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Universite D'antananarivo DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE Latimeria chalumnae UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ------------ FACULTE DES SCIENCES ------------- DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE ___________________________ THESE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME DE DOCTORAT Formation Doctorale : Sciences de la vie Spécialité : Biologie, Ecologie et Conservation Animales Présentée par : Mr RAKOTOMALALA Zafimahery DISTRIBUTION DES PETITS MAMMIFERES DANS L’OUEST DE MADAGASCAR : DETERMINATION DE L’IMPLICATION DES TRAITS HYDRO-GEOGRAPHIQUES NATURELS SUR LA BIOGEOGRAPHIE ET LA PHYLOGEOGRAPHIE Soutenue publiquement le : 26 mars 2010 Devant la Commission d’examen composée de : Président : Mme RABETAFIKA Lydia, Professeur d’Enseignement Supérieur et de Recherche. Directeur de thèse : Mr GOODMAN Steven M., Professeur, Ph.D., H.D.R., Senior Field Biologist, The Field Museum, Chicago. Rapporteur interne : Mme RAMINOSOA RASOAMAMPIONONA Noromalala, Professeur d’Enseignement Supérieur et de Recherche. Rapporteur externe : Mr TAYLOR Peter J., Professeur, Ph.D., School of Environmental Sciences, University of Venda, Limpopo, South Africa. Examinateur : Mr RAKOTOFIRINGA Sylvère, Professeur Titulaire Emérite. A mes parents ii REMERCIEMENTS Quel difficile exercice que de synthétiser en deux ou trois pages seulement les remerciements que je voudrais adresser aux différentes personnes que j’ai rencontré et apprécié durant ma vie de thésard ainsi, qu’aux personnes que je connais et qui m’entoure depuis bien plus longtemps que ça. Après avoir enfin achevé la version finale de ce manuscrit, je vais tenter de satisfaire à cet exercice de mon mieux. Je tiens à remercier Dieu de m’avoir donné vie, santé, forces et courages pour mener à terme ce travail. La réalisation de cette thèse n’aurait pas été possible sans l’aide et les encouragements de nombreuses personnes. Car même s’il est vrai que j’ai donné pas mal de moi dans ce manuscrit, j’ai avant tout pris beaucoup des autres ! Leur soutien a pris des formes très diverses, et je tiens à leur témoigner ici ma plus profonde gratitude. Mes vifs remerciements s’adressent également à tous ceux qui ont contribué à la réalisation de cette thèse. Madame Lydia Rabetafika, Professeur d’Enseignement Supérieur et de Recherche du Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, a fait l’honneur de présider le jury de cette thèse. Veuillez trouver ici la plénitude de ma gratitude. Madame feu Olga Ramilijaona Ravoahangimalala, Professeur Titulaire, avait beaucoup contribué à la réalisation de cette thèse. De son vivant, elle s'est toujours disposée à rendre service aux étudiants et à ses entourages. Que son âme repose en paix. Je remercie très chaleureusement mon directeur de thèse Monsieur Steven M. Goodman, Professeur (Ph.D., H.D.R.), membre fondateur de l’Association Vahatra (Antananarivo), d’être tout d’abord venu me chercher pour m’offrir ce sujet de doctorat, d’avoir ensuite tout mis en œuvre pour mener à bien ce travail, de m’avoir fait confiance et laisse une large autonomie, de m’avoir confié des taches scientifiques extra-universitaires enrichissantes, d’avoir partagé tant de connaissances naturalistes avec moi,…Monsieur, vous n’avez ménagé ni temps ni savoir pour mener à terme ce travail, je vous prie de croire en ma profonde gratitude. Madame Noromalala Raminosoa Rasoamampionona, Professeur d’Enseignement Supérieur et de Recherche, Chef de Laboratoire de Biologie des Populations Aquatiques du Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, iii a accepté de prendre part d’une manière très importante à cette thèse en tant que rapporteur. Veuillez agréer, Madame, mes remerciements les plus sincères. Monsieur Peter J. TAYLOR, Professeur, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Venda, Limpopo, South Africa, a accepté de prendre part parmi les rapporteurs de cette thèse. Monsieur, veuillez trouver ici mes profonds respects et reconnaissances. Monsieur Sylvère L. Rakotofiringa, Professeur Titulaire Émérite, a accepté de siéger parmi les juges à ce travail. Votre vision et critique que vous allez manifester pendant la soutenance de cette thèse permettront d’apporter plus de finesses au contenu de cet ouvrage. Veuillez trouver ici mes sincères reconnaissances. Je ne peux que crier un ENORME MERCI à Monsieur le Docteur Rakotondravony Hery pour m’avoir accompagné et soutenu durant nos innombrables et périlleuses sorties de terrain, pour ses immenses qualités professionnelles, pour sa résistance physique et morale face aux interminables marches dans la chaleur de l’Ouest, pour sa bonne humeur inaltérable et communicative, pour notre complicité humoristique, pour nos discussions passionnées, pour tous tes conseils et pour tant d’autres choses… Tu es devenu bien plus qu’un collègue de travail durant toutes ces années et je suis heureux aujourd’hui de te compter parmi mes amis… Je tiens à remercier tout le personnel enseignant et administratif de la Faculté des Sciences et surtout celui du Département de Biologie Animale qui ont contribué à ma formation durant mes années d’études jusqu’à la réalisation de cette thèse. Cette étude a bénéficié des assistances (personnelles, matérielles et/ou financières) des institutions suivantes : l’Association Vahatra, The Field Museum (Chicago) et The National Science Foundation (NSF award to A.D Yoder and Steven Goodman, bourse DEB 05- 16313). Je tiens à exprimer toute ma gratitude à Dr Anne Yoder pour m’avoir accueilli au sein de son laboratoire (Departement of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC), pour son humanité et sa bienveillance envers nous. Je remercie particulièrement Lauren Chan de son accueil, ses collaborations et surtout son aide à la réalisation du séquençage de nos échantillons jusqu’à l’analyse phylogéographique. Je remercie tout le personnel au sein du bureau de l’Association Vahatra, avec qui j’ai eu le plaisir de travailler durant toutes ces années et qui me sont si souvent venues en aide (Merci pour tous vos coups de main et votre sympathie). Plus particulièrement je voudrais remercier Mr Raselimanana Achille, Mme Razafimpahanana Malalarisoa, Mme Raherilalao iv Marie Jeanne, Mme Soarimalala Voahangy sans oublié Mr Razafindravao Rachel (Ledada). Qu’ils trouvent ici mes sincères remerciements. Je remercie également tous mes amis et collègues de l’Association Vahatra. Vous êtes trop nombreux pour être nommés... alors ne m’en voulez pas. Mes loyaux amis, Andry (Dadazily), Achille Ratsaralasy et Arijaona m’ont beaucoup aidé pour de nombreuses occasions pendant et après le déroulement de ce projet. Le soutien et conseils constants de l’ensemble de ma famille, et plus particulièrement ceux de mes parents ont été indispensables à l’aboutissement de cette thèse. Mes remerciements vont bien évidemment à Rova Malala, qui a été le complément nécessaire à l’achèvement de ce travail. Elle a toujours réussi à me motiver pendant les périodes de doute. Son œil avisé, à la fois interne au domaine scientifique et externe à la biologie, a été d’un apport inestimable. Je lui suis infiniment reconnaissant pour cela et pour tout le reste. v RESUME Cette étude est focalisée sur la distribution des espèces de petits mammifères dans l’Ouest de Madagascar, basée sur des inventaires systématiques et aussi des analyses biogéographiques et phylogéographiques en tenant comme modèle le rongeur endémique Eliurus myoxinus. Les résultats de ces inventaires, enrichis des données bibliographiques et des données non publiés montrent que la répartition de ces espèces n’est pas uniforme sur l’ensemble du versant occidental de l’île et présente certaines zones plus riches qui ne sont pas liées à des nettes caractéristiques climatiques, de végétation ou de relief. En général, la diversité locale de chaque site est moindre pour ce groupe taxonomique dans la région sèche malgache. A part l’espèce de rongeur Hypogeomys antimena endémique à la région de Kirindy (CFPF), il semblerait qu’il existe une convergence de faune du Nord et du Sud au niveau de cette région du Menabe centrale. Nos résultats sur les études de variation morphologique effectuée sur le modèle E. myoxinus ont mis en évidence l’existence d’une zone d’intergradation morphologique dans la région de Kirindy (CFPF) / Kirindy-Mite. C’est dans cette région que se trouvent les intermédiaires morphologiques entre le morphotype du Nord et celui du Sud. La phylogéographie d’E. myoxinus en utilisant comme marqueur le gène du cytochrome b, révèle que les régions de Kirindy (CFPF) et Kirindy-Mite constituent une zone de suture ou zone de contact secondaire des populations issues des refuges différentes lors de la phase d’expansion des forêts durant la période interglaciaires. Deux zones du versant Ouest ont été identifiées comme refuges possibles : les Montagnes d’Ambohijanahary et d’Analavelona. D’après cette analyse moléculaire, il semblerait qu’il n’y a aucune évidence que les fleuves Manambolo et Mangoky forment des barrières à la dispersion d’E. myoxinus. La diversification génétique intra-spécifique au sein de cette espèce pourrait être favorisée par une forte variabilité des habitats naturels due à une grande hétérogénéité spatiale des facteurs géomorphologique, bioclimatique et historique. A l’issue de cette étude, deux hypothèses pourraient expliquer la diversité d’espèces de petits mammifères de la région sèche de l’île : 1) les vicissitudes climatique du quaternaire, entrainant des phases successives d’expansion et de régression des forêts et 2) les caractéristiques climatiques et la
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