La Experiencia De La Oposición Política Rusa: Del Legado De La Perestroika a La Democracia Soberana

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La Experiencia De La Oposición Política Rusa: Del Legado De La Perestroika a La Democracia Soberana 1 ¿CAMBIAR PARA SEGUIR IGUAL? LA EXPERIENCIA DE LA OPOSICIÓN POLÍTICA RUSA: DEL LEGADO DE LA PERESTROIKA A LA DEMOCRACIA SOBERANA. MONOGRAFÍA DE GRADO PARA OPTAR AL TÍTULO DE MAGISTER EN ESTUDIOS SOCIALES PRESENTADA POR CARLOS EDUARDO ESPITIA LEON DIRECTORA DE TESIS CAROLINA GALINDO HERNÁNDEZ UNIVERSIDAD DEL ROSARIO BOGOTÁ 2016 2 INDICE I INTRODUCCIÓN. p.4 Objeto de estudio. p.5 Una breve descripción sobre el actual sistema político ruso. p.6 Gorbachov, La Perestroika y sus resultados. p.7 Yeltsin: transición traumática, volatilidad e inestabilidad. p.7 Putin y la fase de consolidación. p.8 Justificación. p.10 Pregunta de investigación. p.11 Objetivos. p.11 Metodología. p.11 Estado del Arte. p.14 II CONSIDERACIONES TEÓRICAS. p.19 ¿Qué tipo de sistema político tiene ¿Rusia? p.20 La noción de oposición política. p.25 La noción de política 2.0. p.30 La noción de political outsider. p.35 III GRUPOS EN CONCURRENCIA EN EL ASCENSO DE PUTIN. p.40 Un mundo nuevo, una nueva elite. p.40 Presidente versus Parlamento, la pugna por la supremacía política. p.43 Los costos de la victoria yeltsiniana. p.45 El ascenso de Vladimir Putin, fortalecimiento del Estado y del gobierno. p.48 ¿Y los reformistas liberales democráticos? p.53 Anexos. p.64 IV POSIBILIDADES Y DESAFIOS DE LA OPOSICIÓN EN EL p.66 ESCENARIO REELECCIONISTA-CONTINUISTA PUTIN-MEDVEDEV. De insiders a outsiders. p.66 El combate en el ostracismo. p.72 La oposición liberal democrática en la coyuntura de la “Democracia Soberana”. p.79 ¡Una luz al final del camino! La estrategia de la oposición liberal democrática para la sucesión de Putin. p.84 La oposición de la oposición. p.89 Oposición liberal democrática y sociedad, capacidad de convocatoria y movilización. p.94 Anexos. p.104 V PERSPECTIVAS DE LA OPOSICION POLITICA RUSA EN EL CONTEXTO DE LA HEGEMONIA DEL PUTINISMO. p.108 3 La estabilidad es puesta a prueba p.110 Esperanzas de cambio frustradas p.118 Continuidad de la política del gobierno, continuidad del modus operandi de la oposición p.124 Todos a la calle p.128 ¿Qué pasó con los líderes de la oposición liberal democrática? p.137 Anexos p.140 VI CONCLUSIONES. p.142 BIBLIOGRAFÍA p.152 4 I INTRODUCCIÓN La aceptación generalizada de la democracia como sistema de gobierno de un nivel moral superior1, y su creciente expansión por diferentes regiones del mundo que eran ajenas a esta tradición política, especialmente desde el final de la Guerra Fría, es un fenómeno que ha gozado de especial atención por parte de varias disciplinas que han estudiado estos cambios de sistema político y sus resultados2. Se podría señalar que Rusia es uno de los países que ha experimentado el paso de un sistema de gobierno de partido único, de corte autoritario, hacia uno de tipo democrático. Sin embargo, paradójicamente, este país se mantendría en una dinámica de continuidad política –autocracia, dictadura, ultrapresidencialismo-3, en la que se evidenciaría una vocación monopólica en vez de pluralista, de la política. El actual sistema político de Rusia, fruto del legado histórico del país y de la asimilación e implementación de los nuevos valores políticos occidentales, es formalmente poseedor de los atributos y formas de organización institucional que corresponden a un modelo democrático de gobierno (legislación, multipartidismo, elecciones, ramas del poder, etc.). No obstante lo anterior, su legislación ha sufrido modificaciones impuestas por el Ejecutivo; que independientemente de su justificación, conforman el fundamento del enorme poder del que goza actualmente esta rama sobre las demás esferas del sistema político. En los años de la Rusia democrática, una nueva clase dirigente ha detentado las riendas del gobierno, usufructuando en su beneficio la creciente hegemonía del poder ejecutivo dentro del sistema político. En virtud de ello, en la Rusia democrática aún no se ha experimentado ninguna alternancia de élites o de partidos en relación con la administración del poder ejecutivo nacional. Esta ―anomalía‖ del sistema político de Rusia, conlleva a preguntarse sobre otro importante elemento de cualquier sistema político democrático; como es, la oposición política. ¿Quiénes la integran? ¿Qué rol político juegan aquellos quienes hacen parte de ella? ¿Cuál es su reconocimiento e importancia en Rusia? Responder a estas interrogantes permitirá conocer más a fondo la naturaleza del actual sistema político de Rusia. 1 Eric Hobsbawm, (2007), p.100. 2 Entre quienes han investigado sobre este fenómeno encontramos a: Steven Levitsky y Lucan Way, Michael McFaul, Hugo Fazio Vengoa, Gabriel Flores, Fernando Luengo, Gregory Freeze, Roi Medvediev, Poch de Feliu, Robert Service y Alexander Solzhenitsin. La referencia detallada de su obra se encuentra en la bibliografía. 3 No pocos investigadores han llegado a conclusiones que apoyan este punto de vista. Por ejemplo, según David White (2013) p.586.: ―El sistema político ruso es un régimen autoritario electoral en el que la oposición debe implementar una serie de estrategias para desafiar con contundencia al régimen‖, mientras que Cameron Ross (2002) p.21. señala que: ―Rusia es una federación sin federalismo, donde el precario nivel de democratización de la política regional y local impide una profunda democratización a nivel nacional‖. 5 Objeto de estudio. Con base en las consideraciones previas, abordaremos el estudio de la oposición política de Rusia entre 2004 y 2012, años en los que el dominio de la nueva elite gobernante de Rusia se ha impuesto con mayor contundencia; mientras que la capacidad de contestación o desafío por parte de sus concurrentes se ha debilitado. Para llevar a cabo este estudio, se tendrá en cuenta la influencia del legado histórico y de las condiciones sociales, culturales y económicas de Rusia en relación con el fenómeno de la oposición política, así como la relación de estos factores con el funcionamiento y orientación de todo el sistema político4. Teniendo en cuenta que Rusia es un país con una trayectoria democrática relativamente modesta en términos cronológicos y heredero de un importante legado histórico de autoritarismo político5, la dinámica que allí ha surgido entre los sectores que han hecho prevalecer sus intereses y los sectores que no están de acuerdo con ellos o que persiguen otros intereses, puede resultar muy útil como objeto de estudio, para entender las características que ha revestido dicha trayectoria. De esta forma, enfocaremos nuestro esfuerzo investigativo sobre quienes critican, controlan o proponen alternativas a ese poder, es decir los opositores6. La observación y análisis del desarrollo de sus actividades socio-políticas y el modo en que el sistema político, las instituciones y la ley las han afectado positiva o negativamente7, serán el vehículo a través 4Cuando hablamos de orientación, hacemos referencia a la contraposición entre hegemonía-poliarquía, empleada por Robert Dahl, donde la primera hace alusión a la concentración del poder político en manos de una reducida oligarquía y la segunda a su repartición entre diferentes grupos de intereses. Dahl, (1997). 5 Según Vladimir D. Gudimenko, Rusia ha pasado por cinco períodos (Rus de Kiev, Reino Moscovita, Imperio Petersburgués, URSS y Post Comunismo) de desarrollo histórico, en los cuales cada periodo nuevo niega al anterior, cambiando las formas de organización social y estatal, rechazando las viejas normas y valores. Esto, sin embargo, no ha impedido la consolidación de constantes en algunos elementos de la cultura política del país, tales como: el carácter autoritario del poder y el predominio del Estado en la dicotomía Estado-Sociedad Civil, la no conquista social de los derechos y libertades democráticas sino su obsequio por parte del monarca, lo que conlleva a una centralidad del rol político de la burocracia, así como del paternalismo y clientelismo, la inercia política de las masas y el inmovilismo, la ausencia de interrelaciones civilizadas entre superiores e inferiores, el nihilismo jurídico de unos y otros. El Estatismo, la hipertrofia del Estado y la atrofia de la sociedad civil, el sometimiento de la segunda al primero condicionó la carencia de bases sociales incluyentes y de capacidad de la población para auto organizarse. 6 Norberto Bobbio (2007) pp. 47 y 72. ofrece una primera definición del concepto de opositor: ―Solamente allí donde las reglas son respetadas el adversario ya no es un enemigo (que debe ser destruido), sino un opositor que el día de mañana podrá tomar nuestro puesto‖. Así, en un sistema político democrático, aquellos actores quienes sostienen opiniones, posiciones e intereses contrarios a los de quienes detentan el gobierno, pueden considerarse como opositores. El campo de acción de los opositores se establece en la siguiente premisa: ―Así como no puede existir un sistema en el cual no aparezca el disenso a pesar de todos los límites puestos por la autoridad, así tampoco existe un sistema en el cual no existan límites al disenso a pesar de la proclamación de la libertad de opinión, de prensa, etc.)‖. 7 Con el propósito de superar el marco normativo de otras investigaciones sobre el sistema político ruso en las que se persigue el objetivo de determinar si este es o no democrático, nos adheriremos a lo propuesto por Leonardo Morlino (1989) p.89. cuando afirma que: ―No es necesario reseñar las diferentes variables de democracia, lo importante es dejar en claro cuál es la compleja estructura político-institucional que en concreto se alcanza al término del proceso de instauración. Tampoco es necesario dar una definición que sea 6 del cual podamos establecer la organización, campo de acción e influencia y, articulación con el sistema político, de la oposición política de Rusia. ¿Qué se entiende por Oposición Política? ¿Cuál es su función dentro de un sistema político? ¿Quiénes hacen parte de ella? Dos autores nos presentan a continuación sus planteamientos al respecto. Según Ghita Ionescu: ―Oposición en el sentido amplio es cualquier actitud o acción concertada, espontánea o deliberada, esporádica o continua, de grupos anónimos o asociativos o de individuos contra el poder existente bajo cualesquiera circunstancias o a través de cualesquiera medios.
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