AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF David Stepp for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies in the co- departments of Anthropology, Zoology, and Statistics presented onFebruary 2, 1994. Title :Descriptive Analysis of Human Remains from the Fuller and Fanning Mounds, Yamhill River, Willamette Valley, Oregon Redacted for Privacy Abstract Approved : Roberta Hall The study presents the results of a descriptive analysis of the skeletal remains of 66 individuals recovered from the Fuller and Fanning Mound sites, located on the Yamhill River, Willamette Valley, Oregon, excavated in 1941-42 by W. T. Edmundson and William S. Laughlin. The literature and original field notes have been analyzed, and a description of burial type, side, orientation, grave type, associations, original preservation, and other information has been compiled for each individual. A tally of each of these burial attributes for the Yamhill population as a whole is also completed. In addition, an assessment of age, sex, and stature, a series of craniometric measurements, and non-metric traits, a dental analysis, and general description of obvious pathologic and morphologic condition of each individual and the group as a whole have been accomplished. Differences in trade item associations between deformed and non-deformed individuals suggest either a later arrival of cranial deformation practices (and possibly another cultural group) to the area, and possibly a multiple occupation of the Fuller and Fanning sites, or an elite class separation defined in part by artificial deformation of crania. Cranial deformation is also associated with the frequency of certain cranial discrete traits. Sexual dimorphism was noted in metric but not in non-metric analyses. Stature estimates indicate a population with mean stature of 1636-1661 for males, and 1547-1574 for females, typical among prehistoric Oregon populations. Mortality appears high for infants and adolescents when compared with other prehistoric North American samples. Dental attrition and caries may indicate a heavier reliance on plant than on animal foods. Single trait comparison to other regional populations shows some significant differences and indicates a need for further analysis of biological relationships using larger comparative samples and multivariate statistics. Descriptive Analysis of Human Remains from the Fuller and Fanning Mounds, Yamhill River, Willamette Valley, Oregon by David Stepp A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies Completed February 2, 1994 Commencement June 1994 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Professor of Anthropology in charge of major Redacted for Privacy ssor. of Zoolog in charge of co-field Redacted for Privacy Professor of Statistics in charyof co-field Redacted for Privacy Chairman o epartment of Anth pol Redacted for Privacy Dean of Graduate ool Date thesis is presented February 2. 1994 Typed by David Stepp Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr.William S. Laughlin for his help in deciphering some of the data and in confirming some of the history of excavation of the Fuller and Fanning sites. Thanks also to Dr. Don Dumond for allowing study of the remains held at the Oregon State Museum of Anthropology, and especially Pam Endzweig and other museum staff who readied the collection and field notes for my analysis.I am deeply indebted to Dr. Roberta Hall, who never fails to provide guidance, patience and time, whenever asked. And, thanks for the long hours in editorial review. Thanks to my committee members for their support and help : Roberta Hall. Fred Ramsey, John Ruben and Lisa Sarasohn. The Boas' data has been made available through Roberta Hall, courtesy of Richard Jantz, University of Tennessee. Chester Schmidt has provided advice and support in the computer processing and printing of the thesis as well as friendship and discussion of ideas. Thank you. Most of all, thanks and love to Pam and Lena who have interrupted the past several years in a most delightful fashion. My thesis and education are dedicated to my always supportive mother, Mrs. June Fankhauser, and my grandmother, Mrs. Clara Berman, whom I may have surpassed in schoolin' but never in knowledge. Table of Contents Chapter 1.Introduction 1 History of Archaeological Research Involving Fuller and Fanning Mounds 1 The Study of the Fuller and Fanning Skeletal Samples 6 Organization of the Report 7 Terminology and other Problems 8 Chapter 2.Linguistic and Ethnographic Outline of the Willamette Valley 11 Linguistic Research 11 Ethnographic Research 12 Territory and Political Organization 14 Social and Religious Life 14 Settlement, Technology and Subsistence 16 Epidemic Disease and Population 17 Chapter 3.Willamette Valley Prehistory 20 Environment and Cultural Ecology 20 Willamette Valley Archaeology 23 Fuller and Fanning Mounds - Willamette Valley Late Archaic Period 24 Prehistoric Oregon Skeletal Populations 26 Chapter 4.Materials and Methods 31 General Accounting 31 Morphological Description and Identification 32 Osteometric and Non-metric Analysis 33 Dental Analyses 34 Sex Estimation 35 Age at Death 38 Stature Estimation 41 Comparative Analyses 42 Chapter 5. Results 44 Number of Individuals 44 Summary of Burial Descriptions 44 Burial Type 45 Side 46 Orientation 46 Grave Type 47 Associations or Grave Goods 48 Provenience 50 Case Description 51 General Preservation 51 Sex 52 Age at Death 57 Stature 61 Dental Analyses 63 General Health and Pathological Conditions 69 Cranial Deformation 70 Metric Analyses - Craniometrics 73 Non-metric Cranial Variation 84 Metric Analyses - Post-Cranial 88 Chapter 6.Discussion 89 The Burials 89 The Population 91 Stature 93 Health and Pathology 94 Metric Analysis 96 Metric Comparison to other Populations 96 Non-Metric Analysis 100 Comparison of Non-Metric Trait Frequencies with other Populations 101 Summary 102 References Cited 104 Appendix A Burial Descriptions 112 Appendix B Cranial Landmarks, Cranial Metric Definitions and Techniques, Cranial Non-Metric Trait Descriptions, Post-Cranial Definitions and Techniques 287 Appendix C Metric Results. 300 Appendix D Criteria for Determining Dental Attrition Levels.. 331 Appendix E Burial Location Sketch Maps 333 List of Figures Figure 1. Location of Fuller and Fanning Mounds, and other sites with skeletal populations discussed in text (western Oregon). 3 2. Kalapuya ethno-linguistic distribution, and surrounding native groups in western Oregon 13 3. Fanning Mound site burial locations, re-constructed from field notes of W. T. Edmundson 334 4. Fuller Mound site burial locations, re-constructed from field notes of W. T. Edmundson - map 1 of 3 335 5. Fuller Mound site burial locations, re-constructed from field notes of W. T. Edmundson - map 2 of 3 336 6. Fuller Mound site burial locations, re-constructed from field notes of W. T. Edmundson - map 3 of 3 337 List of Tables Table 1. Sex estimate totals by site and percentage of total population. 53 2. Sex estimates from Laughlin and the current assessment. 54 3. Comparison of sex estimate from Pearson femoral head diameter (mm, left and right sides) and the current sex assignment using all methods 56 4. Individual age assessments (in years). 59 5. Age class assessments by site and total (number of individuals). 60 6. Estimate of stature for adult males and adult females from femoral lengths (mm). 62 7. Occurrence of Caries by Tooth Site, Adult Dentition. 64 8. Maxillary dental attrition, number of teeth exhibiting various levels of wear. 67 9. Mandibular dental attrition, number of teeth exhibiting various levels of wear. 68 10. Male / Female comparative craniometric analysis (unpaired, two-tailed t test). 75 11. Male / Female comparative craniometric analysis - cranial indices (unpaired two-tailed t test). 76 12. Craniometric comparison to the Gold Hill population. 79 13. Craniometric comparison to the Nightfire Island population. 80 14. Craniometric comparison to the Coquille population. 81 15. Craniometric comparison to the Lone Ranch population. 82 16. Craniometric comparison to the Boas Kalapuya sample. 83 17. Incidence of non-metric cranial traits. 86 18. Comparison of non-metric trait frequencies to the Gold Hill population. 87 19. Fuller and Fanning Mounds, Human Remains. Burial Descriptions. 112 20. Adult Cranial Measurements. 301 21. Adult cranial indices. 307 22. Measurements of non-adult crania. 310 23. Measurements of the maxilla. 316 24. Measurements of the mandible. 319 25. Length measurements of the femur. 322 26. Other measurements of the femur. 325 27. Measurements of the innominates. 328 Descriptive Analysis of Human Remains from the Fuller and Fanning Mound, Yamhill River, Willamette Valley, Oregon Chapter 1 Introduction History of Archaeological Research Involving Fuller and Fanning Mounds Systematic archaeological investigation of prehistoric midden sites in the Willamette Valley, Oregon was begun in 1928 by Blevins, Slate, and Brock who located 88 middens along the Calapooia River, with an additional 37 middens located by Margason along Muddy Creek (reported in Collins 1951). In 1933 Cressman, Berreman, and Stafford in the Long Tom River area near Franklin, Oregon located 14 middens (Collins 1951). Cressman excavated two of these sites (the Virgin Ranch and Smith-field sites), but found little in the way of human remains - one infant burial was recovered from the Smith-field deposit (Collins 1951). In 1941 Cressman along with William S. Laughlin reported