applications when the leaf buds break Black leaf spot Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Hi-Yield open. Rake and dispose of black leaf Bordeaux. spot-infected leaves. See RPDs 621, 648.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease is first seen. Halt, Immunox. Follow label directions.

Elm yellows No effective pesticides are known. See RPD 660.

Dutch elm disease None recommended for homeowner use. The fungus is spread by bark beetles, root grafts, and contaminated pruning tools. Root grafting occurs between elms within 25 to 50 feet of one another. Trenching to a depth of 3 to 5 feet between trees temporarily disrupts root grafting. Remove and burn (or de-bark) the infested tree and stump as soon as possible to eliminate them as a disease source. Preventive fungicides may be injected by someone trained in injection. See RPD 647.

Euonymus

Anthracnose Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Apply at budbreak or at first sign of disease. Scab Bonide Mancozeb, Bonide Remedy, Other fungal leaf Dragon 3336, Dragon Daconil, Ferti-lome spots/blights Blackspot, Ferti-lome Halt, Ortho Daconil.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when disease is first seen. Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome See RPD 617. Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Funginex, Immunox, Orthenex, Orthenex-1, Ortho Lime Sulfur.

Evergreens—See Douglas Fir, Fir, Juniper, Pine, Spruce, or Yew.

Fir (Abies, not Douglas fir) Lophodermium needle cast Bonide Mancozeb. Spray 2 or 3 times, at labeled intervals, starting when new needles are half-grown.

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions. Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Phyton 27. Mostly a greenhouse problem. Follow label directions. See RPD 623.

Rust Bonide Mancozeb. Where rust has been a problem, spray 2 or 3 times, at labeled intervals, beginning when new needles appear.

'Refer to Table 7 for additional product information. Before using any product, carefully read its label to identify any varietal, environmental, or plant-stage interactions that may occur. Repeated use of a product or active ingredient may lead to pesticide resistance and the loss of pest control. Whenever possible, alternate effective active ingredients to reduce the development of pest resistance. See the Commercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook (updated annually) for additional products available to commercial applicators. .

FOUR • Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 91

TABLE 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments3

Firethorn—See Pyracantha.

Forsythia

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Disease is favored by damp conditions. Begin

3336, Ferti-lome Halt. applications at budbreak or when disease is

first seen.

Hawthorn, Red Haw (Crataegus) Entomosporium leaf spot Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Copper, Bonide Begin applications in early June. Extend the

Other fungal leaf Mancozeb, Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, schedule during rainy seasons. Sanitation is spots/blights Ferti-lome Halt, Immunox, Ortho Daconil. important. Paul's Scarlet and English hawthorns are very susceptible. See RPD 637.

Cedar-hawthorn and cedar- Bonide Mancozeb, Immunox, Ortho Begin applications as flower buds begin to

quince rust Daconil. open and continue, at labeled intervals, 1 to 2

weeks past petal fall. Quince rust forms notice-

able stem cankers that should be pruned out if

practical. English hawthorn is reportedly

resistant to hawthorn rust. Crataegus crusgali var. inermis and Washington hawthorn are

quite susceptible to quince rust. See RPD 802.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Begin applications when mildew first appears. 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Immunox. See RPD 617.

Fire blight None identified for homeowner use. See Cotoneaster.

Hemlock (Tsuga) Rust None identified for homeowner use. Where rust has been a problem, spray 2 or 3 times, beginning when new needles appear.

Hickory (Carya, not pecan) Anthracnose Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Spray 3 or 4 times, at labeled intervals, begin-

Other fungal leaf Halt. ning at budbreak. See RPD 62 1 spots/blights

Holly (Ilex) j Tar spot Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Make 2 or 3 applications, at labeled intervals,

, Other fungal leaf Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome beginning when leaf buds begin to open. Rake spots/blights Halt. and destroy fallen leaves.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Begin applications when disease first appears. 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur. See RPD 617.

Honeysuckle (Lonicera) Herpobasidium leaf blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Begin applications when new growth appears. Other fungal leaf spots Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Immunox.

TABLE 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments3

Honeysuckle (Lonicera) (cont)

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease first appears. Halt, Immunox. See RPD 617.

Horsechestnut, Buckeye (Aeculus) Anthracnose Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Begin applications when the buds begin to

Guignardia blotch Dragon 3336, Dragon Daconil, Dragon open. Thorough coverage is required for con-

Other fungal leaf Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Halt, Ortho Daconil. trol. Resistant species are available. spots/blights

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when disease first appears. Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Immunox. See RPD 617.

Hydrangea Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Begin applications, at labeled intervals, when Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Bonide Mancozeb, new growth appears. Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon Copper, Dragon Daconil, Ferti-lome Halt, Immunox, Ortho Daconil.

Hemlock-hydrangea rust Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Begin applications when disease first appears. Powdery mildew Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Bonide Mancozeb, Follow label directions. See RPD 617. Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon Copper, Dragon Daconil, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Ferti-lome Systemic.

Botrytis leaf and flower Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Sanitation is very important. Disease is blight or gray mold Bonide Mancozeb, Bonide Remedy, favored by cool, damp conditions. Begin appli-

Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Hi-Yield cations when symptoms first appear. See RPD Maneb, Phyton 27. 623.

Ivy, Boston, and Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus) Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease first appears. Halt, Orthenex-1. Follow label directions. See RPD 617.

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Sanitation is very important. Disease is Halt, Hi-Yield Bordeaux. favored by cool, damp conditions. Begin appli-

cations when symptoms first appear. See RPD 623

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when new growth appears. Halt, Hi-Yield Bordeaux. Follow label directions.

Ivy, English—See Table 4.

Juneberry—See Amelanchier.

FOUR • Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 93

TABLE 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments2

Juniper, Redcedar (Juniperus) Cedar rusts Bonide Mancozeb, Dragon Copper, Resistant cultivars are available. Begin spraying

Orthenex- 1 susceptible plants in early July and continue, at labeled intervals, through August. Remove galls and/or cankers to reduce infection of alternate hosts. See RPD 802.

Phomopsis twig blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Resistant cultivars are available. Begin appli- Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome cations, at labeled intervals, when new flushes

Halt, Hi-Yield Bordeaux. of growth appear; protect until mature. It is important to prune and destroy dead and infected twigs. See RPD 622.

Kabatina blight None recommended. This disease is caused by a weak pathogen that likely infects wounds during late summer and

fall and is difficult to manage with fungicides. Resistant cultivars are available.

Cercospora needle blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Keep new flushes of growth protected. Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon Copper, Ferti-lome Halt, Hi-Yield Bordeaux.

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Sanitation is very important. Disease is Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome favored by cool, damp conditions. Begin appli-

Halt, Hi- Yield Bordeaux, Phyton 27. cations when symptoms first appear. See RPD 623.

Laurel, Cherry—See Cherry.

Leucothoe

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease first appears. Halt, Immunox.

Ligustrum—See Privet.

Lilac (Syringa)

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when disease first appears,

Dragon 3336, Dragon Sulfur, Ferti-lome usually in early July. See RPD 617. Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Funginex, Immunox, Immunox Plus, Orthenex, Ortho Lime Sulfur, Phyton 27.

Fungal leaf spots and blights Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease first appears. Halt, Hi-Yield Bordeaux. See RPD 648.

TABLE 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments3

Lilac (Syringa) (cont.)

Bacterial leaf spots and Hi- Yield Bordeaux, Phyton 27. Begin applications when disease first appears. blights

Linden, Basswood (Tilia) Anthracnose Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications just after budbreak and Other fungal leaf Halt, Hi-Yield Bordeaux. again as directed by label. See RPD 621. spots/blights

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when mildew first appears. Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Halt. See RPD 617.

Magnolia

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease first appears. Halt. See RPD 617.

Fungal leaf spots and blights Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Begin applications when disease first appears. Dragon 3336, Dragon Copper, Ferti-lome See RPD 648. Halt.

Bacterial leaf spots Dragon Copper Begin applications when disease first appears.

Maple, Boxelder (Acer) Anthracnose Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Copper, Dragon Make 2 or 3 applications, at labeled intervals, Phyllosticta leaf spot 3336, Dragon Copper, Dragon Mancozeb, beginning when leaf buds begin to open. Rake Tar spot Ferti-lome Halt, Hi-Yield Bordeaux. and destroy fallen leaves. See RPD 621. Other fungal leaf spots/blights

Taphrina leaf blister None identified for homeowner use. Spray once in fall after leaf drop or in early spring before buds begin to swell. Applications after budbreak are ineffective. See RPD 663.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Dragon Begin applications when disease first appears. Sulfur, Ferti-lome Halt, Immunox, See RPD 617. Orthenex-1.

Mock-Orange (Madura pomifera) Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease first appears. Rust Halt, Immunox, Immunox Plus. See RPD 617.

mt FOUR • Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 95

TABLE 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments 3

Mountainash (Sorbus) Anthracnose Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when leaves just begin to Phyllosticta leaf spot Halt, Phyton 27. emerge from buds and continue, at labeled Scab intervals, until frequent and prolonged wetting

Other fungal leaf periods are uncommon (usually about July 1). spots/blights See RPDs 621, 803.

Rusts None identified for homeowner use. Begin applications when the flower buds begin to open. Follow label directions.

Fire blight Phyton 27. See Cotoneaster.

Nectarine—See Cherry.

Oak (Quercus) Anthracnose (leaf-blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Spray just before buds open, when leaves are

stage only) Bonide Mancozeb, Dragon 3336, Dragon half-grown, and 10 to 14 days later if rainy Other fungal leaf Copper, Dragon Daconil, Ferti-lome Halt, weather persists. Remove cankered twigs spots/blights Ferti-lome Systemic, Hi-Yield Bordeaux, where feasible. See RPD 621. Ortho Daconil, Phyton 27.

Taphrina leaf blister Bonide Fung-onil, Dragon Daconil, Ortho Spray once in fall after leaf drop or in early Daconil. spring before buds begin to swell. Applications after budbreak are ineffective. See RPD 663.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease first appears. Halt, Immunox. Follow label directions. See RPD 617.

Oak wilt None recommended for homeowner use. The fungus is spread by root grafts and insects that feed on fresh wounds. Prune oaks only

during late fall or when dormant. Root grafting occurs between some oak species within 25 to 50 feet of one another. Trenching to a depth of 3 to 4 feet between trees temporarily disrupts root grafting. Remove and burn (or de-bark) the infested tree and stump as soon as possible to eliminate them as a disease source. Preventive fungicides may be injected by someone trained in injection. See RPD 618.

Peach—See Cherry.

Pear—See Crabapple.

TABLE 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments3

Pecan (Carya illinoensis; nonbearing trees only) Anthracnose Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when buds begin to open. Spot anthracnose Halt, Ferti-lome Systemic. Other fungal leaf spots/blights

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease first appears. Halt, Ferti-lome Systemic. See RPD 617.

Photinia Entomosporium leaf spot Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Begin applications when new leaf growth or

Other fungal leaf Dragon 3336, Dragon Daconil, Dragon disease first appears. spots/blights Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome Systemic, Funginex, Ortho Daconil.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease first appears. Halt, Immunox, Orthenex. Follow label directions. See RPD 617.

Pine (Pinus)

Sphaeropsis tip blight and Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Prune and destroy infected branches during canker (formerly "Diplodia") Halt. dry weather. Mulch and water as needed to

(In Illinois, this is mainly a reduce stress. Spray 3 times: ( 1 ) when buds problem on Austrian and begin to elongate/swell, (2) just before new Scotch pines.) needles emerge from the sheath, and (3) 10 to 14 days later. See RPD 625.

Dothistroma needle blight Bonide Mancozeb, Dragon Copper, Hi- Spray in mid-May or when needles are half-

(In Illinois, this is mainly a Yield Bordeaux, grown and again when new needles are problem on Austrian pine expanded. During wet years, additional later

growing in nurseries.) applications may be needed. Sanitation is important; rake and remove diseased needles. See RPD 624.

Brown spot (Scirrhia) (In Bonide Copper, Bonide Fung-onil, Bonide Spray when needles are half-grown and again

Illinois, this is mainly a Mancozeb, Dragon Daconil, Hi-Yield 30 days later. If rainy, shorten spray interval. problem on Scotch pine.) Bordeaux, Ortho Daconil. See RPD 624.

Sirococcus tip blight Bonide Mancozeb, Hi-Yield Bordeaux. Begin applications when new needles are half-

grown. If rainy, shorten spray intervals.

Lophodermium and Bonide Fung-onil, Bonide Mancozeb, Most Lophodermium infections occur during Cyclaneusma needle cast Dragon Daconil, Hi-Yield Bordeaux, Ortho rainy periods from mid- to late summer after

(In Illinois, these are Daconil. new needles reach mature length. Make 3 or 4 mainly a problem on applications, at labeled intervals, during this

Scotch pine.) timeframe. If possible, applications should be made prior to rainfall. See RPD 624.

TABLE 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides2 Comments3

Pine (Pinus) (cont.) Pine wilt (Pinewood nema- No effective chemical controls available. Remove and destroy the infested tree and

tode) (In Illinois, this is other dead pines in the area immediately. Do mainly a problem on not store infested wood as this serves as a Scotch pine.) source of future infestations. The pinewood

nematode is not known to infest or survive in belowground plant parts. See RPD 1104.

Planetree—See Sycamore.

Plum—See Cherry.

Poplar, Aspen, Cottonwood (Populus) Anthracnose Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Begin applications when buds begin to open. Spot anthracnose Dragon 3336, Dragon Daconil, Ferti-lome See RPD 621. Other fungal leaf Halt, Ortho Daconil. spots/blights

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when disease first appears. Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome See RPD 617. Sulfur.

Rust Funginex. Spray once or twice, at labeled intervals,

beginning about 1 to 2 weeks before rust normally appears. See RPD 605.

Privet (Ligustrum) Anthracnose Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Begin applications when buds begin to open. Other fungal leaf Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon spots/blights Daconil, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Halt, Immunox, Immunox Plus, Ortho Daconil.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when disease first appears. Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon See RPD 617. Sulfur, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Immunox, Immunox Plus.

Pyracantha (Firethorn) Fire blight Dragon Copper, Ferti-lome Blackspot, See Cotoneaster. Ferti-lome Fire Blight, Phyton 27.

Scab Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Bonide Spray at budbreak, just before blossoms open,

Mancozeb, Dragon 3336, Dragon Copper, at petal fall, and 2 weeks later. See RPD 638. Dragon Daconil, Ferti-lome Blackspot, Ferti-lome Halt, Ortho Daconil, Phyton 27.

TABLE 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments3

Pyracantha (Firethorn) (cont.) Other fungal leaf Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Mancozeb, Begin applications when buds begin to open, spots/blights Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Halt.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Begin applications when disease first appears. 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Orthenex-1. See RPD 617.

Quince (Cydonia) Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Begin applications, at labeled intervals, when Dragon 3336, Dragon Daconil, Ferti-lome buds begin to open. Halt, Ortho Daconil.

Brown rot blossom blight Bonide Fung-onil, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Spray when first blossoms open, during full

Dragon Daconil, Ortho Daconil. bloom, and again at petal fall. See RPD 804.

Rust Bonide Fung-onil, Dragon Daconil, Begin applications at budbreak and repeat at Immunox, Ortho Daconil. labeled intervals during spring rainy periods. See RPD 802.

Fire blight None identified for homeowner use. See Cotoneaster.

Redcedar—See Juniper.

Red Haw—See Hawthorn.

Rhododendron (Azalea) Ovulinia petal or flower Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Begin applications as growth starts in early blight Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon spring. Daconil, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome Insecticide & Fungicide, Funginex, Hi-Yield Maneb, Immunox, Immunox Plus, Ortho Daconil.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when disease first appears. Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon See RPD 617. Sulfur, Ferti-lome Blackspot, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Funginex, Immunox, Immunox Plus, Orthenex-1.

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Copper, Bonide Spray just before budbreak and repeat at Leaf, flower, and stem galls Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon Mancozeb, labeled intervals through flowering. Ferti-lome Blackspot, Ferti-lome Halt.

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Botrytis is favored by cool, damp conditions.

3336, Ferti-lome Blackspot, Ferti-lome Sanitation is very important. Follow label Halt, Phyton 27. directions. See RPD 623.

aRefer to Table 7 for additional product information. Before using any product, carefully read its label to identify any varietal, environmental, or plant-stage interactions that may occur. Repeated use of a product or active ingredient may lead to pesticide resistance and the loss of pest control. Whenever possible, alternate effective active ingredients to reduce the development of pest resistance. See the Commercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook (updated annually) for additional products available to commercial applicators. •• • Managing Plant Diseases in the •*s>..- FOUR Home Garden 99

TABLE 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments 3

Rhododendron (Azalea) (cont.) Phytophthora dieback and Bonide Fung-onil, Dragon Daconil, Follow label directions. See RPD 664. root rot Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Blackspot, Ortho Daconil.

Rose (Rosa)

Botrytis bud, blossom, and Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Captan, Bonide Botrytis is favored by cool, damp conditions.

cane blight Fung-onil, Bonide Mancozeb, Bonide Sanitation is very important. Follow label Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon Captan, directions. See RPD 623. Dragon Daconil, Ferti-lome Fungicide, Ferti- lome Halt, Ferti-lome Rose Spray, Ferti- lome Triple, Ortho Daconil, Phyton 27.

Black spot Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Captan, Bonide Begin spraying as soon as leaves emerge and Anthracnose Copper, Bonide Fung-onil, Bonide Liquid continue, at labeled intervals, into September Other fungal leaf Sulfur, Bonide Mancozeb, Bonide Remedy, or early October. Lengthen spray intervals or spots/blights Dragon 3336, Dragon Captan, Dragon skip applications altogether during dry

Cane cankers Copper, Dragon Daconil, Dragon Sulfur, weather. Remove and destroy ( 1 ) infected Ferti-lome Blackspot, Ferti-lome leaves during the growing season and (2) all

Fungicide, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome infected tissues in fall and early spring. Rose Spray, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Ferti-lome Resistant varieties are available. See RPDs Systemic, Ferti-lome Triple, Funginex, Hi- 610, 626. Yield Maneb, Immunox, Immunox Plus, Orthenex, Orthenex-1, Ortho Daconil, Ortho Lime-Sulfur, Phyton 27.

Rusts Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Bonide Mancozeb, Begin spraying at budbreak and continue at Ferti-lome Systemic, Funginex, Hi-Yield labeled intervals until the weather turns hot Lime Sulfur, Immunox, Immunox Plus, and dry. Remove and destroy infected tissues Orthenex, Orthenex-1, Ortho Lime-Sulfur, as with black spot. See RPD 630.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Copper, Bonide Begin applications when new growth appears.

Liquid Sulfur, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Thorough coverage is required. Follow label 3336, Dragon Copper, Dragon Sulfur, directions. See RPD 611. Ferti-lome Blackspot, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome Sulfur, Ferti-lome Systemic, Ferti-lome Triple, Funginex, Hi-Yield Lime Sulfur, Immunox, Immunox Plus, Orthenex, Orthenex-1, Ortho Lime-Sulfur, Phyton 27.

Downy mildew Bonide Mancozeb. This disease is rarely found outside greenhouse and production areas. Follow label directions.

Russian-olive (Elaeagnus) Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when leaves unfold. Follow Halt. label directions.

TABLE 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments 3

Russian-olive (Elaeagnus) (cont.) Rust Immunox. Follow label directions.

Serviceberry, Shadbush— See Amehnchier.

Spiraea (Spirea)

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when disease first appears. Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome See RPD 617. Sulfur, Immunox, Immunox Plus, Orthenex-1.

Botrytis blight Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Disease is favored by cool, damp conditions.

Halt, Phyton 27. Sanitation is very important. See RPD 623.

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease first appears. Halt.

Spruce (Picea) Rhizosphaera needle cast (In Bonide Fung-onil, Dragon Daconil, Ortho Spray when needles are half-grown (as soon as

Illinois, this is mainly a Daconil. bud-caps fall off) and again when fully elon-

problem on Colorado blue gated. Chemical controls are effective if dis-

spruce.) ease is caught early. At least 2 years of fungicide applications are usually required. Rake up and dispose of infected needles.

Norway spruce is considered resistant.

Cytospora canker (In No effective chemical-control options. Prune and destroy dead/dying limbs during dry

Illinois, this is mainly a weather. Reduce stress by mulching around the

problem on Colorado blue; tree and fertilizing in the fall. Too much or too

Norway spruce is less little soil moisture is also a source of stress. See susceptible.) RPD 604.

Sirococcus tip blight None identifed for homeowner use. Spray when needles are half-grown (as soon as

bud caps fall off) and again when fully elon-

gated. This disease is not common. See RPD 624.

Sycamore, Planetree (Plantanus) Anthracnose (leaf-blight Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Spray 4 times: (1) just before buds break open, stage only) Dragon 3336, Dragon Copper, Dragon (2) at budbreak, (3) when leaves are Other fungal leaf Daconil, Ferti-lome Halt, Hi-Yield expanded, and (4) 10 to 20 days later. Remove spots/blights Bordeaux, Ortho Daconil, Phyton 27. cankered twigs where feasible. Preventive fungicides may be injected by someone trained in injection. See RPDs 621, 648.

FOUR • Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 101

TABLE 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments 3

Taxus—See Yew.

Thuja—See Arborvitae.

Tuliptree (Liriodendron) Anthracnose Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications at budbreak. Follow label Other fungal leaf Halt. directions. See RPD 621. spots/blights

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease first appears. Halt. Follow label directions.

Viburnum

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Remedy, Dragon Begin applications when disease first appears. 3336, Dragon Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Halt.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Fung-onil, Begin applications when disease first appears. Bonide Remedy, Dragon 3336, Dragon See RPD 617. Daconil, Ferti-lome Halt, Immunox, Orthenex-1, Ortho Daconil.

Downy mildew Dragon Mancozeb. Disease is favored by damp conditions. Begin

applications when disease first appears.

Virginia Creeper See Ivy.

Walnut, Butternut (Juglans) Anthracnose Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Dragon Spray 3 or 4 times, at labeled intervals, begin- Other fungal leaf Mancozeb, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome ning when the leaves begin to unfold. See spots/blights Systemic. RPDs600, 621.

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when disease first appears. Halt, Immunox. See RPD 617.

Bacterial blight (of Persian Dragon Copper. Spray 4 times: (1) at the start of flowering, (2)

or English walnut) at full bloom, (3) at petal fall, and (4) 7 to 10

days later.

Willow (Salix) Tar spot Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Make 2 or 3 applications, at labeled intervals, Ink spot (leaf blight) Halt, Hi-Yield Bordeaux. beginning when leaf buds begin to open. Rake Scab and destroy fallen leaves. Black canker

Rust Orthenex- 1 Begin applications, at labeled intervals, about

1 to 2 weeks before rust normally appears. See RPD 605.

a Refer to Table 7 for additional product information. Before using any product, carefully read its label to identify any varietal, environmental, or plant-stage interactions ! that may occur. Repeated use of a product or active ingredient may lead to pesticide resistance and the loss of pest control. Whenever possible, alternate effective active ingredients to reduce the development of pest resistance. See the Commercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook (updated annually) for additional products available to commercial applicators. 102 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 6. Products Labeled for Specific Woody Ornamentals (cont.)

Plant and disease Labeled pesticides3 Comments 3

Willow (Salix) (cont.)

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when disease first appears. Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Halt, Ferti-lome See RPD 617. Sulfur, Immunox, Orthenex-1.

Witchhazel (Hamamelis)

Powdery mildew Bonide Bonomyl, Bonide Liquid Sulfur, Begin applications when disease first appears. Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Halt. Follow label directions.

Fungal leaf spots Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications as the leaves begin to Halt. unfold. Follow label directions.

Yew (Taxus) Twig blight (Phomopsis) Bonide Bonomyl, Dragon 3336, Ferti-lome Begin applications when new growth emerges. Halt, Hi-Yield Bordeaux.

aRefer to Table 7 for additional product information. Before using any product, carefully read its label to identify any varietal, environmental, or plant-stage interactions that may occur. Repeated use of a product or active ingredient may lead to pesticide resistance and the loss of pest control. Whenever possible, alternate effective active ingredients to reduce the development of pest resistance. See the Commercial Landscape and Turfgrass Pest Management Handbook (updated annually) for additional products available to commercial applicators.

ti FOUR • Managing Plant Diseases in the Home Garden 103

TABLE 7. Pesticides Listed in Tables 2, 4, and 6

Abbreviation Full trade name and company information Active ingredient(s) Mobility3

Bonide Bonomyl Bonide Bonomyl 50W thiophanate-methyl S Bonide Captan Bonide Captan 50W captan PC Bonide Copper Bonide Copper Dust copper PC Bonide Fung-onil Bonide Fung-onil chlorothalonil PC Bonide Liquid Sulfur Bonide Liquid Sulfur sulfur PC

Bonide Mancozeb Bonide Mancozeb mancozeb PC Bonide Remedy Bonide Remedy potassium bicarbonate PC Bonide Sulfur Bonide Sulfur sulfur PC Dragon 3336 Dragon Systemic Fungicide 3336 WP thiophanate-methyl s Dragon Captan Dragon Captan captan PC

Dragon Copper Dragon Copper Fungicide copper PC Dragon Daconil Dragon Daconil 2787 chlorothalonil PC Dragon Mancozeb Dragon Mancozeb mancozeb PC Dragon Sulfur Dragon Wettable or Dusting Sulfur sulfur PC Ferti-lome Blackspot Ferti-lome Blackspot copper hydroxide PC

Ferti-lome Fire Blight Ferti-lome Fire Blight Spray streptomycin sulfate s Ferti-lome Fruit Tree Ferti-lome Fruit Tree Spray captan + *malathion PC/PC Ferti-lome Fungicide Ferti-lome Liquid Fungicide chlorothalonil PC Ferti-lome Halt Ferti-lome Halt thiophanate-methyl s Ferti-lome Insecticide &. Ferti-lome Azalea, Camellia, Crape Myrtle *malathion + PCNB PC/PC Fungicide Insecticide & Fungicide

Ferti-lome Rose Spray Ferti-lome Rose Spray chlorothalonil + *diazinon PC/PC Ferti-lome Sulfur Ferti-lome Dusting Sulfur sulfur PC Ferti-lome Systemic Ferti-lome Systemic Fungicide propiconazole s Ferti-lome Triple Ferti-lome Triple Action chlorothalonil + *diazinon PC/PC Funginex RosePride Funginex Rose & Shrub Disease Control triforine s

Hi-Yield Bordeaux Hi-Yield Bordeaux Mix copper sulfate PC Hi- Yield Lime Sulfur Hi-Yield Lime Sulfur calcium polysulfides PC Hi-Yield Maneb Hi-Yield Maneb Garden Fungicide maneb PC Immunox Spectracide Immunox myclobutanil s Immunox Plus Spectracide Immunox Plus myclobutanil + *permethrin S/PC

Orthenex RosePride Orthenex Rose & Shrub Disease Control triforine + *acephate + S/PC/PC (Ortho/Scotts) *fenbutatin-oxide Orthenex-1 RosePride Orthenex Rose & Shrub Disease Control- triforine + *acephate + S/PC/PC

1 (Ortho/Scotts) *resmethrin Ortho Daconil Ortho Multi-Purpose Fungicide Daconil 2787 chlorothalonil PC (Ortho/Scotts) Ortho Home Orchard Ortho Home Orchard Spray (Ortho/Scotts) captan + *malathion + PC/PC/PC *methoxychlor Ortho Lime-Sulfur Ortho Dormant Disease Control Lime-Sulfur Spray calcium polysulfides PC (Ortho/Scotts)

Phyton 27 Phyton 27 (Source Technologies) copper sulfate pentahydrate PC

a Pesticide mobility: PC = protective-contact, S = systemic (translocated). Note: The systemic pesticides listed above do not move downward in the plant when applied to the foliage. However, several of them can be drenched into the root zone to protect the root system. Read and follow the label carefully. *Active ingredients marked with an asterisk are insecticides and/or miticides. I

,. CHA

MANAGING DISEASES IN THE HOME VEGETABLE GARDEN

Diseases of vegetables grown in the home garden may reduce both the yield and the quality of vegetables. Controlling such diseases often determines success or failure and adds immeasurably to the pleasure derived from a garden. Diseases of vegetables are caused by microorganisms, including fungi, bacteria (including mycoplasmas and spiroplasmas), viruses, and nematodes. These organisms are spread by windblown or water-splashed spores, by insects, by infected seeds and transplants, by

the movement of infested soil, and by humans handling wet plants. Many vegetable diseases can be controlled using an integrated disease-control program. Such a program involves the use of

• crop rotation

• sanitation

• disease-resistant or -tolerant varieties

• disease-free seeds or transplants

• sound horticultural practices

• balanced soil fertility (based on soil tests)

• proper and timely application of pesticides.

No single pest-management practice can control all diseases of any vegetable crop. Therefore, several measures must be used to achieve satisfactory control.

Disease Control Before Planting

Choose and Prepare the Site

The site for the vegetable garden should be well drained and have adequate sunlight (8 to 10 hours of direct sunshine per day) and good air circulation. The soil should have adequate soil fertility and the proper pH (5.5 to 7.0). If garden vegetables have been produced for several years in an area, sanitation and rotation practices can reduce the risk of disease-causing organisms that survive from

The information in this chapter is provided for educational purposes only. Product trade names have been used for clarity, but

reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the University of Illinois; discrimination is not intended against any

product. The reader is urged to exercise caution in making purchases or evaluating product information.

Label registrations can change at any time. Thus the recommendations in this chapter may become invalid. The

user must read carefully the entire, most recent label and follow all directions and restrictions. Purchase only enough pesticide for the current growing season. 106 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

preceding crops. It is important for disease-control purposes to remove or bury dead

and diseased plant material in the fall. Crop residues from healthy plants can be composted and returned to the garden. Disease-causing fungi and bacteria can survive composting unless the decompo-

sition of the crop residue is complete, a situation that seldom occurs. Therefore, we suggest that no diseased plant parts be placed in the compost pile. Some disease organisms survive even complete composting, including pathogens causing corn smut; clubroot of cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and other crucifers; Verticillium wilt of potato, tomato, pepper, and eggplant; and root-knot.

Turning under (plowing or tilling) crop residues in the fall helps prevent the overwintering of many disease-causing organisms. Besides destroying the "winter home" of various organisms, this practice also helps control the insects that trans-

mit certain diseases. Also, crop debris that is turned under improves soil tilth and makes spring garden work easier.

Rotate Crops

Crop rotation is an important control measure because many disease-causing organisms attack only related plants in the same family. Unrelated plants do not serve as

hosts on which these organisms can multiply. Therefore, if possible, avoid planting Cabbage any vegetables within each of the following groups in the same location more than once every 3 or 4 years.

• Cole crops (cabbage family)—broccoli, brussels sprout, cabbage, cauliflower, chinese cabbage, kohlrabi, mustard greens, radish, rutabaga, and turnip. • Cucurbits (cucumber family)—cucumber, gourd, muskmelon, pumpkin, squash (all types), and watermelon. • Solanaceous crops (tomato family)—eggplant, husk tomato (ground cherry), pepper, potato, and tomato.

• Chenopodiaceous crops—beet (red and sugar) and spinach. • Amaryllidaceae (onion family)—chives, garlic, leek, onion, and shallot.

• Legumes—beans (all types) and peas. SStfvN • Umbelliferous crops—carrots, celery, and parsnip.

For example, broccoli, cabbage, radish, or turnip should not be planted in the Tml same location for two successive years. Cabbage could be followed with beans, a vine crop such as cucumber, or sweet corn. ^ Diseases affecting beans, peas, sweet corn, carrot, lettuce, spinach, rhubarb, okra, Ob edible soybeans, and similar plants are usually specific to only one of these crops

S^»^- 1 "^^W and generally do not infect others or members of the major vegetable crop groups. Choose Disease-Resistant Varieties

Squash The use of well-adapted, disease-resistant varieties is the simplest and most efficient

method of controlling many diseases. Information on disease resistance is given in the following paragraphs. Listings of disease-resistant or -tolerant reactions for selected vegetable varieties, unless otherwise indicated, are based on the disease reactions reported by the various seed companies and have not necessarily been verified by independent research at the University of Illinois. Furthermore, a desig-

nation of resistance or tolerance does not necessarily mean that the plant is immune to the disease and shows no disease symptoms. Some varieties are partially resistant, and the expression of symptoms and development of the disease are

reduced when compared to a susceptible variety. (See Tables 1 to 9.) Also, some forms of resistance are effective against only certain strains or races of the disease- causing agent. Thus, a variety described as being resistant to a particular disease can acquire that disease under certain circumstances. FIVE • Managing Diseases in the Home Vegetable Garden 107

Start with Disease-Free Seeds, Plants, and Planting Materials

It is important to start with disease-free seeds or planting materials (bulbs, tubers, transplants, sets, etc.) to keep from introducing serious diseases into the garden. In general, gardeners are encouraged not to save their own seed but to purchase seed from reputable seed dealers. Hot-water soaks and fungicide seed treatments may be used to control the seedborne disease organisms that cause damping-off and seed rots. Because temperature controls and timing must be precise, home gardeners usually buy with water by the seed producer. Hot-water seed that has already been treated hot Use disease-free seed. treatment of cabbage, broccoli, brussels sprout, and cauliflower seed is particularly important. More information on hot-water and fungicide seed treatments may be found in Report on Plant Disease 915, "Vegetable Seed Treatment," available from the Department of Crop Sciences, N-533 Turner Hall, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801. Many vegetable seeds are coated with a fungicide, as evidenced by the colored coating on the seed. Untreated seed can be treated by the home gardener by placing a small quantity (the size of one or two match heads) of captan or thiram in the seed packet and shaking the packet for a minute or two to cover the seed thoroughly. Excess protectant may be sifted out before planting the seed.

Do not plant diseased material (for example, transplants, sets, bulbs, or tubers). All planting material should be healthy and free of yellowing and brown or black spots, and it should not be stunted or show poor development. Only certified, disease-free potato tubers or sweet potato slips should be used. Examine transplants thoroughly for signs of leaf or stem disease. It never pays to buy and plant diseased transplants, no matter what the price! Damping-off diseases affecting homegrown vegetable transplants can be controlled by the use of pathogen-free soil and fungicides. Specific recommendations are given in Report on Plant Disease 916, "Damping-off Diseases of Vegetables," available from the Department of Crop Sciences, N-533 Turner Hall, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801.

Cultural Practices

Cultural practices—such as controlling weeds, planting at the right time, planting at the proper depth and spacing, employing cages or stakes, and watering when the temperature is rising to promote a rapid drying of the foliage—can help control many foliar diseases. Mulches help to control fruit rots and aid in control of blossom-end rot of tomato, pepper, and vine crops by maintaining a uniform supply of moisture in the soil. Weed control in and around the garden reduces the risk of attacks by viruses that overwinter in these plants. Do not work or harvest wet plants because this can spread many diseases, particularly those caused by bacterial and fungal pathogens.

Disease Control During the Growing Season

Many diseases, such as the early blight disease of potato and tomato, occur each year despite all preplanting precautions. For such diseases, applications of fungicides and bactericides to the growing plants may be needed. The best way to apply these materials is as sprays before the disease occurs. Often a wetting agent such as liquid detergent or soap (V2 teaspoon in 1 gallon of the fungicide solution) is added to obtain a more thorough wetting and coverage of the foliage. Apply sprays to the point of runoff, on a 7- to 10-day schedule. This schedule maintains a fresh or effective covering of fungicide and protects the new growth. Fungicides and bactericides currently recommended for use on vegetables are listed in Table 10. 108 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

Principal Diseases of Vegetables and Recommended Control Measures

Asparagus Crown and root rots Maintain proper fertility and good soil drainage. Avoid overcutting. The hybrid varieties listed as rust resistant have some resistance to Fusarium crown and root rot.

Rust Grow resistant varieties (Martha Washington, Mary Washington, Viking, Waltham Washington, or hybrids, including Greenwich, Jersey Centennial, and Jersey Giant). Start spray applications after harvest, and continue until mid-August on a 7- to 10- day schedule with an approved fungicide.

Beans Seed decay and Plant disease-free certified seed. Use captan- or thiram-treated seed. Plant in a damping'off warm, moist, well-prepared seedbed.

Anthracnose Follow a 2- or 3-year crop rotation. Practice strict sanitation. Apply an appropriate fungicide.

Bacterial blights Practice a 2- or 3 -year crop rotation. Do not save seed from infected plants. Purchase seed from a reputable seed dealer. Spray a copper-based bactericide such as

Kocide or copper sulfate at the first sign of disease, and continue on a 7-day schedule until harvest. Do not work among wet plants.

Rust Grow rust-resistant varieties (Dade, Kentucky Wonder Rust Resistant). Apply fungi-

cides at the first sign of disease, and continue on a 7-day schedule.

White mold Avoid wet locations with a history of white mold. Apply an approved fungicide when 10 to 25% of the blossoms are open and again at full bloom.

Mosaics Grow resistant varieties. Table 1 contains a list of disease-resistant bean varieties.

Beets Seed decay and Plant seed treated with thiram or captan. damping-off

Leaf spots Practice a 2- or 3-year crop rotation. Spray with an approved fungicide on a 7-day schedule.

Carrots Seed decay and Plant seed treated with captan or thiram. damping-off

Leaf spots Practice a 2- or 3-year crop rotation. Spray weekly with an approved fungicide,

starting when disease first appears (about mid-June). Varieties resistant to Cercospora leaf spot include Danvers 126, Gold Pak, and Spartan Fancy.

Aster yellows Destroy infected plants as soon as they appear. Apply insecticide sprays for leafhopper control. Spray before removing infected plants.

Cole CrOpS (cabbage, broccoli, brussels sprout, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, kohlrabi, mustard greens, radish, rutabaga, and turnip) Seed decay, damping-off, Plant hot water-treated seed that also has been treated with captan or thiram. black rot, and blackleg Several black rot-resistant cabbage varieties are now available. See Table 2.

Clubroot Purchase disease-free transplants. PCNB (Terraclor) may be added to the transplant water. FIVE • Managing Diseases in the Home Vegetable Garden 109

Principal Diseases of Vegetables and Recommended Control Measures (cont.)

Cole Crops (cont.) Fusarium yellows Grow only varieties that are resistant to yellows. Table 2 contains a list of cabbage varieties that are disease resistant.

Leaf spots and blights Practice a 2- or 3-year crop rotation for broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, and brussels sprout. Apply an approved fungicide on a 7-day schedule.

CllClirbitS (cucumber, gourds, muskmelon, pumpkin, squash, and watermelon) Seed decay and Plant seed treated with captan. Plant in a warm, well-prepared seedbed. Avoid damping-off excessive soil moisture.

Angular leafspot Practice a 2- or 3-year crop rotation. Spray with a fixed-copper bactericide, such as Kocide 101 or copper sulfate. Remove diseased plant material. Plant resistant varieties whenever possible.

Anthracnose, Alternaria Practice a 2- or 3-year crop rotation. Apply an approved fungicide at weekly inter-

leaf blight, downy vals, starting when the plants are in the 2-leaf stage. Adequate nitrogen fertility is mildew, blossom essential for the successful control of Alternaria leaf blight. Plant resistant varieties blights, fruit rots and when available. spots, and gummy stem blight or black rot

Bacterial wilt Spray with an insecticide to control cucumber beetles as soon as the seedlings "crack" the soil but before they emerge. Continue weekly spraying until the plants are in bloom. Spray in the evening to avoid killing bees.

Fusarium wilt Grow only cantaloupe and watermelon varieties that are resistant to Fusarium wilt.

Table 3 lists disease-resistant muskmelon (cantaloupe) varieties, and Table 4 lists disease-resistant watermelon varieties.

Powdery mildew Spray with an approved fungicide at the first sign of disease, and continue to spray weekly thereafter. Grow resistant varieties.

Mosaic and other viral Grow resistant varieties when possible. Only cucumbers resistant to cucumber

diseases mosaic should be grown. Table 5 lists disease-resistant cucumber varieties.

Eggplant Seed decay, damping-off, Plant seed treated with captan or thiram. and Phomopsis blight

Phomopsis blight and Practice a 2- or 3-year crop rotation. Spray weekly with an approved fungicide when

other fruit rots fruits are half size or when disease first appears.

Verticillium wilt Mulching with plastic may help reduce losses.

Lettuce, Endive, Escarole Seed decay and Plant seed treated with thiram or captan. Practice 2-year rotation. damping-off

Rhizoctonia bottom rot, Plant on raised beds. Remove diseased plant material after harvest. Sclerotinia drop, and gray mold

Aster yellows and Control leafhoppers and aphids throughout the season; early season control is most mosaic viruses important. 110 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 1. Disease-Resistant/-Tolerant Bean Varieties

Diseaseb

Variety Seed source3 CBMV NY 15 NL8 PM R BBS CTV HB

Green snap beans Benchmark NV, RG Blue Lake 274 Many Bronco AS Contender RU Daytona FM, HM

Derby (AAS) FM, HM Endurance NV, RG Hialeah FM, HM Hystyle HM Jade NV, RG

Mirada NV, RG Opus AS Provider RS, ST, SW Rhapsody SW

Roma II NV, RG

Rushmore AS Seville NV, RG Sonata HM Strike AS Tema RS, RU, ST

Tendercrop RU Tenderette RU

Pole snap beans Kentucky Blue NV, RG White Half Runner SI

Yellow wax beans Cherokee RS, RU Eureka RS, RU Gold Crop Many Gold Mine AS Gold Rush AS

Goldkist NV, RG Nugget HM a For a key to seed sources, see page 122. b Disease key: CBMV = common bean mosaic virus, NY15 = bean mosaic virus race NY15, NL8 = bean mosaic virus race NL8, PM = powdery mildew, R = rust, BBS = bacterial brown spot, CTV = curly top virus, and HB = halo blight. FIVE • Managing Diseases in the Home Vegetable Garden III

TABLE 2. Disease-Resistant/-Tolerant Cabbage Varieties

Diseaseb

Variety Seed source3 Type BRT FYR TBT ALT BLT

Bronco BE, SW green fresh X Fresco BE, SW green fresh X Gideon BE, SW green fresh X Golden Acre RU green X Morris BE, SW green fresh Ramada BE, SW green fresh X Stonehead ST, RU gray green

Atlantis PS blue green X Augusta NV, RG blue green X Blue Bayou AS blue green X Blue Gem HM blue green X Blue Pak HM blue Blue Thunder HM blue green X Blue Vantage SA blue green X Bravo HM blue green X

Charmont LS blue green Cheers AT blue green X Conquest RU blue green Dynamo (AAS) NV, RG mini blue green Emblem SA blue green X Fortress FM, HM blue green X Grand Prize RS blue green Green Boy NV,RG blue green Green Cup AT blue green X Lynx RS blue green X Pacifica SA blue green X Quisto NV, RG blue green X Rio Verde NV, RG, SA blue green Royal Vantage SA blue green X Supreme Vantage SA blue green Sure Vantage SA blue green X

Talisman FM, HM blue green X Tenacity ST blue green X Vantage Point SA dark blue green X

Olympic SI silver blue X Pruktor SI silver blue X

Azurro BE, SW red fresh Red Dynasty AS red X Super Red 77 ST red X

Clarissa BE, SW green Savoy Melissa BE, SW green Savoy Speedy Savoy ST blue green Savoy aFor a key to seed sources, see page 122. b Disease key: BRT = black rot tolerant, FYR = Fusarium yellows resistant, TBT = tip burn tolerant, ALT = Alternaria leaf spot, and BLT = black leg tolerant. 112 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 3. Disease-Resistant/-Tolerant Muskmelon Varieties

Disease

Variety Seed source3 Fusarium wilt Powdery mildew Downy mildew

Ambrosia many — X X Eclipse ST X X — Harper RU X — — Legend RS X X — Palsar many X X — Saticoy many X X — Star Fire HM X X X Starship HM X X — a For a key to seed sources, see page 122.

TABLE 4. Disease-Resistant/-Tolerant Watermelon Varieties

Disease

Variety Seed source3 Fusarium wilt Anthracnose

Allsweet many Carnival NV, RG Charleston Gray many Crimson Sweet NV, RG Crimson Tide NV, RG Emperor PS, RU, ST Fiesta NV, RG Jubilee many Regency SW Royal Jubilee many Royal Sweet SI, SW Sangria NV, RG Sultan RS a For a key to seed sources, see page 122. 3

• FIVE Managing Diseases in the Home Vegetable Garden 1 1

TABLE 5. Disease-Resistant/-Tolerant Cucumber Varieties

Disease^

Variety Seed source3 Scab CMV PM DM ANT ALS ZYMV WMV PRSV

Burpless slicers Burpless #26 RU Orient Express RS, RU, SW Sweet Slice RS, RU, ST

Slicers

Dasher II many Daytona SI, ST, SW General Lee many Greensleeves HM, RS Indy many

Jazzer EZ, ST Lightning RU Marketmore 76 many Panther SI, ST Raider HM, RS Speedway many Thunder RS, RU Ultraslice ST

Pickling Calypso RS, RU Carolina RU Eureka many Fancipak M many a For a key to seed sources, see page 122. bDisease key: CMV = cucumber mosaic virus, PM = powdery mildew, DM = downy mildew, ANT = anthracnose, ALS = angular leaf spot, ZYMV = zucchini yellows mosaic virus, WMV = watermelon mosaic virus (WMV-2), and PRSV = papaya ring spot virus type W (WMV-1).

TABLE 6. Disease-Resistant Pea Varieties

Diseaseb

Variety Seed source3 FUS BYMV DM PEV CW PM PSV

Green Arrow BP, HM, RU, ST SW Knight AC, HM, RU, SS Lincoln RU, SS, ST Oregon Sugar Pod no. 2 AC, BP, HM, RU, SS, SW Sugar Ann AC,RU aFor a key to seed sources, see page 122. ^Disease Key: FUS = Fusarium, BYMV = beet yellow mosaic virus, DM = downy mildew, PEV = pea enation virus, CW = common wilt, PM = powdery mildew, and PSV = pea streak virus. M4 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

Principal Diseases of Vegetables and Recommended Control Measures (cont.)

Okra Seed decay and Plant seeds treated with thiram or captam. damping-off

Fusarium and Verticillium Practice 3- or 4-year rotation. wilts

Onion Seed decay, damping-off, Plant seed treated with thiram or captan. and smut

Bulb rots Control leaf diseases. Avoid storing improperly cured or injured bulbs. Let all onion tops fall over (ripen) naturally. Dry the bulbs before storage. Store under cool, dry conditions. Do not expose cured bulbs to sunscald, water, or high humidity.

Fusarium basal rot Grow resistant varieties. Alba Globe, Harvestmore, and Spartan Banner are resistant.

Leaf diseases Practice a 3- or 4-year crop rotation. Spray weekly with an approved fungicide. Carefully follow label directions regarding the days between the last spray and harvest.

Peas Seed decay and Plant seed treated with captan or thiram. damping-off

Fusarium wilt Plant only varieties that are resistant to wilt. See Table 6 for a list of disease- resistant varieties.

Root rot Plant early in well-drained soils. Use a fungicide seed treatment. Practice at least 4-

year rotation if problem continues.

Peppers Seed decay and Plant seed treated with captan or thiram. damping-off

Bacterial spot Plant disease-free seed and/or transplants. Use the hot-water seed treatment; or dip

seed in a solution of 1 part household bleach to 3 parts water, soak 1 minute, and rinse with water. Follow with a fungicide seed treatment. Apply weekly sprays of a fixed-copper fungicide, such as Kocide 101 or copper sulfate, through the bloom stage. Rotate to crops outside the tomato family.

Leafspot and fruit spot Use disease-free seed. Practice 3 -year rotation. Remove diseased plant material after harvest. Apply an approved fungicide at 7- to 10-day intervals.

Phytophthora blight Avoid planting in low, water-logged areas. Plant on hills or raised beds. Plant resistant varieties whenever available. Do not overwater.

Tobacco mosaic Plant resistant varieties whenever available. See Table 7 for a list of these varieties.

Potato Seed-piece rots Treat cut seed pieces with captan as a dust or dip. Plant in warm soil (over 50°F) after the cut surfaces have corked over (suberized). • FIVE Managing Diseases in the Home Vegetable Garden 1 15

TABLE 7. Disease-Resistant/-Tolerant Pepper Varieties

Diseaseb BLS Variety Seed source3 PVY (Rl, R2, R3) TEV TMV CMV PHY

Green-yellow bell Admiral RG X X X — Early Sunsation PS X X X X Gold Coast AS — X X X X3R Aladdin PS — X X X

Green/red sweet Boynton Bell HM — X X X Brigadier NV, RG X X X X Commandant NV, RG X X X X Emerald Isle HM X — — — Enterprise AS X X X X Guardian RG X X X —

Karma HM King Arthur PS X — X — Lantern JS — — — — Marquis SW X — — — Paladin NV, RG — — — — PS334094 PS — X X X

Sentinel RG X X X Sentry RG X X X X Vivaldi VL — — — — X3R Camelot PS — X X X X3R Wizard PS — X X X Yorktown AS — X X X

Sweet banana RPP4277-F1 RG — X X X aFor a key to seed sources, see page 122.

^Disease key: PVY = potato virus Y, BLS = bacterial leaf spot (Races 1, 2, 3), TEV = tobacco etch virus, TMV = tobacco mosaic virus, CMV = cucumber mosaic virus, and PHY = Phytophthora root rot. 116 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

Principal Diseases of Vegetables and Recommended Control Measures (cont.)

Potato (cont.) Early blight and late Practice a 2- or 3-year crop rotation. Destroy or remove cull tubers. Spray at weekly

blight intervals, starting when the plants are 4 to 6 inches tall, with an approved fungicide. Plant varieties resistant to late blight.

Rhizoctonia canker Practice at least 3-year rotation. Plant uncontaminated seed tubers.

Scab Plant resistant varieties, or adjust the soil pH to 5.2 to 5.5. Use fungicide seed-piece treatments. Good scab-resistant red potato varieties are Norchief and Norland. Good scab-resistant white potato varieties are Norgold Russet and Superior.

Verticillium wilt and Plant certified disease-free seed tubers. Plant resistant varieties. root-knot nematodes

Viruses and ring rot Plant only "certified" disease-free seed tubers.

Storage rots Store only disease-free, unbruised tubers. Allow tubers to cure at 60°F for 5 to 7 days before reducing the temperature to 36° to 40°F (if possible).

Spinach Seed decay and Plant seed treated with captan or thiram. damping'off

Downy mildew Plant resistant varieties.

Cucumber mosaic virus Plant resistant or tolerant varieties.

The variety Melody has resistance to both cucumber mosaic virus and downy mildew.

Sweet Corn Seed decay and Plant seed treated with captan or thiram. damping-off

Foliage blights and rust Plant varieties resistant to northern and southern corn leaf blights and rusts. Apply

an approved fungicide. However, the use of fungicides is rarely justified. Diseased

plant material should be removed from the garden. Blighted leaf tissue is safe to compost.

Smut Plant resistant varieties. Remove smut galls from the garden before they break. Do not compost smutted corn or infected corn residues.

Stewart's bacterial wilt Plant resistant varieties. (See Table 8 for a list of varieties resistant to this and other diseases.) Control flea beetles with a recommended insecticide. Early season control

is particularly important.

Maize dwarf mosaic Plant as far from johnsongrass as possible. Control wild johnsongrass plants. Plant tolerant varieties.

Sweet Potato Black rot, scurf, foot rot, Buy certified, disease-free slips. Plant resistant varieties. Use a 3- or 4-year rotation. and wilt The varieties Allgold and Centennial have good resistance to wilt. Allgold also has resistance to black rot.

Storage diseases Do not expose roots to temperatures below 55°F. Immediately after digging, cure the roots at 85 °F and high humidity for 10 to 14 days. Store at 55°F. Never store in airtight bags or containers. Apply an approved fungicide as a postharvest dip. Follow the manufacturer's directions carefully. FIVE • Managing Diseases in the Home Vegetable Garden 117

Principal Diseases of Vegetables and Recommended Control Measures (cont.)

Tomato Seed decay, damping-off, Plant seed that has been treated with hot water or household bleach and that has and seedborne diseases been treated with captan or thiram. See treatments for pepper seed.

Bacterial speck, spot, Plant certified, disease-free seed or transplants. Practice a 3- or 4-year crop rotation.

and canker Spray plants weekly with a fixed-copper fungicide, beginning with the first sign of disease, through the bloom stage.

Blossom-end rot Maintain uniform soil moisture by mulching the plants and irrigating when needed. Avoid heavy pruning, excessive nitrogen applications, and damage to the roots by cultivation or hoeing.

Early blight, Septoria leaf Practice a 2- or 3-year crop rotation. Remove or destroy infected plant parts. Spray blight, anthracnose, weekly with an approved fungicide. Carefully follow label directions regarding the buckeye rot, gray mold, days between the last spray and harvest. Staking or caging plants and providing and white mold good air circulation helps reduce foliar diseases. Staking, caging, or mulching also (Sclerotinia) helps prevent fruit rots, such as anthracnose and buckeye rot. Varieties such as Floramerica, Jetstar, Manlucie, Roma VF, and Supersonic have some tolerance to the early blight disease.

Verticillium and Grow only VF- or VFN-resistant varieties. Many varieties are available. Avoid soil Fusarium wilts with a history of wilt.

Root-knot nematodes Grow VFN-resistant varieties.

Viruses Avoid contact between potatoes and tomatoes to prevent "double infections" of potato and tomato viruses. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and hot water before handling your plants. Do not use tobacco when working with tomatoes. 118 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 8. Disease-Resistant Sweet Corn Varieties

Diseased

Variety3 Seed source15 Colorc SW cs CR NCLB SCLB MDM

Standard Sugary (SU) Comet AS w Gold Cup HM Y Honey 'n Frost SW B Jubilee RG,SW Y Seneca Horizon HM, RU, ST, SW Y Silver Chief AS W X X Silver Queen AC, BP, HM, RU, ST, SW W X X Spring Dance ST Y X Stylepak FM, ST Y X Sugar Loaf ss Y X Sundance HM, ST Y Sweet Sue HM B

Sugar Enhancer (SE) Calico Belle AS B Classic AS Y Esteem HM Y Incredible HM, RU, SW Y Miracle AC, BP, RU, ST Y Platinum Lady BP, RU, ST W Sugar Buns RU, ST, SW Y Tuxedo CR Y

Super Sweet (SH2) Challenger AS Y Florida Staysweet Many Y How Sweet It Is AC, BP, RU W Phenomenal RU, ST, SW B Super Sweet 7710 AC Y Supersweet Jubilee RS Y Sweet Belle AS Y Sweetie 82 SW Y

a Disease reactions are based on evaluations at the University of Illinois and other universities. bFor a key to seed sources, see page 122. cColor key: W = white, Y = yellow, B = bi-color. d Disease key: SW = Stewart's wilt, CS = common smut, CR = common rust, NCLB = northern corn leaf blight, SCLB = southern corn leaf blight, and MDM = maize dwarf mosaic. 9

• FIVE Managing Diseases in the Home Vegetable Garden 1 1

TABLE 9. Disease-Resistant/-Tolerant Tomato Varieties

Diseaseb FW Variety Seed source3 VW (Ri, R2, R3) TMV GLS BS LB EB BER Crack

Aztec PS x x — — — — x — — — — Basket Vee ST x — — — — — — — — x x Captiva PS x xxx — x — — — — — Celebrity AS x xx — x x — — — — — Cherry Express ST x — — — x — — — — — x Empereador PS x — x — — — — — — — — Fabulous SW x xx — x x — — — — — Floralina (NCS) RU, SW x x x x — — —

Florida 47 AS x xx — — x — — — — — Harvestvee ST x x — — — — — — — — — Hy-beef9904 ST x x — — x x Merced NV, RG x xx — x x — — — — — Mt. Belle NV, RG x x — — Mt. Fresh HM x xx — — — — — x x x Mt. Gold NV, RG x x x — x Mt. Spring NV, RG x xx — — — — — — x x

Plum Dandy HM x x — — — — — — x — x Puebla PS x xx — — x x — — — — Redrider AS x xx — — x — — — — — Redstone ST x x — — — — — — — — — Roadside Red ST x x — — — — — — — — — Royal Mountie SW x xx — — — — — — — x Sanibel PS x xx — — x — — — — — Scarlet Express ST x x — — — — — — — — —

Seedway 10250 SW x xx — — x — — — — — Springfield HM x xx — x x — — — — — Sun Leaper NV, RG x xx — — — — — — — — Sunbeam AS x xx — — x — — — — — Sunbrite AS x xx — — x — — — — x Sungem AS x xx — — x — — — — x Sunpride RU x xx — — x — — — — — Sunrise AS x xx — — x — — — — —

Sunstart AS X X x — Supra NV, RG X X X — Sweet Gold ST — X — — X Sweet Million ST — X — — X Swifty Belle ST X — — — X Ultra Sweet ST X X — — X UltraMagnum ST X X — — X Ultrasonic ST X X X aFor a key to seed source, see page 122. = = = = = ^Disease key: VW Verticillium wilt, FW Fusarium wilt (Races 1, 2, 3), TMV tobacco mosaic virus, GLS gray leaf spot (Stemphylium) , BS bacterial speck, LB = late blight, EB = early blight, BER = blossom-end rot, and Crack = crack tolerance. 120 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 10. Fungicides for Use by Vegetable Gardeners

Crop benomyla chlorothalonilb copperc maneb mancozebd sulfur

Asparagus Rust

Bean Anthracnose Bacterial blights Gray mold Rust White mold

Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower Alternaria leaf spot X X Black rot X Downy mildew X X

Carrots Alternaria leaf spot X Cercospora leaf spot X X White mold

Cucumber, melons, pumpkin, squash Alternaria leaf spot xe Angular leaf spot Anthracnose X xe Downy mildew X x e Gummy stem blight X xe Powdery mildew

Onion Botrytis blast Downy mildew Purple leaf blotch

Pepper Alternaria leaf spot Anthracnose Bacterial spot Phytophthora blight

The fungicide chlorothalonil is sold as Bravo, Terranil, and several other names. cThere are many copper-based fungicides available, including bordeaux mixture, copper sulfate, copper hydroxide, and copper oxychloride sulfate, which are sold under a variety of trade names. d The fungicide mancozeb is sold as Dithane and pencozeb.

e Follow label directions for each cucurbit crop carefully; mancozeb is not registered for use on pumpkins.

K :

FIVE • Managing Diseases in the Home Vegetable Garden 121

TABLE 10. Fungicides for Use by Vegetable Gardeners (cont.)

Crop benomyla chlorothalonilb copperc manet mancozebd sulfur

Potato Early blight Late blight

Sweet corn Northern leaf blight Rust

Tomato Anthracnose Bacterial speck Bacterial spot Early blight Gray leaf spot Late blight Septoria leaf spot Sclerotinia stem rot

Note: Fungicides registered for control of specific diseases are indicated by an x. Label registrations can change at any time. Therefore, these recommendations may become invalid. The user must read carefully the entire, most recent label and follow all directions and restrictions. aThe fungicide benomyl is sold as Benlate. b The fungicide chlorothalonil is sold as Bravo, Terranil, and several other names. c There are many copper-based fungicides available, including bordeaux mixture, copper sulfate, copper hydroxide, and copper oxychloride sulfate, which are sold under a variety of trade names. J The fungicide mancozeb is sold as Dithane and pencozeb.

Tollow label directions for each cucurbit crop carefully; mancozeb is not registered for use on pumpkins. 122 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

Key to Seed Sources

AC Abbott & Cobb, Inc., Box 307, Feasterville, PA 19053-0307; (800)345-7333 AS Asgrow Seed Co., 556 Armour St., Tifton, GA 31794; (800)234-1056 AT American Takii Inc., 301 Natividad Rd., Salinas, CA 93906

BE Bejo Zaden B.V., 1722 ZG Noordscharwoude, P.O. Box 9, Holland BP Burpee Vegetables/Ball Seed Co., 622 Town Rd., W. Chicago, IL 60185- 2698; (708)231-3500 CR Crookham Co., Box 520, Caldwell, ID 93605 DA Daehnfeldt Inc., Box 947, Albany, OR 97321

EZ ENZA Zaden, Box 7, 1600 AA, Enkuisen, Netherlands 02280-15844 FM Ferry-Morse Seed Co., Box 4938, Modesto, CA 95352; (209)579-7333 HM Harris Moran Seed Co., 3670 Buffalo Rd., Rochester, NY 14624; (800)320-4672 JS Johnny's Selected Seeds, Foss Hill Rd., Albion, MA 04910-9731; (207)437-4395 LS Liberty Seed, Box 806, New Philadephia, OH 44663 NV Novartis Seeds, Inc., Vegetables-Rogers Brand, Box 4188, Boise, ID 83711-4188; (208)327-7272 PS Petoseed Co., Inc., Box 4206, Saticoy, CA 94005; (800)647-7386 RG Rogers Seed Co., Box 4188, Boise, ID 8371 1-4188; (208)322-7272

RS Rispens Seeds, Inc., 3332 Ridge Rd., Box 5, Lansing, IL 60438; (888)874-0241 RU Rupp Seeds, Inc., 17919 Co. Rd. B, Wauseon, OH 43567; (419)337-1841 SA Sakata Seed America, Inc., Box 880, Morgan Hill, CA 95038; (408)778-7758

SI Siegers Seed Co., 8265 Felch St., Zeeland, MI 49464-9503; (800)962-4999 SS Sunseeds, 18640 Sutter Blvd., P.O. Box 2078, Morgan Hill, CA 95038 ST Stokes Seeds, Inc., 737 Main St., Box 548, Buffalo, NY 14240; (800)396-9238 SW Seedway, Inc., 1225 Zeager Rd., Elizabethtown, PA 17022; (800)952-7333 VL Vilmorin Inc., P.O. Box 707, Empire, CA 95319; (209)529-6000

Information in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9 was adapted from "Disease Resistance Listing for Vegetable Crops" prepared by Loretta Ortiz-Ribbing. For up- to-date information on disease-resistant/-tolerant vegetable varieties, consult seed catalogs and/or seed dealers. Author

M. Babadoost

Department of Crop Sciences

?*% CHAPTER

MANAGING PESTS IN HOME FRUIT PLANTINGS

Pest management is necessary to grow top-quality fruit. Diseases, insects, mites, birds,

and rodents attack all types of fruits grown in home plantings. Proper planting, pruning, fertilizing, and fruit-thinning are important pest-control prac-

tices. Check with your local Extension office or the University of Illinois, ACES/ITCS Marketing and Distribution, 1917 S. Wright St., Champaign, IL 61820, or (800)345-6087 for publications on these topics.

Production Tips

Prune fruit trees annually to keep them short and open. Well-pruned trees are less

susceptible to several diseases, are easier to spray, and dry more quickly. Destroy all prunings, particularly dead and diseased branches. Keep the grass under and around

trees mowed to reduce mouse damage to trunks. Pick up and destroy fallen fruit. In

autumn, collect all fallen leaves and fruit. Then burn, compost, or bury them. The spray schedules that follow include specific production recommendations for each fruit crop

(Tables 2 to 7).

Disease-Resistant Apple Trees

Apple trees vary greatly in their susceptibility to various apple diseases. Researchers and apple breeders have developed apple cultivars with disease resistance to apple scab, powdery mildew, cedar apple rust, and fire blight. Homeowners can greatly reduce the number of sprays necessary to produce quality apples by planting disease-resistant trees. Red

Delicious (with its bud sports), Golden Delicious, Mcintosh, Jonathan, and Winesap are very susceptible. Prima, Priscilla, Jonafree, Freedom, Liberty, Dayton, Williams' Pride, GoldRush, Enterprise, Macfree, Redfree, and Pristine are new apple varieties that are highly resistant or immune to the scab fungus. We strongly recommend that home fruit growers plant these disease-resistant cultivars.

The information in this chapter is provided for educational purposes only. Product trade names have been used for clarity, but reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the University of Illinois; discrimination

is not intended against any product. The reader is urged to exercise caution in making purchases or evaluating product information.

Label registrations can change at any time. Thus the recommendations in this chapter may become

invalid. The user must read carefully the entire, most recent label and follow all directions and restrictions. Purchase only enough pesticide for the current growing season. 126 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

Insecticides and Fungicides

The two most common types of pesticides used on fruit crops are insecticides and fungicides. Insecticides are designed to kill insects; and fungicides control diseases such as apple scab, powdery mildew, and fruit rots caused by fungi.

Multipurpose Fruit Sprays (MPFS)

Most garden centers sell multipurpose fruit sprays (MPFS), sometimes called orchard sprays (sold as Fruit Guard, Fruit Tree Spray, Home Orchard Spray, etc.), which contain two insecticides, usually methoxychlor and malathion, and a fungicide,

usually captan. Methoxychlor is most effective against insects with chewing mouth-

parts, and malathion works best against insects with sucking mouthparts. Captan is a

broad-spectrum protectant fungicide that controls several diseases if applied before

the disease becomes established. If you have only a small area to spray (such as one

or two trees, a few bushes, or a small patch of strawberries), the multipurpose fruit

spray is the most convenient method of controlling pest problems. For home fruit growers with more than a few trees or bushes or with a large

strawberry patch, it might be preferable to buy the individual pesticides rather than

the premixed multipurpose fruit spray. There are several reasons for this. First, there may be times when you want to spray a fungicide and not an insecticide, or vice versa. As an example, you should not apply insecticides during the bloom period

because they kill the bees that are pollinating the flowers. You may need to apply a

fungicide during that time. If your only fungicide has two insecticides mixed with

it, you cannot apply the fungicide and may have disease problems as a result. Second, the insecticides included in the MPFS are not the best insecticides avail-

able. The best general-purpose insecticide for most fruit protection is phosmet (Imidan). For specific problems, carbaryl (Sevin), malathion, or diazinon may also be used, but methoxychlor would rarely be recommended. Finally, purchasing a

premixed fruit spray is much more expensive than buying the fungicide and insecticide separately and mixing them as you need them. However, the individual pesticides may be difficult to find, and you may have to buy a larger container (5 pounds) than you would prefer.

Insecticides Considered to Be Organic

"Organic" insecticides generally are of natural origin, often derived from plants or used as naturally occurring compounds. They are, nonetheless, chemicals, and they are toxic to some degree to humans and pets. Handle them with care, and follow

all label directions. Most organic insecticides are more expensive and less effective than their synthetic counterparts.

Rotenone is derived from tropical plants in the legume family. It is a stomach

poison, so insects must eat spray residues on plant surfaces. It remains somewhat

effective 3 to 5 days after application. It is used most often against chewing insect

pests (plum curculio, Japanese beetle, leafrollers, etc.). Rotenone is highly toxic to bees and should not be used during bloom. Pyrethrins are a family of compounds derived from a tropical pyrethrum daisy. They are "contact poisons" (they do not have to be eaten by insects to be toxic). They remain effective on treated plants for only a matter of a few hours—they give no residual control. Pyrethrins are sometimes used against aphids and other "sucking" insects.

Neem (azadirachtin) is derived from bark or seeds of the tropical neem tree. It

interferes with normal growth in insects and discourages their feeding, but it does

not kill all insects immediately. Neem is sometimes used against caterpillar pests

(leafrollers, codling moth, etc.) and against leafhoppers and stink bugs. Garlic oils and extracts have been found to be ineffective in virtually all field

trials against insect pests of fruits and vegetables. Despite countless advertisements to the contrary, we do not recommend their use. SIX • Managing Pests in Home Fruit Plantings 127

Microbial insecticides available for use in fruit crops contain preparations of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Insecticides containing Bt are effective against caterpillars that ingest treated plant parts; these Bt products are not toxic to other insects. Spray residues usually remain effective for 2 to 5 days before they break down in ultraviolet light. Bt applications are effective against leafrollers and grape berry moth (if applied repeatedly) but usually not against codling moth larvae or peachtree borers because these insects feed very little if at all on treated plant surfaces before boring into fruits or trunks. Plant spray oils include Superior oil (used on dormant plants to smother overwintering San Jose scales and eggs of European red mites and rosy apple aphids) and more highly refined summer oils, such as Sunspray UFO. Summer oils also block the "breathing" openings on insects' bodies, smothering or suffocating them as a result. They are most effective against inactive or slow-moving, soft-bodied pests such as mites and aphids. Be careful to read product labels for precautions on plant injury; oils applied at the wrong time or at too high a concentration may damage treated foliage.

Soaps (made from plant fatty acids) also kill insects by disrupting their breathing system. Soaps enter the spiracles (air openings) and injure the tubes that carry air. Soaps work only against the insects that are sprayed directly or that contact the sprayed surface while it is still wet. They provide no residual effectiveness.

Common targets are mites and aphids. Like oils, soaps may injure plant foliage, so read and follow all label precautions.

Surround (trade name) is a new product that contains kaolin (clay) particles; it is applied as a "particle film" to plants, presumably blocking insects' recognition of plant cues or contaminating the insect cuticle. Relatively few evaluations of

Surround have been completed; it appears to be partially effective against codling moth, plum curculio, and a few other pests of apples.

Diatomaceous earth is the ground-up silica-rich cell walls of microscopic organisms called diatoms. This material is abrasive to the cuticle (body covering) of insects, causing greater loss of body water than normally occurs through the body surface. Diatomaceous earth can be used to protect stored materials in dry environments, but it is not effective in outdoor uses, where it is pretty much deactivated by rainfall or dew.

Conventional Synthetic Insecticides

Many synthetic insecticides are labeled for use on fruit crops, but most are not packaged in small containers for sale to homeowners; some (not those listed below) are sold only to trained, licensed applicators. The insecticides listed below usually are available in garden supply stores and similar retail outlets.

Carbaryl is sold under several trade names, but it is best known as Sevin. It is effective primarily against insects with chewing mouthparts (beetles and caterpillars), and it remains effective for about 3 to 5 days after application. It is not effective against aphids; and, because it kills the predators of European red mites, mite out- breaks sometimes occur where Sevin is used. It is highly toxic to bees and should not be used during bloom. Sevin also causes fruit drop in apples if it is applied within 30 days of full bloom.

Malathion is moderately effective against insects with sucking mouthparts, and it is used most often in fruit crops against aphids. It is also useful for Japanese beetle control in raspberries and blackberries. It remains effective for 2 to 3 days after application.

Methoxychlor is reasonably effective against insects with chewing mouthparts

(caterpillars and beetles), and it remains effective for 3 to 4 days after application.

Methoxychlor is less toxic to honeybees than the other insecticides listed here.

Diazinon is effective against a broad range of insects, including caterpillars, beetles, aphids, and scale crawlers. It is also effective as a trunk and scaffold branch spray 128 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

to peaches, plums, and cherries to control peachtree borer and lesser peachtree borer.

Diazinon is not approved for use on blackberries, raspberries, or blueberries. Diazinon

is no longer manufactured for sale to homeowners; but, because existing supplies may

still be sold and used, we continue to include it in the information that follows.

Phosmet is sold under the trade name Imidan, and it is effective against a broad

range of fruit pests. It remains effective for 7 to 10 days after application. It controls plum curculio, Oriental fruit moth, apple maggot, and codling moth—four of the most damaging insect pests of tree fruits in Illinois. It may be used on tree fruits, grapes, and blueberries but not on raspberries, blackberries, or strawberries. Imidan

is highly toxic to bees and should not be applied to blooming plants. Fungicides

As mentioned previously, fungicides are pesticides that control diseases caused by fungi. Fungal infections occur when the spores of the fungus are present and the environmental conditions are favorable for the particular pathogen. Moisture,

whether in the form of rainfall, dew, or humidity, is often one of the necessary ingredients for a fungal infection to occur. Most fungicides act as a protective barrier on

the leaf and fruit surfaces and therefore often must be in place before the disease occurs. When possible, fungicides also must be applied just before a prolonged wet

period occurs, not after. Once disease symptoms appear, it is generally too late to

"cure" the problem; however, additional fungicide sprays may still be required to prevent further disease increase. Table 8 compares the relative effectiveness of

selected fungicides against specific diseases of various fruit crops.

Bordeaux mixture is a combination of copper sulfate and hydrated lime. It is

most useful as a dormant spray on apples and pears for fire blight and as a dormant

spray on peaches for peach leaf curl and bacterial spot. It is not compatible with

many other pesticides and can injure plant tissue if applied incorrectly. Be especially diligent in following ALL label directions.

Benomyl (Benlate) is a locally systemic fungicide labeled for vegetable and fruit

diseases. It is excellent for control of apple scab, powdery mildew, and sooty blotch

and flyspeck, as well as various apple fruit rots. On stone fruits, it controls brown rot,

scab, and cherry leaf spot. On brambles and strawberries, it controls leaf spots, pow-

dery mildew, fruit rots, and cane diseases. On grapes it controls black rot and powdery

mildew. Note: Where Benlate is not available for home use, see the comments for thiophanate-methyl (trade names Cleary's 3336 and Topsin-M).

Captan is the primary fungicide found in home fruit spray mixtures such as Fruit

Guard, Fruit Tree Spray, Home Orchard Spray, etc. It can also be purchased separately as Captan or Orthocide and combined with insecticides. An effective and reliable

fungicide, it controls apple scab and most summer leaf and fruit-spotting apple dis-

eases. It is effective for brown rot control of stone fruits, strawberry leafspots, grape

black rot, and grape downy mildew. Note: Captan is not compatible with oil; do not apply

captan within 7 to 10 days of an oil application on apples because leaf injury may result.

Chlorothalonil (Daconil 2787) is an excellent multipurpose fungicide that can be used on a wide variety of fruit crops, as well as vegetables, lawns, trees, shrubs, and

flowers. Chlorothalonil is sold under a variety of brand names, such as Daconil 2787, Ferti-lome Liquid Fungicide, Ortho Multipurpose fungicide, and other trade

names. It has numerous uses in the home fruit planting; however, it is not labeled for control of apple diseases (other than for flowering crabapples). Coppers, or copper-based fungicides (with numerous trade names), are labeled for

fruit, vegetables, and ornamentals. They are especially good for peach leaf curl and early diseases of apple and grape. Along with sulfur, the copper-based fungicides are

generally considered safe by organic gardeners. They can injure plant tissue if

applied incorrectly. Be especially diligent in following ALL label directions. SIX • Managing Pests in Home Fruit Plantings 129

Ferbam is effective against a wide range of fruit diseases. It is especially effective in control of cedar apple rust, apple summer rots, black rot of grape, and peach leaf curl. A black residue may remain on the fruit if ferbam is used late in the season.

Lime-sulfur (Dormant Disease Control) is generally applied just before new spring growth appears. If applied to green foliage, it may cause severe burn. It is excellent as a dormant spray on peaches for peach leaf curl and on raspberries and blackberries for cane blight, spur blight, and anthracnose.

Thiophanate-methyl (Cleary's 3336, Topsin-M) is a locally systemic fungicide very similar in activity to benomyl. Topsin-M is primarily packaged and labeled for commercial fruit plantings. Cleary's 3336 is packaged and labeled for backyard home fruit plantings; it also may be used on ornamental plantings. See the label for a complete listing of uses.

Sulfur is sold both as a dust and in wettable power form. Sulfur is especially good in the control of powdery mildew; however, use with care on certain grape varieties

(see the label). Along with copper, sulfur is generally considered acceptable for organic gardeners.

Bactericides

The previously mentioned fungicides do not control bacterial diseases such as fire blight. The exceptions to this are copper-based materials such as Bordeaux mixture. However, copper materials often cause blemishes on the surface of fruit and/or provide poor control. Specific antibiotics, such as streptomycin sulfate, provide the best control of bacterial diseases. To control fire blight, apply streptomycin alone (not combined with other chemicals) several times during the bloom period. Follow all label directions.

Instructions and Tips for Spraying Safety Concerns

• Always read and follow all label directions.

• Keep pesticides in their original containers and lock them away from children, pets, foods, and feeds.

• Do not breathe in spray mists or dusts, and do not allow pesticides to contact your skin. Wear rubber gloves, long sleeves and long pant legs, goggles, and a cap when mixing and spraying pesticides. Mix sprays in a well-ventilated area to

avoid breathing fumes. Wash thoroughly with soap and water if pesticides splash onto your skin.

• Don't eat or smoke while handling or spraying pesticides.

• Don't spray while standing under the tree canopy: Gravity works, and you'll be treated, too.

• Don't allow spray to drift onto other plants, birdbaths, fish ponds, or water supplies.

• Thoroughly rinse and dispose of pesticide containers in a manner that prevents their re-use.

• Wash thoroughly with soap and water after you finish applying pesticides; also launder clothing immediately after spraying.

Effective Insect and Disease Control

• The spray schedules that follow list the timing for application of particular

insecticides and fungicides to produce insect- and disease-free fruit. If 100 per-

cent perfect fruit is your goal, do not skip any of the sprays listed. For most

home fruit growers, however, 100 percent perfect fruit is not the goal. If you are 130 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

willing to cull out a few infested or damaged fruits, pay particular attention to

the remarks about when a spray is usually not needed.

Good spray coverage is essential for good pest control. Thoroughly wet the

upper and lower surfaces of leaves, the fruit, limbs, and trunk. In fruit trees, direct two-thirds of the spray into the upper one-third of the tree canopy. See

Table 1 for the amount of spray for different sizes of trees.

If leaves or fruits are waxy, sprays may bead up and not spread out evenly. To

provide for more even spread, after filling the sprayer, add 1 teaspoon of liquid household detergent per gallon of spray mix.

Never put herbicides (weed killers) into sprayers that are to be used for insecticides or fungicides. Herbicide residues that remain in the tank may damage fruit

crops when the sprayer is used next.

For optimal disease control, spray before rains and allow sufficient time for the spray to dry before rainfall begins. Most disease-causing organisms infect wet plants.

Prepare just enough spray mix for each application; never save a spray mix for later use.

Shake small sprayers frequently during application to keep the pesticide evenly suspended in the tank.

Rinse the sprayer immediately after use. Do not wait until the next day or later because the spray mix that dries in the nozzle(s) may cause clogging.

During bloom, fungicides may be used for disease control, but do not apply

insecticides. Most insecticides kill honeybees and other necessary pollinators.

Most home fruit pesticides are mixed at concentrations of 1 to 3 tablespoons per

gallon or 1 to 2 cups per 10 gallons. To determine the proper dilution, read the label on the package or bottle. The "strength" of available formulations of the

same active ingredient differs, so it is not possible to list the correct mixing rate in the spray schedules that follow.

Preventing Mouse Damage

Mice are serious pests of apple and, sometimes, other fruit trees. They eat bark from the trunk near and below the groundline and from the roots. Young and old trees

can be damaged. Mouse injury is usually more serious in the late fall, winter, and

early spring—when other food is scare. Predators such as cats, hawks, owls, and foxes can greatly reduce the mouse pop-

ulation if protective cover is eliminated. Mow the grass closely, especially under the

trees, and kill all grass and weeds within 1 foot of the trunk. Prairie vole Mulches are advantageous for fruit trees, but they harbor mice. In autumn,

remove mulch to leave 1 foot of bare ground around each tree.

TABLE I. Approximate Amount of Spray Required for Fruit Trees of Various Sizes

Height in feet Spread in feet Gallons per tree per application3

l 4 3 up to / 2

5 to 8 3 to 6 74 to l

l 8 to 10 4 to 8 li to 1

10 to 15 8 to 15 1 to 3 15 to 20 15 to 25 2 to 6

a Use the larger amount for trees in full foliage. SIX • Managing Pests in Home Fruit Plantings 131

Mouse traps and poisons may be used. A repellent on the trunk near the groundline also can help protect trees from mouse damage. Use a commercially prepared rabbit repellent that contains thiram. Spray or paint the lower trunk in late November and again in February. A gravel collar around the tree trunk discourages mice and helps control grass and weeds. The collar should be made of "pea gravel" and be 6 to 8 inches deep and about 2 feet in diameter. The gravel should remain loose to prevent damage to the trunk.

Preventing Rabbit Damage

In fall, winter, and early spring—when food is more scarce—rabbits feed on the bark of the trunk and lower limbs of fruit trees. They also eat the bark from blackberry and raspberry bushes and the buds on young blueberry plants. Rabbits seldom cause much damage to older fruit trees or blueberry plants. Mechanical barriers prevent rabbit damage unless deep snows occur. For young trees, use a cylindrical metal guard (18 inches tall and 6 inches in diameter) made from an 18-inch square of hardware cloth. Or wrap the trunk and lower branches with several layers of newspaper in early November, and remove the papers in April.

The most practical mechanical barrier for protecting blackberry, raspberry, and Wire mesh around tree trunk young blueberry plants is a chicken-wire fence 18 to 21 inches tall. Commercially prepared repellents that contain thiram are effective. In October or November, paint or spray the parts of plants that need protection from rabbits.

Preventing Bird Damage

Birds are especially destructive pests of blueberries and cherries, and they frequently damage other fruits. Because it is illegal to kill songbirds, covering plants with netting prior to fruit ripening is the only practical method of reducing losses. Picking fruit promptly is suggested. Aluminum pie pans and other reflecting objects (scare eyes, owl decoys, rubber snakes) hung in fruit plants provide some protection, but birds become accustomed to their presence.

Additional Information

Many references that are available in bookstores and at garden supply stores provide additional information on pests of fruit plants. Among them, The Backyard

Orchardist by Stella Otto, Ottographics, Maple City, MI, ISBN 0-9634520-3-7, is especially useful. The Midwest Tree Fruit Pest Management Handbook and the Midwest Netting over fruit tree Small Fruit Pest Management Handbook provide background information on insects, diseases, and weeds in fruit crops. These publications are available for purchase from the University of Illinois, ACES/ITCS Marketing and Distribution, 1917 S. Wright St., Champaign, IL 61820; (800)345-6087.

Authors

R. Weinzierl

Department of Crop Sciences and the Illinois Natural History Survey

S. Ries Department of Crop Sciences (retired)

Portions of this chapter were adapted from Purdue University's Managing Pests in

Home Fruit Plantings, ID- 146, by R. Foster, P. Pecknold, and B. Bordelon. 132 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 2. Spray Schedule for Apples, Crabapples, Pears, and Quinces

Time to spray Pest(s) Pesticide Remarks

Delayed dormant: When scales Superior oil If these pests were not a problem last year, omit this

leaf tips start to protrude aphids spray. Mix at a concentration of 1 to 2% by volume. from buds mites Apply only when the temperature will not drop to freezing for 24 hours.

x a Half-inch green: \i inch of apple scab Captan or MPFS Insects are not usually a problem before petal fall. green tissue

Tight to open cluster: apple scab Captan or MPFS Apples only: If rainy weather prevails, apply addi- When fruit buds are visible tional sprays between this and pink spray.

Pink: Just before any apple scab Captan or MPFS Apple only: If cedar rust has been a problem, add blooms open ferbam or thiram to this and the next two sprays.

Bloom: When 50% of apple scab Captan Do not use MPFS during bloom. If fire blight has blossoms are open been a problem, use streptomycin according to label directions.

Petal fall: When 75% of plum curculio Imidan plus Captan This is a very important spray for plum curculio petals have fallen apple scab or MPFS control. Wait until honeybee foraging has ended sooty blotch before making this spray.

fly speck

First cover: 7-10 days after plum curculio same as petal fall To prevent fruit drop, do not use Sevin within 30 petal fall codling moth spray days after full bloom. apple scab sooty blotch

fly speck

Second cover: 7-10 days plum curculio same as petal fall Apple maggot flies begin to emerge about mid-June.

after first cover codling moth spray Use red sticky balls to tell when maggot flies are apple maggot present. They are a problem only in the northern

apple scab half of Illinois. sooty blotch

fly speck

Additional cover sprays: apple scab Captan plus Imidan Read container label for number of days between Apply at 2 -week intervals fruit rots or Diazinon or final spray and harvest. until harvest-restriction sooty blotch Sevin or MPFS

date. fly speck codling moth apple maggot Japanese beetle

Note: Borers that attack apple and pear trees are controlled by this spray schedule if the trunk is thoroughly sprayed. If borers have attacked young, nonbearing trees, spray the trunks every 2 weeks during June and July with diazinon or a MPFS. For apple maggot control in the northern half of Illinois and coddling moth control throughout the state, continue to apply an insecticide or multipurpose fruit spray every 10 to 14 days through July and August. a MPFS = multipurpose fruit spray. SIX • Managing Pests in Home Fruit Plantings 133

TABLE 3. Spray Schedule for Grapes

Time to spray Pest(s) Pesticide Remarks

When buds begin to swell flea beetle Sevin or For flea beetle or cutworm control if present. climbing methoxychlor or cutworm MPFSa anthracnose lime-sulfur To reduce overwintering inoculum.

When new shoots are 2-4 flea beetle Captan plus inches long black rot Sevin or MPFS downy mildew

When new shoots are 8-10 rose chafer Captan plus If rainy conditions prevail, additional sprays for inches long black rot Sevin or MPFS black rot may be required.

Just before blossoms open rose chafer Captan plus black rot Sevin or MPFS downy mildew

Just after blossoms have grape berry moth Captan plus If powdery mildew is a problem, add thiophanate- fallen black rot Sevin or MPFS methyl or sulfur in post-bloom sprays. downy mildew

When grapes are the size of grape berry moth Captan plus small peas black rot Sevin or MPFS downy mildew

As needed if problems occur grape berry moth Sevin or MPFS Read container label for number of days between final spray and harvest.

Note: Grapes must be pruned and retied annually. Clean cultivation helps control flea beetles, cutworms, and disease-causing organisms. Select strong, healthy canes of the previous year's growth to produce the following season's crop. After the fruiting canes have been selected, remove excess growth, dried berries, and leaves. Destroy (burn) all primings. The most important problem is black rot, which appears on the leaves as small, reddish brown to tan-brown spots with dark margins. "Bird's-eye" tan spots on the fruit rapidly enlarge. Berries quickly rot and turn into black, wrinkled mummies that drop early. a MPFS = multipurpose fruit spray.

TABLE 4. Spray Schedule for Blueberries

Time to spray Pest(s) Pesticide Remarks

As buds break open and mummy berry Benlate plus Application of insecticides is rarely necessary in until three-fourths of the Botrytis blight Captan blueberries in Illinois. If pest problems appear, apply blossoms have dropped Malathion or Sevin according to label directions at 10-day to 2-week intervals.

Note: Pruning out old canes and removing small, weak, diseased wood with hand shears reduce insect, mite, and disease problems. All prunings should be removed and disposed of, preferably by burning. Heavy nitrogen fertilization increases the chances for more severe disease problems. 134 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 5. Spray Schedule for Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Plums, and Cherries

Time to spray Pest(s) Pesticide Remarks

Dormant: Before buds swell peach leaf curl lime-sulfur See description of lime-sulfur in "Fungicides" in spring (peaches only) black knot section on pages 128 to 129..

Prebloom: When blossom brown rot Captan or MPFS a Insects are not usually a problem before petal fall. buds show pink (blossom blight)

Bloom brown rot Captan If rainy weather occurs during bloom, apply addi-

(blossom tional sprays of Captan to control brown rot. To blight) protect bees, do not apply insecticides during bloom.

Petal fall: When 75% of brown rot Captan plus Imidan Most important spray for plum curculio, which petals have fallen cherry leaf spot or Sevin or MPFS attacks most tree fruit crops. Cherry leaf spot is only plum curculio on cherry.

Oriental fruit moth

Shuck split: When most brown rot Same as petal-fall Important spray for plum curculio. Good control of shucks have split apart cherry leaf spot spray curculio helps improve control of brown rot. plum curculio

Oriental fruit moth

First cover: 10 days after brown rot Same as petal-fall Cherry fruit fly on cherry only. shuck split cherry leaf spot spray plum curculio

cherry fruit fly

Oriental fruit moth

Additional cover sprays: brown rot Same as petal-fall Apply at 2-week intervals. cherry leaf spot spray

cherry fruit fly

Oriental fruit moth

Preharvest sprays: Apply brown rot Captan or MPFS Read container label for number of days between according to label final spray and harvest. directions, beginning 3 to 4 weeks before harvest.

Note: For special borer sprays for peaches, nectarines, cherries, plums, and apricots, spray or paint only the trunk and lower limbs with 3 tablespoons of Sevin per gallon of water about June 15, July 15, and August 15. Alternatively, apply sprays of diazinon. a MPFS = multipurpose fruit spray. . .

• SIX Managing Pests in Home Fruit Plantings 1 35

TABLE 6. Spray Schedule for Strawberries

Time to spray Pest(s) Pesticide Remarks

Prebloom: When first gray mold Captan plus To achieve better control of gray mold (Botrytis blossom buds appear in the leaf spots Sevin or MPFS a fruit rot) and other fruit rot diseases, maintain a spring spittlebug thick layer of straw mulch between rows, making

tarnished plant bug sure no bare ground is visible.

Early bloom: Every 10 days gray mold Captan plus Apply insecticides only if these pests are present and until first blooms start to leaf spots Sevin or MPFS causing damage. open spittlebug tarnished plant bug

Full bloom gray mold Captan Important spray for gray mold. No insecticides during other fruit rots bloom leaf spots

Postbloom: Begin 10 days gray mold Captan plus Check label for days between final spray and har- after full bloom and con- leaf spots Sevin or MPFS vest. Apply an insecticide only if needed. tinue every 7 days until tarnished plant bug harvest. leafrollers

Harvest gray mold Captan or If wet, cool weather occurs at harvest, repeat MPFS Captan sprays as needed, even between pickings. Check label for harvest and reentry restrictions.

Postharvest leaf spots Captan plus Products containing Bacillus thuringienis can be used leafrollers Sevin or MPFS to control leafrollers. leafhoppers

Note: To reduce insect and disease problems of strawberries, do the following:

1 Renovate beds annually, immediately after harvest. 2. Use certified, virus-free plants for new plantings. Plan a good aphid-control program during spring and summer to reduce the chance of

contaminating your virus-free plantings. Malathion is recommended against aphids. 3. Practice crop rotation. Because of the possibility that Verticillium wilt may develop, avoid planting strawberries within 3 years of planting tomatoes, peppers, potatoes, eggplant, melons, or roses. Strawberry varieties most resistant to Verticillium wilt include Allstar, Catskill, Delite, Earliglow, Guardian, Redchief, Sunrise, Surecrop, Tennessee Beauty, Tribute, and Tristar.

4. Plant red stele-resistant varieties; this is the only control for this disease. Planting in light, well-drained soil is recommended. The following

strawberry varieties are resistant to red stele root rot (the number in parentheses is the number of races of the fungus to which the variety is

resistant): Allstar (2), Darrow (5), Delite (5), Earliglow (5), Guardian (5) Midway (2), Redchief (5), Sunrise (5), Surecrop (5), Tribute (2), and Tristar (2).

5. Avoid white grubs. Do not plant strawberries on sod land until it has been under cultivation at least 2 years. If grub damage is present, apply diazinon as a postharvest treatment.

6. If slugs are a problem, apply metaldehyde bait according to label directions. a MPFS = multipurpose fruit spray. 136 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 7. Spray Schedule for Brambles (Blackberries and Raspberries)

Time to spray Pest(s) Pesticide Remarks

Delayed dormant: When tips anthracnose lime-sulfur Very important spray for control of anthracnose.

1 of buds show green Sprays applied after / 2 inch green may burn foliage. Remove and destroy infected canes.

Prebloom: Apply 1 week before raspberry sawfly Sevin Do not apply any insecticides during bloom. bloom. raspberry fruitworm caneborers

Postbloom: Apply immediately red-necked caneborer Sevin Although Sevin is listed here and postharvest, these after bloom. sprays usually are not necessary in home plantings.

Preharvest: Begin 10 days after sap beetles Sevin For sap beetles: Keep berries off the ground and ripe full bloom, and continue every Japanese beetle Malathion berries picked. Set up bait buckers with overripe 7 days until harvest. fruit outside of the planting area. Destroy contents of buckets regularly. Spray for Japanese beetles

whenever they are numerous on foliage and fruit.

Postharvest: After harvest is Sevin Prompt removal of old canes after harvest is essential completed and old canes to prevent disease spread. removed

Note: To reduce insect and disease problems of brambles, do the following:

1. Remove and dispose of insect-infested, diseased, and old fruiting canes immediately after harvest. Thin out all weak, short, spindly, and injured canes. Clean cultivation helps control fruit worms.

2. Remove all nearby wild brambles and neglected plantings. 3. Keep fruit plantings and surrounding areas free of weeds. 4. Use certified, virus-free plants when starting a new planting. Select adapted, disease-resistant varieties.

5. All plants infected with orange rust, crown gall, and viruses must be dug out and removed from the planting when first noticed. 6. See the spray schedule for strawberries (Table 6) for note on Verticillium wilt control. SIX • Managing Pests in Home Fruit Plantings 137

TABLE 8. Relative Effectiveness of Selected Fungicides Against Specific Diseases of Various Fruit Crops

Fruits and diseases Benomyl (Benlate) Captan Wettable sulfur

Apple

Scab XXX XX X

Cedar rusts

Powdery mildew XXX XXX

Sooty blotch, flyspeck XXX XX X

Stone fruits

Brown rot of peach, plum, cherry, xxx XX

apricots

Peach scab XXX XX XXX

Strawberry

Leaf spots and blights xxx XX

Gray mold xxx XX

Grape

Black rot X XX

Downy mildew xxx

Powdery mildew XX xxx

Raspberry

Fruit rot, anthracnose, spur blight, xxx XX

cane blight

Note: xxx= very good, xx = good, x = fair, = not effective, and - = not labeled for this use.

CHAETER I

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT AND PESTICIDE SAFETY

Integrated Pest Management for Homeowners

Integrated pest management (IPM) deals with pests (that is, insects, diseases, and weeds), using one or a combination of cultural, physical-mechanical, chemical, and biological management strategies. The combination of environmental and economical man-

agement strategies is not aimed toward eliminating pests but keeping pest numbers low

enough so that damage is not evident. IPM does not mean the elimination of pesticides;

however, it does promote the use of pesticides only when needed—that is, after other management options have been considered. The key in determining the effectiveness of

IPM strategies is monitoring pest populations. Monitoring

Monitoring involves detecting pest populations by using a trapping device, by visually inspecting plants, or by both means. Yellow sticky cards are trapping devices that are placed above or within the plant canopy. Sticky cards attract flying insects such as moths, beetles, thrips, and whiteflies. In addition, sticky cards capture parasitic wasps and predatory beetles. Sticky cards should be checked once a week and the number of insects counted. A 10X hand lens can be used to identify small insects.

Visual inspection relies on looking at plant parts for insects, mites, and diseases. It includes checking leaf undersides, terminal shoots, buds, and flowers. A method to moni-

tor for spider mites, for example, is to shake a branch over a white sheet of paper. Any

spider mites fall off, land on the paper, and crawl around. Both trapping and visual inspection are useful for determining the effectiveness of management options used in the landscape and garden.

It is important to identify the pest responsible for damage observed. Indirect evidence may not indicate the presence of a pest. For example, holes in leaves may be caused by

late frost damage, not by chewing insects or a foliar disease. Pest identification is also important because some insects and diseases are more damaging than others. Once you

know what kind of pest is present, you can better judge if the potential damage justifies management.

The information in this chapter is provided for educational purposes only. Product trade names have been used for clarity, but

reference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the University of Illinois; discrimination is not intended against any

product. The reader is urged to exercise caution in making purchases or evaluating product information.

Label registrations can change at any time. Thus the recommendations in this chapter may become invalid. The

user must read carefully the entire, most recent label and follow all directions and restrictions. Purchase only enough pesticide for the current growing season. 140 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

Knowing the number of pests present can help you estimate their impact and

determine whether or not there is sufficient cause to spend time and money on management. The amount of damage generally depends on the number of pests. For example, a small number of white grubs in a vegetable garden may cause heavy damage to root crops such as potatoes, carrots, and onions but cause no yield loss to nonroot crops such as tomatoes, beans, and cabbage.

Cultural Management Cultural management focuses on preventing or minimizing pest problems by maintaining plant health through proper watering, fertilizing, mulching, pruning, and planting time. This approach also includes using plants that tolerate pests, plants

that show host-plant resistance. Two other cultural management strategies are site selection and sanitation.

Proper selection of a planting site results in healthy plants that are better able to

defend themselves and are less susceptible to pest attack. Be sure to consult avail-

Population size able sources for information on proper planting zone, soil conditions, soil pH,

mature plant size, and other factors before selecting and planting. Sanitation

includes removing plant debris (that is, leaves), which may serve as a hiding area or source for insects, mites, and diseases. Many insects, mites, and diseases overwinter

on plant debris. Another sanitary practice, weed management, is important, especially for young plants, as weeds compete for water and nutrients. Hand-pulling, hoeing, or using an herbicide can reduce existing weeds.

Proper watering and fertilizing minimize plant stress, reducing susceptibility to many diseases and some insect pests, such as wood-boring beetles. For example,

healthy pines and other conifers can compartmentalize, or seal off, the larvae of wood-boring beetles, preventing the insects from causing severe injury. Water plants thoroughly during drought conditions. However, be careful to not overwater. Constantly wet conditions can result in rotting roots. Apply only the recommended

amount of fertilizer to herbaceous plants, trees and shrubs, and turfgrass. For example, certain turfgrass diseases such as brown patch (Rhizoctonia solanii) are favored by excessive nitrogen. Mulches keep areas around plant roots free from competing weeds, retain moisture, and prevent lawn mowers and weed -whackers from damaging the base of trees and shrubs. However, too much mulch or mulch that covers the plant crown (base)

can cut off oxygen and suffocate the plant. Getting too little oxygen stresses the plant and increases susceptibility to opportunistic insects and diseases. Pruning maintains plant health by removing dead, diseased, and dying plant parts. Pruning allows more sunlight to enter the canopy and increases air circulation. Each of these conditions results in fewer leaf disease problems. However, improper pruning, such as topping or leaving "stubs," can increase the likelihood of insect and disease attack.

Selecting the proper planting time is another way to minimize problems with pests. Planting early or late (when pests are less abundant) prevents or minimizes damage. For example, planting zucchini squash early allows more of the crop to be harvested before damage by squash vine borer can occur. Planting varieties or cultivars that are less susceptible to pests or more tolerant

of them is another way to reduce pest problems. For example, if tomato plants are

labeled with the letters VFN, it indicates that they are able to tolerate the soil- borne diseases Verticillium and Fusarium, as well as a root-feeding nematode. Certain plants can tolerate high pest numbers without showing any noticeable damage. In addition, some plants produce chemicals that deter insects from feeding ranct on them, while other plants have long hairs or other physical characteristics that

make it difficult for insects and mites to feed. SEVEN • Integrated Pest Management and Pesticide Safety 141

Physical Management

Physical management includes pulling and hoeing weeds, stepping on slugs or beetles, and washing aphids or mites from plants. Physical management can be as simple as pruning off infested branches to remove insects or diseases. Pruning branches can control the larvae of tent caterpillars and their overwintering egg masses, scales, and fire blight. Some pests are not controlled with chemicals, so physical removal is the only option. For example, gouty oak gall (which is caused by an insect) and the disease black knot of cherry can be managed only by pruning out infested plant parts. Barriers can keep pests from reaching plants and causing damage. Tin cans or strips of cardboard placed around young tomato plants can be used to keep out cutworms. Mechanical devices can also be used to manage insect pests. For example, flyswatters are effective in killing flies and other home-invading pests. In addition, handheld vacuum cleaners work well in removing household nuisance pests ^\ such as the Asian lady beetle and earwigs. ?.ja£ J Physical management is an environmentally sound strategy that rapidly removes *?& or kills pests. r» _*« / \j&$* i ^^^ / .» m i Chemical Management t \ .^

Chemical management is the use of insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and other pesticides to control pests. These substances can be synthetically derived (human- made) or biorational pesticides. Pesticides can also be classified as either contact or Plant cover systemic.

Contact pesticides directly kill pests through physical contact. Effectiveness of these materials depends on thorough spray coverage. In addition, contact materials with short residual properties may require repeat applications.

Systemic pesticides are applied to the leaves, stem, or soil. The active ingredient is taken up and moved throughout the plant. Systemics generally take longer to work but last longer than contacts. Systemic insecticides are effective against sucking insects such as aphids, whiteflies, mealybugs, and soft scales. In addition, they are less harmful to natural enemies than are contacts. Roundup (glyphosate) is a systemic, or translocated, herbicide that is useful in controlling troublesome weeds because it moves from the leaves to the root system and thus kills the entire plant. Contact and systemic fungicides also are available. Synthetically derived pesticides are widely available to the general public at nurseries and garden centers. Synthetics include many insecticides, miticides, fungicides, herbicides, and rodenticides. Be sure to read the label carefully before applying any of these materials. Biorational pesticides are generally more environmentally sound than synthetically derived pesticides. The biorationals include microtoxin (bacteria), insect- and plant-growth regulators, soaps and horticultural oils, and botanicals. The most widely used bacterial insecticides are those containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins. Bacillus thuringiensis materials are used because they have short residual activity and are specific to the types of insects controlled (Table 1). Bt materials must be eaten by the pest to work. Because Bts are rapidly broken down by ultraviolet light, repeat applications may be necessary. These materials are can sprayer important components of an IPM program because they have minimal effect on Hand beneficial insects and mites (the natural enemies of pests).

TABLE I . Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Types and Insect Groups They Are Used On

Bt type Insect group

Bacillus thuringiensis var. israeknsis mosquitoes and black flies Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Dipel and Thuricide) caterpillars Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis leaf-feeding beetles 142 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

Insect-growth regulators (IGRs) and plant-growth regulators (PGRs) are used to control certain pests. Insect-growth regulators keep insect pests in a young stage or cause them to molt prematurely. These substances have no direct activity on adult insects but can cause infertile eggs to be laid. Plant-growth regulators disrupt normal plant growth, which results in reduced flowering and seed production and sub-

sequent death. The plant-growth regulator 2,4-D is available in many herbicide combinations used in landscapes, gardens, and turfgrass to control broadleaf weeds.

It kills plants by overstimulating growth.

Soaps and horticultural oils are used in IPM programs because they have short residual activity and minimal effect on natural enemies of pests. Soaps are contacts

that kill insects and mites by disrupting cell membranes and causing desiccation

(drying). There are soap formulations that kill moss, algae, and weeds. Herbicidal

soaps work better on young weeds than on older (mature) weeds. Horticultural oils have been refined so they can be used in summer as well as winter. Oils are contacts

that work by smothering an insect's spiracles (breathing pores) and suffocating it. They have broad-spectrum activity, killing active and overwintering stages of insect

and mite pests. In general, oils have activity on all life stages of insects: egg, larva,

and adult. In addition, oils have activity on certain foliar diseases like powdery

mildew. Caution should be exercised when using oils; making too many applications or applying when temperatures are above 80°F can result in plant damage. Botanical, or natural, pesticides are derived from plant parts. These are usually contacts and tend to degrade quickly. Some botanical insecticides must be eaten by the pest to be effective. Despite being classified as "natural," they are just as toxic as synthetically derived pesticides. Examples of botanical materials for insect con-

trol are nicotine, pyrethrin, rotenone, sabadilla, ryania, and neem. Neem is a widely available insecticide that acts as a repellent and insect-growth regulator. Avoid using the same insecticide continually year after year as this can lead to insect pests' developing resistance. In other words, the material will no longer

effectively kill the pest. Use different insecticide types during the year, such as a

microtoxin, insect-growth regulator, soap, oil, or botanical. In addition, use IPM methods that reduce insecticide use in landscapes and gardens.

Biological Management

Biological management uses living organisms (natural enemies) such as parasitic wasps, predators, and pathogens to control pests. A variety of natural enemies feed on insect and mite pests (Table 2).

TABLE 2. Natural Enemies That Can Be Found in Landscapes and Gardens or Purchased Lady beetle

Parasitic wasps Predators

Aphidius spp. Damsel bugs

Braconid wasps Green lacewing

Encarsia formosa Ground beetles

Ichneumon wasps Hover flies

Trichogramma spp. Ladybird beetles

Minute pirate bugs

Predatory mites —

SEVEN • Integrated Pest Management and Pesticide Safety 143

Parasitic wasps insert their eggs into insects, the eggs hatch into young larvae that consume the insect's insides and then mature into adults that eat a hole in the dead insect and fly away. Parasitic wasps don't kill insects immediately, but they do reduce reproduction and fitness. Predators consume portions of or eat the entire

insect. They generally feed on all insect stages, including eggs, young, and adults. Pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and nematodes work similarly to parasitic wasps in that they use the insect pest as a food source by eating the internal contents. Both parasitic wasps and pathogens are slower acting than predators. Some insects are used to control thistles and aquatic weeds. Geese and other browsing animals feed on plants that are considered to be weeds. Two biological management approaches are augmentation and conservation. Augmentation refers to the purchase and release of natural enemies to control an existing pest population. Augmentation can be divided into two strategies: inoculation and inundation. Inoculation is the release of low numbers of natural enemies over a long time. Offspring produced from the released individuals provide continued control. Inundation is the release of large numbers of natural enemies to reduce the pest population quickly. This strategy does not rely on offspring to provide additional or continued control. The reduction of pest numbers by inundation is similar to the level achieved with an insecticide. Conservation preserves and retains existing populations of natural enemies.

Conserving natural enemies can be accomplished by ( 1 ) growing plants that attract natural enemies and provide a food source (pollen and nectar) for adults (Table 3, page 145), (2) reducing the use of pesticides, (3) reducing the number of pesticide applications, and (4) using materials that are less harmful to natural enemies, such as bacterial toxins.

Another way to preserve natural enemies is to plant trap crops. Trap crops are plants, generally located around the perimeter of the landscape or garden, that attract insect pests; these insects then act as a reservoir for natural enemies. When the food source declines on the main plants, the natural enemies can migrate

(move) back to the trap crop. For example, sweet alyssum (Lobularia maritima) is very attractive to aphids. These aphids then serve as a supplemental food source for parasitic wasps and predators.

IPM is an approach to reduce pest problems that uses a variety of methods cultural, physical-mechanical, chemical, and biological. Foremost, it determines the need for action by monitoring pest numbers. This approach leads to an environmentally sound pest-management program for landscapes and gardens.

Pesticides in the Environment

The environment is our surroundings and its many forms of life. Water, air, soil, plants, humans, buildings, and wildlife are important parts of our environment. Anyone who uses a pesticide—indoors or outdoors, in a city or in the country—must consider how that pesticide affects the environment. Our environmental ecosystem is very complex, with many parts depending on one another. Any changes to the ecosystem can be potentially damaging. Pesticides can help or harm the environment, depending on how they are used. When used carefully and wisely, pesticides can help the environment by managing pests that could harm it. However, pesticide contamination of our natural resources is a real threat. It is important for pesticide users to be aware of the environmental risks and to use pest-management practices that keep these risks small. Pesticides become environmental hazards when they move from where they should be, by air or water, or they contaminate nontarget plants or animals (Figure 1). Ideally, a pesticide should affect only the treated pests and last no longer than necessary to control them. To avoid environmental contamination, always follow the label. Problems occur when pesticides are used in a way other than as directed on the label or when an accident, such as a spill, occurs. 144 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

Vapor drift Vapor drift

J ^n s" Particle drift Runoff and erosion

Leaching Surface water

Groundwater

Figure 1. Pesticides become environmental hazards when they move.

If you have a spill: Spills

• Stop the spill. Even when pesticides are handled properly, accidents still happen. Spills can occur

to is in their path. It is • Attend to the injured and cause harm whatever important that you act immedi- (wear PPE). ately to stop the spill. However, make sure you are not putting yourself at harm in doing so. Be sure to wear protective clothing during cleanup. You may be able to • Contact the proper authorities. stop the spill by merely setting a tipped-over container upright. Small containers • Remove spilled material. may be placed in larger containers to help keep the leaks from spreading.

Next, attend to the injured with appropriate first aid. If a poisoning has occurred, notify a doctor. Immediately wash off any pesticide that has splashed onto

the skin, and change clothes if they have been contaminated.

Use an absorbent material such as kitty litter, oil-dry, sawdust, or a special pesti-

cide absorbent to soak up the spill. This method works well for spills on surfaces

such as asphalt or concrete. For minor spills, shovel all contaminated material into

a leakproof container for disposal. Dispose of it as you would excess pesticides. Then clean any contaminated areas with soap and water.

Spills, however, can occur in turf, and cleanup may not be as simple. In this situa-

tion, dilution with water may be the best option if, for example, a gallon jug of

Roundup overturns. Removing the contaminated soil may be an option. Small quan-

tities may be bagged and placed in the trash. However, large quantities may be diffi-

cult to dispose of. In the event of a major spill, you may need additional assistance. Check the label for emergency phone numbers. Also, you can contact proper authori-

ties, such as local police or fire departments, the state police, Emergency Services and Disaster Agency (ESDA), or the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency for information on how best to handle the situation. Misapplication

The misapplication of pesticides is a major concern to everyone. Usually it happens

accidentally. Please remember that the pesticide label is a legal document and is based on scientific research. Misapplication can often be prevented just by carefully reading

and following the label. Product labels sometimes give a range of application rates. If applications of the lowest rate are made, they can result in poor or inadequate control.

Have no fear. You can refer to the label to see if an additional application can be

made. Another application is often a possibility—as long as the maximum amount of

active ingredient is not exceeded. However, just the opposite can occur, and an area

can be overapplied. If this should happen, check the label for further instructions.

There is a good possibility that you may not be able to harvest your crop. However,

the safety of you and your family should come first. You can always replace the tomatoes that were ruined with ones from the supermarket. SEVEN • Integrated Pest Management and Pesticide Safety 145

TABLE 3. Plants That Can Be Used in Landscapes and Gardens to Attract Natural Enemies

Umbelliferae (Carrot Family) Caraway Carum carvi Coriander Coriandrum sativum Dill Anethum graveolens Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Flowering ammi/Bishop's flower Ammi majus Queen Anne's lace (wild carrot) Daucus carota Toothpick ammi Ammi visnaga Wild parsnip Pastinacea sativa

Compositae (Aster Family) Blanketflower Gaillardia spp. Coneflower Echinacea spp. Coreopsis Coreopsis spp. Cosmos Cosmos spp. Goldenrod Solidago spp. Sunflower Helianthus spp. Tansy Tanacetum vulgare Yarrow Achillea spp.

Legumes Alfalfa Medicago sativa Big flower vetch Vicia spp. Fava bean Vicia Java

Hairy vetch Vicia villosa Sweet clover Melilotus spp.

Brassicaceae (Mustard Family)

Basket-of-gold alyssum Aurinium saxatilis Hoary alyssum Berteroa incana Mustards Brassica spp. Sweet alyssum Lobularia maritima Wild mustard Brassica kabe Yellow rocket Barbarea vulgaris

Other plant families Buckwheat Fagopyrum sagittatum Cinquefoil Potentilla spp. Milkweeds Asclepias spp. Phacelia Phacelia spp.

Movement of Pesticides by Air

Another form of misapplication is spray drift. Unfortunately, when you apply pesticides, there is always a chance some will escape from the target area. Drift is of concern because it removes the chemical from the intended target, making it less effective; and the chemical is deposited where it is not needed and often not wanted. The second concern is generally the more critical because the pesticide becomes an environmental pollutant in the off-target area. Off-target deposits can injure susceptible vegetation, damage wildlife, injure people, and contaminate air and water supplies. Problems can result when carelessly applied pesticides, especially 146 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

What are the two herbicides, drift and cause damage to economically or aesthetically important plants. In all cases, there will be an added expense to applying the pesticide. Spray drift can types of drift? have serious consequences, such as human or animal poisoning, fish kills, ornamen- • Vapor drift: Off- target move- tal or turf damage, etc. ment of vapors produced up to Pesticides can move downwind to nontarget areas in two ways: through vapor

several days after application drift and particle drift.

• Particle drift: Off-target move- Vapor Drift ment of small particles or drops Vapor drift occurs when vapors produced after a pesticide application are carried occurring during or after the out of the treated area. The process of vapor production, called volatilization, can application occur up to several days after an application. Pesticide vapors may drift even farther than spray particles. How can you Although all sprayed pesticides may be susceptible to vapor drift, only a few pesticides volatilize to a significant degree. Traditionally, herbicides such as reduce vapor drift? dicamba (used in Trimec) and 2,4-D ester have produced much of the reported

• Apply when air temperatures vapor-drift injury. A very small amount of these herbicides can injure sensitive

are below 85 °F. plants such as ornamentals, grapes, tomatoes, or soybeans. The pesticide label often

indicates whether vapor drift is a significant concern. If there is potential for vapor • Choose a less volatile formula- drift, steps should be taken to avoid it such as working the pesticide into the soil, tion. Amines are less volatile — avoiding applications during hot weather, or selecting a less volatile product. than esters. Because more vapor is produced as the temperature rises, the labels of certain pes- • Work the pesticide into the soil ticides recommend not using the product during hot weather (for example, above if appropriate. 85 °F). Because it is unusual during midsummer in Illinois to have several consecutive Watering in days below the critical temperature, the safe application of highly volatile products

Mechanically such as hoeing may be severely limited. As an alternative to a 2,4-D ester formulation, for example,

it may be safer to use a 2,4-D amine formulation during warm weather because

amines are less volatile.

How can you Particle Drift reduce particle drift? Particle drift is probably what most people think of when they think of drift. Particle

drift is the movement of spray droplets and particles, usually by wind. Particle drift • Adjust equipment in order to can occur during or after the application. Equipment factors such as nozzle type, size, produce large spray droplets. pressure, and angle and height of release (how far away the spray has to go to reach • Make applications when winds the target) affect particle drift. The influence of each of these factors on droplet size are 3 to 10 mph. definitely affects the likelihood of drift. Producing large spray droplets is one of the • Avoid applications when condi- keys to reducing spray drift. By adjusting various nozzle factors, you can increase the tions are hot with low humidity number of large droplets and minimize the formation of small droplets. that favor (conditions droplet Unfortunately, no one nozzle is capable of creating a single specific droplet size. eveaporation leading to smaller During the spray process, spray droplets in a wide variety of sizes are created. Some drops). drops produced are too small to be observed with the unaided human eye. The real

drift issue arises from the portion of the spray cloud that is invisible but moves off- target. Depending on weather conditions, these particles can be displaced at con- Equipment siderable distances, and their movement is difficult to predict. adjustments Weather conditions can have a major impact on the amount of off-target drift. Factors affecting drift include wind speed and direction, temperature, relative • Adjust nozzle to avoid a fogging humidity, and atmospheric stability. speed is usually the most critical factor of or misting spray. Wind all meteorological conditions affecting drift. The greater the wind speed, the farther • Use low spray pressures. off target small droplets are carried. Determining the wind direction relative to sen- • Keep distance from nozzle to sitive plants is important in attempting to avoid damage from drift. The presence of target plant short. sensitive vegetation downwind often is overlooked by applicators. Leaving a buffer zone at the downwind edge of a spray area greatly reduces the potential for damage to sensitive plants. After the wind dies down or changes direction, the buffer zone

can be sprayed safely. Be aware that drift potential may be high at low wind speeds; light winds (0 to 3

mph) tend to be unpredictable and variable in direction. Drift potential is lowest at wind speeds between 3 and 10 mph (gentle but steady breeze) blowing in a safe SEVEN * Integrated Pest Management and Pesticide Safety 147 direction away from sensitive areas. High temperature, low humidity, and no-wind situations where the spray just hangs in the air should be avoided. Spraying in the morning when the temperature is lower, the humidity higher, and with a gentle breeze avoids many drift problems.

Movement of Pesticides by Water

Contamination of water is a serious problem associated with pesticide use. Pesticides that move with water out of the target area may enter groundwater or surface water. In some cases, this contamination makes the water unfit for drinking Additionally, protect or drastically alters the aquatic ecosystem. Water can move pesticides out of the nontarget species by target area in several ways. Pesticide movement into surface water or other down- • Utilizing buffer zones. slope areas occurs through runoff or erosion, while movement into groundwater • Waiting until conditions are occurs through leaching and run-in. right to apply the pesticide. Pesticides and Surface Water: Runoff and Erosion

Pesticides that move off the treated area by runoff or erosion are either dissolved in water or attached to sediment that erodes from the land. When runoff or erosion occurs, a pesticide associated with the moving water or soil may move downslope to bodies of water or soils where it may injure or contaminate plants and animals. An aquatic ecosystem is greatly affected by the quality of the water on which its exis- tence depends. Surface water supplies 60 percent of the drinking water in Illinois. Many citizens draw drinking water from surface-water sources, and long-term How can you pre- health may be affected by the quality of the water. vent surface-water Surface-water contamination can be reduced by following practices that reduce contamination? runoff and soil erosion:

• Use filter strips. • Leave an untreated vegetative filter strip between the treated area and desirable • Delay applications if heavy rain adjacent plants, ditches, ponds, and streams to collect any pesticide or sediment is expected. that moves downslope. A strip of turf 3 to 6 feet wide works very well. • Make sure hoses do not back- • Do not spray if a heavy rain is expected. In some situations, it may be beneficial siphon. to irrigate the areas with a low volume of water after applying a soil herbicide to

encourage its movement into the soil. These practices should minimize the • Change areas for handling

amount of pesticide left on the surface and available to be carried off site if a pesticides periodically to pre- heavy rain occurs. vent pesticide buildup.

Use safe handling procedures to assure mishandling of pesticides does not result • Check the label for special in direct water contamination. Examples of safe handling practices include: precautions.

• Prevent back-siphoning of spray tanks and irrigation systems into wells or other bodies of water.

• Do not fill your sprayer in the same location each time, which may allow small spills to build up. can pesticides Read the pesticide label for any special precautions. How move into water? Pesticides and Groundwater: Run-in and Leaching • Surface water Pesticides break down much slower in groundwater than in surface water. Under Runoff the soil surface, pesticides are readily not exposed to oxygen, sunlight, and other Erosion factors that are needed for pesticide breakdown. Groundwater is often impossible to • Groundwater purify once it becomes contaminated; where purification is possible, it is extremely Leaching expensive. Run-in Groundwater supplies 30 percent of the drinking water in Illinois, including most farmsteads and homes in rural Illinois. Water withdrawn from a contaminated well can expose humans to pesticides that may cause adverse health effects. Various types of wells can be found throughout the state, with some more vulnerable than others to contamination from normal pesticide use. The vulnerability of a well depends on its construction, the integrity of its surface and seal. The soil type, rock and other underlying material, and depth of the groundwater from which the well .

148 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

Groundwater withdraws water are also important. Pesticides contaminate groundwater through run-in or leaching processes. contamination occurs Run-in allows pesticide to move directly from the soil surface to the ground- • By run-in water below before it can be adsorbed onto soil particles or degraded by soil Pesticide moves directly from soil microbes. Run-in can occur through sinkholes or improperly sealed wells. Sinkholes surface to groundwater. sometimes occur in areas where the soil is underlain with fractured carbonate rock Occurs through sinkholes or such as limestone or dolomite. This formation occurs in some areas of northwestern improperly sealed wells. and southern Illinois. Prevent by following the Improperly sealed wells should be repaired to prevent contamination of ground- Department of Public Health's water. The Illinois Department of Public Health has guidelines you should follow guidelines for wells. in ensuring that your well is properly and adequately sealed. Advance approval of

• By leaching your intended amendments is required.

Pesticide moves downward in the Leaching can contaminate the groundwater by moving pesticides downward in

soil profile with percolating water. the soil profile with percolating water. Leaching, which occurs mainly in sandy,

Occurs mainly in sandy soils. permeable soils, is of particular concern with shallow wells. Check the pesticide

Particular problem with shallow label for cautions, particularly if the pesticide will be applied where there is sandy

wells soil with little organic matter.

Residue, Tolerance, and Harvest Interval

Residue is the amount of a pesticide or its breakdown products that remains in the soil or a treated crop after pesticide application. Some residual activity from pesti-

cides may be desirable so that re-treatment is unnecessary, but you must weigh the benefits against the risks of having pesticides persist longer in the environment.

Tolerance is the amount of pesticide residue that legally can remain in a crop when

it is harvested. When applying pesticides to food crops, read labels carefully. Pesticide

labels give restrictions on rates and timings of applications that, if followed, allow

enough time for the pesticide to break down before treated food or feed is harvested.

The harvest interval is the amount of time required by law that you must wait before

consuming products such as fruits or vegetables that were treated with pesticide. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) sets tolerance levels based on studies proving the residues from a given pesticide will be gone or at a safe level by

harvest. Harvest intervals were designed for everyone's safety. If a pesticide is applied to

a fruit or vegetable not on the label, the only safe alternative is not to harvest the crop. Protecting Nontarget Species

Fish and other aquatic species in ponds, lakes, and streams are affected and can be killed by insecticides, herbicides, and liquid fertilizers. A pesticide or other poten-

tially hazardous substance that is applied to or that runs off or spills into a body of water can expose fish and other animals. In moving bodies of water, chemicals

moving downstream can injure these species for long distances. Even if the pesticides used do not injure or kill fish species, they may contaminate them, making them unsafe for consumption. The label precautions warn of any potential threat to fish populations. You should read these statements thoroughly before purchasing any product for use near aquatic areas. All bees, including honey bees and wild bees, are important beneficial insects. They

pollinate fruit, vegetables, and other crops. A pesticide applied or allowed to drift onto blooming plants can be fatal to bees. Follow these guidelines to protect bees.

• Use a pesticide with low bee toxicity if bees are nearby. Generally, insecticides are more hazardous to bees than any other type of pesticide. The pesticide label

tells you if the product is toxic to bees.

• Spray when the bees are not active, such as before dawn or after dusk or when temperatures are less than 55°F.

Additional information on bee safety is found in the environmental hazards section of pesticide labels. SEVEN • Integrated Pest Management and Pesticide Safety 149

Labels Your best protection is to read the label! The pesticide label is the information that is either provided with or printed directly on the container (Figure 2). It is a legal document; but do not let that intimidate you.

Most labels are relatively easy to read and understand. It is helpful though when you know exactly where to look for needed information. Become familiar with the general layout of the label to make life easier, especially in the event of an accident or spill. Remember that if you have trouble understanding a label, you can always consult your Read the label local University of Illinois Extension office or the product manufacturer for help. before you By law, pesticide labels must contain certain kinds of information. Pesticide applicators have the legal responsibility to read, understand, and follow the label • Buy. directions. Quite often, pesticide applicators fail to take the time to read or follow • Mix. the specified safety sections of a label. To protect yourself and the environment, • Apply. read the label— it's the law! Know that the most valuable time spent in pest con- • Store. trol is the time you take to read the label. • Dispose. When Should You Read the Label?

Before you purchase a pesticide, you should read the label to make sure it is the best product for the job. Is the product labeled for control of your pest and labeled for the plant or site? What is the formulation? Different formulations require different methods of handling. Some products are ready to use, but some may require adding a carrier such as water. Granular formulations are applied in the dry form, as purchased.

The label also tells you how to properly mix and store the pesticide. When you have used all the product, check the label again for proper disposal of empty containers.

Because product labels change from time to time, it is important to use the label that came with the product. If you use up last year's product and buy more, it is good to check the new label for changes. Yes, this is a lot of work reading and rereading the label, but isn't your health and the protection of the environment worth it?

What Information Is Found on a Pesticide Label?

Directions for Use

Probably the most read section of the label is the directions for use. This section is categorized into subheadings by the various plants or areas for which the pesticide legally may be used. Under each subheading are be the application rates for the target pests. Remember that although it is illegal to apply a higher rate, it is per- fectly legal to apply a lower rate. Keep in mind, however, that lower rates can lead to reduced pest control. A product may be applied only to plants or sites specified on the label. Never use a pesticide purchased for field use on your garden unless the label says it can be applied directly to your specific garden crops. You can mix two or more pesticides only if the labels say they may be mixed. Follow label directions to ensure a compatible mixture.

Material Safety Data Sheets

Material safety data sheets (MSDSs) are available through dealers and other chemical distributors. Chemical manufacturers provide this product health and safety information to supplement the information on the label.

Human Pesticide Protection Toxicity

The toxicity of a pesticide is its capacity to cause injury or death, that is, how poisonous it is. How toxic a pesticide is to humans is determined by testing the pesticide on several species of laboratory mammals, such as rats, mice, and rabbits. After 150 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

• Trade name of product (Cygon) and ctgoN formulation. Garoon Spray

Kills Damaging Insects on Trees, Shrubs, Flowers and Vegetables. See Right Side of this Panel for a List of Insects Killed. • Common name o* product (dimethoate). ACTIVE INGREDIENTS Keep out of reach of children Dimethoate (0. 0-dlmethyl S-f(N-methytcarbamoyl) • What is the • Ingredients that are methyl) phosphorodrthioate)* 12.00% WARNING relative safety of INERT INGREDIENTS * 88 00% toxic to the pest. See back panel for additional this pesticide? * Contains 51 41% Xylene precautionary statements

For Homeowner Use Onty. In order of low- to high

• Proper storage and STORAGE: Store In original container and place in a locked storage area. toxicity, three signal disposal of product. DISPOSAL Do not reuse container. Wrap and put in trash. words are used: PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS -Caution HAZARDOUS TO HUMANS AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS -Warning

• Precautions to take WARNING: Harmful or fatal if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin. Avoid - Danger-Poison during and after use. breathing of vapors or spray mist. Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash thoroughly after handling and before eating or smoking. Do not contaminate feed or food stuffs Keep children and pets off treated areas until treated surfaces have dried completely Food utensils such as teaspoons and measuring cups should not be used for food purposes after use with insecticides PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL HAZARDS DO NOT USE, POUR. SPILL OR STORE NEAR HEAT OR OPEN FLAME. PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS • What to do in case of IF SWALLOWED - Call physician or Poison Control Center immediately Drink 1 or 2 a medical emergency? glasses of water and induce vomiting by touching back of throat with finger Do not induce vomiting or give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.

IF INHALED - Remove victim to fresh air. Apply artificial respiration if indicated.

IF ON SKIN - Remove contaminated clothing and wash affected areas with soap and water.

IF IN EYES - Rush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical attention.

NOTE TO PHYSICIAN - This product may cause cholinesterase inhibition. Atropine is antidotal. 2-PAM may be effective as an adjunct to atropine.

• Are there any special environmental considerations (i.e., fish, birds, bees, groundwater contamination) that you should be aware of when using this pesticide?

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

This product is toxic to fish, birds, and other wildlife. Birds feeding on treated areas may be killed. Do not apply directly to lakes, streams, or ponds. Do not apply when weather conditions favor drift from treated areas. Do not contaminate water by cleaning of equipment or disposal of wastes. Apply the product only as specified on this label. This product is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct-treatment or residues on plants. Protective information may be obtained from your Cooperative Agricultural Extension Service.

•What do you THE FOLLOWING PROTECTIVE CLOTHING MUST BE WORN DURING need to wear APPLICATION: during application? a. Impermeable gloves (for example, rubber or plastic covered reinforced gloves).

b. Boots or boot covers.

c Long-sleeved shirt and long pants

d. Wide-brimmed hat

CYGON*, is a registered trademark of American Cyanamid Co. Buyer assumes all risks of use. storage, and handling of this material not in strict accordance with directions given herewith. Distributed by American Brand Chemical Co. Bonham, Texas 75418 • Environmental EPA Est No. 7401-TX-1 EPA Reg. No 7401-338-7679 Protection Agency 30M- 1 2-32J Net Contents One Pint (EPA) registration

• Legal procedures number. DIRECTIONS FOR USE and uses for this It is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its product labeling - What crops/areas? AMERICAN BRAND CYGON GARDEN SPRAY is effective in killing insects on trees, -What rates? shrubs, flowers, and vegetables - When can you To apply- SEE OFFICIAL LABEL harvest?

Figure 2. Pesticide label. SEVEN • Integrated Pest Management and Pesticide Safety 151

several tests, an LD50 is established, which is the lethal dose for 50 percent of a test population: in other words, how much pesticide it takes to kill the average mammal. The lower the LD50, the smaller the number and the more poisonous the pesticide. Remember that LD50 refers to a dose: The smaller the dose that kills, the more toxic the pesticide. LD50 numbers are the milligrams of pesticide per kilogram of test animal body weight, so the numbers are applicable to both small and large animals, such as humans. A milligram is one millionth of a kilogram, thus these numbers are also parts per million. LC50 refers to lethal concentration for 50 percent of a test population when considering the amount of pesticide in the air. LD50S are not put on a pesticide label, although they can be found on the material safety data sheet (MSDS), which may be available when you buy a pesticide. Instead of putting the LD50 on tne pesticide label, signal words are used instead (Table 4).

Thus, the word "WARNING" tells you that the pesticide is more poisonous, and probably much more poisonous, than a pesticide labeled with the word "CAUTION." What do the signal Hazard words mean? The hazard of a pesticide depends on a combination of toxicity and exposure. DANGER-POISON: Wearing the proper clothing and other personal protective equipment helps reduce highly poisonous the body's exposure to the pesticide, thus reducing the hazard. A person applying a pesticide with relatively low toxicity while wearing shorts, a tank top, and no hat DANGER: or socks may be in a more hazardous situation than one applying a more toxic pes- poisonous or corrosive ticide while wearing protective clothing. The increased amount of exposure greatly WARNING: increases the hazard of the situation—much more than is necessary. moderately hazardous Hazard = Toxicity + Exposure CAUTION:

least hazardous Entry into Treated Areas

Some pesticides state on the label how soon you can enter an area after it has been treated. This period likely is given as a reentry time or restricted-entry interval. If there is no reentry time on the label, legally you should not reenter the area until the spray has dried or the dust has settled from the application. However, recent research and rules and regulations indicate that staying out of a treated area for 24 hours may be appropriate. If you need to enter the area earlier, wear the same protective clothing that is recommended while applying the pesticide. Exposure

You can be poisoned by pesticides by swallowing them, breathing them in, or getting them on your skin. Oral exposure occurs by accidentally eating or drinking the pesticide, which can occur by not washing before eating or not noticing what you drink. (This is the most common way that children are poisoned.) To prevent accidental oral exposure, keep pesticides locked up; never leave an area where a pesticide is sitting on a bench or counter; and never store pesticides in a beverage bottle or anything that might look like one.

Inhalation exposure can happen by breathing in pesticide dust while filling the fertilizer spreader with weed and feed, grub insecticide, or other pesticide. Filling the sprayer in a basement or closed garage may allow pesticide fumes to build up

TABLE 4. Pesticide Label Signal Words

Toxicity Signal word Oral LD50 Dermal LD 50 Inhalation LC50

High Danger-Poison 0-50 0-200 0-2,000

Moderate Warning 50-500 200-2,000 2,000-20,000

Low Caution 500-5,000 2,000-20,000 20,000+

Very low Caution 5,000+ 20,000+ -

MMffiUMmm 152 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

Pesticide poisoning and be inhaled. Smoking without washing your hands is another way to be poi- symptoms soned by breathing in the pesticide. Dermal exposure occurs when pesticide comes into contact with your skin. You Light poisoning Severe poisoning may spill pesticide concentrate on yourself while filling the sprayer. The hose may Fatigue Excessive sweating pop off the sprayer or split while pressurizing the sprayer. Spray mixture may run Headache Stomach cramps out onto your hand and arm from leakage around the sprayer trigger, or spray drift may blow back into your face from a wind shift. Wearing proper protective clothing Nausea Vomiting and equipment helps reduce most dermal exposure. Dizziness Dianhea Some areas of your skin absorb pesticides more quickly than other areas. (Figure 3) Blurred vision These sensitive areas are those where many blood vessels are close to the skin's surface. Always wear a hat while applying pesticides to reduce absorption through the top of the head and forehead. This area absorbs pesticide 4-2 times faster than the forearm. Wear a repellent apron while filling the sprayer to protect the groin area

from pesticide splashes. For this area, the rate is 11.8 times faster than the forearm.

Treatment of Poisoning Symptoms and Treatment poisoning Most pesticide poisoning causes similar symptoms, which tend to feel much like those of the flu or being drunk. Mild symptoms include tiredness, headache, nau- • Give first aid. sea, and dizziness. More severe symptoms include breaking out into a heavy sweat, • Contact a doctor immediately. stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and blurred vision. If not treated, heavy poi- • Tell what pesticide was used. soning can result in unconsciousness, coma, and death.

• Take pesticide label along if If pesticide poisoning occurs, administer first aid and immediately contact a

medical care is needed. physician. Have the pesticide container or label when you call so that you can tell

the physician what pesticide was being used. If medical treatment is needed, take the pesticide label with you because most labels provide notes to the physician on the proper treatment of poisoning. Having the label also allows the physician to verify which pesticide was being used. First-aid efforts can greatly reduce the harmful effects of pesticide exposure and Forehead assist medical treatment. Dilute swallowed pesticides drinking at least a quart of (4.2) by milk or water. The calcium in milk helps neutralize many pesticides and protect the mk ^ Forearm (L0) throat and stomach linings. Skim, whole, or canned milk is equally effective. Do not induce vomiting unless directed by the physician or the pesticide label. Some fillfl AI Abdomen II II «•» pesticides, particularly herbicides, are corrosive and may cause additional damage to Scrotal area the linings of the throat and mouth when vomited. (11.8) Pesticide on the skin should be washed off immediately. Soap and water are best,

Ball of foot but water alone is better than nothing. Because this use is external, water in mud

d-6) puddles can be used if clean water is not nearby. Remove any pesticide-soaked clothing and wash the contaminated skin underneath. The length of time that the pesti-

Figure 3. Rate of dermal cide is in contact with the skin is very important, so delaying even a few seconds pesticide absorption can be critical. Pesticide in the eyes should be flushed with running water for 15 minutes. This treatment requires a large source of water. When mixing and using pesticides,

determine beforehand where the nearest hose or faucet is located. If an outdoor

First aid for pesticide faucet is needed, make sure that it has not been turned off indoors and that it has a Poisoning handle. For inhaled pesticide, get the person into fresh air and loosen any tight clothing that may restrict breathing. Oral: Drink at least one quart Additional information on treatment of pesticide poisoning can be obtained 24 of milk or water. hours a day from the Illinois Poison Resource Center, (800)942-5969. The pesti- Dermal: Wash with soap and cide label also may give an emergency phone number. The National Pesticide water; remove affected clothing. Telecommunications Network at (800)858-7378 provides quality information about Eye: Flush eyeball with running specific pesticides, as well as poisoning-treatment information. water for at least 15 minutes. Protective Clothing and Equipment Inhalation: Get into fresh air, When applying granular or dilute liquid pesticides, limit the amount of skin expo- loosen tight collar. sure. Wear a long-sleeved shirt, long pants, and shoes and socks that protect most SEVEN * Integrated Pest Management and Pesticide Safety 153

of your body. Wear a hat to reduce absorption through the top of your head and forehead. Your hands are most likely to become exposed to pesticides, so protect them with unlined chemical-resistant gloves. Hat or cap Clothing with a high cotton content absorbs small amounts of pesticide and pro- Snug collar tects your skin. Coveralls made of a spun-bonded olefin fabric such as Tyvek TM Shirt tucked have the advantage of being inexpensive enough to throw away when soiled with into pants pesticides. Gloves should be made of nitrile, neoprene, butyl rubber, or other chemi- Long sleeves material. a thin, flocking lining is acceptable, thicker cal-resistant Although sprayed |1?*( outside gloves glove linings can absorb pesticide, causing direct, long-term contact with your hands. HI Chemical-resistant Wear additional protective clothing and equipment when handling pesticide HI gloves, halfway to elbows concentrates, mixing pesticides, and filling the sprayer. Wear goggles to protect ||] iH Long pants worn your eyes from splashes and pesticide dust. Wear a chemical-resistant apron to pro- jrS outside footwear

:"' : t ' ^ J tect the groin area from splashes or spills down the front of your body. Wear j-jBoots or boot covers chemical-resistant boots for additional foot protection. Use a respirator if one is recommended on the pesticide label. Immediately after use, wash gloves, goggles, and other protective equipment with soap and water. Laundering Contaminated Clothing If left in the clothing, residues from even minor pesticide deposits or from dust or Washing spray-drift accumulation can eventually contaminate the wearer. Therefore, cloth- contaminated clothing ing should be laundered daily, including your hat. More pesticide residue is • as a separate load. removed when garments are laundered within 8 hours after use than if allowed to Launder sit for a longer period. Wear a clean set of clothing each day. • Handle with chemical-resistant Normal laundering and a few simple precautions adequately remove pesticide gloves. residues from clothing. Follow the steps listed. that all clothing while Assume worn • Use hot-water wash, cold-water handling or applying pesticides is contaminated. Starching clothes makes it more rinse, heavy-duty laundry likely that pesticides are off the rather soaking in. of the shed garment than Much detergent. pesticide that stays on the clothes is taken up by the starch. When the clothes are • Clean washer by running a washed, the pesticides are washed away with the starch. complete cycle with detergent If clothes become contaminated with liquid pesticide concentrates, they should be and hot water without clothing. thrown away. Even with proper laundering, enough residue can remain in the fabric • Line dry if practical. to be absorbed through the skin. Soiled Tyvek TM and other spun-bonded olefin — clothing should be thrown away because washing reduces their protective quality. Handling Pesticides

When transporting pesticides, do not place them near any groceries, pet food, or other food. Haul pesticides in the back of a pickup or in the trunk to reduce the likelihood of fumes from the pesticides being breathed by people.

Mix pesticides and fill the sprayer or spreader in an open area where ventilation Protect others from is good. Mixing on the driveway is preferable to mixing in the garage or shed. When pouring any concentrated pesticide from the container, keep the container pesticide below eye level to avoid a splash or spill onto yourself. Measure the pesticide in • Remove toys and bicycles from clean containers that you label and use only for pesticides. Thoroughly wash these the area to be treated. containers after use. Open containers of pesticide concentrates carefully. Cut bags • Apply when children are not and other paper pesticide containers with scissors rather than tearing them and present. causing dust to fly onto your face. Always stand upwind when mixing pesticides. • Avoid the treated area for at When filling sprayers, don't put the end of the hose down into the liquid in the least 24 hours. sprayer tank. Not only does this keep the end of the hose from being contaminated,

but the air gap between the hose and spray liquid prevents back-siphoning. If the • Be especially watchful of bare-

end of the hose is down in the spray mixture, it can create a siphon and the mix- foot children. ture can flow back into your water source. Although primarily a problem when using a well, back-siphoning into municipal water supplies has occurred. Before applying pesticides, pick up any toys, bicycles, or other child belongings

in the area to keep them from being contaminated by spray drift. Don't apply pesti-

cides if children are nearby. Applying pesticides in the early morning hours before

iii iimiiii iiimi iii i i i i i ii mn 154 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

children get out of bed is effective. Although it is a good idea to avoid treated areas for 24 hours after treatment, be especially watchful of toddlers and other children contacting treated areas while barefoot and wearing only diapers or shorts. Once you finish applying pesticides, shower and put on a fresh set of clothes so that pesticide residue doesn't remain against your skin any longer than necessary. Ujl lis Storage

Store pesticides in a separate cabinet. Do not store anything else (such as fertilizer, paint, gloves, or tools) with the pesticides because pesticide fumes can contaminate other materials. In fact, store your herbicides separately from insecticides, fungicides, and other pesticides because the fumes from herbicides can contaminate other pesticides. Keep the pesticide cabinet locked and labeled. Keep the cabinet locked even when you are using a pesticide. Children have gotten into pesticides and have been poisoned while the gardener was called away to the phone. The storage area should be located in an area where the pesticides neither freeze nor get too hot but are well ventilated. Many pesticides break down and lose their

effectiveness if the temperature gets much above 100°F. The components of some

pesticides separate if they freeze. Many garages are good storage areas.

Nearby and handy to the storage area should be a source of water, soap, fire extinguisher, broom, dustpan, trash can, and pesticide-absorbent material such as

sawdust, kitty litter, or oil-dry. These materials will be needed quickly in case there

is a spill or fire. Try to keep your storage needs to a minimum. When you buy a pesticide, get only the amount needed for the pest situation or for the current gardening season. Even though small bottles and other containers are more expensive per ounce, you

reduce the likelihood of having old pesticides that you have no use for. If stored properly, most pesticides retain their effectiveness for 5 years; but some, particularly those that are organically based, may not be effective that long.

If a pesticide container breaks or starts leaking, the best option is to use the pesticide. Pesticide can be placed in a similar container, provided that the label

from the old container is put on the new one. If the pesticide was in a brown glass

bottle, put it in another brown glass bottle. If it was in a heavy paper bag, use another heavy paper bag. Never use a beverage bottle or other container that a Triple-rinsing of child or adult could confuse for a food or drink container. Such substitutions cause many child poisonings. If you can't get the label off the old bottle, get a replace- pesticide containers ment label by contacting the store where you bought the pesticide; or call the pes- • Drain container for 30 seconds ticide company's phone number, which should be on the label. You can also obtain into sprayer. many pesticide labels over the Internet. • Refill container V5 to V4 full of rinse water. Disposal

• Replace cap, rinse thoroughly, Use any mixed pesticide the day you mix it. Pesticide mixed with water and kept

pour in sprayer, and drain for 30 overnight in the sprayer loses much of its ability to control pests by the next day. seconds. For the same reason, don't mix up "stock" solutions of pesticide for further diluting and using through the growing season. • Repeat steps 2 and 3 two more Avoid excess mixed pesticide by planning carefully how much pesticide is times. needed. If it's difficult to estimate the amount needed, such as spraying a large shrub to runoff, mix up the least amount that you think you need, and then mix up some

more, if necessary, to finish the job. Excess mixed pesticide should be applied to an

area listed on the label, whether the pest is present or not. The same should be done

with rinse water from cleaning out the sprayer or spreader. Do not spray it over the

area that you treated if the addition of the original application and the rinsate

exceeds the maximum labeled rate. Find another site that is listed on the label. Pesticide concentrate that you no longer have any use for should be taken to a household hazardous-waste collection site for disposal. Consult the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency Web site at http://www.epa.state.il.us/ for the SEVEN • Integrated Pest Management and Pesticide Safety 155 location and times of permanent sites and one-day collections. Small quantities of excess pesticide, such as those purchased by gardeners, can be disposed of by wrapping the container in several layers of newspapers, enclosing it inside a labeled plastic bag, and putting it with your household trash for pickup. This way, your pesticide ends up in a local landfill. It is preferable, however, to take the pesticide to a household hazardous-waste collection site so that it is handled in a more environmentally proper manner.

When emptying a pesticide container, clean it properly for disposal. Paper bags, cardboard cans, and other paper containers should be tapped gently to shake loose any remaining pesticide. Bottles, jugs, and metal cans should be triple-rinsed as described in the sidebar. Properly cleaned containers should be placed in the household trash for normal trash collection. Dispose of pesticide-contaminated clothing or personal protective equipment by wrapping in several layers of newspaper, enclosing in a labeled plastic bag, and placing in the household trash for collection.

Understanding Pesticides Pesticide Target

A pesticide is any chemical used to destroy, prevent, or control any form of life group pest(s) declared to be a pest. In the word pesticide, the prefix pest refers to a plant, insect, acaricide (miticide) mites, ticks disease, animal, or other unwanted pest. The suffix cide means "to kill." As you can attractant insects, birds see in the sidebar, many specific groups of pesticides are available. Although attrac- tants, repellents, and growth regulators may only modify pest behavior or growth, bactericide bacteria they are useful in pest management and classified as pesticides by the US EPA. fungicide fungi

Ingredients growth regulator insects, plants When you purchase a pesticide, you are buying two general types of ingredients—active herbicide plants and inert. An active ingredient is the part of the formulation that is effective against the insecticide insects targeted pest, whereas inert (or other) ingredients do not have a direct effect on the pest. molluscicide snails, slugs The pesticide manufacturer adds inert ingredients to make the product more effective. nematicide nematodes For example, some inert ingredients may allow the active ingredient to be mixed thoroughly with the water earner, while others may improve application coverage on the piscicide fish target area or pest. In some cases, inert ingredients are added to improve storage or to repellent insects, vertebrates make the product safer for the applicator or the environment. The EPA continually US rodenticide rodents evaluates active and inert ingredients to ensure human and environmental safety.

Pesticide Characteristics

Selectivity

It is important to understand that not all pesticides within a particular pesticide group work the same way. For example, the herbicide active ingredient glyphosate

(found in Roundup) works quite well to control broadleaf weeds in the lawn, but it also kills the desirable turf. It is an example of a nonselective herbicide, meaning it controls virtually all plant types. Using such a product would be appropriate if one were renovating a lawn. On the other hand, using a selective herbicide active ingredient such as 2,4-D or dicamba would be entirely appropriate when you want to control only the broadleaf weeds. The terms selective and nonselective apply to other pesticide groups as well; be sure to read the pesticide label to identify which pests and nonpests will be affected by the pesticide application. For example, the active ingredient carbaryl (found in Sevin) kills the cucumber beetle insect pest as well as beneficial bees and lady beetles. Keep in mind that selectivity may be affected by the rate used, meaning that a very high rate may kill or injure even tolerant plants or other organisms. Mobility

Besides selectivity, there are some other terms you should know when choosing a pesticide. Pesticide labels often indicate that the product has either systemic or 156 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

contact activity. Systemic (or translocated) pesticides move within the plant or animal from the site of uptake to other parts of the plant or animal. (Figure 4) Systemic fungicides and insecticides enter the plant or animal and kill the pest without harming the host plant or animal. Systemic insecticides are particularly

useful against insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts. A systemic herbicide is useful for controlling perennial weeds because the herbicide can move into, and kill, underground root structures.

Not all systemic pesticides move throughout the entire plant, so it is still important to read the label for product limitations and to apply the product thoroughly, as directed by the label. For example, systemic herbicides may be most effective

when applied in the fall because this is when the plant replenishes the carbohydrate supply to the root structures. Also, application of a systemic fungicide to the upper leaves does not provide disease control for the entire plant. Contact pesticides control by direct contact with the pest. Contact fungicides

kill or inhibit the fungus before it enters the plant. Contact insecticides enter the

insect when it eats treated leaves or may be absorbed through the insect's cuticle

(outer "skin") when it comes in contact with the insecticide. Contact herbicides kill only the plant tissue they contact. They are generally effective at controlling

small annual weeds but are less effective on perennials because they do not kill the root system.

Because contact pesticides do not move in the plant, thorough spray coverage is needed for effective control. For example, a contact fungicide such as mancozeb protects only the areas of the plant that were sprayed—spotty coverage results in poor or no control. In addition, because contact pesticides remain on the plant's outside, they may wash off or break down quickly, requiring frequent reapplications.

Contact Sytemic (translocated)

Figure 4. Mobility of pesticides.

Timing, Timing, Timing

Pesticides may be applied at different times, depending on the pest to be controlled and how the pesticide works. Although some pesticides may require only one timely application for season-long control, you may need to apply others more than once at proper intervals to control pests. For example, crabgrass- and grub-control products, when properly applied to the lawn, need be applied only once during the growing season. On the other hand, the fungicides used to control crabapple scab and rose black spot likely require repeated applications. Always read the pesticide

label for specific directions on proper timing of pesticide applications. Some common terms are used to describe the application timing of herbicides.

For example, a "crabgrass preventer" is a preemergence herbicide that must be applied before the crabgrass seedlings emerge. Preemergence herbicides work by stopping

seed germination or seedling emergence but have little or no effect on established or transplanted plants. The label indicates how long you must wait before trying to plant desirable seeds into the treated area. Postemergence herbicides are applied after the weeds emerge and have virtually no effect on ungerminated seeds. SEVEN • Integrated Pest Management and Pesticide Safety 157

Avoiding Problems

Besides factors such as selectivity, mobility, timing, and application technique, there are other reasons why a pesticide application might fail to control the pest or cause unexpected plant damage.

• Prolonged periods of hot, dry weather may reduce the effectiveness of postemergence herbicides. In general, postemergence herbicides are most effective when applied to actively growing weeds.

• Rainfall soon after a foliar application may simply wash the pesticide off the

foliage, rendering it ineffective. As a general rule, there should be 4 hours between the application and the next rain.

• Heavy rainfall soon after the application of granular products can wash the pesticide out of the target area, which may reduce activity and result in environmental damage. Some labels suggest irrigation before and/or after application to

help incorporate the product into the soil.

• The activity of some pesticides, particularly insecticides, may be reduced when

mixed with high-pH water. Where this is a concern, the pesticide may contain a pH buffer or indicate that the spray should be used immediately after mixing with water.

Pesticide Formulations

Pesticides may be purchased as a dry powder, granule, liquid, or slurry formulation.

Some formulations are ready to use as is, while others may require dilution with water or some other carrier. Although details of product formulation are seldom given on pesticides labeled for homeowner use, the manufacturer provides important instructions on the label that enable the user to use the product safely and accurately. For example, if a product forms a suspension in water, it has a tendency to settle out, so the label instructs the user to "mix thoroughly, agitate frequently, and do not allow the mixture to stand overnight." For a dry formulation, the label may require the user to avoid mixing or using the product in enclosed areas and perhaps to wear personal protective equipment to protect against inhaling the product. As a matter of safety, the most difficult formulations and dangerous products are available only to trained and certified pesticide applicators. When the type of formulation is disclosed, refer to Table 5 for details and additional comments. Certain pesticide mixtures and the use of certain adjuvants can increase the effectiveness of the application. For that very reason, pesticide formulations may include more than one type of active ingredient or may include adjuvants such as spreaders-stickers that increase coverage, increase penetration, or help the pesticide stick to the treated surface better. However, mixing certain formulations, active ingredients, and adjuvants can cause compatibility problems that may result in wasted product and damage to desirable plants. Never assume that it is safe to

"brew your own" pesticide mixture. If the product labels do not address the mixture you wish to make, contact the manufacturer for advice.

Application Equipment and Calibration Rectangular areas

i i Many different types of equipment may be used in applying pesticides around the 4_ length yard and garden. it to use, When comes ease of accuracy, and maintenance, each width piece of equipment has its pros and cons. These issues are discussed in Table 6. As the calibration issues are addressed below, refer to the sideboxes as a refresher on 1 r how to measure land areas accurately. Ala wn area measures 75 feet long hy 40 Spot and Selective Applications feet wide. What is the area?

There is a variety of application techniques and tools on the market that can be used Area = length x width to apply pesticides in a very precise manner. Many manufacturers now sell prediluted, Ares = 75 x 40 = 3,000 sq ft or ready-to-use (RTU), formulations in disposable containers. These containers may 158 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 5. Pesticide Formulations

Formulation and label abbreviations Comments

Dry formulations

SP (soluble powder) Mix with water carrier (needs initial, light agitation). If inhaled, dust may cause harm.

WP (wettable powder) Mix with water carrier (needs frequent, strong agitation).

WDG (water-dispersible granule) If inhaled, dust may cause harm.

DF (dry flowable)

D (dusts) No mixing required—applied as is. Fine dust that easily moves off target and can cause harm.

G (granule) No mixing required—applied as is. Often requires rainfall or irrigation to be effective.

P (pellets) No mixing required—applied as is. Larger than granules. Use only where inaccessible to children and pets.

Liquid formulations E, EC (emulsifiable concentrate) Mix with water carrier (intermittent, light agitation). Can injure desirable plants.

Oil solvent is easily absorbed into skin, may be corrosive to finished surfaces, and may degrade rubber products such as gloves and sprayer-pump parts.

F (flowable), L (liquid) Mix with water carrier (frequent, moderate agitation).

S (solution) Mix with water carrier (initial, light agitation).

A (aerosol) No mixing required; product is stored under pressure. Mist or smoke is easily inhaled and can cause harm. Gas propellant may be flammable.

be plastic (similar to window-cleaner spray bottles), or they may be pressurized metal cans that contain a liquid or aerosol. As one example, the nonselective herbicide,

glyphosate (Roundup), is available as a foam that can be sprayed from a disposable

Triangular areas ^N plastic container onto individual weeds without concern for pesticide drift. Weeds i also can be spot-treated using a sponge, brush, or wand soaked with dilute herbicide. In addition, some specialized techniques used by professional applicators allow direct \height X injection of insecticides, fungicides, or nutrients into landscape trees. Although these techniques are time-consuming (particularly when large num-

/ \\ f bers of plants must be treated), in terms of pesticide use, there are many potential ^ w base benefits, including The corner of a lawn has a base of 250 • feet and a height of 50 feet. What is the reduced exposure to humans and pets area? • reduced off-target movement = Area base x height • reduced injury to adjacent desirable plants 2 • reduced pesticide waste.

Area = 250 x 50 = 6,250 sq ft 2 Hose-End Sprayers

These sprayers attach to the end of a garden hose, and the liquid concentrate is metered from the container into the hose-supplied water by a siphoning action. Hose-end sprayers are best suited for applying pesticides, such as postemergence SEVEN • Integrated Pest Management and Pesticide Safety 159

TABLE 6. Tank Spra> r ers

Feature Spray bottle Compressed-air Backpack Boom

Cost less than $5 $20-50 $80-125 $150 and up

Suitability spot applications small jobs medium jobs large jobs

Tank capaciy usually 1 quart 1-5 gallons 3-6 gallons 5 gallons or more

Operation squeeze trigger hand-operated air hand-operated piston engine or wheel- pump or diaphragm pump driven pump

Agitation manual shaking manual shaking vanes—pump may varies—pump may provide some provide some agitation agitation

Notes Adjustable nozzle Vary considerably in Easy to use and main- Features are similar to provides anything quality of construc- tains fairly consistent the backpack sprayer,

from a stream to a fine tion. May be difficult pressure (may include but it requires a riding mist. Fine droplets to maintain consistent pressure gauge). Using lawn mower or similar

provide excellent pressure, so the appli- a fine drop size nozzle, motorized vehicle. coverage. Because cation may not be this type of sprayer May provide the most

there is no hose or uniform—not ideal for can provide the cov- even application. wand, the potential broadcast applica- erage required for Wheel-driven pumps for user exposure to tions. Difficult to contact pesticides. operate under low the pesticide may be operate pump while However, use of fine pressure and should higher compared to walking. Consider nozzles and high pres- not be used with con- other types of liquid buying the more sure increases poten- tact pesticides.

applications. expensive backpack tial for drift.

sprayer if you plan to • spray often, • broadcast spray, or

• use contact pesticides.

broadleaf herbicides, that do not require thorough coverage. These sprayers are available as either Single-use container. You must purchase the pesticide in prepackaged, dispos- Circular areas able containers. There is no adjustable metering device as on the reusable applicator, and there is no need to measure pesticide into the container. Reusable container. Both the sprayer and jar can be used, and reused, with your choice of pesticide. Unless it has been diluted or contaminated by the previously used pesticide, excess pesticide can be poured back into its original container for future use. To calibrate, follow the sprayer instructions, or see the sidebar.

Although "thick liquid" (for example, F or L) and some dry (for example, SP or Area = Jlr WP) pesticide formulations can be diluted with water and applied using this type of n= 3.14 sprayer, the practice is not recommended for the following reasons:

r = radius O/2 the diameter) • These formulations often form a suspension of particles that may not siphon well and may even clog the sprayer. Unless you pay close attention, you may not A circular area has a diameter of 20 feet. What is the area? notice these problems.

Area = 3.14 x 10 2 • Unless the sprayer manufacturer or product label provides specific dilution = 3.14 x 100 instructions, you may find the dilution calculations to be difficult. Given the = 314 sqft limited tank size and dial settings, you may not be able to dilute the product enough to obtain the required waterlike consistency. 160 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

Hose-end sprayer Tank Sprayers calibration Tank sprayers include simple spray bottles (similar to those that window cleaner comes in), compressed-air sprayers, backpack pump sprayers, and boom sprayers. In 1. Measure the area (sq ft) to be contrast to hose-end sprayers, a tank sprayer must contain a very dilute liquid mix- treated. ture of water and pesticide. Regardless of which tank sprayer you choose, calibra- 2. Set the meter dial to the rate tion is essential. See the following discussion and examples for help in calibrating per gallon (tsp/gal, or fl oz/gal) your sprayer. To learn more about spray equipment and how to calibrate boom as directed by the pesticide sprayers, read Illinois Pesticide Applicator Training Manual 39-1 (Turfgrass) or 39-3 label and sprayer instructions. (Ornamentals) . Both are available through your local Extension office or the

3. Determine how much pesticide University of Illinois, ITCS Marketing and Distribution, 1917 S. Wright St.,

formulation will be needed for Champaign, Illinois 61820, or (800)345-6087.

the measured area and add it to Spraying flowers, bushes, and small shrubs and trees. Here are some examples

the jar. Don't add water unless of application instructions taken from actual pesticide labels:

dilution is needed. "... mix 4V2 level tablespoons of this product with two gallons of water and 4. Spray evenly over the measured spray to thoroughly cover upper and lower sides of plant foliage."

area until the jar is empty "Use 1 fl oz per gallon of water. Apply to the point of runoff."

Note: Even application is essential. Example I Before applying the pesticide, be You want to apply a fungicide to eight rose bushes to manage black spot. The fungi- sure to practice your application cide label instructs you to use 1 fluid ounce of product per gallon of water and pace over the measured area apply to the point of runoff. using water (same amount as You may ask, "How many gallons of spray do I need to prepare?" To answer this determined in step 3) in the jar question, fill your (clean) sprayer with a measured amount of plain water and then instead of pesticide. spray one or more representative plants to the point of runoff. Determine how

many gallons it takes per plant, and then multiply that number by the number of plants you want to spray. Now you know how many gallons of spray you need to do Point of runoff the job. In this case, let's say a rose bush takes 4 fluid ounces of water. So, 4 fluid • Direct the spray to all parts of ounces times eight rose bushes equals 32 fluid ounces. You need 1 quart of spray.

the plant until it begins to drip Okay, so you need 1 quart of water, but how much product do you add to the from the leaves and stems. tank? Because the recommendation says 1 fluid ounce of product per gallon, you

Note: A plant in full leaf will take have some quick math to complete. For this example, all you need to do is realize 32 more spray than the same plant that 32 fluid ounces is 25 percent ( / 12 s) of one gallon, so 25 percent of 1 fluid early in the spring. ounce is V4 fluid ounce. Answer? Add V4 fluid ounce (or 1.5 teaspoons) of product and 32 fluid ounces of water to the tank, mix, and spray each rose bush to the

point of runoff. Note: Without specialized application equipment, it is difficult to Measuring tips apply the spray uniformly to all surfaces of large shrubs and trees. Consider hiring a professional applicator who has the experience and the equipment for such jobs. Measuring tools used for pesti- Spraying lawn and garden bed areas. Once again, here are some examples of cides should never be used for pesticide application instructions taken from actual pesticide labels: anything else.

"... apply 2 oz of this product to 1,000 sq ft. a sufficient amount of water to 128floz = 1 gallon Use obtain thorough coverage (2-5 gallons per 1,000 sq ft)." 8 fl oz = 1 cup

"Use 7 fl. oz per gallon to treat 500 sq ft." 1 fl oz = 2 tablespoons 2 = Example 1 Tbsp 3 teaspoons An herbicide label instructs you to apply 4 fluid ounces of product per gallon of water to 1,000 square feet to control existing lawn weeds. This means that for each to treated, need to add fluid ounces of pesti- Clogged nozzle? 1 ,000 square feet of lawn area be you 4 cide and 1 gallon of water to the tank. How can you be sure that you apply 1 gallon Even fine wire can damage the of spray per 1,000 square feet? First, refer to the area calculations in the sidebars on nozzle output and spray pattern. the previous pages as a refresher on how to measure land areas accurately. Second, Use a designated toothbrush to follow the steps below to practice your application technique and pace. clean the nozzle orifice. Never Step I : Practice your technique. Measure and mark off a 1,000 square foot (for use your mouth to blow out a example, 20 feet by 50 feet) practice area similar to the actual application site. If clogged nozzle. you are unfamiliar with the sprayer, take a few minutes to practice spraying the area with water. When spraying, maintain a constant walking speed and nozzle height , —

SEVEN • Integrated Pest Management and Pesticide Safety 161 while sweeping the wand side to side in a swath 3 to 4 feet wide. To obtain uniform 100 percent overlap application, use the 100 percent overlap method described in the sidebar. Practice • Walking backwards to avoid maintaining consistent pressure by periodically pumping the sprayer. If you do not travel in the treated area, make have a pressure gauge, you can judge pressure changes by observing the spray pat- your first swath. tern coming out of the nozzle. • To achieve 100 percent overlap, Step 2: Practice your pace. Once you have developed a feel for the sprayer and the middle of your next swath have developed a consistent technique, the next step is to develop a pace that should be centered on the edge delivers the appropriate amount of spray per 1,000 square feet. To do this, add a of your last swath. In other measured amount of water to the tank; spray the area as you did earlier (remember words, with each swath, to use the 100 percent overlap method again); then measure the amount of water new you will cover 50 percent previ- remaining in the tank. The difference in the tank before and after spraying is the ously treated and 50 percent amount used. For example, 2 gallons added to the tank, minus 1 gallon remaining, previously untreated ground. equals 1 gallon used per 1,000 square feet. Thus, your spray application rate for the above conditions is 1 gallon per 1,000 square feet. If you applied more than 1 gal- • Finish up by treating the header lon, speed up next time. If you applied less than 1 gallon, slow down. Once you feel strips (area at the ends of the comfortable with your accuracy, proceed with the real application. swaths).

pesticide water, use it Cleanup and storage. Once you have mixed and you must Note: This method essentially deliv- never store it for later use. If leftover spray, it is best to apply it to another you have ers two applications, each at one- labeled site. if appropriate site to the excess Ask your neighbors they have an which half the total application rate. pesticide could be applied. In such cases, keep in mind that you can legally spray a labeled site even when the pest is not present. See "Disposal" for more information.

To extend the useful life of your sprayer and to prevent contamination of future applications, clean your sprayer and formulation-measuring device immediately after each use and when changing pesticides. For example, if you apply a herbicide to the lawn and then sometime later use the same sprayer to apply an insecticide to your rose bushes, even a very small amount of herbicide residue left in the tank, hose, or pump can cause substantial damage to the roses.

No cleaning method is 100 percent effective, so you may want to consider own- ing two sprayers—one for herbicides only and one for insecticides and fungicides. Many pesticide labels provide instructions for cleaning the sprayer. When label instructions are inadequate, or not given, follow the instructions in the sidebar.

After cleaning the sprayer, operate it to remove excess water from the tank, pump, and hose. Remove the tank cap and store the sprayer upside down to dry.

Granular Applicators

Many herbicides and insecticides are available in granular form for the lawn and garden. In addition, many manufacturers conveniently offer lawn-fertilizer products that contain insecticides or preemergence herbicides.

There are a number of ways to apply granular materials, including handheld shaker Figure 5. Drop (gravity) spreader. cans, ground-driven drop spreaders, and handheld or ground-driven rotary (Figure 5) (centrifugal) spreaders (Figure 6). Table 7 summarizes the pros and cons of each system.

It is important to apply granules uniformly on turf because even small differences in application rate can result in obvious fertilizer streaks and skips in pest control. Here are some tips to help improve uniformity of application:

• Store granules in a dry, safe place.

• Calibrate your spreader as described below.

• Walk at a constant pace.

• Create header strips to use for turning around.

• Shut off the spreader while turning in header strips.

• Reduce spreader output by half and use the 100 percent-overlap (half-swath) application method.

For a detailed discussion on how to check the distribution pattern of a rotary Figure 6. Rotary centrifugal spreader. spreader, refer to Illinois Pesticide Applicator Training Manual 39- 1 (Turfgrass)

mBBKomax 162 Home, Yard, and Garden Pest Guide

TABLE 7. Granular Applicators

Feature Shaker spreader Drop spreader Rotary spreader

Cost sold with product $40 and up $40 and up

Suitability spot applications medium jobs medium to large jobs

Operation handheld push-type ground unit handheld crank unit or push-type ground unit

Notes Easy to over- or underapply Very uniform application Is not designed to apply a within the swath, but any constant amount of material steering error causes missed across the entire width of

or doubled strips. Avoids application, so requires spe- unwanted application to cific overlap. Wind may sidewalk and driveways. disrupt the pattern. Wider Ground clearance in wet swath width gets the job turf may be a problem. done faster than drop spreader. Useful for seeding

as well.

Cleaning a tank sprayer which is available through your local Extension office or the University of Illinois, ITCS Marketing and

1. Spray out as much of the pesticide as reasonable, Distribution, 1917 S. Wright St., Champaign, IL 61820, or then fill it about V4 full with clean water, cap and (800)345-6087. shake the tank, and spray over a legal site. The next

step depends on what type of pesticide you used. Example 3 An insecticide label instructs you to apply 4 pounds of 2A. Typical procedure: granular product per 1 ,000 square feet of turf to control Fill the tank about V4 full with clean water and grubs. add enough household detergent (liquid or dry) How can you be sure that your spreader applies this rate? to make a sudsy solution. Cap the tank and First, look at the product label and the operator's manual lightly shake and invert the sprayer for about 10 for setting and swath-width instructions for the product and seconds. Spray out over a legal site. Repeat this spreader you have. Use these instructions only as initial procedure with clean water (no detergent) until guides for calibration. Is the suggested setting based on a the soap suds disappear. Remember to clean the single (full-rate) application or a 100 percent overlap (half- outside of the sprayer. swath) application method? (See the sidebar for a descrip- 2B. Did you use a herbicide? tion of 100 percent-overlap.) Second, refer to the area Most herbicides used in the landscape belong to calculations in the sidebars on the previous pages as a the growth-regulator family (includes 2,4-D and refresher on how to measure land areas accurately. Finally,

dicamba). If there is a chance you may use the use this information and the following method to calibrate same sprayer for a different purpose (for example, your spreader accurately. to spray roses), you need to clean the tank even In a nutshell, the easiest method for checking the deliv-

better. Follow both procedures above, then fill ery rate of a spreader is to apply a pre-weighed amount of the tank with water and add household ammonia product over a measured area (at least 1,000 square feet),

(1.5 fl oz per gallon). Cap the sprayer then lightly and then determine the rate actually delivered. Unlike shake and invert the sprayer to allow mixing. calibrating a sprayer, you need to use the real product dur-

Pump a little through the hose and nozzle, then ing the calibration run. If you don't trust the suggested

let it sit for at least two hours, preferably spreader setting instructions, be on the safe side and use a

overnight. Spray out over a legal site (ammonia is lower setting. You can always apply more later, but you a source of nitrogen, so a weak, even application can't correct an overapplication. Based on the calibration

to the lawn is not harmful). Flush the system run, adjust the setting and, if needed, repeat the calibration with clean water more than once. process on another untreated area. * SEVEN Integrated Pest Management and Pesticide Safety 1 63

Cleanup and storage. When you are finished, pour any remaining granules back into the original, labeled container and tightly reseal to prevent wetting and

clumping due to humidity. Store all granular products in a dry, safe location out of

reach of children. Wash your spreader thoroughly and let it dry out completely in the sun before storing in a dry location.

For Your Protection

Always handle pesticides with respect. After all, the people most likely to suffer ill effects from pesticides are the applicator and his or her family. Accidents and careless, needless overexposure can be avoided. Every year, there are deaths due to accidental ingestion of pesticides. Each year, more than 750 Illinois children under 12 years of age are rushed to a doctor because of suspected pesticide ingestion or excessive exposure. A study of

such cases showed that 50 percent of the children obtained the pesticide while it

was in use and 13 percent obtained it from storage. Fifty-three percent of the cases involved pesticides used as baits. These accidents could have been prevented. The following suggestions for safe use of pesticides are designed to prevent such unfortu- nate, careless accidents.

1. Store pesticides out of reach of children, irresponsible persons, or animals; store in a locked cabinet away from food or feed.

2. Put pesticide containers back in the storage area before applying the pesticide. Children have found open bottles by the water tap.

3. Avoid breathing pesticide sprays and dusts over an extended period. Be especially cautious about this in enclosed areas such as crawl spaces, closets, basements, and

attics.

4- Wash with soap and water all exposed parts of the body and clothes contaminated with pesticide.

5. Wear rubber gloves when handling pesticide concentrates.

6. Do not smoke, eat, or drink while handling or using pesticides.

7. Do not blow out clogged nozzles with your mouth.

8. Leave unused pesticides in their original containers with the labels on them and in locked cabinets.

9. Wash out empty pesticide containers three times and then bury them or place them in the garbage.

10. Do not leave puddles of spray on impervious surfaces.

11. Do not apply pesticides to fish ponds, birdbaths, or pet dishes.

12. Do not apply pesticides to dug wells, cisterns, or other water sources.

13. Observe all precautions listed on the label. Use pesticides only on the crops specified, in amounts specified, and at times specified.

Authors

R. Cloyd, P. Nixon, and M. Wiesbrook

Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences

B. Paulsrud

Department of Crop Sciences M. Mohr

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/-.!...< APPENDIX PLANT CLINIC SPECIMEN DATA FORM

Plant Clinic UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

1401 W. St. Mary's Road PLANT CLINIC SPECIMEN DATA FORM

Urbana, IL 61802

Office only Submitter use Plant Clinic # Grower Date received Commercial _ County Home grower Charge County Date paid Ck #

Send response to Name Address

City State _Zip Phone # E-mail

Crop or plant name _Variety

Describe problems or symptom in detail/sketch distribution:

Symptoms appeared in past: Days_ Weeks Months

Describe conditions prior to symptom development:

Temperature Rainfall Other

Planting history: Crop two years ago _Crop one year ago_

Soil type pH _% organic matter.

Soil test information

Type of nitrogen application.

Chemicals applied this year

Fertilizer _Type of application

Herbicide(s). Rates

Type of application.

Chemicals applied last year _ Ornamentals

Approximate age and size

Condition of nearby species _ 420 °™5 44 44948 MtttHttBXUttOltU UNIVERSrTY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS EXl^^SVl^ssm College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences

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