DOCSLIB.ORG

Department of Political Science University of Peshawar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE PEOPLES PARTY-OPPOSITION RELATIONSHIP IN PAKISTAN (1972-1977) Supervised by PROF. DR. TAJ MOHARRAM KHAN Submitted by ARIF KHAN Ph.D Scholar DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR (2016) 2 Acknowledgment First of all I want to express my heartfelt gratitude to Almighty Allah, for blessing me to face and complete this challenging task successfully. I am greatly indebted to Professor Dr. Taj Moharram Khan who, being the head of department and inspite of his very busy and tedious schedule, gave me sufficient time for guidance and discussion. His guidance helped reduced many shortcomings in this research work. I do acknowledge the kindness of staff of different libraries in the University of Peshawar, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan Study Centre (University of Karachi), National Assembly (Islamabad), National Documentation Centre (NDC) Islamabad, Peshawar archives, National Library (Islamabad) for their support and help in providing concened materials. And yes, I am grateful to the staff of the Department of Politics library (Royal Holloway University), Department of Political science library(University of Oxford), Birmingham University Library and Birmingham City University library and British Library who extended every possible help during my six months academic visit to UK. I would like to thank all the worthy faculty members of the Department of Political Science (University of Peshawar) for not only motivating and guiding me but for also providing me with a vibrant atmosphere to study. And of course, my special thanks to Professor Dr Markus (my external supervisor during my 6 months academic visit to Royal Holloway University of London) who was kind and cooperative to me and from whose experiences I benefited a lot during the short period. I am also grateful to my friends particularly, Bakhtiar Khan, Ashfaq-ur-Rehman, Saif-ul- Islam Lala, Fazal Said (Professor) and Zulqarnain (Lecturer) who generously gave me their precious time and advise, while providing me some time with additional insight on 3 some important aspects and issues. I would also express my profound love and respect for my two elder brothers whose love, care and sincere wishes always inspired and encouraged me. In the end, I will surely express my thanks and regards to the contemporaries of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto like Abdul Hafeez Peerzada, Munnawar Hasan, Muhammad Hussain Mehinti, Professor N. D. Khan, Hafiz Naeem ur Rehman, Syed Usmani, Malik Miraj Muhammad Khan, Retired Air Marshal Asghar Khan and Abdul Akbar Khan who gave me time to interview them. I am also thankful to the two academicians/experts of political developments in Pakistan, Professor Syed Jaffar Ahmad (Director Pakistan Study Centre, University of Karachi), and Professor Tauseef Ahmad (ex-HOD, Federal Urdu University) for useful interaction on the theme of my study. Arif Khan PhD Research Scholar 4 Abstract State of democracy in Pakistan has been one of the burning issues of discussion since long. Those aware of the nature of Pakistan politics are genuinely apprehensive about the future of democracy in Pakistan. This research work is an attempt to find answers to certain key questions pertaining to democracy in Pakistan with reference to the ruling-opposition relationship, in general, and during PPP government under Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1972-177), in particular. This study seeks to explore the role of PPP and opposition parties in that critical time when a truly elected government came into power as a result of first ever general elections held in December 1970. Since the state was then under an elected set-up, it was hoped that a new era in the politics of Pakistan would usher. In fact, there was seen a marked improvement in the style of politics as was evident from the mutual relations of political parties particularly during the formation of government and process towards constitution making. But soon there was seen a patent divergence in attitudes once the 1973 Constitution was put into effect. It appeared as if the ruling PPP and the opposition have parted ways. The study reveals the way PPP and the opposition parties reacted to certain situations, how they maneuvered and how they agreed on some occasions and fought among themselves on others. It also investigates the extent to which the personal characteristics of party leaders influenced the state of politics during the period. In fact, it was a deviation from the established principles on both sides that obstructed the growth of democracy in Pakistan. One of the findings of this study is that democracy has persistently remained in a state of uncertainty because of the lust for power, clash of egos and most importantly, the extra-democratic behavior on the part of politicians. The thesis investigates as to how the PPP and the opposition parties lost the opportunity to transform Pakistan into a truly democratic polity. 5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AKMC Azad Kashmir Muslim Conference ANP Awami National Party BD Basic Democracy/Democracies/Democrats BLA Baloch Liberation Army CENTO Central Treaty Organization C-in-C Commander-in-Chief COAS Chief of Army Staff Con ML Covention Muslim League Coun ML Council Muslim League COP Combined Opposition Parties CWO Commonwealth Organization DAC Democratic Action Committee DPR Defense of Pakistan Rules EBDO Elective Bodies Disqualification Order ECP Election Commission of Pakistan EP East Pakistan FRB Federal Review Board FSF Federal Security Force IRSP International Research Support Initiative Program ISI Inter Services Intelligence JI Jamaat-i-Islami JUP Jamiat-i-Ulama-i-Pakistan 6 JUI Jamiat-i-Ulama-i-Islam KP Khyber Pukhtunkhwa KSP Krishak Sramik Party KT Khaksar Tehrik LFO Legal Framework Order NAP National Awami Party NAP (W) National Awami Party (Wali Khan Group) NDC National Documentation Centre NDP National Democratic Party NDU National Defense University (Islamabad) NWFP North West Frontier Province PDM Pakistan Democratic Movement PDP Pakistan Democratic Party PM Prime Minister PMLQ Pakistan Muslim League Qayyum Group PNA Pakistan National Alliance PNC Pakistan National Centre POW Prisoner of War PPP Pakistan Peoples Party PRB People‘s Representation Bill PRODA Public and Representative offices (Disqualification) Act PSP Pakistan Socialist Party PTV Pakistan Television 7 QAU Quaid-e-Azam University (Islamabad) RTC Round Table Conference SEATO South East Asia Treaty Organization TI Tehrik-i-Istiqlal UDF United Democratic Front UF United Front UK United Kingdom US United States WP West Pakistan Z. A. Bhutto Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS S. No Titles Page No Acknowledgement…………………………………………………. i Abstract………….…………………………………………………. iii List of Abbreviations……………………………………………… iv Chapter: 1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………… 1 1.1. Statement of the Problem……………………………………… 4 1.2. Objectives of the Study………………………………………… 5 1.3. Research Questions……………………………………………... 6 1.4. Literature Review ……………………………………………… 6 1.5. Significance of the Study………………………………………... 13 1.6. Methodology…………………………………………………….. 14 1.7. Data Collection………………………………………………….. 14 1.8. Limitations ……………………………………………………… 16 1.9. Chapter Structure 17 Chapter: 2 FUNCTIONAL DEMOCRACY: AN ANALYSIS OF THE KEY COMPONENTS………………………………………………….... 20 2.1. Introduction………………………………………………….. 20 2.2. Elements of Democracy relating to the Study …………….. 22 2.2.1. Respect for Majority Rule and Minority Rights……………… 22 2.2.2. Free, Fair and Impartial Elections…………………………… 23 2.2.3. Rule of Law…………………………………………………. 25 2.2.4. Separation of Powers and Independence of Judiciary……… 26 2.2.5. Independent Media………………………………………….. 26 2.2.6. Conflict and Consensus ……………………………………… 27 2.2.7. Accountability of Government……………………………….. 28 2.3. What is a Political Party……………………………………… 29 2.4. Democracy and Political Parties……………………………… 30 2.5. The Need for Political Parties………………………………….. 32 2.6. Political Conflicts and their Resolution in a Democratic ……… 33 2.7. Importance of Political Parties to Democracies……………….. 34 2.8. Opposition in Democracy……………………………………… 37 2.9. Importance of Opposition in a Democratic system ………….. 38 2.10. Rights and Responsibilities of Opposition …………………… 39 2.11. Role and Obligations of Opposition………………………….. 41 2.11.1. Opposition as the Voice of the Voiceless ……………………. 44 2.11.2. To Offer a Viable Alternative to the Government ………….. 44 2.11.3. Seeking Accountability of Government……………………… 45 2.11.4. To Oppose the Government in Power……………………….. 45 2.11.5. In Case of National Tragedy and National Glory…………… 46 9 Chapter: 3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND………………………………… 48 3.1. Introduction…………………………………………………….. 48 3.2. Political Instability After Independence……………………….. 48 3.3. Political Parties and Democracy in Post Independence Pakistan.. 51 3.4. The Situation during 1954 Elections……………………………. 55 3.5. Lack of Elections in Pakistan…………………………………… 57 3.6. Delayed Framing of Constitution……………………………….. 58 3.7. Bureaucratic and Military Influence in the Politics of Pakistan… 62 3.8. Pak-India Comparative Study…………………………………… 65 3.9. Military Intervention and Decade of Military Rule……………... 66 3.10. 1965 War, Tashkent Declaration and Bhutto‘s Maneuvering…. 75 3.11. The Formation of Pakistan Peoples Party …………………… 77 3.12. Opposition to Ayub Khan…………………………………….. 83 3.13. Transfer of Power from Military Man to his Comrade in Arm .. 87 3.14. 1970 Elections and Yahya Khan………………………………. 90 3.14.1. Competing Political Parties in 1970 Elections……………… 91 3.14.2. Campaign for the Elections and Politicians Maneuvering……
Recommended publications
  • Muslim Nationalism, State Formation and Legal Representations of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan

    Muslim Nationalism, State Formation and Legal Representations of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan

    Politics of Exclusion: Muslim Nationalism, State Formation and Legal Representations of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan by Sadia Saeed A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Sociology) in The University of Michigan 2010 Doctoral Committee: Professor George P. Steinmetz, Chair Professor Howard A. Kimeldorf Associate Professor Fatma Muge Gocek Associate Professor Genevieve Zubrzycki Professor Mamadou Diouf, Columbia University © Sadia Saeed 2010 2 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my parents with my deepest love, respect and gratitude for the innumerable ways they have supported my work and choices. ii Acknowledgements I would like to begin by acknowledging the immense support my parents have given me every step of the way during my (near) decade in graduate school. I have dedicated this dissertation to them. My ammi and baba have always believed in my capabilities to accomplish not only this dissertation but much more in life and their words of love and encouragement have continuously given me the strength and the will to give my research my very best. My father‘s great enthusiasm for this project, his intellectual input and his practical help and advice during the fieldwork of this project have been formative to this project. I would like to thank my dissertation advisor George Steinmetz for the many engaged conversations about theory and methods, for always pushing me to take my work to the next level and above all for teaching me to recognize and avoid sloppiness, caricatures and short-cuts. It is to him that I owe my greatest intellectual debt.
  • Old Habits, New Consequences Old Habits, New Khalid Homayun Consequences Nadiri Pakistan’S Posture Toward Afghanistan Since 2001

    Old Habits, New Consequences Old Habits, New Khalid Homayun Consequences Nadiri Pakistan’S Posture Toward Afghanistan Since 2001

    Old Habits, New Consequences Old Habits, New Khalid Homayun Consequences Nadiri Pakistan’s Posture toward Afghanistan since 2001 Since the terrorist at- tacks of September 11, 2001, Pakistan has pursued a seemingly incongruous course of action in Afghanistan. It has participated in the U.S. and interna- tional intervention in Afghanistan both by allying itself with the military cam- paign against the Afghan Taliban and al-Qaida and by serving as the primary transit route for international military forces and matériel into Afghanistan.1 At the same time, the Pakistani security establishment has permitted much of the Afghan Taliban’s political leadership and many of its military command- ers to visit or reside in Pakistani urban centers. Why has Pakistan adopted this posture of Afghan Taliban accommodation despite its nominal participa- tion in the Afghanistan intervention and its public commitment to peace and stability in Afghanistan?2 This incongruence is all the more puzzling in light of the expansion of insurgent violence directed against Islamabad by the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), a coalition of militant organizations that are independent of the Afghan Taliban but that nonetheless possess social and po- litical links with Afghan cadres of the Taliban movement. With violence against Pakistan growing increasingly indiscriminate and costly, it remains un- clear why Islamabad has opted to accommodate the Afghan Taliban through- out the post-2001 period. Despite a considerable body of academic and journalistic literature on Pakistan’s relationship with Afghanistan since 2001, the subject of Pakistani accommodation of the Afghan Taliban remains largely unaddressed. Much of the existing literature identiªes Pakistan’s security competition with India as the exclusive or predominant driver of Pakistani policy vis-à-vis the Afghan Khalid Homayun Nadiri is a Ph.D.
  • Dr. Himayatullah Yaqubi Assistant Professor Department of History Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad

    Dr. Himayatullah Yaqubi Assistant Professor Department of History Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad

    Mir Ghous Bakhsh Bizenjo: The Evolution of a Leftist Politician in Balochistan: JSRP, VOl.57, Issue 2(July-Dec 2020) Himayatullah Yaqubi Iftikhar Ahmad Mir Ghous Bakhsh Bizenjo: The Evolution of a Leftist Politician in Balochistan Abstract Political landscape of Balochistan has always been marred by ethnic and progressive issues. Ranging from provincial autonomy to separatist movements, Balochistan has been largely an integrated unit of the federation of Pakistan. It produced variety of leaders who propagated ethnic Baloch interests with clear leftist and progressive outlook in politics. Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo was among those politicians in Balochistan who upheld ideas of fraternity, human dignity, and liberal democratic principles. Some of the author has mentioned that he was a formal member of the Communist Party of Pakistan. Coming from politically less-exposed society, he carved out a place for himself on national level during Pakistan first decade after independence. This article traces the political career of Bizenjo from the time of pre-1947 India. He remained active in the politics of the Kalat State spreading anti- imperial, leftist and anti-Khan ideas. The study investigates the principles and the techniques he followed in the political milieu of Balochistan and Pakistan. It analyses the ethnic discourse, his reservations on the issues related to Balochistan and the role he played on national level. It would have also been explored that why he was arrested by the successive regimes and what charges were brought against him. The article explores that how the evolution of a leftist-cum-regionalist politician took place with convincingly nationalist political bearings.
  • Pakistan's Atomic Bomb and the Search for Security

    Pakistan's Atomic Bomb and the Search for Security

    Pakistan's Atomic Bomb And The Search For Security edited by Zia Mian Gautam Publishers 27 Temple Road, Lahore, Pakistan Printed by Maktaba Jadeed Press, Lahore, Pakistan ©1995 by Zia Mian A publication of the Campaign for Nuclear Sanity and the Sustainable Development Policy Institute Acknowledgements No book is ever produced in isolation. This one in particular is the work of many hands, and minds. Among the people whose contribution has been indispensable, special mention must be made of Nauman Naqvi from SDPI. There is Gautam Publishers, who have taken the risk when others have not. The greatest debts are, as always, personal. They are rarely mentioned, can never be paid, and payment is never asked for. It is enough that they are remembered. Contents Foreword Dr. Mubashir Hasan i Introduction Dr. Zia Mian 1 1. Nuclear Myths And Realities Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy 3 Bombs for Prestige? 4 Understanding May 1990 8 The Overt-Covert Debate 11 Nuclear War - By Accident 16 The Second Best Option 17 Options for Pakistan 21 2. A False Sense Of Security Lt.-Gen. (rtd.) Mujib ur Rehman Khan 24 A Matter of Perception 25 Useless Nukes 26 A Sterile Pursuit 28 3. The Costs Of Nuclear Security Dr. Zia Mian 30 The Human Costs of Nuclear Programmes 31 Nuclear Accidents 35 Nuclear Guardians 38 Buying Security with Nuclear Weapons 40 The Real Cost of Nuclear Weapons 44 Safety 48 The Social Costs of Nuclear Security 51 Who Benefits? 53 The Ultimate Costs of Nuclear Security 56 4. The Nuclear Arms Race And Fall Of The Soviet Union Dr.
  • Politics of Sindh Under Zia Government an Analysis of Nationalists Vs Federalists Orientations

    Politics of Sindh Under Zia Government an Analysis of Nationalists Vs Federalists Orientations

    POLITICS OF SINDH UNDER ZIA GOVERNMENT AN ANALYSIS OF NATIONALISTS VS FEDERALISTS ORIENTATIONS A Thesis Doctor of Philosophy By Amir Ali Chandio 2009 Department of Political Science & International Relations Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan POLITICS OF SINDH UNDER ZIA GOVERNMENT AN ANALYSIS OF NATIONALISTS VS FEDERALISTS ORIENTATIONS A Thesis Doctor of Philosophy By Amir Ali Chandio 2009 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ishtiaq Ahmed Chaudhry Department of Political Science & International Relations Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Dedicated to: Baba Bullay Shah & Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai The poets of love, fraternity, and peace DECLARATION This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed………………………………………………………………….( candidate) Date……………………………………………………………………. CERTIFICATES This is to certify that I have gone through the thesis submitted by Mr. Amir Ali Chandio thoroughly and found the whole work original and acceptable for the award of the degree of Doctorate in Political Science. To the best of my knowledge this work has not been submitted anywhere before for any degree. Supervisor Professor Dr. Ishtiaq Ahmed Choudhry Department of Political Science & International Relations Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Chairman Department of Political Science & International Relations Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. ABSTRACT The nationalist feelings in Sindh existed long before the independence, during British rule. The Hur movement and movement of the separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency for the restoration of separate provincial status were the evidence’s of Sindhi nationalist thinking.
  • Who Is Who in Pakistan & Who Is Who in the World Study Material

    Who Is Who in Pakistan & Who Is Who in the World Study Material

    1 Who is Who in Pakistan Lists of Government Officials (former & current) Governor Generals of Pakistan: Sr. # Name Assumed Office Left Office 1 Muhammad Ali Jinnah 15 August 1947 11 September 1948 (died in office) 2 Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin September 1948 October 1951 3 Sir Ghulam Muhammad October 1951 August 1955 4 Iskander Mirza August 1955 (Acting) March 1956 October 1955 (full-time) First Cabinet of Pakistan: Pakistan came into being on August 14, 1947. Its first Governor General was Muhammad Ali Jinnah and First Prime Minister was Liaqat Ali Khan. Following is the list of the first cabinet of Pakistan. Sr. Name of Minister Ministry 1. Liaqat Ali Khan Prime Minister, Foreign Minister, Defence Minister, Minister for Commonwealth relations 2. Malik Ghulam Muhammad Finance Minister 3. Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar Minister of trade , Industries & Construction 4. *Raja Ghuzanfar Ali Minister for Food, Agriculture, and Health 5. Sardar Abdul Rab Nishtar Transport, Communication Minister 6. Fazal-ul-Rehman Minister Interior, Education, and Information 7. Jogendra Nath Mandal Minister for Law & Labour *Raja Ghuzanfar’s portfolio was changed to Minister of Evacuee and Refugee Rehabilitation and the ministry for food and agriculture was given to Abdul Satar Pirzada • The first Chief Minister of Punjab was Nawab Iftikhar. • The first Chief Minister of NWFP was Abdul Qayum Khan. • The First Chief Minister of Sindh was Muhamad Ayub Khuro. • The First Chief Minister of Balochistan was Ataullah Mengal (1 May 1972), Balochistan acquired the status of the province in 1970. List of Former Prime Ministers of Pakistan 1. Liaquat Ali Khan (1896 – 1951) In Office: 14 August 1947 – 16 October 1951 2.
  • SUHAIL-THESIS.Pdf (347.6Kb)

    SUHAIL-THESIS.Pdf (347.6Kb)

    Copyright by Adeem Suhail 2010 The Thesis committee for Adeem Suhail Certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: The Pakistan National Alliance of 1977 APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Supervisor: ________________________________________ (Syed Akbar Hyder) __________________________________________ (Kamran Asdar Ali) The Pakistan National Alliance of 1977 by Adeem Suhail, BA; BSEE Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts The University of Texas at Austin May 2011 The Pakistan National Alliance of 1977 by Adeem Suhail, MA The University of Texas at Austin, 2011 SUPERVISOR: Syed Akbar Hyder Abstract This study focuses on the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) and the movement associated with that party, in the aftermath of the 1977 elections in Pakistan. Through this study, the author addresses the issue of regionalism and its effects on politics at a National level. A study of the course of the movement also allows one to look at the problems in representation and how ideological stances merge with material conditions and needs of the country’s citizenry to articulate the desire for, what is basically, an equitable form of democracy that is peculiar to Pakistan. The form of such a democratic system of governance can be gauged through the frustrations and desires of the variety of Pakistan’s oppressed classes. Moreover, the fissures within the discourses that appear through the PNA, as well as their reassessment and analysis helps one formulate a fresh conception of resistance along different matrices of society within the country.
  • The Pakistan National Bibliography 1999

    The Pakistan National Bibliography 1999

    THE PAKISTAN NATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 1999 A Subject Catalogue of the new Pakistani books deposited under the provisions of Copyright Law or acquired through purchase, etc. by the National Library of Pakistan, Islamabad, arranged according to the Dewey Decimal Classification, 20th edition and catalogued according to the Anglo American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd revised edition, 1988, with a full Author, Title, Subject Index and List of Publishers. Government of Pakistan, Department of Libraries National Library of Pakistan Constitution Avenue, Islamabad 2000 © Department of Libraries (National Bibliographical Unit) ⎯ 2000. ISSN 10190678 ISBN 969-8014-31-4 Price: Within Pakistan……..Rs. 1100.00 Outside Pakistan…….US$ 60.00 Available from: National Book Foundation, 6-Mauve Area, Taleemi Chowk, Sector G-8/4, ISLAMABAD P A K I S T A N. (ii) PREFACE The objects of the Pakistan National Bibliography are to list new works published in Pakistan, to describe each work in detail and to give the subject matter of each work as precisely as possible. The 1999 volume of the Pakistan National Bibliography covers Pakistani publications published during the year 1999 and received in the Delivery of Books and Newspapers Branch of the National Library of Pakistan at Islamabad under the Provisions of Copyright Law: Copy right Ordinance, 1962 as amended by Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1973 & 1992. Those titles which were not received under the Copyright Law but were acquired through purchase, gift and exchange have also been included in the Bibliography. Every endeavour has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information given. The following classes of publications have been excluded: a) The keys and guides to text-books and ephemeral material such as publicity pamphlets etc.
  • The Trial and Execution of Bhutto by J. C. Batra

    The Trial and Execution of Bhutto by J. C. Batra

    THE TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF BHUTTO J. C. BATRA Barrister-at-law Consulting Editor Danial Latifi Barrister-at-law (Senior Advocate, Supreme Court) Reproduced by Sani Hussain Panhwar The Trial and Execution of Bhutto; Copyright © www.bhutto.org 1 Dedicated to the people of Pakistan The Trial and Execution of Bhutto; Copyright © www.bhutto.org 2 Contents 1. Political Turmoil. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 2. Behind the bars. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25 3. More Accusations. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67 4. Lahore High Court Judgment. .. .. .. .. 73 5. Reactions and Clemency Appeals .. .. .. .. 98 6. The Final Judgment. .. .. .. .. .. .. 106 7. Renewed Pleas to Save Bhutto. .. .. .. .. 158 8. The Final Review. .. .. .. .. .. .. 164 9. Historic Hanging. .. .. .. .. .. .. 173 The Trial and Execution of Bhutto; Copyright © www.bhutto.org 3 Political Turmoil Suffering is one very long moment. We cannot divide it by seasons. We can only record its moods and chronicle their return. Oscar Wilde Destiny is not always kind. Many great statesmen, soldiers and saints have been its victims and their worth ridiculed. Though I do not believe in Astrology, the "March link" on Pakistan is astounding. Astrologers have always forecast the month of March as being ill-starred for the country. It was on March 23, 1940 that the Muslim League finally committed itself to the two-nation theory and adopted the Lahore Resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan as a separate State. In March, 1947 communal riots broke up in the Punjab which further led to the division of the Punjab and Bengal. In March, 1953 the Martial Law was imposed in Pakistan for the first time in the wake of the anti-Qadian riots.
  • 3 Who Is Who and What Is What

    3 Who Is Who and What Is What

    3 e who is who and what is what Ever Success - General Knowledge 4 Saad Book Bank, Lahore Ever Success Revised and Updated GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Who is who? What is what? CSS, PCS, PMS, FPSC, ISSB Police, Banks, Wapda, Entry Tests and for all Competitive Exames and Interviews World Pakistan Science English Computer Geography Islamic Studies Subjectives + Objectives etc. Abbreviations Current Affair Sports + Games Ever Success - General Knowledge 5 Saad Book Bank, Lahore © ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this book may be reproduced In any form, by photostate, electronic or mechanical, or any other means without the written permission of author and publisher. Composed By Muhammad Tahsin Ever Success - General Knowledge 6 Saad Book Bank, Lahore Dedicated To ME Ever Success - General Knowledge 7 Saad Book Bank, Lahore Ever Success - General Knowledge 8 Saad Book Bank, Lahore P R E F A C E I offer my services for designing this strategy of success. The material is evidence of my claim, which I had collected from various resources. I have written this book with an aim in my mind. I am sure this book will prove to be an invaluable asset for learners. I have tried my best to include all those topics which are important for all competitive exams and interviews. No book can be claimed as prefect except Holy Quran. So if you found any shortcoming or mistake, you should inform me, according to your suggestions, improvements will be made in next edition. The author would like to thank all readers and who gave me their valuable suggestions for the completion of this book.
  • The Mirage of Power, by Mubashir Hasan

    The Mirage of Power, by Mubashir Hasan

    The Mirage of Power AN ENQUIRY INTO THE BHUTTO YEARS 1971-1977 BY MUBASHIR HASAN Reproduced By: Sani H. Panhwar Member Sindh Council PPP. CONTENTS About the Author .. .. .. .. .. .. i Preface .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ii Acknowledgements .. .. .. .. .. v 1. The Dramatic Takeover .. .. .. .. .. 1 2. State of the Nation .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 3. Meeting the Challenges (1) .. .. .. .. 22 4. Meeting the Challenges (2) .. .. .. .. 43 5. Restructuring the Economy (1) .. .. .. .. 64 6. Restructuring the Economy (2) .. .. .. .. 85 7. Accords and Discords .. .. .. .. 100 8. All Not Well .. .. .. .. .. .. 120 9. Feeling Free .. .. .. .. .. .. 148 10. The Year of Change .. .. .. .. .. 167 11. All Power to the Establishment .. .. .. .. 187 12. The Losing Battle .. .. .. .. .. .. 199 13. The Battle Lost .. .. .. .. .. .. 209 14. The Economic Legacy .. .. .. .. .. 222 Appendices .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 261 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Dr. Mubashir Hasan is a well known figure in both academic and political circles in Pakistan. A Ph.D. in civil engineering, he served as an irrigation engineer and taught at the engineering university at Lahore. The author's formal entry into politics took place in 1967 when the founding convention of the Pakistan Peoples' Party was held at his residence. He was elected a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan in 1970 and served as Finance Minister in the late Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's Cabinet from 1971-1974. In 1975, he was elected Secretary General of the PPP. Following the promulgation of martial law in 1977, the author was jailed for his political beliefs. Dr. Hasan has written three books, numerous articles, and has spoken extensively on social, economic and political subjects: 2001, Birds of the Indus, (Mubashir Hasan, Tom J.
  • Asia Briefing, Nr. 74: After Bhutto's Murder

    Asia Briefing, Nr. 74: After Bhutto's Murder

    Policy Briefing Asia Briefing N°74 Islamabad/Brussels, 2 January 2008 After Bhutto’s Murder: A Way Forward for Pakistan I. OVERVIEW Musharraf gave up his position of Army Chief on 28 November under U.S. pressure, but the legitimacy of his presidential election remains contested. He Gravely damaged by eight years of military rule, withdrew martial law formally on 15 December, Pakistan’s fragile political system received a major ending the emergency and reviving the constitution. blow on 27 December 2007, when former Prime At the same time, however, he not only did not restore Minister Benazir Bhutto was assassinated. Her the dismissed judges or void the repressive decrees he murder, days before the parliamentary elections had issued but also unilaterally and without any legal scheduled for 8 January 2008 and now postponed to basis proclaimed amendments to the constitution 18 February, put an end to a U.S. effort to broker a purporting to deny the courts and the parliament their power-sharing deal with President Pervez Musharraf constitutional prerogatives to challenge his changes. which the centre-left Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) leader had already recognised was unrealistic. Her Bhutto’s PPP and the centre-right Muslim League popularity and the belief Musharraf and his allies (Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz, PML-N) of former were responsible, directly or indirectly, have led to Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif had reluctantly agreed violent countrywide protests. to participate in the 8 January elections, motivated primarily by the desire to expose Musharraf’s Stability in Pakistan and its contribution to wider anti- intention to rig the vote.