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The Key for Early Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?

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The Key for Early Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis? Eur Respir J 2012; 40: 519–521 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00001612 CopyrightßERS 2012 EDITORIAL Velcro crackles: the key for early diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? Vincent Cottin and Jean-Franc¸ois Cordier diopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), affecting individuals occur), and physician-dependent factors (e.g. lack of awareness mostly aged 60–70 yrs, is the most common and the most of rare diseases by general practitioners and even by lung I severe of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, with a median specialists). It cannot be ignored anymore that a longer delay in survival of only 3 yrs. The incidence and mortality of IPF has accessing a tertiary care centre is associated with a higher risk of risen dramatically in the last decade [1]. Furthermore, IPF is one death independent of the severity of IPF [6]. of the most challenging diseases for therapy developments, due to its complex and unresolved pathogenic processes, the How, then, can the diagnosis of IPF be made earlier? The present possible inadequate drug diffusion in fibrotic lungs, and authors suggest that the assessment of velcro crackles by lung difficulties in designing clinical trials [2]. Up until now, no auscultation is currently the only realistic means for the earlier treatment could prevent the relentless progression of IPF to end- diagnosis of IPF. stage lung and ensuing death. However, drug therapy in IPF has Patients with chronic cough or dyspnoea expect their doctors recently regained hope with the publication of clinical trials to proceed to lung and heart auscultation, which has been using pirfenidone or the triple tyrosine kinase inhibitor BIBF routine practice since the invention of the stethoscope by Rene´ 1120 that demonstrated an effect in limiting the decline in lung The´ophile Hyacinthe Laennec in 1816. In his treatise De function [3–5]. l’Auscultation Me´diate ou Traite´ du Diagnostic des Maladies Given these therapeutic advances, diagnosing IPF at an earlier des Poumons et du Cœur [8], Laennec defined and characterised stage becomes a relevant healthcare issue. Indeed, pirfenidone different sounds, especially ‘‘crepitant rales’’ (crepitations). The has been approved in Japan and in the European Union, and is variety of normal and adventitious (e.g. not normally occurring) indicated in mild-to-moderate IPF, which in the absence of a breath sounds has been standardised. Crackles (often referred to consensus definition may correspond to patients with forced vital as crepitations in the UK and as rales in the USA), best detected capacity (FVC) .50% predicted and diffusing capacity of the during slow, deep breaths [9], are discontinuous, short explo- lung for carbon monoxide (DL,CO) .35% pred (i.e. pulmonary sive non-musical sounds predominating during inspiration and function inclusion criteria for the recent phase III pirfenidone best heard over dependent lung regions [10, 11] and sometimes trials) [3]. Similarly, in a phase II study, BIBF 1120 has demon- associated with expiratory crackles [12]. They are considered to strated a trend toward a reduction in lung function decline in be produced by the sudden opening of abnormally closed small patients with FVC .50% pred and DL,CO .30% pred [4], and is airways [12, 13]. According to the American Thoracic Society currently evaluated in a phase III study (clinical trial identifier nomenclature, fine crackles are softer, shorter in duration and number NCT01335464). The criteria chosen for these trials [3–5] higher in pitch than coarse crackles [11]. Similar to the sound are consistent with the postulate that therapy may more likely heard when gently separating the joined strip of velcro on the demonstrate efficacy in patients with the least advanced disease. blood pressure cuff (or jogging shoes), fine crackles have been coined ‘‘velcro’’ rales by DINES and DEREMEE [14] from the However, the diagnosis of IPF at an early stage remains a French words velours (velvet) and crochet (hook) [15]. challenge by itself. In a recent study [6], the delay between first symptoms and referral to an IPF centre was 2.2 yrs, similar to Fine crackles at auscultation are easily recognised by clinicians other rare (orphan) lung diseases [7]. Reasons for such delay and are characteristic of IPF [16]. In a study of 272 cases with may include patient-dependent factors (e.g. reluctance to diffuse parenchymal lung disease documented by lung biopsy, acknowledge symptoms that may herald health problems and bilateral fine crackles were heard in 60% of those with a sedentary lifestyle masking dyspnoea at exercise), disease- interstitial pneumonia including those with a pathological dependent factors (e.g. progressive onset and slow progression diagnosis of usual interstitial pneumonia (the pathological of IPF allows the disease to go undetected unless exacerbations hallmark of IPF), and in only 20% of those with sarcoidosis and other granulomatoses [17]. Crackles are present early in the course of IPF, appearing first in the basal areas of the lung Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hoˆpital Louis Pradel, Service de pneumologie, Centre de re´fe´rence where the disease process initiates, with further progression to national des maladies pulmonaires rares et Centre de compe´tences de l’hypertension arte´rielle the upper zones. Although not specifically studied according pulmonaire; Universite´ de Lyon; Universite´ Claude Bernard Lyon I; INRA, UMR754 INRA-Vetagrosup to the stage of IPF, crackles may be present in virtually any EPHE IFR 128, Lyon, France. patient with IPF according to current diagnostic criteria [18]. CORRESPONDENCE: J-F. Cordier, Hoˆpital Louis Pradel, 69677 Lyon (Bron) Cedex, France. E-mail: They are an early sign of pulmonary impairment in asbestosis c [email protected] [17, 19], a condition that shares close similarities with IPF EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL VOLUME 40 NUMBER 3 519 EDITORIAL: EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF IPF V. COTTIN AND J-F. CORDIER (including the first appearance of crackles in the lung basal areas 2 Nathan SD, du Bois RM. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis trials: [19]). In asbestosis, crackles are present before abnormalities are recommendations for the jury. Eur Respir J 2011; 38: 1002–1004. detected by chest radiograph [20], and are thus useful for 3 Noble PW, Albera C, Bradford WZ, et al. Pirfenidone in patients screening populations exposed to asbestos [21]. The agreement with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CAPACITY): two randomised between observers regarding crackles is sufficiently good to trials. Lancet 2011; 377: 1760–1769. 4 Richeldi L, Costabel U, Selman M, et al. Efficacy of a tyrosine monitor asbestos-exposed workers for crackles [22]. The pre- kinase inhibitor in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med sence of crackles, together with dyspnoea or gas exchange 2011; 365: 1079–1087. abnormalities, may indicate interstitial lung disease even if the 5 Taniguchi H, Ebina M, Kondoh Y, et al. Pirfenidone in idiopathic chest radiograph is normal [17, 23]. Crackles are also present in pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2010; 35: 821–829. the majority of patients with idiopathic nonspecific interstitial 6 Lamas DJ, Kawut SM, Bagiella E, et al. Delayed access and survival pneumonia [24], a condition that affects individuals younger by in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a cohort study. Am J Respir Crit about 10 yrs than those with IPF [25], and in pulmonary fibrosis Care Med 2011; 184: 842–847. associated with connective tissue disease. 7 Brown LM, Chen H, Halpern S, et al. Delay in recognition of pulmonary arterial hypertension: factors identified from the As crackles are not specific for IPF, they must prompt a REVEAL Registry. Chest 2011; 140: 19–26. thorough diagnostic process. They may occasionally be heard 8 Laennec RTH. De l’Auscultation Me´diate ou Traite´ du Diagnostic in healthy individuals, especially elderly persons breathing at des Maladies des Poumons et du Cœur fonde´ principalement sur rest [26], over the anterior chest [27, 28], because of closure of ce nouveau moyen d’exploration. [Of the Mediate Auscultation or small airways in dependent areas of the lungs; however these a Treatise of the Diagnosis of Diseases of the Lungs and Heart usually disappear after several deep breaths. Follow-up of based mainly on this new means of exploration.] Paris, Brosson JA asymptomatic subjects with crackles can also reveal occurrence et Chaude´ JS, 1819. of congestive heart failure [26]. Crackles may also be heard 9 Kiyokawa H, Greenberg M, Shirota K, et al. Auditory detection of occasionally in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary simulated crackles in breath sounds. Chest 2001; 119: 1886–1892. 10 Forgacs P. Crackles and wheezes. Lancet 1967 22, 2: 203–205. disease or bronchiectasis, probably due to greater traction forces 11 Schraufnagel DE, Murray JF. History and physical examination. being exerted on the small airways. However, crackles in IPF are In: Mason RJ, Broaddus VC, Martin TR, et al., eds. Murray and heard throughout the entire inspiratory time [29, 30]. Adven- Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 5th Edn. Elsevier titious sounds associated with heart failure and pneumonia are Saunders, 2010; pp. 349–367. higher in frequency and quite distinct from fine crackles of IPF 12 Vyshedskiy A, Alhashem RM, Paciej R, et al. Mechanism of [15, 31], and rales are present in only one in four patients with left inspiratory and expiratory crackles. Chest 2009; 135: 156–164. heart congestion due to systolic heart failure [32]. 13 Forgacs P. The functional basis of pulmonary sounds. Chest 1978; 73: 399–405. Until a prospective, modern study can re-appraise the genuine 14 Dines DE, DeRemee RA. Meaningful clues and physical signs in value of lung auscultation for the diagnosis of IPF according to chest disease. Mod Treat 1970; 7: 821–839. current guidelines [18, 33], we consider that the identification 15 DeRemee RA. Clinical Profiles of Diffuse Interstitial Pulmonary of fine crackles has an excellent sensitivity and good specificity Disease.
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