What’s

® The Cultural Landscape Foundation ™ Out There connecting people to places tclf.org San Antonio San Antonio, Texas

Welcome to What’s Out There San Antonio, San Pedro Springs Park, among the oldest public parks in organized by The Cultural Landscape Foundation the country, and the works of Dionicio Rodriguez, prolificfaux (TCLF) in collaboration with the City of San Antonio bois sculptor, further illuminate the city’s unique landscape legacy. Historic districts such as La Villita and King William Parks & Recreation and a committee of local speak to San Antonio’s immigrant past, while the East Side experts, with generous support from national and Cemeteries and Ellis Alley Enclave highlight its significant local partners. African American heritage.

This guidebook provides photographs and details of 36 This guidebook is a complement to TCLF’s digital What’s Out examples of the city's incredible landscape legacy. Its There San Antonio Guide (tclf.org/san-antonio), an interactive publication is timed to coincide with the celebration of San online platform that includes the enclosed essays plus many Antonio's Tricentennial and with What’s Out There Weekend others, as well as overarching narratives, maps, historic San Antonio, November 10-11, 2018, a weekend of free, photographs, and biographical profiles. The guide is one of expert-led tours. several online compendia of urban landscapes, dovetailing with TCLF’s web-based What’s Out There, the nation’s most From the establishment of the San Antonio missions in the comprehensive searchable database of historic designed st eighteenth century, to the 21 -century Mission and Museum landscapes. Profusely illustrated and carefully vetted, the Reach extensions of the San Antonio River Walk, the San searchable database currently features more than 2,000 sites, Photo by Genie Cooper Antonio River has continuously shaped the city’s landscapes 12,000 images, and 1,100 designer profiles. The database over the past three centuries. The essays in this guide has been optimized for iPhones and similar handheld devices emphasize this key connection between the river and the city, and includes What’s Nearby, a GPS-enabled feature that with sites such as Main Plaza, established along the river’s locates all landscapes within a certain distance, customizable west bank in 1731 as the civic center of Villa San Fernando by mileage or walking time. de Béxar, the first civilian Spanish settlement in Texas (and predecessor to modern-day San Antonio); Brackenridge Park, On behalf of The Cultural Landscape Foundation, I The Cultural Landscape Foundation (TCLF) a major cultural institution just below the river’s headwaters appreciate your interest in What’s Out There San Antonio, TCLF is a 501(c)(3) non-profit founded in 1998 to connect people to that has been a place of human inhabitation for many and I hope you will enjoy experiencing the region’s unique places. TCLF educates and engages the public to make our shared centuries; and Confluence Park, a recent reuse project located and valuable landscape legacy. landscape heritage more visible, identify its value, and empower its on a former construction storage yard on a bluff overlooking the Sincerely, stewards. Through its website, publishing, lectures and other events, intersection of the San Antonio River and San Pedro Creek. TCLF broadens support and understanding for cultural landscapes. tclf.org The guidebook also features the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, which, along with the Alamo, is one Charles A. Birnbaum, FASLA, FAAR of only 23 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the United States. PRESIDENT AND CEO, THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE FOUNDATION

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Staf San Antonio 4503 Broadway Street 4503 Broadway Street San Antonio

The Blue Hole

Photo by Charles A. Birnbaum Located among riparian woodlands north of downtown San Antonio, this natural spring has long been identified as the headwaters of the San Antonio River. Known to Native peoples as Yanaguana (spirit waters), the Blue Hole is the largest of a network of natural springs sourced from the Edwards Aquifer that has been critical to human habitation in the region. Originally described, including by Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr., in 1857, as a geyser- like fountain, the water flow dramatically reduced as artesian wells were drilled into the Edwards Aquifer in the 1890s. Typically dry today, the spring still flows naturally when the aquifer water table reaches approximately 676 feet above sea level. Today, the Blue Hole is part of the Headwaters at Incarnate Word, a 53-acre nature sanctuary established in 2006 that extends northwest of the University of Incarnate Word campus. A paved concrete pathway leads to the spring on the west side of the campus, and a wooden pedestrian bridge with a red iron trestle crosses the river just south of the Blue Hole, providing connectivity to the Headwaters Sanctuary Heritage Trail. The octagonal limestone wall surrounding the top of the spring and the current walkway that provides access to it were added by the University in 1989. A concrete rim, installed by George Brackenridge as a part of his waterworks system, continues deep below the ground to the aquifer. The Blue Hole is a contributing feature of the Source of the River District, listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

6 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 7 San Antonio San Antonio River San Antonio River San Antonio

San Antonio River Walk

Photo by Alayna Jordan Following a catastrophic flood that killed 50 people in 1921, plans were made to control the San Antonio River by creating an upstream dam and a bypass for a large bend in the river. The bend would then be paved and converted into a storm sewer. Opponents to the latter part of the plan included the San Antonio Conservation Society and local architect Robert Landscape Type: Hugman, who submitted a proposal in 1929 for a linear public park flanking the natural Public Park riverbed. In 1938 funds were appropriated for the construction of 2.5 miles of the River Walk, which was largely undertaken with Works Progress Administration labor. Designed By: Today the River Walk is a pedestrian way descending twenty feet below street level and Robert H. H. (Harvey Harold) Hugman Works Progress Administration comprising stone-paved sidewalks on either side of the river, rusticated stone retaining walls, Ford, Powell & Carson picturesque arched bridges, boat landings, and staircases. The walk is shaded by bald SWA Group cypress and other mature trees and planted with beds of native shrubs and perennials. The Rialto Studios walk incorporates constructed waterfalls and small pools, a river islet, and an amphitheater Biohabitats, Inc. oriented toward the river. In 1955 San Antonio Parks and Recreation established a small Robey Architecture, Inc. botanical garden on the River Walk containing philodendron, banana plants, and palms. In JQ Engineering 1962 some 17,000 trees, shrubs, and vines (along with other groundcover) were planted along two miles of the walk. The 3.5-mile Museum Reach, extending the River Walk north for access to the San Antonio Zoo, San Antonio Museum of Art, and other points of cultural interest, and the eight-mile Mission Reach, providing connectivity south to the four Spanish missions, were completed in 2009 and 2013, respectively. All photos this page by Genie Cooper

8 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 9 Downtown 115 North Main Avenue 100 Military Plaza Downtown

Main Plaza Military Plaza

This approximately three-acre trapezoidal plaza, established in 1731 as the civic center Located to the west of Main Plaza beyond the San Fernando Cathedral, this of Villa de San Fernando de Béxar, the first civilian Spanish settlement in Texas (and approximately two-acre landscape was established in 1722 as a parade ground and predecessor to modern-day San Antonio), continues to serve as a focal point of downtown. open-air market for soldiers garrisoned at the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar, the Following Spanish colonial urban planning principles, important structures, including the colonial Spanish fort built to protect the area’s missions and territory. It remained church and the seat of government, were arranged around the plaza. Originally a flat square an open square until 1891 when City Hall, designed by architect Otto Kramer, was Landscape Type: of packed earth, the public space was improved with sidewalks and plantings in the 1880s. constructed at its center, occupying most of the site. Manicured grass, beds of native Plaza Landscape Type: A small parish church along the western edge of the plaza was replaced in 1870 by the San perennial plantings, mature live oaks, and sabal palms surround the four-story Italian Public Park – Plaza Greens/Commons/Squares Public Park – Fernando Cathedral (listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1975), and in 1896 Renaissance Revival structure. An obelisk topped with Mexican and U.S. eagles Institutional Grounds – Greens/Commons/Squares the Bexar County Courthouse (listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1977) was occupies a rectangular planting bed in front of the eastern, main entrance. Several other Government Institution or Facility constructed on the southern edge of the plaza. monuments are placed throughout the square, including a granite milestone in the Designed By: northeast corner denoting the zero-mile mark for the Old Spanish Trail. Landscape Style: Lake|Flato Lake|Flato, in collaboration with SWA Group, completed a major renovation in 2008 to Victorian Gardenesque SWA Group improve pedestrian connectivity. Paved with brown-hued limestone to complement the The last surviving remnant of the presidio (fort), the adobe Spanish Governor’s Palace surrounding architecture, the plaza is shaded by lacebark elms and red oaks and lushly (listed in the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Beaux Arts / Neoclassical planted with native perennials. A large splash pad, flush with the ground plane, is central to Landmark in 1970), is connected to the west side of the plaza by a pathway shaded Designed By: the space, with four additional similar, smaller pads located throughout. Movable seating is with staggered live oaks. The square is integrated into the downtown street grid, with Otto Kramer situated beneath curved arbors with canopies of interwoven red, orange, and yellow strips of other government and commercial buildings surrounding it on the north, south, and durable fabric. Walkways connect to the River Walk to the east and Military Plaza to the west east sides. Military Plaza is a contributing feature of the Main and Military Plazas via the north side of San Fernando Cathedral. Main Plaza is a contributing feature of the Main Historic District, listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. and Military Plazas Historic District, listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. All photos this page by Alayna Jordan All photos this page by Alayna Jordan

10 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 11 Downtown 418 Villita Street 418 Villita Street Downtown

La Villita Historic Arts Village

Photo by Alayna Jordan Bounded by Presa, Nueva, and South Alamo Streets and the San Antonio River, this seven-acre site was among the city's first residential neighborhoods, inhabited by Spanish settlers as early as 1768 and subsequently by German, Swiss, and French immigrants throughout the nineteenth century. Between 1939 and 1941, the National Youth Administration, guided by architect O'Neil Ford, restored nearly 30 vernacular Spanish Landscape Type: Colonial and Mission Revival structures. They also constructed the Arneson River Theatre, Restoration Village an 800-seat amphitheater with seating made of large blocks of natural stone and grass. The circular Villita Assembly building, also designed by Ford, was completed in 1958 Landscape Style: just west of the amphitheater. In 1981 Ford’s firm, Ford, Powell & Carson, in association Mission Revival with Saldana, Williams & Schubert, added red-clay tiled pathways and low stone walls throughout the neighborhood as part of a master plan. Today, the urban arts village is Designed By: home to dozens of shops, art galleries, and restaurants accessible via Villita and King Philip O'Neil Ford Streets, which have been converted into tree-lined pedestrian walkways. Ford, Powell & Carson Saldana, Williams & Schubert Three rectangular plazas lined with live oaks in elevated stone beds serve as public National Youth Administration gathering spaces. The largest, Mayor Maury Maverick Plaza, is located in the southeastern quadrant and centered around an octagonal fountain. The sunken Plaza Juarez is bounded by a masonry wall south of the Villita Assembly building and features an adobe well. The smallest plaza, Plaza Nacional, is located along the southwest edge of the district. The La Villita Historic District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. All photos this page by Alayna Jordan

12 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 13 Downtown 434 S Alamo Street 434 S Alamo Street Downtown

Hemisfair

Photo by Shannon Perry Located just southeast of downtown, this 96-acre park is bounded by East Market and South Alamo Streets, East César E. Chávez Boulevard, and Interstate 37 (Highway 281). The site Landscape Type: was first developed to host the 1968 World’s Fair, which commemorated the city’s 250th Exposition Grounds anniversary, drawing some 6.3 million visitors to the grounds. Architects O’Neil Ford and Public Park Allison Peery oversaw the exposition’s development beginning in 1964. To make way for the grounds, the diverse Germantown neighborhood was razed, displacing 1,600 people, Designed By: O'Neil Ford demolishing 1,349 structures, and altering or erasing two dozen streets. Allison Peery More than 30 countries sponsored cultural pavilions around Las Plazas del Mundo (The Johnson Fain Plazas of the World). While many structures were dismantled after the fair, the Mexican OLIN Pavilion (now the Instituto de Mexico), U.S. Pavilion (now the Confluence Theater and HR&A Advisors John H. Wood Federal Courthouse), and Institute of Texan Cultures remain today. The fair’s Poteet Architects most iconic structure, the 622-foot-high Tower of the Americas, designed by Ford, stands Pape-Dawson Engineers as San Antonio’s tallest building. Hemisfair's northern boundary is bisected by a quarter- Arup RJ Rivera mile extension of the River Walk. Established by the San Antonio City Council in 2009, the MIG, Inc. Hemisfair Park Area Redevelopment Corporation adopted a master plan in 2012 to revitalize GGN the site as a mixed-use district with improved public spaces. In the first phase, Yanaguana Garden was constructed at the southwestern zone of the park, designed by MIG, Inc., and completed in 2015. A team led by GGN was selected in 2014 to design a Civic Park as part of the second phase, slated for completion in 2021. All photos this page by Shannon Perry

14 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 15 Downtown 303 Pearl Parkway 303 Pearl Parkway Downtown

Pearl District

Photo by Alayna Jordan A synthesis of historic architecture and Postmodernist landscape design bounded by the San Antonio River, the McAllister Freeway, and Highway 35, this 26-acre district, designed by Lake|Flato in 2011, transformed the once-abandoned brownfield site into a commercial, Landscape Style: culinary, and residential destination. Historically the home of Pearl Brewery, which began Postmodernist producing beer in 1883, the site was purchased by Pabst in 1985 and closed in 2001. Designed By: In 2002 Silver Ventures acquired the complex. Today, the district comprises some 30 Ten Eyck Landscape Architects apartment buildings, shops, and restaurants, and is home to the San Antonio campus of Lake|Flato the Culinary Institute of America and the Hotel Emma. Durand-Hollis Rupe Architects With a focus on environmental sustainability and adaptive reuse, repurposed artifacts RVK Architects are found throughout the district. The gravel-paved main plaza and the Cellars (designed Ford, Powell & Carson in 2017 by Ten Eyck Landscape Architects) fronting the brewery feature a mesh-roofed WGW Architects Pape-Dawson Engineers arbor and sitting area constructed with salvaged steel and defined by a grid of trees and Danysh & Associates linear concrete planters. Pedestrian thoroughfares are complemented by shaded pavilions, Rialto Studio green spaces, and water features, such as the recreated Bottling House’s country porch Brown Design Consultants and water pods. Beer vats have been transformed into rainwater cisterns, and ivy- Casey Dunn covered tanks and hoppers reference the site's industrial past. The backdrop of the Pearl Lara Swimmer Amphitheater Stage is a water body composed of restored wetlands and animated with waterfalls occupying land donated to the City by the developer. The district serves as the terminus to the San Antonio River Walk Extension.

16 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 17 Downtown 300 Alamo Plaza 300 Alamo Plaza Downtown

The Alamo

Photo by Carol M. Highsmith Established as a Spanish mission in 1724, the Alamo has also served as a U.S. Quartermaster Department depot, a hospital, and, today, a museum and archaeological site. A stone church with twin symmetrical towers, a barrel vault, and a dome was built in 1744 (but was largely destroyed in the late 1750s), and the site soon expanded to include shops, dwellings, and storehouses built of adobe. All that remains of the original site is the chapel (with its non-historic curvilinear gable in place of the original Landscape Type: bell towers); the restored ruins of the long barracks; and a wall that runs parallel to East Institutional Grounds – Houston Street before turning 90 degrees toward the chapel. Cultural Institution, The western Alamo Plaza, a linear, north-south grand boulevard, is anchored by the Military Institution, 1939 Alamo Cenotaph to the north and the 1976 gazebo to the south. The flagstone- Religious Institution paved plaza acts as an island that buffers vehicular traffic from the Alamo. It comprises a series of two-foot-high, raised terraces filled with ryegrass and lined with shade trees. Enclosing the church to the north and east, the Convento Courtyard is radially designed with concrete walking paths set amid strips of zoysia grass and ryegrass and flowerbeds with plantings of yucca, agave, cacti, wildflowers, redbuds, Texas mountain laurels, papaya, peach, and pecan trees. It also contains live oaks, including the 148-year-old Big Tree, brought to the site in 1912 by Walter Whall and planted behind the north barracks wall. The Alamo was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960.

18 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 19 South Side 807 Mission Road South Side San Antonio Missions National Historical Park Mission Concepción

Established as Mission Parkway in 1975 and promoted to a National Historical Park three Founded by Franciscan friars in 1716 as Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de los years later, this 476-acre landscape comprises four Spanish frontier missions and their Hainais, in East Texas, this mission was relocated to its current site along the San Antonio associated archaeological sites: Missions Concepción, San José, San Juan Capistrano, and river in 1731, just south of what is now the King William Historic District. Constructed over Espada. Spanning a roughly eight-mile stretch extending south from present-day San Antonio fifteen years and dedicated in 1755, the limestone, cruciform church is considered one of Landscape Type: along the San Antonio River, the missions were founded throughout the eighteenth century the best preserved Spanish colonial structures in the United States. Concepción's standing Landscape Type: Institutional Grounds – by the Spanish/Mexican Catholic Church. Secularized in 1824, they fell to neglect until the structures include a sanctuary, nave, convento (convent), and granary. Traces of original Institutional Grounds – Religious Institution early twentieth century, when they were re-established as places of religious worship. All four painted frescos are evident on the buildings' facades, and restoration efforts in 1988 Religious Institution Public Park – National Park continue to serve as parish churches today under the Archdiocese of San Antonio. revealed original artwork along the walls and ceiling of the convento. Public Park – National Park

Related Landscapes: While much historic fabric has been removed over three centuries, the four original churches Today, the 21-acre Concepción Park, comprised of lawn, shade trees, and a playground, Designed By: Mission San José remain. The holdings of the southernmost missions, Espada and San Juan, also include abuts the river to the west and mission to the east, providing connectivity between the Stacy Levy Mission Concepción a combined 200-acre labores (fields) and historicacequias (irrigation systems), of which two. In 2015 the San Antonio River Foundation (SARF) developed River Return, a “portal” Rialto Studio Mission San Juan Capistrano the Espada acequia is still in use by neighboring farming communities. Rubble masonry at the entrance to Concepción Park. Borrowing design elements from the mission, Mission Espada perimeter walls, Texas Blackland Prairie and Southern Brush Country vegetation characterize Philadelphia environmental artist Stacy Levy, in collaboration with Rialto Studio, designed Related Landscapes: all four sites. In 2013 the Mission Reach Ecosystem Restoration and Recreation Project was River Return as a series of outdoor rooms with undulating limestone walls mimicking the San Antonio Missions National established to better connect the four missions via a recreational trail, with much of the native flow of water. Concrete paving is etched with water- and fresco-inspired patterns, and trails Historical Park vegetation renewed or reintroduced at the time. The San Antonio Missions National Historical lead to the mission site. Mission Concepción was designated a National Historic Landmark Park was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. In 2015 the San Antonio in 1970 and is a contributing feature of the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, Missions National Historical Park, Rancho de las Cabras, and the Alamo were designated listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The four San Antonio Missions, together as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. along with the Alamo, became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2015. All photos this page by Alayna Jordan Photo by Alayna Jordan Photo by Alayna Jordan

20 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 21 South Side 701 E Pyron Avenue 9101 Graf Road South Side

Mission San José Mission San Juan Capistrano

Located approximately two miles south of Mission Concepción, Misión San José y San Established in 1716 as Misión San José de los Nazonis, in East Texas, the mission was Miguel de Aguayo was established in 1720 and is the largest of the five San Antonio renamed and moved to San Antonio in 1731, about 2.5 miles south of Mission San José missions. Constructed between 1768 and 1782, the domed church features La Ventana and one mile north of Mission Espada. Native flora of the Blackland Prairie and South de Rosa (The Rose Window), constructed circa 1775 on its south face, and a grand Texas Brush Country regions can be found throughout the mostly rural landscape. The Landscape Type: main entrance surrounded by elaborate sculptures depicting religious figures and scenes 0.3-mile Yanaguana Trail loops south and west from the mission, following the original Institutional Grounds – on its west. In the 1930s the church was extensively restored by the Works Progress channel of the San Antonio River (which has since been partially rerouted) through Religious Institution Administration to reflect its original design. woodlands, with boardwalks and overlooks at several points along the walking path. Landscape Type: Public Park – National Park Institutional Grounds – The mission is accessed from the east, where East Pyron Avenue leads from the National In addition to the church, convento (convent), and remnants of living quarters, San Religious Institution Designed By: Park visitor center (constructed 1995) to the northeast corner of the original rectangular Juan's original porteria (gate house), composed of mud and lime plaster, is still Public Park – National Park Works Progress Administration site, which is bordered by a fortified masonry wall. The park-like grounds are primarily standing at the southwest corner of the perimeter wall. Extensive excavation work in composed of grassy lawn with large, sparsely planted shade trees and the archaeological the twentieth century has provided insight into mission life, and in 2012 a $2.2 million Related Landscapes: Related Landscapes: remains of several building foundations. An unpaved path leads visitors along the restoration effort was undertaken to preserve and restore the church, which had become San Antonio Missions National San Antonio Missions National perimeter of the site. At the northernmost area within the walls are the extant granary, structurally unsound. Unique among the San Antonio missions, the main church was Historical Park Historical Park church, and convento (convent). Beyond the north wall lies the gristmill, constructed covered in protective white lime plaster at this time, in stark contrast with the adjacent in 1794 and restored in 1996 to operable use, and remnants of several lime kilns that dark stone structures and surrounding flat and open verdant landscape. Mission San predate the mill. The San José Mission National Historic Site was individually listed in Juan was individually listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and is the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 and is a contributing feature of the San a contributing feature of the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, listed in Antonio Missions National Historical Park, listed in 1978. The four San Antonio Missions, 1978. The four San Antonio Missions, along with the Alamo, became a UNESCO World along with the Alamo, became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2015. Heritage Site in 2015. Photo by Alayna Jordan Photo by Alayna Jordan Photo by Alayna Jordan

22 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 23 South Side 10040 Espada Road 10040 Espada Road South Side

Mission Espada

Photo by Alayna Jordan The most rural of the missions and the farthest from downtown, Mission Espada was established in 1690 near present-day Augusta and relocated to San Antonio in 1731. It is the only mission located on the west side of the San Antonio River and, at 558 feet from the bank, is the closest to the river’s present course. The mission complex includes a church, convento (convent), ruins of other historic structures, and perimeter masonry walls. It connects to more than 100 acres of labores (fields) and an acequia (irrigation system), still in use by neighboring farms. The 5.6-mile-long irrigation system terminates Landscape Type: several miles north of the mission grounds at the Mission Espada dam. Institutional Grounds – Religious Institution On the west side of the property, adjacent to the church and convento, is a garden Public Park – National Park planted with trees and colorful perennials. To the south, ruins of the granary, living quarters, and a late-colonial church remain as low stone walls among a grassy field. Related Landscapes: Archaeological evidence of indigenous living quarters, as well as significant midden San Antonio Missions National deposits, was discovered in the southern part of the site. The stone ruins of Rancho Historical Park de las Cabras, located some 30 miles southeast of the mission grounds, have been identified as the ranch that supported the mission and are included as part of the National Park. Mission Espada was individually listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and is a contributing feature of the San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, listed in 1978. The four San Antonio Missions, along with the Alamo, became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2015. All photos this page by Alayna Jordan

24 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 25 Brackenridge Park 3700 N St. Mary's Street 3700 N St. Mary's Street Brackenridge Park

Brackenridge Park

Photo by Kenneth Erfurth Landscape Type: Situated just below the headwaters of the San Antonio River, the site of Brackenridge Park Public Park – Large Municipal Park has been a gathering place since Native Americans lived in the area. In the eighteenth century, Spanish settlers established a sophisticated water system there, remnants of which Landscape Style: remain today. In 1899 George Brackenridge of the San Antonio Water Works Company Picturesque donated an initial 199 acres to the city for recreational use. The park’s first improvements were led by City Park Commissioner Ludwig Mahncke (a friend of Brackenridge who had Designed By: encouraged him to donate the land), who established a wild game preserve and developed Dionicio Rodriguez curvilinear paths and drives that wound through the trees along the river. Beginning in Ludwig Mahncke Johnathan Raymond Lambert 1915, park commissioner Ray Lambert used local rough-cut stone for walls and structures A. W. Tillinghast throughout the park, giving it a distinctly rustic character. Lambert converted a former rock John Colligan quarry into the Japanese Tea Garden, and transformed the wild game preserve into the 35- acre San Antonio Zoo. He is also responsible for the oldest municipal golf course in Texas, Related Landscapes: designed in 1916 by A. W. Tillinghast and John Colligan; the Sunken Garden Theater, carved Brackenridge Park Golf Course out of the quarry in the 1930s; the Witte Museum, opened in 1926; and the Joske Pavilion. Japanese Tea Garden The now 500-acre Brackenridge Park is San Antonio’s second oldest. Its rustic character San Antonio Zoo remains intact, with tree-lined paths, picnic areas, playgrounds and athletic fields, and Sunken Garden Theater Miraflores a 3.5-mile miniature railway. The Japanese Tea Garden, a bridge designed by Dionicio Rodriguez, and the Water Works Pump House No. 1 are individually listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Photo by Kenneth Erfurth

26 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 27 Brackenridge Park 2315 Avenue B 4620 Lake Wheeler Road Brackenridge Park Brackenridge Park Golf Course Japanese Tea Garden

Located just north of downtown in the southern portion of Brackenridge Park, this 114- Designed by park commissioner Ray Lambert in 1917, this garden is sited on a portion of acre golf course was designed by A. W. Tillinghast in 1916. After years of petitioning by the a former limestone quarry. Abandoned in 1908, the quarry site's transformation began in Landscape Type: San Antonio Men’s Hotel Association, park commissioner Ray Lambert agreed to develop 1915 when Lambert set out to create an ornamental landscape. Beginning in 1917, the Golf Course – Golden Age the state’s first municipal golf course in the expansive park. Tillinghast began work on the commissioner deployed prison labor to convert the space. In 1926 city officials invited Kimi Landscape Type: project in 1915, completing construction one year later. The course was unique for its use Eizo Jingu, a local Japanese-American artist, to inhabit the garden and open a café. The Public Park – Neighborhood Park Landscape Style: of grass greens rather than the hard sand that was prevalent at the time. The course has Jingu family continued to reside at and operate the garden until 1942, when they were Picturesque undergone significant changes since its completion. In the 1960s the development of U.S. evicted due to anti-Japanese sentiment during World War II. Initially known as the Chinese Highway 281 sliced through its western edge, separating the twelfth and thirteenth holes Sunken Garden, in 1984 the landscape was rededicated as a Japanese cultural site. Landscape Style: Designed By: from the rest of the course. The course was subsequently redesigned by course manager Japanese A. W. Tillinghast Contained within an irregularly shaped area of approximately 1,200 square feet, the small Murray Brooks and consultant George Hoffman to fit the site’s new boundaries. In 2008 Johnathan Raymond Lambert garden is composed of two pools carved from limestone, framed by tropical plants. A Designed By: the golf course was rerouted to better reflect Tillinghast’s original design. Murray Brooks man-made island straddles both bodies of water and connects to their surroundings by Johnathan Raymond Lambert George Hoffman The predominantly flat eighteen-hole course retains its original square greens, a a network of stone arch bridges and pathways. A waterfall descends from the quarry’s Kimi Eizo Jingu Ralph Cameron common design element of the early 1900s rarely found today. Winding cart paths northernmost wall, which drops approximately 60 feet and is set back a few yards from Dionicio Rodriguez cross the San Antonio River and Water Works Channel on stone bridges designed by the ponds. A Japanese-style, palm-leaf roofed pagoda sits along the edge of the southern Related Landscapes: Tillinghast. Woodlands border the site’s northwestern perimeter, screening it from nearby pool near the Jingu House and offers panoramic views. The garden's entrance features a Related Landscapes: Brackenridge Park development. On the southeastern edge of the property, a Tudor-style, stone clubhouse Japanese torii gate created by artist Dionicio Rodriguez in 1942, using his signature faux Brackenridge Park designed by architect Ralph Cameron in 1923 (and remodeled in 1968) serves as the bois technique. In 2007 the ponds underwent repairs and a new water recirculation system entrance to the course, fronted by a parking lot. The golf course is a contributing feature was installed. The garden is a contributing feature of Brackenridge Park, listed in the of Brackenridge Park, listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2011. National Register of Historic Places in 2011. All photos this page courtesy Alamo City Golf Trail Photo courtesy San Antonio Parks Foundation

28 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 29 Brackenridge Park 3903 N St. Mary's Street 3875 N St Mary's Street Brackenridge Park

San Antonio Zoo Sunken Garden Theater

Designed by park commissioner Ray Lambert in 1916, this zoological park originated as a Located southwest of the Japanese Tea Garden in Brackenridge Park, this theater fenced deer preserve established by Ludwig Mahncke in Brackenridge Park in 1902. By was designed in 1930 by architect Harvey Smith, Sr. The theater was originally the 1915 the preserve's population had grown, and new space was needed to accommodate the site of a limestone quarry, which sat abandoned between 1908 and 1915, when park Landscape Type: animals. Lambert chose to create a zoological garden in an abandoned rock quarry adjacent commissioner Ray Lambert transformed the site into a civic space. He initially had the Amphitheater − Depression Era Theater Landscape Type: to the park. He designed the zoo around the quarry’s natural setting, terracing the stone Japanese Tea Garden built on the north side of the quarry and the Texas Star Garden Zoo − Contemporary Zoo installed to the south. It was on this latter site that construction of the theater began walls for the creation of animal enclosures. An extensive canal system was constructed from Landscape Style: the San Antonio River, which flows along the site’s southern edge. The zoo opened in 1929 in 1930. The site was further renovated by Smith, Sr., in 1937 with the assistance of Beaux-Arts / Neoclassical Landscape Style: and within the year established two of the first cage-free animal exhibits in America. The San architects George Willes and Charles Boelhauwe and the Works Progress Administration. Picturesque Antonio Zoological Society formed in 1928 and began to manage the zoo in 1931. The theater’s most prominent feature is an excavated limestone ridge that forms the rear Designed By: Johnathan Raymond Lambert Designed By: Today the zoo encompasses 55 acres northeast of the Japanese Tea Garden. The space wall of the stage. Nestled among surrounding woodlands, rocky outcroppings and stone Harvey Smith, Sr. Johnathan Raymond Lambert contains a network of brick and cement pathways that direct visitors to ten park areas steps protrude from the face of the ridge, lending to its rugged appearance. This natural George Willies dedicated to various ecosystems and fauna. The zoo contains 750 animal species within terrain gives way to the smooth concrete of an elevated stage flanked on either side by the Charles T. Boelhauwe Related Landscapes: exhibits that focus on natural habitats and allow for a wide range of movement and activity. classical colonnades of two ancillary structures. The stage transitions to a ground-level, Works Progress Administration Brackenridge Park A pond containing a fountain and a footbridge marks the center of the site. Many canopy concrete hardscape, which fans out into a large open area with movable seats capable of trees encircle the zoo and are interspersed throughout, providing shade and screening from accommodating nearly 5,000 people. The rows of seating ascend on a gentle incline to Related Landscapes: nearby development. The San Antonio Zoo operates a miniature train service that departs meet a concession stand and a pair of stone staircases that descend outside the theater. Brackenridge Park from a depot just beyond the zoo’s southwestern boundary. The railway leading from the Trees encircle the site, providing a buffer to the McAllister Freeway. The Sunken Garden depot runs along the zoo’s southern border before heading into Brackenridge Park. Theater is a contributing feature to Brackenridge Park, listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2011. All photos this page by John Troy Photo courtesy San Antonio Parks & Recreation Department Photo courtesy San Antonio Parks & Recreation Department

30 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 31 Brackenridge Park 800 Hildebrand Street 800 Hildebrand Street Brackenridge Park

Miraflores

Photo by Mary Fisher Located east of Brackenridge Park on the east bank of the San Antonio River, this 4.5-acre parcel derives from fifteen acres purchased in 1921 and developed over two decades as the private garden of Aureliano Urrutia, a renowned physician who fled to San Antonio in 1914. Inspired by Urrutia’s youth spent in Xochimilco, Mexico City, the original landscape contained a series of fountains, pools, and walking paths, along with more than 30 sculptures commemorating Aztec and Mexican history and the life of Urrutia, including Landscape Type: nine faux bois sculptures by Dionicio Rodriguez and six tiled benches designed by local Public Park architect Atlee Ayres. In 1962 Urrutia sold Miraflores to the United Services Automobile Association, which demolished nearly ten acres for an eight-story office building and parking Designed By: lot. Southwestern Bell Telephone Company purchased the remainder of the garden in 1974. Dionicio Rodriguez Atlee B. Ayres In 2001 the property was transferred to the University of the Incarnate Word, and it was RVK Architects acquired by the City of San Antonio in 2006. Much of the original garden design has deteriorated over time. RVK Architects developed a Related Landscapes: master plan in 2007 to rehabilitate the garden for public use while conserving the remaining Brackenridge Park statues and tiled benches. A pedestrian bridge completed in 2008 connects Miraflores to Brackenridge Park over the river, and the restoration of brick walkways and the Hildebrand Avenue entrance tower and gates is underway. A large entrance arch designed by Rodriguez and originally located on Broadway was moved to the San Antonio Museum of Art in 1998. Miraflores was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. Photo by Alayna Jordan Photo by Alayna Jordan

32 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 33 Mahncke Park 555 Funston Place 555 Funston Place Mahncke Park San Antonio Botanical Garden

Photo courtesy San Antonio Botanical Garden Sited on rolling topography with views of downtown San Antonio, this 38-acre botanical garden opened in 1980 after decades of planning and advocacy by the San Antonio Garden Center. Located approximately three miles northeast of downtown, the site once housed Landscape Type: a reservoir (today an amphitheater) used by George Brackenridge’s San Antonio Water Botanical Garden Works Company. In 1899 Brackenridge donated 25 acres, including the reservoir and its surroundings, to the City, as well as a rectangular strip of land known today as Mahncke Landscape Style: Picturesque Park, which continues to connect the botanical garden to Brackenridge Park to its west. The master plan by landscape architect Jim Keeter included formal display gardens Designed By: connected by curving pathways. The Texas Native Trail features more than 250 plant Emilio Ambasz species from three regional ecosystems—the Hill Country, East Texas pineywoods, and Jim Keeter South Texas coastal plains—surrounding a small lake. The Lucile Halsell Conservatory, Alfred Giles designed by architect Emilio Ambasz and completed in 1988, comprises five Modernist Ten Eyck Landscape Architects glass structures among a central courtyard, each housing a distinct habitat. The Kumamoto Weddle Gilmore Architects Pape-Dawson Engineers En Japanese Garden, a gift from sister city Kumamoto, Japan, opened in 1989 in the Kopplow Construction western portion of the site. In 1988 the Sullivan Carriage House, designed by Alfred Giles in 1896, was relocated to the garden from downtown. It served as the site’s main entrance from 1995 to 2017, when the Welcome and Discovery Complex opened as part of an eight- acre expansion led by Ten Eyck Landscape Architects, along with interactive spaces such as an adventure garden and a culinary garden with an outdoor kitchen. All photos this page by Marion Brenner

34 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 35 Alamo Heights 6000 N New Braunfels Avenue 1 Trinity Place Midtown

McNay Art Museum Trinity University

In 1950 Marion Koogler McNay bequeathed more than 700 works of art, a 1929 In 1948 architects O’Neil Ford and Bartlett Cocke, with consulting architect William Landscape Type: Spanish Colonial Revival estate designed by San Antonio architects Atlee and Robert Wurster, created a master plan for this university, a Presbyterian institution in northern Campus Ayres, and her fortune to establish the first modern art museum in Texas. Situated on 23 San Antonio. The rugged former quarry site north of downtown required an informal Landscape Style: Landscape Type: acres located approximately five miles northwest of downtown, the McNay Art Museum arrangement of buildings that exploited the natural drama of the site. The resulting Picturesque Institutional Grounds − opened to the public in 1954. The architectural firm Ford, Powell & Carson oversaw a plan was a departure from traditional campus design in America. There is no formal Cultural Institution series of five additions to the original house between 1969 and 1985. In 2008 French mall or great lawn. Roads curve and dip in response to topographical contours. Designed By: architect Jean-Paul Viguier completed the Jane & Arthur Stieren Center for Exhibitions, Individual buildings are fitted to the land, capturing views of the city’s skyline. A series O'Neil Ford Landscape Style: a 45,000-square-foot expansion on the east side of the museum that includes a of pedestrian precincts contain intimate spaces for relaxation and conversation. Bartlett Cocke Spanish Colonial Revival sculpture garden to its south. Today, the museum houses more than 23,000 works of (Hispano-Moorish) Dallas landscape architects Arthur and Marie Berger prepared the original William Wurster art. The landscaped grounds include sculptures by Robert Indiana, Luis A. Jiménez, Jr., landscape design for the campus and worked with the architectural team to site Arthur Berger Designed By: George Rickey, Joel Shapiro, and Kiki Smith. new construction. Their straightforward design approach takes advantage of the Marie Berger Altee B. Ayers The museum is arranged around a central courtyard, featuring a fountain with Spanish landscape’s inherent qualities. In response to the tight budget of the new campus, the Stewart E. King Robert Ayers Colonial Revival tile work and planting beds with local perennials and shrubs. The Bergers utilized native plants to minimize maintenance costs. Drifts of live oaks border Kim Laube RVK Architects Ford, Powell & Carson surrounding grounds’ gently rolling landscape evokes a park-like setting, especially pathways, ground covers drape over quarry walls, and small courtyards include water Jean Paul Viguier Rialto Studio south and west of the museum buildings. Curving driveways traverse the manicured features with occasional waterfalls and pools. During Ford’s 33-year association with lawn punctuated by groves of mature shade trees. A formal garden planted with local the campus, San Antonio landscape architect Stewart King collaborated with him on shrubs and perennials features a paved terrace, and a large tiered fountain is located several major projects. just southwest of the museum. A grove of palm trees and a Japanese-inspired fishpond with a causeway and island at its center is located east of the fountain. Photo courtesy Therese McDevitt, McNay Art Museum Photo courtesy Wikimedia Commons Photo courtesy Wikimedia Commons All photos this page courtesy Rialto Studio

36 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 37 Midtown 1415 San Pedro Avenue 715 Camaron Street Downtown San Pedro Creek San Pedro Springs Park Culture Park

Located approximately two miles northwest of downtown, this 46-acre square, designated This linear urban park was previously a concrete-lined drainage ditch that serviced as commons by the Spanish monarchy in 1729, is considered among the oldest public stormwater runoff in downtown San Antonio. The redesign, begun in 2015 and led by parks in the United States. The park's focal point is a natural spring flowing from a Henry R. Muñoz III, consists of four phases slated for completion in 2020. In phase one terraced outcropping of limestone, a critical water source discovered by Spanish explorers of the project (which opened in 2018), the channel was lined with limestone walls and Landscape Type: in 1709, although it had been known to native peoples as early as 9000 B.C. flanked by curvilinear walkways, tiled benches, murals, and beds planted with trees and Public Park Landscape Type: grasses. This section runs 1.5 miles from the flood tunnel inlet at North Santa Rosa Street Waterfront Development In 1851 San Antonio city surveyor Francois Giraud established the site’s modern-day Public Park − Neighborhood Park to Houston Street, approximately 400 feet from what is believed to be the original site of boundaries. From 1864 to 1874, John Duerler created a lush Victorian Picturesque the first Alamo, Mission San Antonio de Valero, prior to its relocation. Landscape Style: Landscape Style: landscape featuring five shallow ponds spread out in the shape of a fan just west of the Postmodernist Picturesque naturally occurring lake south of the spring. By 1878 the park became the northern At the northern tip of the park, a limestone plaza is set amid grasses and herbaceous terminus of the city’s first mule-driven streetcar (which extended south to Alamo Plaza) plants with canopies of live oaks. The plaza, arranged in a horse-shoe formation, contains Designed By: Designed By: and contained several attractions, including row boats, a horse-race track, a small arcing rows of terraced blocks partially submerged in flowing water. The water is fed Henry R. Muñoz III John Jacob Duerler museum, and a zoo. During the 1920s, a large swimming pool replaced the natural lake. by the stainless-steel-paneled flood tunnel inlet, whose sheets have been perforated to Muñoz & Company Francois P. Giraud Today the pool is shaded by large cypress trees. The San Pedro Library and San Pedro replicate the night sky as it appeared on May 5, 1718, the founding date of Presidio San HDR Engineering Playhouse were constructed in 1929 on the eastern and northwestern edges of the park, Antonio de Béxar. Once complete, the park will traverse more than 2.2 miles and include Pape-Dawson Engineers respectively. Recreational facilities were expanded during the 1950s on the eastern half 60,000 linear feet of new walls, four miles of walking trails, eight restored and redesigned Alamo Architects of the park, including a large tennis complex to the north and two softball fields to the bridges, eleven acres of planting beds, and a variety of artwork depicting scenes from the Ford, Powell & Carson south. Curving concrete footpaths connect the park’s landscape features through an city’s history. The park will contain the 100-year flood plain while transforming the banks expansive lawn punctuated by mature shade trees. San Pedro Springs Park was listed in of the flood-control channel, which historically served as a barrier between the city's west the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. side and downtown, into walkable green space and a community gathering place. All photos this page courtesy San Antonio River Foundation

38 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 39 Fort Sam Houston 892 Hood Street 520 Harry Wurzbach Road Fort Sam Houston Fort Sam Houston Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery

Originating in the 1870s on 40 acres located 2.5 miles northeast of downtown, this army In 1924 a 60-acre burial ground was established beyond the northeastern boundary base has since expanded to nearly 3,000 acres situated between Interstate 35 and Harry of Fort Sam Houston. By 1931 it was serving as an annex to the San Antonio National Wurzbach Highway. The initial phase of construction began in 1876 on the Quadrangle, Cemetery and in 1937 became a national cemetery in its own right. the historic core of the post, and was completed three years later. Enclosed by a square, A stone wall borders the cemetery along Harry Wurzbach Road, interrupted by the Landscape Type: grey limestone building, a nine-acre courtyard is centered around a 90-foot-tall limestone main entrance gate. Upright white marble headstones are arranged in rows on a north- Institutional Grounds − clock tower (commissioned by General Montgomery Meigs) and is accessible via an arched south axis among a manicured lawn punctuated by mature shade trees. The original Military Institution gateway at the center of the south facade. Deer, peacocks, and other wildlife have roamed 1920s circulation system included an oval-shaped road just within the main entrance. Landscape Type: the symmetrical grass plaza punctuated by live oaks since the early 1880s. Architect Alfred Cemetery − National Cemetery Designed By: As burials increased, the circulation system was extended in a grid pattern with large Giles designed officers’ quarters west of the Quadrangle in 1881, including Pershing House Commemorative Landscape Alfred Giles avenues flanked by oaks and sycamores. Between the 1970s and 2009 the cemetery (listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1975). Between 1885 and 1891, Giles Montgomery Meigs was expanded farther east and south along Sam Houston Boulevard, past Nursery Road, designed an additional 60 structures, which formed the Infantry Post. The Army Housing Related Landscapes: Suzanne Keith Loechl to encompass a total of 338 acres. The new sections feature an extension of the gridded Fort Sam Houston Program of 1926 spurred another major period of growth between 1928 and 1939, with circulation system with an administration building, more than 2,000 columbaria niches, Related Landscapes: the addition of more than 500 structures constructed in the Spanish Colonial Revival style and an amphitheater-style assembly area along Fredericksburg Street. In 1947 a separate Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery at the suggestion of architect Atlee Ayres. enclosure for burials of prisoners of war was established at the southeast corner of the Today, the active military base comprises a wide network of roads that connect barracks, property. The cemetery has since grown around this enclosure. offices, residences, training fields, commercial areas, a medical campus, and a golf course. Today, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs manages the cemetery, where nearly In 2009 it was named headquarters of the Joint Base San Antonio, which comprises more 150,000 people are interred. Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery was listed in the than 35,000 acres throughout the region. Fort Sam Houston was listed in the National National Register of Historic Places in 2016, both individually and as a contributing Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975. feature of the “Inter-World War National Cemeteries, 1934-1939.” All photos this page by Alayna Jordan All photos this page by Alayna Jordan

40 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 41 Near East Side 517 Paso Hondo 517 Paso Hondo Near East Side

Eastside Cemeteries

Photo by William Luther, San Antonio Express-News, ZUMA Press Encompassing a total of 103 acres east of downtown San Antonio are the Eastside Cemeteries. Starting with the establishment of City Cemetery No. 1 in 1853, a total of 31 cemeteries, ranging in size from 0.06 to 10.6 acres, were created by different groups including the City of San Antonio, the U.S. Government, the United Confederate Veterans, various synagogues, churches, fraternal and religious organizations, and local families. Arranged on flat sodded terrain featuring live oaks located sporadically throughout, the cemeteries are arranged in a grid with rows of east-facing grave markers running north-south. Each cemetery is bound by either a stone wall or a metal fence, often with decorative piers at their main point of entry. Among the landscapes' many features are Landscape Type: funereal sculptures, statues, mausoleums, arches, gateposts, and tombstones. While Cemetery most of the grave markers are modest, obelisks, vertical monuments, Woodmen of the World tree-trunk markers, and other sculptures can be found throughout. One noteworthy cemetery in the district is the 3.7-acre rectilinear San Antonio National Cemetery. Established in 1867, the site is entered from the south through a double-door wrought-iron gate supported by four simple block piers each capped with a stone urn. The grave markers are set in rows disrupted by two large vehicular roundabouts and large live oaks on the periphery. Although infrequent, burials do still occur at the cemeteries. The Eastside Cemeteries Historic District and the San Antonio National Cemetery were listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. All photos this page by John Troy

42 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 43 Near East Side 210-220 Chesnut Street, 215-217 Ellis Alley 210-220 Chesnut Street, 215-217 Ellis Alley Near East Side

Ellis Alley Enclave

Photo by John Troy Located in San Antonio’s historic East Side community, this 0.7-acre enclave comprises six buildings that were part of the first African American settlement in San Antonio after Emancipation. In the late 1860s, the land began to be developed by its owners, Dr. Anthony Dignowity and Sam Maverick, who by 1879 had subdivided it into 25-foot-wide lots and sold them exclusively to African Americans. Expanses of lawn are planted with live oaks, while historic lamp posts front each property. To the south of the enclave is a large, abstract, Designed By: red-painted steel sculpture surrounded by circular planting beds. Located inside the brick Anthony Dignowity wall enclosing the back porch of the property at 214 Chestnut Street is the 2003 painted Sam Maverick tile mural, "Founding Mothers," created by Jacqui Dorsey, which depicts three matriarchs of Ford, Powell & Carson the city’s African American community. The construction of Interstate Highway 37 in the late Mainstreet Architects, Inc. 1970s disrupted vehicular connections to downtown and accelerated the removal of African Cleary Zimmerman American businesses and residences. The buildings were purchased by VIA Metropolitan Calvetti & Associates Transit in the late 1990s and, in partnership with the San Antonio Conservation Society, were refurbished to house small businesses, non-profit organizations, and city-service buildings. Another nearby site important to the East Side’s African American heritage is the Samuel and Lillian Sutton home. Built in 1896, the single-story, ranch-style house gave shelter to prominent African Americans who were barred from downtown hotels in the era of segregation, prior to 1965. The list of those who stayed there includes Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Thurgood Marshall. All photos this page by John Troy

44 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 45 Inner West Side Northern terminus at Jackie Robinson Drive and Blackwell Street 1715 N Zarzamora Street Inner West Side Basilica of the National Woodlawn Lake Park Shrine of the Little Flower

In 1887 George Russ, F. H. Brown, and W. P. Anderson of the West End Town Company Designed by architect Charles Monnot, Jr., and completed in 1931, the Basilica of the purchased 1,000 acres of rural land known as Maverick’s Pasture to develop a streetcar National Shrine of the Little Flower, originally Our Lady of Mount Carmel and St. Thérèse suburb three miles northwest of downtown San Antonio. Two years later, they constructed Church, is one of only 86 basilicas in the United States that bears the papal designation of a dam across Alazan Creek, creating a large lake with a small casting pond at its Minor Basilica. The 2.5-acre site is dedicated to St. Thérèse of Lisieux, the “Little Flower,” Landscape Type: southeast corner, at the terminus of the line. In 1919 the lake and its surroundings and was built to promote religious devotion to her. The basilica’s most distinct features are Public Park − Neighborhood Park comprising a total of 62 acres were donated to the city for the establishment of a public its three golden domes—two capping the asymmetrical towers flanking the entrance and park, subsequently named Woodlawn Lake Park. a third over the transept—that are visible from Interstate 10, several blocks to the west. Landscape Style: Landscape Type: A 1.5-mile-long asphalt path lined with willows, evergreens, wetland plants, and grass The grounds to the east of the main entrance are radially designed with walkways that Picturesque Institutional Grounds − encircles the 30-acre lake, which has a small, ornamental lighthouse at its center. form four irregularly shaped grass parcels, three of which have queen palms along North Religious Institution Designed By: Situated at the park’s main entrance on its western side, the 1930s Mission Revival-style Zarzamora Street. A circular flowerbed with a statue of St. Thérèse is flanked on both sides George Russ Woodlawn Island House is adjacent to fishing docks, picnic pavilions, tennis courts, a by semi-circular raised beds filled with perennials. The grounds to the west of the basilica, Designed By: F. H. Brown basketball court, a playground, parking lots, and a storage shed. The eastern side of the occupying the remainder of the block, are enclosed by a metal fence and hedges. Entered Charles L. Monnot, Jr. W. P. Anderson park features a swimming pool, baseball field, playground, and gym. Serving as a beacon, via gates on Kentucky Avenue, the main garden lies west of a large, concrete apron for Marc Fornes “Spineway,” a large-scale, illuminated Modernist sculpture painted in 22 shades of blue parking. The landscape contains a wide variety of flowering plants, large live oaks, conifers, and green and designed by Marc Fornes was installed in 2015 on the corner of Cincinnati cacti, a vegetable garden, and a butterfly garden, all informally arranged. A shaded patio is Avenue and Josephine Tobin Drive, near the main entrance. The small Centennial paved to resemble a life-size chessboard. The grounds are traversed by meandering, brick- Garden, containing diverse native plantings, was established at the northwest corner of paved walking paths, which define distinct planting areas and garden rooms. The Basilica the park in 2018 to commemorate its 100th anniversary as a public park and provides a was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. habitat for birds, butterflies, and bees. Photo courtesy San Antonio Parks & Recreation Department Photo by Alayna Jordan Photo by Alayna Jordan Photo courtesy Fisher Heck Architects Photo by John Troy Photo by John Troy

46 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 47 King William 217 King William Street 217 King William Street King William

King William Historic District

Photo by Alayna Jordan This historic residential neighborhood spans approximately 65 acres between the San Antonio River, East César Chávez Boulevard, South St. Mary’s Street, and South Alamo Street. Originally farmland belonging to the Alamo mission, real estate developers Thomas Devine and Newton Mitchell acquired the land in the 1840s, and a rectangular street grid was laid out during the following decade. As prosperous German immigrants began Landscape Type: constructing homes in the area in the second half of the century, the main thoroughfare Suburb − Planned Rectilinear was named King William Street to honor King Wilhelm I of Prussia. Subdivision

Grand Victorian, Greek Revival, and Italianate homes were constructed on small Designed By: rectangular lots with manicured lawns, often bounded by hedges or masonry and Thomas Devine wrought-iron fences. Crepe myrtles and other mature shade trees create a lush canopy Newton Mitchell overhead. The triangular half-acre King William Park, sited near the neighborhood’s Walter Nold Mathis northern boundary, features a grass lawn planted with small trees, divided by three concrete and brick walkways that radiate from a tall central gazebo to the corners of the Related Landscapes: park. By the 1930s, many homes were converted into apartments while others fell to Villa Finale disrepair. Historic preservation efforts began in the 1960s, led by Walter Nold Mathis, who Edward Steves Homestead Museum restored Villa Finale in 1967 and subsequently restored fourteen other properties in the neighborhood, leading King William to become the city’s first historic district in 1968. The King William Historic District, of which Villa Finale and Steves Homestead are contributing features, was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. All photos this page by Alayna Jordan

48 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 49 King William 401 King William Street 401 King William Street King William

Villa Finale

Photo by Alayna Jordan Located along the east bank of the San Antonio River in the King William Historic District, this residential estate was completed in 1876 for hardware merchant Russel Norton. Landscape Type: Originally a single-story structure, the home was expanded to its current two-story limestone Garden and Estate − form, with an Italianate tower, by 1904. After passing through a succession of owners, Picturesque Garden serving as housing for military wives during World War II, and as a boarding house, the Landscape Style: property was acquired in 1967 by Walter Nold Mathis, who named it Villa Finale. Mathis Victorian Gardenesque meticulously restored the home and grounds with architect O’Neil Ford as consultant. The 1.5-acre, rectangular site—which includes the Italianate mansion, carriage house, Designed By: and gate house—is nestled behind a stone-and-wrought-iron fence. The Mathis-designed Walter Nold Mathis landscape includes a lush formal garden south of the mansion. Boxwoods and other O'Neil Ford perennials surround ornate stone-cut walkways and a Corinthian-columned gazebo. Other Fisher Heck Architects features include a pair of griffin statues that flank the gazebo entry, and classical friezes Main Street Architects along the southwest wall. A sweeping lawn with mature canopy shade trees spans the Related Landscapes: remainder of the property. Escarpment live oaks and mountain laurels provide privacy along King William Historic District the perimeter of the site, along with English ivy, which cascades over the fences. In 2004 Mathis donated the estate to the National Trust for Historic Preservation which, with Fisher Heck Architects and Mainstreet Architects, further restored the property and opened it as a museum in 2010. Villa Finale is a contributing feature of the King William Historic District, listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. All photos this page by Alayna Jordan

50 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 51 King William 509 King William Street 111 Camp Street The Arsenal Edward Steves Homestead Museum Chris Park at Ruby City

Located along the east bank of the San Antonio River in the King William Historic District, Located in the Arsenal neighborhood southwest of downtown, this nearly square, one-acre this approximately 1.5-acre residential estate was completed in 1876 for Edward Steves, park was established in 2005 by Linda Pace to honor her son David Christopher (Chris) founder of Steves Lumber Company. The three-story French Renaissance Revival-style Goldbury, who passed away in 1997. Formerly an asphalt parking lot for Tobin Aerial Maps, mansion is thought to have been designed by architect Alfred Giles. the commemorative space was designed by local landscape architect Jon Ahrens and Landscape Type: features visual experiences by contemporary artist Teresita Fernández. Garden and Estate Formal boxwood parterres flank the tiled path that leads from King William Street to the estate’s front entrance. To the northeast of the mansion, the main lawn is inscribed with Enclosed by a metal fence, the lush green space features a number of native and exotic Landscape Type: Landscape Style: an oval, red-gravel pathway that encompasses a rectangular, vine-covered pergola and plant species and is accessible through a wisteria vine-covered steel trellis on Camp Street. Public Park − Vest Pocket Park Beaux Arts / Neoclassical The trellis leads into a rectangular limestone terrace surrounded by groves of bamboo and a circular cast-iron fountain acquired at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition in 1876. Commemorative Landscape Mature palms and shade trees punctuate the manicured grass throughout the landscape, Texas sabal palms. The terrace paving is embedded with 55 small LED light fixtures that Designed By: particularly within the large rectangular lawn to the southwest. A yellow wrought-iron fence represent stars in the night sky on the evening Chris Goldbury was born. From the terrace, Designed By: Alfred Giles lines the front of the property along King William Street, and hedges form its border along a meandering walkway, paved with stone blocks and shaded by Texas sabal palms, sago Jon Ahrens

East Johnson Street. palms, bald cypress, anaqua, and other tree species, leads to a tall grass mound known as Teresita Fernández Related Landscapes: Tumble Hill in the northeast quadrant of the park and Studio, an auxiliary exhibition space, in King William Historic District Edna Steves Vaughn, Steves’ granddaughter, donated the property to the San Antonio the northwest corner. A short path extends southeast off the main walkway loop to a natchez Conservation Society in 1952, which opened it as a museum two years later. The River mock orange shrub, known as "Chris' tree." The path's design includes seven circular glass House, constructed in 1913 towards the rear of the property, housed an indoor swimming pavers illuminated with various colors and inscribed with the nursery rhyme “Wednesday’s pool (no longer extant), one of the first in the city. Other outbuildings include servants’ Child.” Quarried stone benches throughout the park are engraved with quotations from Chris’ quarters (used today as the visitor center) and a carriage house, both constructed personal journal. The Linda Pace Foundation owns and maintains the park, which is one between 1875 and 1877. The Steves Homestead is a contributing feature of the King component of the foundation’s new contemporary art center campus, Ruby City. William Historic District, listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. Photo courtesy San Antonio Conservation Society Photo by Alayna Jordan Photo by Alayna Jordan All photos this page by Dror Baldinger

52 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 53 Southside 310 W Mitchell Street 310 W Mitchell Street Southside

Confluence Park

Photo by Casey Dunn Located on a former construction storage yard approximately two miles south of downtown, this three-acre park is situated along the Mission Reach segment of the River Walk on a bluff overlooking the San Antonio River and San Pedro Creek. Designed by Lake|Flato, Matsys Design, and Rialto Studio, the park officially opened in 2018. Curving paved pathways lined with terraced planting beds connect five distinct areas representing different regional ecosystems. A small terraced hill of native grassland is Landscape Type: central to the space, surrounded by San Antonio River Improvement Project ecosystem Public Park − Neighborhood Park restoration habitat, Trans Pecos/Chihuahua Desert plants, a Texas Oak Conservatory, and a Texas Live Oak Savanna. The park’s most prominent feature is a paved terrace with a large Designed By: open-air pavilion made up of 22 curved concrete “petals” that reach nearly 30 feet high Lake|Flato and funnel rainwater into a site-wide water catchment system. The Estela Avery Education Matsys Design Center, a multi-purpose building topped with a green roof and powered by solar panels, Rialto Studio is adjacent to the main pavilion. A small pedestrian bridge leads to the main pavilion over a sunken area where rainwater harvesting structures are buried. Three smaller pavilions, each comprising two concrete “petals” that extend nearly twenty feet high, create smaller gathering spaces across the site, which also features a permeable parking lot. Taking full advantage of the site, the park hosts a variety of educational programs led by the San Antonio River Foundation (SARF), which connects people to their surroundings while fostering environmental stewardship. All photos this page by Casey Dunn

54 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 55 North Central 13203 Blanco Rd 13203 Blanco Rd North Central

Phil Hardberger Park

Photo courtesy Phil Hardberger Park Conservancy In 2007 the City of San Antonio purchased this 311-acre parcel to establish a nature preserve and recreational park. Located approximately ten miles north of downtown and surrounded by dense suburban development, the site was part of the Voelcker family dairy farm, the last working farm in what was once a predominantly agricultural area known as Buttermilk Hill. Named after Phil Hardberger, a former mayor of San Antonio who advocated for the project, the park opened to the public in 2010. Landscape Type: Public Park − Large Municipal Park Stephen Stimson Associates and D.I.R.T. Studio developed the master plan to create a "cultivated wild landscape" with an expansive network of nature trails and other Designed By: recreational amenities. The six-lane Wurzbach Parkway divides the park into two distinct Stephen Stimson Associates sections: northeast and southwest. Cedar elm woodlands with scattered groves of oak D.I.R.T. Studio cover the northeastern tract, which includes the restored Voelcker Homestead (listed in the Rialto Studio National Register of Historic Places in 2014). Texas brushland extends across most of the southwestern tract, punctuated by live oaks and exposed limestone. As part of the master plan, oak savanna is being reintroduced to the southwestern section, which also features a five-acre open field and basketball courts. An Urban Ecology Center, designed by Stephen Stimson Associates and Rialto Studio, was completed in 2013 and provides recreational and educational space with pathways and overlooks. Slated for completion in 2019, an innovative 150-foot-wide land bridge, designed by Rialto Studio, will span Wurzbach Parkway to connect trails on both sides of the park. Photo courtesy Phil Hardberger Park Conservancy Photo courtesy Rialto Studio Photo courtesy Rialto Studio

56 The Cultural Landscape Foundation www.tclf.org 57 Premier Sponsors What’s Out There® is the most comprehensive searchable database of North America's historic designed landscapes, with thousands of sites and images, and is optimized for iPhones and similar handheld devices. It includes What’s Nearby, a GPS-enabled function that locates all landscapes within a certain distance, customizable by mileage or walking time. tclf.org/places Learn more about the sites in this guide and What’s Out There. Lead Sponsors

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tclf.org/san-antonio Designed by Oviatt Media, this guidebook is the result of the scholarly support and photography provided by Charles A. Birnbaum, Scott Craver, Zachary Peak, Dena for more about What's Out There San Antonio Tasse-Winter, Brendan Ayer, Justin Clevenger, Alayna Jordan, and Ayla Mangold, with the guidance of local experts Lynn Bobbitt and John Troy.

All photos by The Cultural Landscape Foundation, unless otherwise noted. 58 The Cultural Landscape Foundation Left: Photo by Marion Brenner Cover: Photo courtesy San Antoniowww.tclf.org Parks Foundation 59