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The Making of Mexican America Transational Networks in the Rise of Mass Migration 1900-1940

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The Making of Mexican America Transational Networks in the Rise of Mass Migration 1900-1940 THE MAKING OF MEXICAN AMERICA TRANSATIONAL NETWORKS IN THE RISE OF MASS MIGRATION 1900-1940 Daniel Morales Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2016 © 2016 Daniel Morales All rights reserved ABSTRACT The Making of Mexican America Transnational Networks in the Rise of Mass Migration 1900-1940 Daniel Morales Despite being the largest migratory movement between two states in modern history, the origins and operation of Mexican migration to the United States has not been a major research topic. We lack a comprehensive view of Mexican migration as it was established in early twentieth century and reproduced throughout the century as a system that reached from Texas borderlands to California and to western agricultural regions and beyond to Midwestern farming and industrial areas, a system that continued to be circular in nature even as permanent settlement increased, and which was in constant interaction with families, villages, and towns throughout Mexico. This interdisciplinary, bilingual, and transnational project is one of the first histories of the creation of migrant networks narrated from multiple geographic and institutional sites, analyzing the relationship between state agents, civic organizations, and migrants on both sides of the border. My project utilizes a statistical analysis of migration trends combined with qualitative research in order to show how migration arose as a mass phenomenon in Mexico and extended into the United States. This dissertation argues that large scale Mexican migration was created and operated through an interconnected transnational migrant economy made up of self- reinforcing local economic logics, information diffusion, and locally based social networks. I demonstrate that town-based interpersonal networks formed the engine that propelled and sustained large scale migration. Migrants needed transportation, capital, and information to travel north. Town-based networks provided all of these things. I follow the spread of migrant routes, explaining the creation of Mexican communities in the US Showing why communities were located where they are and their links to the larger economy of migrant labor before turning to Mexico and showing the effects of migration on sending communities. Migration evolved from a wave of mainly men into a broad based phenomenon, drawing in families and communities through remittances. I argue this is because a set of self-reinforcing economic logics were being created on both sides of the border. These logics are separate, but linked to the economic conditions that framed migration- the pull of the industrialization of the American West and the Mexican north with its relatively high wages- and the push of the chaos and violence of the Mexican revolution and Cristero Wars. Likewise, these logics could not have occurred without the demographic pressures of population growth in central Mexico, and the economic transformations of the Porfiriato. As more and more people participated in migration, they sent back information and remittances, which in turn made it easier for others to follow their path. Circular migration reinforced this dynamic as migrants returned home on a large scale, bringing back knowledge and experience. Together, these practices constituted the migrant economy and made central and central-north Mexico the engine of migration in the twentieth century. This new economy made it easier to move, but also tied many families and towns into continuous migrations in order to achieve economic stability. Ultimately this project shows the creation of the political economy of migrant labor between Mexico and the United States. Table of Contents Maps and Illustrations ii Tables iii Acknowledgements v Dedication viii Introduction: 1 Transnational Networks in the Rise of Mass Migration Prologue: 20 Orden y Progreso: The Profiriato’s Economic Transformation of Mexico 1876-1900 1. Revolución y Migración: 31 The Limits of Porfirian Development and the Rise of “Migration Fever” in San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, 1890-1920 2. Counting the Uncounted: 90 Mexican Socioeconomic and Migration patterns in the United States, 1900-1940 3. Navigating the Borderlands: 157 Building a Mexican Public Sphere and Migrant Networks into and out of Texas 1910-1931 4. The Hoe and the Hammer: 228 Mining, Railroads and Sugar Beets in the Spread of Mexican Migration to the Midwest 1910- 1930 5. Entre Aquí y Allá: 296 The Paths of Circular Migration in Mexico 1920-1930 6. El Retorno: 365 Mexican Migration in the era of Repatriation 1931-1941 Epilogue: 424 The Bracero Program and the Political Economy of Migrant labor Bibliography 436 Archival and Other Primary Sources i Maps and Images 0.1 The Ferrocarril Nacional de México 24 0.2 Ferrocarril Central Mexicano 25 1.1 San Luis Potosí Railroad Map 40 1.2 Guanajuato Railroad Map 44 2.1 “Mexican Field laborers’ houses” 104 2.2 Location of Mexican Sample in 1920 105 2.3 Location of Mexican Sample in the low Rio Grande Valley 1920 106 2.4 Location of Mexican Sample in East Los Angeles 1920 106 2.5 Location of Mexican Sample in 1930 112 2.6 Location of Mexican Sample in 1930 in Mexico 113 2.7 Location of Mexican Sample in Los Angeles 1930 117 2.8 Persons Born in Mexico, Percent by Census Track Chicago 1920 139 2.9 Major Ethnic Groups & Mexicans in Chicago by Census Track 1920 139 2.10 Percent of Mexicans by Census Track 1930 147 2.11 Major Ethnic Groups & Mexicans in Chicago by Census Track 1930 147 2.12 Mexican Migration Patterns by 1930 152 3.1 Location of Mexican Sample in El Paso 1920 162 3.2 Location of Mexican Sample in San Antonio 1920 191 4.1 Location of Mexican Sample in Arizona 1920 232 4.2 Location of Mexican Sample in Colorado 1920 246 4.3 Location of Mexican Sample in Kansas City 1920 254 4.4 Location of Mexican Sample in Kansas City 1930 285 6.1 Map of Central Mexico 397 6.2 Map of Central San Luis Potosí 414 ii Tables and Figures 1.1 Average Annual production of selected crops in San Luis Potosí 38 2.1 Official numbers of Mexican Immigrants to the United States 1900 and 1940 96 2.2 Eight States with the largest Mexican Population, 1920 108 2.3 Six Largest Industries/Types of Labor performed by Migrants, 1920 110 2.4 Skill Level among Mexican Workers, 1920 111 2.5 Eight US States with the largest Mexican Population, 1930 115 2.6 Locational mobility among Heads of Household, 1930 118 2.7 Top Places to Move among Mexican Migrants, 1930 #’s of Families 118 2.8 Locations of Migrants in Mexico in 1930 compared to 1920 120 2.9 Six Largest Industries/Types of Labor performed by Population, 1930 122 2.10 Skill Level among Mexican Workers, 1930 122 2.11 1930 Occupational Mobility among those who had Occupations in 1920 124 2.12 1930 Occupational Skill Outcomes from Occupational Skill in 1920 124 2.13 Six Largest Industries/Types of Labor performed by Population, 1930 125 2.14 Skill Level among Mexican Workers, 1930 125 2.15. 1930 Occupational Mobility in Mexico among those who had Occupations in 1920 126 2.16 1930 Occupational Skill Outcomes in Mexico -1920 Occupational Skill in the US 126 2.17 1930 Occupations of Children in US from Occupation of Parent in 1920 US 127 2.18. 1930 Occupations of Children in Mexico from Occupation of Parent in 1920 128 2.19. Largest Industries Employing Mexican Immigrants in 1920 132 2.20. Skill Type Compared to Other Factors in the Mexican Sample Population in 1920 134 2.21 Job Descriptions for Mexican Immigrants in 1920 135 2.22 Job Descriptions for the City of Chicago in 1920 135 2.23. Marriage rates in Chicago among Different Groups in 1920 137 2.24 Locations and Family size of Mexicans Identified in 1930 Census 142 2.25 Largest Industries Employing Mexican Immigrants in 1930 142 iii 2.26. Job Descriptions for Mexican Immigrants in 1930 142 2.27 Skill Type Compared to Other Factors in the Mexican Sample Population in 1930 143 2.28. Second Generation Mexican Skill Level at Start of Career in 1930 145 5.1 Employment Status of Migrants from Guanajuato June-August, December-February 1929-1930 334 5.2 Destination of Migrants from Guanajuato June-August, December-February 1929-1930 334 5.3 Characteristics of Migrant groups from San Francisco de Rincon and Celya Guanajuato as percentage of participants 336 5.4 Employment in US of Migrants from Aguascalientes December-May1929-1930 340 5.5 Destination of Migrants from Aguascalientes December-May1929-1930 340 5.6 Selected Objects Bought into Mexico by Returning Migrants in 1927 344 5.7. Largest Destination of Remittances July-August 1926 346 iv Acknowledgements Nobody can write alone. This work could only have been completed with the help and generosity of many people along the way. I would like to thank my advisor Mae Ngai most of all for all taking my half-form idea for a history of Mexican migration and guiding it to completion. I would like to thank the rest of my committee, Elizabeth Blackmar, Pablo Piccato, Claudio Lomnitz, and Jose Moya, for their patience and feedback throughout all of these years. Oliver Randal for his assistance in the Census study, and Pablo Yankelevich for acting as a mentor at the Colegio de México. I would also like to thank all the other faculty at Columbia University who have provided suggestions, and advice, especially Karl Jacoby, Caterina Pizzigoni, Carlos Alonso, Sarah Isabel Geathers, John Coatsworth, Eric Foner, Adam McKeown, and William Harris. I became interested in writing Latino History while an undergraduate at the University of Chicago.
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