6 X 10.Three Lines .P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-14522-0 - The Crisis of Russian Democracy: The Dual State, Factionalism and the Medvedev Succession Richard Sakwa Index More information

Index

Abakumov, V. S., 88 archaisation of Russian politics, 101 Abkhazia, 88 Argentina, 57 Abramovich, Roman, 94, 101, 128, 135, Arkhangel0skaya, Natal0ya, 101 185–7, 271, 338 Aron, Leon, 56, 82 administrative regime, 1, 6, 8, 10, 13, 19, Artem0ev, Igor, 324 21, 28–9, 30, 33, 35, 38, 41–2, 45, Artyakov, Vladimir, 175 47, 51–2, 85, 89, 93–4, 101–2, 105, Aslamazyan, Manana, 330 107–8, 114, 116, 125, 130, 132, A˚ slund, Anders, 72–3, 202, 271, 314 137, 144, 147, 149, 165, 184, 201, Association of Russian Lawyers, 285 270, 272, 301, 303–4, 307, 319, Astakhov, Pavel, 242 326–7, 333, 341–2, 347, 352–3, 355, Atatu¨rk, Kemal, 27 361–3, 365 Atomic Industry Complex Afanasiev, Mikhail, 78, 303 (Atomenergoprom), 155 Afghanistan, 120 Audit Chamber, 120, 194, 271 Agapova, Natalya, 242 authoritarian capitalism, 150, 319, 322 Agrarian Party, 4, 211, 217, 226, 246, 269, authoritarianism, 31, 37, 73, 76–7, 137–8, 294, 320 150, 230, 304, 332, 342 Akaev, Askar, 21 autonomy Akchurin, Renat, 242 external, 109, 135 Aksenenko, Nikolai, 161, 199 internal, 109, 116 Alekperov, Vagit, 135 Aven, Petr, 94, 201 Aleksashenko, Sergei, 158 Avisma (VSMPO), 155 Alekseeva, Ludmila, 278 Avtovaz, 126, 155, 175 Aleshin, Alexei, 199 Azerbaijan, 114 Alfa Group, 201 Alferov, Zhores, 222 Babakov, Alexander, 19, 262 Aliev, Heidar, 114 Baburin, Sergei, 211, 217, 227, 320 Alkhanov, Alu, 170 Baburova, Anastasia, 345 Alrosa (diamonds), 148 Baev, Pavel K., 100, 192 Altai region, 294 Baker, Peter, 190 Amsterdam, Robert, 40, 41 ballistic missile defence (BMD), 283, 345 Amur region, 176, 294–5 Balmaceda, Margarita, 110 Andijan, 67 Baltik-Eskort (security company), 186 Andropov, Yuri, 7, 137 Baluevsky, Yuri, 283 Angola, 122 Bank of New York (BONY), 193 Anichkin, Alexei, 191 Bank Rossiya, 141, 187 Anti-Corruption Council, 329 Barinov, Alexei, 175 Appel, Hilary, 147 Barshchevsky, Mikhail, 226, 269, 323 Aramco, 203 Barsukov, Vladimir, see also Kumarin, 174, Arbatova, Maria, 226 194, 208, 328 Arbitration Court of Samara Region, 331 Bashkortostan, 130, 166, 175, 250, Arcelor (steel group), 128 294–5, 317

385

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-14522-0 - The Crisis of Russian Democracy: The Dual State, Factionalism and the Medvedev Succession Richard Sakwa Index More information

386 Index

Basic Element, 146, 287, 338 capitalism Basmanny justice, 44, 286 anarcho-, 99 Bastrykin, Alexander, 186, 191–2, 200, comprador, 99 208, 272, 313, 317, 328, 359 Carnaghan, Ellen, 81 Beglov, Alexander, 317 Carothers, Thomas, 2, 312 Belarus, 49, 69, 72, 80, 110, 222 Caucasus, 30, 89, 251, 264, 307 Belkovsky, Stanislav, 146, 186, 188–9, 193, Central Asia, 89, 104, 111, 182 201, 203–5, 272–3 Central Bank, 335 Belyaninov, Andrei, 121 Central Bank of Russia (CBR), 126, 153, Belykh, Nikita, 17, 211, 223–4, 240, 249, 158, 275, 324 318, 322, 324 Central Committee, 309 Berezovsky, Boris, 6, 94–6, 99, 123, Central Electoral Commission (CEC), 133, 135, 138, 143, 149, 152, 212–13, 216–17, 226, 228, 244, 197, 256 246, 257, 264, 275, 277, Beridze, Svetlana, 275 279–80, 291 Beslan hostage crisis, 48, 138 Centre for Security Policy, 21 Biryukov, Yuri, 189 Centre for Strategic Research, 181 Bjorkman, Tom, 72, 77 Centre of National Military Glory, 171 Blank, Stephen, 54, 169 Chaika, Yuri, 174, 186–90, 192, 200, blat (favours), 91, 106 313, 317 Boeing, 152, 155, 157 Channel One TV station, 141, 170, Boeing and Airbus Industries, 152 297, 316 Boev, Valery, 330–1 Charap, Samuel, 108, 117 Bogdanchikov, Sergei, 89, 121, 207, Chechen wars, 74, 310 221, 338 Chechnya, 7, 30, 81, 90, 96, 130, 140–1, Bogdanov, Vladimir, 159, 211, 279, 282, 213, 226, 236, 250, 265 293–4, 323 Chekists, 83, 195, 251 Bonapartism, 85 Chelyabinsk Tank Academy, 168, 224 Boos, Georgy, 166 Chemezov, Sergei, 121, 129, 140, 153, Bordyuzha, Nikolai, 121 155, 176, 179, 199, 338 Borisov, Igor, 291 Cherkesov, Victor, 121–2, 140, 171, 174, Bortnikov, Alexander, 186, 191, 315–16 185–8, 191, 194–7, 200, 206, 208, Bovt, Georgi, 323 272, 279, 283, 313–14, 317, 355 Brazil, 49, 57, 58 Chernogorov, Alexander, 326 Bremmer, Ian, 117 Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 91, 95, 97, 101, Brezhnev, Leonid, 39, 52, 88–9, 303, 308, 128, 232 315, 350, 360 Chikhanchin, Yuri, 180 Britain, 167, 238 China, 31, 193–4, 342 British Council, 284 Chub, Vladimir, 294 British Virgin Islands, 338 Chubais, Anatoly, 20, 80, 90, 93, 116, 126, Browder, William, 332 138, 154, 197, 206, 224, 249, 252, Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 238 284, 323, 355 Buck, Andrew, 92 Chubais, Igor, 80 Bukharin, Nikolai, 53 Chudakova, Marietta, 224 Bukovsky, Vladimir, 279–80, 282, 297 Chuichenko, Konstantin, 317 Bulbov, Alexander, 186–7, 194–5, 200, Churchill, Winston, 53 316, 328–9, 355 Churov, Vladimir, 213–14, 216, 266, 291, Bulgakov, Mikhail, 224 327, 359 Bulgaria, 216, 230, 289 CIA, 237 Bunce, Valerie, 54 Civic Congress, 278, 288 Bunin, Igor, 148 Civic Force, 5, 211, 217, 226, 230, 246, Buryatia, 176 249, 252, 269, 294–5, 321 Bush, George W., 283 Civic Forum, 284–5 business capture, 146, 156 Civic Voice (Grazhdanskii golos) newspaper, business states, 150 245

Index 387

Civil Force (liberal grouping), 323 Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE), 238 civil society, 11, 30, 32, 48–9, 57, 77, 91, corruption 96, 118, 125, 209, 230, 232, 237, meta-, 44, 94, 102, 148, 285 245, 278, 286, 344, 361 venal, 44, 94, 148 civiliki, 127, 301, 317 Corruption Perceptions Index, 2007, clan, 73, 87–8, 93–5, 103, 106, 109, 173, 180 139, 189 Corus group (Anglo-Dutch), 128 Central Asian, 105 Corvalan, Luis, 279 finansisty, 192 Council for National Strategy, 193 St Petersburg KGB, 314 Council of Europe, 43, 189, 252 clans, 70, 73, 85, 87, 89–90, 93, 95, 104, Council of Ministers, 309 110–11, 133, 169, 187, 193, 219, Council on National Projects (CNP), 164 305, 313 Credit Restructuring Agency, 154 Kremlin, 346 Criminal Procedural Code (UPK), 44, 190 Cold War, 341 crisis, 1, 58, 115, 339–40, 365 Collective Security Treaty Organisation economic, 56, 147, 337, 339 (CSTO), 121 financial, 335–6, 340 Collins, Katherine, 103, 111 global, 354 Colombia, 57 legitimacy, 363 colour revolution, 20, 24, 30, 67, 68, 115, pensions, 56 160, 234, 241, 255, 359, 365 refugee, 310 colour revolution in Ukraine, 360 ruling regime, 241 Colton, Timothy, 8, 9, 10, 16, 45, succession, 184, 198, 209, 355, 365 65, 299 systemic, 354, 364 Comintern, 113 world financial, 308 Commission for Modernisation, 345 crisis of Russian democracy, 1, 258, 322, Committee 2008, 20, 278 326, 352 Committee for Foreign Economic Ties, 122 Cultural Revolution in China, 31 Commonwealth of Independent States Czech Republic, 283 (CIS), 38, 70, 110, 215–16, 238, 252, 267, 291–2, 356 D’Agostino, Anthony, 53, 123 Inter-Parliamentary Assembly, 216 Dagestan, 66, 213, 250–1, 293, 325 Communist Party of France (PCF), 320 Dahl, Robert, 86 Communist Party of the Russian Defence Council, 311 Federation (CPRF), 4, 8, 9, 12, deformed democracy, 24 14–17, 63, 66–7, 90, 108, 211, 217, Delovaya Rossiya business group, 323 222, 226, 228, 231, 233–4, 238, democracy paradox, 75 245–8, 250, 252, 259, 262, 265, democratic evolutionists, 51, 67 276, 293, 296, 299, 319–20, Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), 113 325–6, 358 Democratic Party of Russia (DPR), 4–5, Communist Party of the Soviet Union 211, 217, 226, 228, 246, 249, 279, (CPSU), 275, 351 321, 323 Communist Workers for Russia (party), 4 democratic statists, 29, 124, 126, 131, 135, Communists, 16, 18, 19, 65–6, 91, 95, 139, 142, 146, 166, 265, 271 213, 222, 227–8, 251, 257, 261, democrats, 6, 7, 10, 74–5, 81, 197 276, 293, 301, 320, 326 Democrats in America, 28 Congress of People’s Deputies, 205 Denikin, Anton, 171 Congress of Russian Communities (KRO), 4 Department for Countering Organised Conquest, Robert, 54 Crime and Terrorism, 134 Constitutional Court, 256, 261, 318, 330 Deposit Insurance Agency, 153–4 Constitutional Democrats (Kadets), 15 Deripaska, Oleg, 128, 135, 146, 185–6, constitutional liberalism, 37 287, 338 constitutionalism, 13, 37, 38, 41–2, 47, 49, developed socialism, 40 51, 68, 154, 327, 353 Development Bank (Vneshekonombank, Control Directorate, 317 VEB), 152, 154, 172, 249, 336

388 Index

Dialogue of Civilisations convention in Cherkesov, 200 Rhodes, 171 family, 185 Diskin, Iosif, 339–40 financial, 313 Dmitriev, Vladimir, 154 finansisty, 182 Dnepropetrovsk, 88, 110 Kremlin, 29, 109 Donetsk, 110 liberal, 200 Dorenko, Sergei, 9 old Muscovite, 124 Dorogin, Valery, 140 Sechin, 169, 200, 205, 262, 272, 315 Dorogomilovsky District Court in sectoral industrial, 128 Moscow, 331 security, 306 Dovgy, Dmitry, 328 silovik, 34, 120, 122, 175, 272, 283, 317 dual state, 1, 9, 13, 29, 36, 38–41, 73, 84, silovik sub-, 122, 317 86, 89, 99, 105–9, 151, 214, 300–2, United Russia (UR), 227 312, 319, 326, 333, 337, 341–2, faction fights, 180, 207, 274 348, 363 factionalism, 25, 27, 35, 47, 49, 92, 101, dualism 105, 109, 113, 137, 147, 306, 319, fundamental, 30 342, 361 structural, 30 site of, 108 Duma Commission on Corruption, 173 factions, 3, 12, 25, 30, 53, 55, 62, 71–2, Duma Council, 62 82, 84–5, 87, 88, 90, 92–5, 100, Durkheim, Emile, 339 102–6, 108–9, 112, 115–17, 123, Dvorkovich, Arkady, 158, 271, 316 129–32, 134–9, 143, 145, 147, 160, Dyachenko, Tatyana, 94, 96 166, 170, 184, 187, 205, 208–9, 302, 313, 317, 350–1, 357 EADS (parent company of Airbus Duma, 344 Industry), 128 elite, 115, 353 Ealing Technical College (now University ha (in Japan), 113 of West London), 120 Kremlin, 17, 28, 117, 204, 233, 265, 271 East Germany, 195 struggle, 194, 197–8 Easter, Gerald M, 89, 103, 156 Fadaev, Valery, 25 Ebzeev, Boris, 318 failed transitionists, 51 economic liberals, 125–7, 129, 135, 138, fake-structures, 96 143, 159 Fatherland-All Russia (Otechestvo-Vsya economic statists, 138 Rossiya, OVR), 4, 6, 8, 9, 16, 63, Ekho Moskvy radio station, 123 97, 210 Ekspert, 25, 200, 332, 340, 360 Federal Anti-Monopoly Service, 324 Elgie, Robert, 309–10 Federal Antinarcotics Committee Estonia, 215 (Gosnarkontrol0, FSKN), 121, 140, Eucken, Walter, 145 185–6, 191, 194, 316–17 Eurasia, 37, 67–8, 129 Federal Arbitration Court in the Moscow Eurasian Economic Community District, 330 (EurAsEc), 121 Federal Assembly, 33, 162, 218, 309, 320, Europe, 22, 98, 128, 217, 261, 287, 335 343, 347, 350, 354 European Council on Foreign Relations Federal Customs Service, 121 (ECFR), 342 Federal Financial Intelligence Agency, 177 European Court of Human Rights Federal Migration Service (FMS), 121 (ECtHR), 43, 257, 331 Federal Penitentiary Service (FSIN), 189 European Union (EU), 215, 245, Federal Property Fund, 330 297, 310 Federal Registration Service (FRS), EU-Russia summit, 26 October 2007, 215 211, 278 Evraz (steel company), 128, 287 Federal Security Service (FSB), 7, 100, 118, 120–2, 135, 138, 140, 145, faction, 62, 87, 90, 93, 102–3, 105–6, 108, 163, 170, 172, 185–7, 189, 191–5, 114, 116, 123, 125, 130, 132, 134, 197, 206, 208, 272, 311, 313–15 137–8, 273, 313, 351 Economic Security Service (SEB), 191

Index 389

Federal State Reserves Agency, 120 German Democratic Republic (GDR), 361 Federal Tax Service (FSN), 169, 191, 328 Germany, 27–8, 38–41, 58, 121, 134, Federation Council, 15, 19, 48, 68, 130, 145, 339 141, 154, 164, 173, 175, 187, Nazi, 38, 171 189–91, 199, 212, 221, 260–1, 264, Gladkov, Yuri, 205 277, 303, 307, 309, 344, 355 glasnost0 (openness), 53, 195 Fedorov, Valery, 232 Glasser, Susan, 190 Filatov, Sergei, 90 Glaz0ev, Sergei, 17, 63, 212 Financial Action Task Force (FATF), 179 Glebova, I. I., 116 Financial Intelligence Agency (FMS, now Glencore, 128, 202 Rosfinmonitoring), 179–80, 192 Golikova, Tatyana, 181 Financial Times, the, 203, 306, 328 Golkar (in Indonesia), 26 Finansgroup, 205 Golos monitoring organisation, 245, Finland, 120 253–4, 298 Foreign Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Golosov, Grigorii, 343 Vneshnei Razvedky, SVR), 120–1, Gontmakher, Yevgeny, 337, 349 206, 315 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 36, 40, 42, 52, 90, Fortescue, Stephen, 147, 315 119, 138, 197, 206, 230, 257, 324, Foundation for Effective Politics (FEP), 124 327, 345, 363 Fradkov, Mikhail, 64, 81, 120, 133, 153, Gordeev, Alexei, 24, 271 161, 164–5, 167, 172–3, 177, 182, Gosrezerv, 141 188, 315 Gozman, Leonid, 224, 240, 323 Fraenkel, Ernst, 38–40 Gramsci, Antonio, 35, 44 fragmentation, 64, 90, 92, 99, 108, 130, ‘gray zone’, 2, 3, 36, 37 133, 200, 234 Great Russia (grouping), 227 France, 54, 167, 216, 281, 310, 349 Green Party, 211, 217, 226 Free Republican Party in Turkey, 27 Gref, German, 126, 165, 181 Free Russia (Svobodnaya Rossiya) Grigor0ev, Alexander, 120, 141 party, 226 Grishankov, Mikhail, 173 Freedom House, 36, 237 Gromov, Alexei, 316 Fridman, Mikhail, 135 Gross, Andreas, 292, 298 Frolov, Vladimir, 299 Gryzlov, Boris, 23–5, 62, 179, 187, 211, Frye, Timothy, 156 218, 220, 242–3, 246, 262, 269, Furman, Dmitry, 37–8, 48 306–7 Gryzmala-Busse, Anna, 22 Gaddy, Clifford G., 148 Guardian, the 203 Gaidar, Maria, 224 Gudkov, Lev, 281, 328 Gaidar, Yegor, 138, 224, 241 Gunvor (oil trading company), 187, 202–4 Gaidukov, Yuri, 194 Gusinsky, Vladimir, 95, 97, 135, 143, Galukhina, Ya. S., 154 187, 197 Gaman-Golutvina, Oksana, 112 Gutseriev, Mikhail, 146 Gazprom, 7, 73, 95, 97–9, 101, 123, 126, 128, 143, 148, 155, 157, 162, 171, Hale, Henry, 7, 12–13, 87, 114–15, 176, 203, 207–8, 220, 262, 283, 220, 299 287, 316, 336 Hanson, Philip, 145, 156 Gazprombank, 172 Harding, Luke, 56 Gazprom-Neft, 202 Hee, Park Chung, 70 Gel0man, Vladimir, 9, 26, 90, 107, 109 Helmke, Gretchen, 106 General Prosecutor’s Office (GPO), 173, Helsinki Final Act of August 1975, 21 175, 185–6, 188–94, 198–200, Hendley, Kathryn, 43 311, 317, 355 Hermitage Capital investment fund, 332 Georgia, 67, 237, 319, 323, 359 Home Mortgage Credit Agency, 153 Georgian war, August 2008, 122, Housing and Utilities Reform Fund, 154 310, 343 Hungary, 57, 126 Gerashchenko, Victor, 275 Huntington, Samuel, 9, 69, 150

390 Index

Ignat0ev, Sergei, 126, 324 Ivanov, Victor, 116, 120, 122, 135, 140, Il0in, Ivan, 171 178–9, 187, 314, 316–17 Illarionov, Andrei, 126 Izmailov, Tagir, 100 illiberal democracy, 37 Ilyukhin, Viktor, 141 Japan, 28, 72, 82, 319 Ilyushin, Viktor, 90 Just Russia (Spravedlivaya Rossiya, JR), imitation democracies, 37–8 5, 13, 16, 18–19, 25, 27, 29, 50, INDEM research foundation, 22, 329 65–6, 113, 183, 211, 213, 217, Independent Democratic Party, 324 220–3, 226–8, 230–3, 238, 246, Independent Institute for Elections, 257 248–9, 252, 259, 261–2, 269, 277, India, 150, 157 294–5, 319–20, 325–8, 361 Indonesia, 70 Infrastructure Investment Fund, 164 Kabardino-Balkaria, 250–1 Ingushetia, 250, 293–5, 318 Kadyrov, Ramzan, 130, 141, 170, 250, 265 Institute for Contemporary Development Kagarlitsky, Boris, 234 (INSOR), 165, 333, 337, 346, 349 Kalmykia, 294–6 Institute for Social Planning, 349 Kamaz, 155 Institute of Agriculture in Leningrad, 179 Kamchatka, 140 Institute of Energy Policy, 276 Kapustin, Boris, 322 Institute of International Economy Karachaevo-Cherkessia, 250–1, 318 and International Relations Kara-Murza, Alexei, 79 (IMEMO), 337 Kara-Murza, Sergei, 79 Institute of Philosophy, 79 Karimov, Islam, 69, 145 Institute of Sociology, 15, 119, 339 Kasianova, Alla, 155 institutional nihilism, 45–6 Kasparov, Garry, 17, 20–1, 226, 237, 241, Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) 278, 280, 297–8, 324 in Mexico, 27–8, 82, 319 Kasyanov, Mikhail, 14, 22, 101, 104, 115, institutions 123, 133–4, 161, 190, 226, 239, formal, 73, 88, 96, 102, 106–8, 111, 114, 257, 276–8, 282, 297, 299 201, 312, 316, 364 Katz, Richard, 26 informal, 106 Kazakhstan, 49, 69, 112, 222 Inter-Ethnic Relations Department of the KGB (Committee of State Security), 7, Institute for Political and Military 117–18, 120, 122, 135, 137–8, 151, Analysis, 251 156, 169, 185, 196, 202, 204, 208, Inter-Regional Investment Bank, 198–9 271, 305, 307, 316 Investigative Committee (Sledstvennyi Khakamada, Irina, 20, 63 komitet, SK), 186, 191–2, 194–5, Khakassia, 175, 259 198–200, 208, 272, 313, 317, 328, Kharitonov, Nikolai, 63, 222, 276 355, 359 Khasbulatov, Ruslan, 134 Investment Fund, 152, 182 Khlevniuk, Oleg, 87 IPO (International Public Offering), 128 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 10, 34, 40, 95, 99, Ireland, 138 108, 115, 124–6, 135, 144–6, 149, Irkutsk oblast0, 245 185, 187, 189, 192, 201, 225, Isaev, Andrei, 25 236, 239, 241, 252, 280, 341, Iskhakov, Kamil, 166 346, 348, 357 Italy, 27, 35, 319 Khomyakov, Valery, 201 Itogi magazine, 288 Khristenko, Viktor, 24, 181 Ivanchenko, Alexander, 257 Khrushchev, Nikita, 43, 52–3, 341, Ivanenko, Vlad, 157 345, 363 Ivanov, Anton, 328, 330 Khuchiev, Muslim, 325 Ivanov, Igor, 121, 197 Kirienko, Sergei, 155, 166 Ivanov, Sergei, 120, 153–5, 161–72, 177, Kirov (Vyatka) region, 318, 324 181–2, 184, 194, 208, 232, 265, Knoops, Geert-Jan, 41 270–1, 273, 275–6, 283, 315 Kogan, Vladimir, 169 Andrei Sychev case, 168 Kokh, Alfred, 197

Index 391

Kolesnikov, Vladimir, 189 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Kommersant, 195, 205, 283, 295 (LDPR), 4, 12, 15–16, 18, 61, 63, kompromat, 205, 341 108, 211, 213, 217, 221, 223, Konovalov, Alexander, 166, 263, 271, 316 227–8, 233, 246–8, 259, Korzhakov, Alexander, 7, 69, 90, 91, 133 261–2, 276, 294–5, 325–6, 358 Kosals, Leonid, 157 Liberal Democrats, 19 Kostuchenko, Nadezhda, 331 liberal economists, 93, 131 Kosygin, Alexei, 53 Liberal Mission Foundation, 257 Kovalchuk, Mikhail, 153, 187 liberals, 12, 22, 30, 65, 98, 117, 124, 126, Kovalchyuk, Yuri, 141 131, 134, 142, 156, 158, 167, 184, Kovale¨v, Sergei, 74–5, 225 199, 247, 271, 322, 324, 328 Kozak, Dmitry, 101, 141, 155, 161, 182, Libman, Alexandr, 156 187, 189, 190, 271 Limonov, Eduard, 22, 241, 276, 278 Kozlov, Frol, 53 LionOre, Canadian company, 287 Krasheninnikov, Pavel, 25 Lisitsyn, Anatoly, 251, 260 Krasnov, Mikhail, 45 Litvinenko, Alexander, 138, 186, 223, 358 Krasnoyarsk Economic Forum, 287 Lourie, Richard, 357 Kravchuk, Leonid, 69 Lubyanka, 139 Kruglyakov, Igor, 199 Lugovoi, Andrei, 223, 238, 247, 284, 294 Kryshtanovskaya, Ol0ga, 119 Lukashenko, Alexander, 49, 69, 73, 81 Kryuchkov, Vladimir, 196–7 Lukin, Alexander, 75, 90 Kuchma, Leonid, 21, 110, 114 Lukyanov, Fyodor, 292, 340 Kudelina, Lyubov, 169 Luzhkov, Yuri, 6, 8, 9, 16, 24, 91, 95, 97, Kudrin, Alexei, 101, 126, 131, 159, 181–2, 130, 166, 175, 188, 220, 317, 326 187, 198, 200, 271, 284, 312, 315, 324, 328, 355 Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine, 227 Kumarin, Vladimir also Barsukov, 174, 328 Magnitsky, Sergei, 332 Kuomingtang in Taiwan, 26 Maikova, Lyudmila, 330 Kurchatov Institute, 153 Main Control Department, 171 Kurginyan, Sergei, 46 Main Intelligence Agency (GRU), 122 Kuwait, 198 Main Intelligence Directorate of the armed Kyrgyzstan, 67, 69, 237, 359 forces (GRU), 122 Mair, Peter, 26 Latin America, 2, 58 Malaysia, 42 Latvia, 215 Malenkov, Georgi, 53 Latynina, Yuliya, 173 Maltz, Gideon, 357 Lavrov, Sergei, 182, 292 Malyshkin, Oleg, 63, 277 Law on Extremism, 2007, 36 Mamontov, Arkady, 237 Law on Subsoil Resources, 147 managed democracy, 3, 8, 9, 10, 13, 33, 47, Lebed, Aleksei, 175 72, 83, 124, 253, 361 Lebedev, Igor, 223, 227, 324 Mango, Andrew, 27 Ledeneva, Alena, 91, 93 manual mode of management, 354, 363 legal nihilism, 46, 285, 287, 289, 311, Mao Zedong, 31 317–18, 327, 330–1, 342 march of the irreconcilables (marsh Lenin, Vladimir, 53, 117, 307 nesoglasnikh), 21 Leningrad City Soviet, 122 March, Luke, 20 Leningrad Region, 179, 202 Marcos, Ferdinand, 70, 203 Leningrad State University, 122 Mari El republic, 277, 325 Leninist liberalism, 75, 324 Markedonov, Sergei, 251, 307 Lennmarker, Go¨ran, 253 Markelov, Stanislav, 345 Levada Center Poll, 64, 76, 123, 244, 252, Markov, Sergei, 70, 124 281–2, 325 Maslov, Viktor, 251 Levitsky, Steven, 106 Matsuzato, Kimitaka, 110 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) in Japan, Matvienko, Valentina, 130, 172, 220, 303 26, 28, 112–13, 319 McFaul, Michael, 8, 9–10, 16, 356

392 Index

Medushevsky, Andrei, 85 Nabiullina, Elvira, 98, 165, 181, 271 Medvedev, Dmitry, 12, 21, 42, 46, Namier, Lewis, 92 48, 55, 58, 79, 84, 97–8, 101, Napoleon III, 54 116, 123, 126–7, 131, 134–6, 141, Naryshkin, Sergei, 140, 169–70, 156, 158–9, 162–8, 170–1, 177, 182, 316 180–2, 184, 187–8, 190, 204, Naryshkina, Natalya, 170 207–8, 217, 232, 238, 262, 265–6, Nashi (pro-regime movement), 115, 269, 270–7, 281, 282–94, 296–303, 241, 304 306–8, 310–14, 316–20, 322, 324, National Anti-Terrorism Committee 326–9, 331–5, 339–53, 355, 360, (NAK), 197 362–3, 365 National Bolshevik Party, 22, 241, 278 early years, 288 National Strategy Council, 201 Medvedev, Roy, 70 nativism, 80 Mel0nikov, Ivan, 262, 276, 319 Nato, 238, 289, 345 Men, Mikhail, 166 Nazis, 41 Meshcheryakov, Sergei, 134 Neisbitt, John, 349 Mexicanisation of Russian politics, 11 Nekrasov, Vladimir, 208 Mexico, 27, 57, 82, 105, 319 Nemtsov, Boris, 17, 20, 197, 224, 240, Military Industrial Commission, 168 249, 275–6, 278, 282, 323–5 military-industrial complex (MIC), 118 Nenets autonomous district, 175, 251 Miller, Alexei, 97–8, 338 New Economic Policy, 40 Milosˇevic´, Slobodan, 20 Nezavisimaya gazeta, 305 Milov, Vladimir, 276, 324, 342 NGOs (non-governmental organisations), Minatom (state agency), 148 115, 125, 139, 216, 351 Ministry of Economic Development Nikitin, Yuri, 100, 108 and Trade (MERT), 98, 126, 153, Nikonov, Vyacheslav, 32, 165, 229, 303 165, 181 Nordic Council, 216 Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), Norilsk Nickel, 101, 128, 286 120, 122, 134, 186, 189, North America, 128 191–3, 206, 208, 311, 314–15, North Caucasus, 56, 110, 250–1, 257 332, 337 North Ossetia, 251 Economic Security Department, 134 North, Douglass, 106, 132 Ministry of Justice, 125 Novaya gazeta, 193, 324, 345 Mironov, Sergei, 19, 25, 29, 63, 141, 211, Novgorod region, 176 221–2, 248, 269, 327 Novikov, Andrei, 186 Mitrofanov, Alexei, 223 Novoship, 100, 147 Mitrokhin, Sergei, 281, 321–2, 326 NTV television channel, 95, 213, modernisation 272, 297 authoritarian, 151 Nur Otan, 49 dirigiste, 151 Nurgaliev, Rashid, 120, 187, 191, 315 modernisation from the middle, 33, 286, 348 Nussberger, Angelika, 68, 357 Mogilevich, Semen, 207 Nyrkov, Yuri, 191 Mokresov, Mikhail, 192 Moldova, 80 Obama, Barack, 345 Mordashov, Alexei, 128 Office for Democratic Institutions and Mordovia, 110, 250 Human Rights (ODIHR), 215–16, Morozov, Oleg, 262 290–2, 297 Moscow City Duma, 17, 19, 321, 325 Ogushi, Atsushi, 26 Moscow Duma elections, 61–2 oligarchs, 6, 24–5, 30, 71, 85, 91, 105, 125, Moscow oblast0, 244 144, 146, 162, 179, 188, 197, 227, Moscow Patriarchate, 171 236, 268, 271, 338 Mozambique, 122 criminal, 99, 135 MPS (state transport agency), 148 internal, 148 Muratov, Dmitry, 345 state, 135, 146, 156, 338 Musharraf, Pervez, 150 Yeltsin-era, 122

Index 393

Olimpstroi, 155 Pavlovsky, Gleb, 82–3, 124, 142–4, 184, Open Russia Foundation, 125, 330 234, 292, 355–6 Orange revolution in Ukraine, 21–2, 62, People for Democracy and Justice (party) 71, 99, 160, 166, 231, 256, 353, Narod za demokratiyu i 361, 364 spravedlivost0, 227, 278 ordo-liberals, 145 People’s Action Party (PAP) in Singapore, 26 Oregon Steel Mills, 128, 287 People’s Alliance, 227 Organization for Security and Co-operation people’s congress (Vsenarodnoye Sobranie) in Europe (OSCE), 215–16, 234, in Belarus, 49 252–5, 291–2, 297 People’s Party, 5, 19 Permanent Council, 215 people’s state, 40 ORT (main television channel), 9, People’s Union, 211, 217, 320 95, 316 perestroika, 40, 52, 358 Orttung, Robert, 36 Perm region, 324 Other Russia (grouping), 14, 20–2, Peter the Great, 170 211, 224–6, 237, 240, 276, 278, Petromonde (oil trading company), 203 296–7, 322 Petrov, Nikolai, 128, 199, 245, Our Choice (party), 20 252, 260 Our Home is Russia (Nash Dom Petroval (Yukos Swiss subsidiary), 202 Rossiya, NDR), 4, 16, 97, 220, Philippines, 70, 203 232, 256 phoney democracy, 8, 33, 45 piarshchiki (PR), 96, 214, 229 Pakistan, 150 Pikalevo incident, 337–9 Panfilov, Anatoly, 211 Piontkovsky, Andrei, 341 Pappe, Ya. Sh., 154 Platonov, Andrei, 224 para-constitutionalism, 38, 47–8, 153 Plattner, Marc, 34 para-politics, 50, 154, 327, 357 Pligin, Vladimir, 25 Parfitt, Tom, 56 Podberezkin, Alexei, 211, 320 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council Pogorelsky, Alexander, 31 of Europe (PACE), 216, 253–4, Pokhmelkin, Victor, 212 291–2, 298 Poland, 57–8, 126, 230, 255, 283, 289 parties Politburo, 275, 309 parastatal, 50 Politkovskaya, Anna, 138, 358 programme, 15 Poltavchenko, Georgi, 171 project, 13, 16, 19, 221 pomest’e (estate) system, 148–9 oppositional, 16 Portugal, 215 regime, 14, 16, 19, 29, 61, 232 Potanin, Vladimir, 94–5, 135, 197 spoiler, 16 Potapenko, Valery, 326 partiinost0 (party-mindedness), 39 power vertical, 33, 78, 129, 333 Party of Life, 19, 248 PRES (party), 4, 211, 217, 320 Party of Peace, 226, 295 president Mobuto of Zaire, 203 Party of Pensioners, 19, 248 Presidential Council, 48 Party of Russia’s Rebirth, 5 presidentialism, 45, 47, 60, 309 Party of Social Justice, 5, 211, 217, 246, patronal, 114 249, 320 Primakov, Yevgeny, 6, 7, 8, 9, 63, 97, 123, party substitutes, 7, 8, 12, 87, 95, 230 174, 210, 309 passive revolution, 35–7, 131, 144, 361 Promstroibank, 169 Pastukhov, Vladimir, 83 prosecution to order (zakazannoe delo), 44 Patriots of Russia, 5, 211, 217, 226–7, Prusak, Mikhail, 176 246, 295–6 Przeworski, Adam, 52 Patrushev, Dmitry, 172 Public Chamber (Obshchestvennaya Patrushev, Nikolai, 120–1, 140, 145, 168, Palata), 48–9, 125, 164, 243, 172, 179, 185, 187, 193–5, 197, 284, 349, 355 272, 313–15 public sphere (obshchestvennost0), 57 Pavlov, Valery, 122 Putilin, Vladimir, 165

394 Index

Putin, Vladimir, 1, 3, 7–17, 19, 21–6, 29–34, Nazi, 39 36–7, 42, 44, 46–8, 52–6, 58, 61–5, punitive, 108 67–76, 81–5, 90, 92, 95, 97–9, 101–2, Putin, 33, 47, 73, 91, 113, 138–9, 152, 104–6, 108–9, 112, 114–26, 129–33, 209, 226, 241 135, 147–8, 151, 153, 155, 168, 171, Soviet, 10, 279, 324 176–7, 179–80, 182, 184–92, 194–9, regimes of exception, 42 201–5, 208–10, 212, 215–16, 225, regional barons, 129 227, 231, 233–44, 246–8, 250, 252–6, Regiongazholdings, 98 258–63, 265–76, 281, 283–91, 293–4, reiderstvo, 174, 207–8 296, 298–9, 301–17, 319–22, 324, remodernisation, 57 327, 330, 332–3, 336, 338–44, 347, REN, television channel, 327 349–51, 353–62, 365, 367 Renz, Bettina, 139 and oligarchs, 135, 144, 148–9 Republican Party of Russia, 14, 20, 65, and siloviki, 131, 137–41 211, 278 and the military, 140 Republican People’s Party in Turkey, 27 anti-corruption, 172–3 Riggs, Jonathan, 11 Kumarin, 174 Right Cause (Pravoe Delo), 323 elite, 143, 201 Rivera, David W., 119, 140–1 faction manager, 33, 132–7 Rivera, Sharon Werning, 119, 140–1 factions, 131 Rodina, 4–5, 16–17, 19, 61, 221, 248, February 2004 reshuffle, 161 259, 262 foreign policy, 141–2 Rogozin, Dmitry, 17, 212 internal coalition, 135 Romania, 289 Just Russia, 221–2 Romanov, Grigori, 53 November 2005 reshuffle, 162, 166 Romodanovsky, Konstantin, 121 policy goals, 58 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 151, 354 regime, 114 Rosatom, 155, 166 regions, 176 Rose, Richard, 9 September 2007 reshuffle, 177–8, 181–2 Rose revolution in Georgia, 20 speech to State Council, 289–90 Rosnano, 154, 156, 169, 323 state corporations, 151–2, 155, 157–8 Rosneft, 73, 89, 98, 121–2, 128, 141, 143, succession, 160–1, 163, 165, 167, 146, 148, 157, 159, 170, 172, 175, 169–72, 183, 228 185, 202, 207, 221, 272, 336 Chechen president, 170 Rosoboronexport, 73, 121, 128, 140, 148, United Russia, 23, 218–20, 222, 229–32 155, 176, 206 Putinism, 71, 75, 81, 173, 176, 305 Rosoboronpostavki (arms delivery agency), 317 Ra0anan, Uri, 54 Rossiiskaya gazeta, 243, 264 Radio Liberty, 188 Rossiya television channel, 237 Rahr, Alexander, 163, 198 RosUkrEnergo, 208 Rakhimov, Murtaza, 130, 175, 317 Rosvooruzhenie, 153 Rapota, Grigory, 121, 316 Roth, Ju¨rgen, 174 Rashnikov, Victor, 227 RTS stock market index, 308 rationalisation, 31 Rumyantsev, Oleg, 267 real democracy, 38 Rusal (aluminium company), 128 Rebirth of Russia, 211, 217 Russia in Global Affairs, 292, 340 reconcentration, 46 Russia’s Choice, 256 reconstitution of the state, 46 Russian Criminal Code, 189 redevelopment, 28, 159 Russian Information Society (RIO-Centre), regime 165 Bonapartist, 85 Russian Orthodox Church, 171, 288 definition, 29, 32 Russian People’s Democratic Union governance, 35 (Rossiiskii narodno-demokraticheskii Kazakhstan, 111 soyuz, RNDS), 277–8 Lukashenko, 110 Russian Railways (RZhD), 128, 140, 171

Index 395

Russian Share Company Edinye Shenderovich, Victor, 22 Energosistemy (RAO UES), 116, Shenin, Oleg, 275 128, 148, 154, 224 Shepilov, Dmitry, 88 Russian Technology Corporation Shestakov, Vasily, 211 (Rostekhnologii also Rostekh), 140, Shevardnadze, Eduard, 21 148, 153, 155–6 Shevtsova, Lilia, 72–3, 308 Russian Television (RTR), 354 Shibanova, Liliya, 245 Russian Union of Industrialists and Shkolov, Yevgeny, 134, 208 Entrepreneurs (RUIE), 165, 266, Shleifer, Andrei, 57 286, 346 Shoigu, Sergei, 24, 220 Ryabov, Andrei, 62, 102, 116, 328 Shokhin, Alexander, 266, 274 Ryavkin, Alexander, 211 Shuvalov, Igor, 271, 315, 333–4 Rybkin, Ivan, 61, 202, 232 Shuvalov, Yuri, 25 Ryzhkov, Vladimir, 10, 14, 20, 65, Shvartsman, Oleg, 100, 205–6, 211–12, 224–5, 245, 278, 272, 283 281, 298 Sibneft, 126, 146, 187 Sibur (company), 98 Saakashvili, Mikheil, 21 Siddiqa, Ayesha, 150 Safonov, Oleg, 191 siloviki, 19, 29–30, 32, 90, 98, 100, 105, Sakhalin, 176 114, 117–22, 124–5, 129, 131, Sakharov, Andrei, 357 133–4, 137–41, 143–4, 146–7, 149, Sal0e, Marina, 205, 272 155, 166–7, 170–1, 184, 189, 191, Samara region, 66 195–7, 199–200, 208, 265, 271–2, Sartori, Giovanni, 26 274, 279, 312–13, 317, 328, 341 Satarov, Georgy, 22, 278, 329 Simonov, Konstantin, 98, 123 Saudi Arabia, 167, 203 Singapore, 42, 150, 243 Schatz, Edward, 111 Skarga, Dmitry, 100, 108 Schmidt, Yuri, 192 Skatch, Cindy, 45 Schmitt, Carl, 39, 145 skrytnost0 (lack of transparency), 53 Schraeder, Peter, 11 Skuratov, Yuri, 7, 189 Sechin, Igor, 17, 81, 98, 100, 106, 120–2, Smirnov, Vladimir, 174 134, 139–41, 145–6, 166, 168, 172, Smith, Gordon, 39 185–92, 194–5, 198–200, 205–8, Smolensk oblast0, 251 262, 265, 272, 283, 314–16 Sobchak, Anatoly, 55, 118, 120, 185, 202, Second World War, 28 205, 343 Security Council, 121, 133, 139, 197, 209, Sobolev, Valentin, 121 274, 311, 315 Sobyanin, Sergei, 116, 135, 165–6, 187, securocrats, 119 249, 266, 282, 315 Seleznev, Gennady, 211, 217 Social Democratic Party of Russia Semigin, Gennady, 211, 217, 226–7 (SDPR), 175 Serbia, 20, 67, 237, 359 Social Justice Party, 5 Serdyukov, Anatoly, 122, 155, 169–70, Sodexim (commercial firm), 198 182, 191–2, 202, 313, 359 Solidarity (movement), 324 Serebryannyi Dozhd0 radio station, 330 Solovev, Vladimir, 272, 330 Severstal (steel company), 128 Sonin, Konstantin, 260 Shaimiev, Mintimir, 6, 24, 130, 175, 317 South Africa, 198 Shamanov, Vladimir, 140 South Korea, 70, 150 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation South Ossetia, 310 (SCO), 142, 216 sovereign bureaucracy, 31 summit, 170, 291 sovereign democracy, 3, 24, 124–7, 162, Shaposhnikov, Venyamin, 288 165, 167, 206, 218, 232, 238, Shargunov, Sergei, 222 273, 342 Sharlet, Robert, 39–40 Soviet Russia, 40, 370 Shchekochikhin, Yuri, 193 Soviet Union, 22, 27, 40, 53, 58, 138, 151, Sheinis, Viktor, 86 169, 275, 304–5, 360, 361

396 Index

Sovkomflot, 100, 147, 170 Stoner-Weiss, Kathryn, 31 SPAG (German firm), 174 Storchak, Sergei, 159, 198–200, Spain, 349 328, 355 Sredmash (company), 157 Strabag (Austrian construction St Andrew’s Foundation, 171 company), 287 St Petersburg City Council, 122 Strategic Studies Centre, 165 St Petersburg Economic Forum, June Strategy 2020 forum, 349 2007, 163, 177, 333 Strohal, Christian, 216, 291 St Petersburg Fifth television Channel, 327 Stroitransgaz (company), 98 St Petersburg Fuel Company (PTK), 174 Sual (aluminium company), 128 St Petersburg G8 summit, July 2006, 21 Suharto, general, 70 St Petersburg lawyers, 114 Sultygov, Abdul-Khakim, 243 St Petersburg Mining Institute, 151 Supreme Arbitration Court, 271, 328, 330 St Petersburg Soviet of People’s Supreme Council, 303 Deputies, 205 Supreme Qualifications Board, 331 St Petersburgers (Pitertsy), 97, 123, 317 Surgutneftegaz, 159, 202–3 Stabilisation Fund, 56, 59, 159, 200 Surkov, Vladislav, 19, 24, 28–9, 69, Stalin, Joseph, 39, 40, 53, 87, 89, 73, 124, 166, 207, 218–19, 113–14, 341 237, 249, 265–6, 273, 282, Stalinism, 39 316, 319, 349 Startsev, Yaroslav, 107 Sutyagin, Igor, 342 state Svyazinvest (communication company), 197 constitutional, 1, 13, 21, 28, 30, 32–4, Sychev, Andrei, case, 168, 224, 265 38, 42, 45, 47, 54, 93–4, 101, 105, syreviki, 128 107–8, 116, 137, 165, 301–2, 327, 342, 352, 356 Tajikistan, 69, 111 faction, 105 Tambov Gang, 174 normative, 38–42, 49, 51, Tatarstan, 6, 110, 130, 141, 175, 250, 317 89, 94, 105, 201, 353, 355, Tax Police, 186 361–2, 365 technocrats, 117, 125, 131, 135, 166, 341 prerogative, 38–42 Telen, Ludmila, 96 redevelopmental, 57 telephone law, 43–4, 285 State Air Traffic Management Agency, 153 The Economist, 118 State Anti-Narcotics Committee (GAK), Tilly, Charles, 46–7 197, 208 Timakova, Natalia, 316 State Assembly of the Republic of Timchenko, Gennady, 100, 187, 202–4 Mari-El, 325 Time, 241 state capture, 94, 99, 105, 109, 124, 146, 156 Timoshenko, Yulia, 305 state corporations, 121, 127, 144, 152–4, Titov, Boris, 323 158–9, 163, 290, 334, 341, 351 Titov, Konstantin, 175 State Council, 48, 130, 164, 243, 289, 355 TNK-BP (oil company), 202, 328 State Customs Committee, 199 Toffler, Alvin, 349 State Duma, 14–15, 25, 49, 173, 202, 212, Togliattiazot (Toaz), 330 261, 264, 328, 351 Toaz case, 331 Fifth, 59, 218, 222, 228, 230, 262, 276 Tokarev, Nikolai, 195 First, 61–2 Tompson, William, 143 Fourth, 10, 62, 113, 227, 259, 261 Tomsk region, 176 Third, 62 Tornqvist, Torbjohn, 202, 204 State Nanotechnology Corporation Tosto, Milton, 49 (Rosnanotekh), 153–4 Transneft, 128, 155, 194 statism, 125, 147, 162, 167 trasformismo, 35 Stavropol krai, 220 Treisman, Daniel, 57, 125, 149 Stepashin, Sergei, 7, 97, 120, 194, 271 Tret0yakov, Vitaly, 82 Stolypin Club, 25, 28 Tri Kita (Three Whales) case, 186, 193–4 Stolypin, Petr, 286, 344 Trochev, Alexei, 43

Index 397

Trotsky, Leon, 53, 113 Vainshtok, Semen, 155, 194 Trutnev, Yuri, 24, 116 Valdai Discussion Club, 178, 213, 221, Tsepov, Roman, 185 224, 267, 304, 349 Tsitsin, Konstantin, 154 Valyavina, Yelena, 330–1 Tula region, 325 Van den Brande, Luc, 253 Tulip revolution in Kyrgyzstan, 21 Varennikov, Valentin, 206, 222 Turkey, 27–8, 216 Vekselberg, Victor, 135, 338 Turkmenistan, 69, 208 velvet reprivatisation, 73, 100 TVEL (power engineering), 148 Veshnyakov, Alexander, 212, 220, 244 Tyumen region, 166, 245 Vidmanov, Victor, 227 Vitol, 202 Udmurtia, 251 Vneshtorgbank (VTB), 73, 172 Ukraine, 21, 22, 24, 62, 67, 69, 109–10, Volga federal district, 166, 271, 316 112, 114–15, 124, 130, 160, 166, Volga regions, 250 208, 222, 230–1, 234, 237, 310, Volkov, Vadim, 199, 262 356, 359, 364 Vologda, 256 Umalatova, Sazhi, 211, 320 Voloshin, Alexander, 7, 97, 115, 123–4, Union of Right Forces (SPS), 4, 8, 10, 15, 126, 133, 135, 187, 190, 271, 314 17, 20–2, 66–7, 80, 199, 211, 213, VTsIOM polling agency, 232, 240, 278 217, 223–5, 233–4, 237–8, 240–1, Vyakhirev, Rem, 7, 97, 162–3 246–7, 249, 252, 256, 275–6, 278, 280, 294–7, 320–3, 358, 361 Walker, Martin, 94–5 Union of Soviet Socialist Republiscs Walking Together (Idushie Vmeste) (USSR), 39, 88, 170 organisation, 242 United Aviation Corporation (OAK), Wall Street Journal, 21 152, 169 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 349 United Civic Front (OGF), 21, 226, 278 Way, Lucan, 80 United Company Rusal, 129 Weapons of Mass Destruction United Kingdom, the (UK), 216 (WMD), 238 United Malays National Organisation Wedel, Janine R, 93 (UNMO) in Malaysia, 26 White House, 308, 311, 314, 349 United Nations, 170 Whitefield, Stephen, 76 United Russia (Edinaya Rossiya, UR), Wilson, Andrew, 136 4, 8, 12–14, 16, 18–19, 22–9, 62, Witte, Sergei, 344 65–6, 82, 87, 112–13, 123, 155, Wittfogel, Karl, 142 166, 175–7, 201, 209, 211, 213, Women of Russia (party), 4 216–23, 225–35, 237–43, 245–55, World Bank, 57 258–62, 265–7, 269–71, 282, World Economic Forum in Davos, 27 294–5, 299, 303–4, 306–7, 309, January 2007, 127, 159, 167, 284 312, 319–20, 325–7, 350–1, World Policy Conference in Evian, France, 353, 359–61 October 2008, 353 Molodaya Gvardiya (youth association), World Trade Organization (WTO), 181, 242 237, 284 United Shipbuilding Corporation, 170 United States, the (USA), 28, 47, 56, 128, Yabloko, 4, 8, 9, 10, 15, 17, 20–2, 61, 142, 160, 193, 207, 216, 255, 283, 66–7, 211, 217, 223–5, 233–4, 334, 335, 342, 345 240, 246–7, 249, 252, 257, 278, Unity (Edinstvo), 4, 8, 16, 62, 123, 211, 280, 294, 296–7, 320–1, 323–5, 217, 226, 295 358, 361 University of West London, 120 Yakemenko, Vasily, 242 Usmanov, Alisher, 135, 283, 338 Yakhno, Olga, 186 Ustinov, Vladimir, 121, 140, 168, 185–92, Yakovlev, Vladimir, 181 194, 314, 316 Yakunin, Vladimir, 140, 170–1, 270 Ust-Orda Buryat autonomous okrug, 245 Yakutia (Sakha), 294–5 Uzbekistan, 67, 69 Yanukovich, Viktor, 21, 305

398 Index

Yaroslavl oblast0, 251, 277 Yurgens, Igor, 58, 165, 332, 346–7, Yaroslavl regional Duma, 294 349, 350 Yaroslavl State University, 349 Yushchenko, Viktor, 21, 115 Yasin, Yevgeny, 199, 257 Yavlinsky, Grigory, 8, 9, 17, 167, 211, 225, Zakaria, Fareed, 37, 349 250, 280, 321 Zakharov, Victor, 198–9 Yazev, Valery, 262 zakoniki, 127 Yegorov, Nikolai, 90 zakonnost0 (legality), 39 Yeltsin, Boris, 2, 6, 7, 9, 16, 23, 30, 32, 47, Zaostrovtsev, Yuri, 172, 187, 193 52, 55, 62, 69, 71, 74, 89–92, 94–9, Zapatero, Jose Luis Rodriguez, 349 109, 113–15, 118–19, 123–4, 133–5, Zhdanov, Andrei, 53 138, 143, 161, 176, 194, 199, 205, Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 12, 19, 61, 167, 211, 220, 226, 232–3, 255, 263, 266, 268, 223, 233, 238, 247, 261–2, 276–7, 271, 274, 279, 293, 301, 303, 314, 282, 293–4, 297, 320, 326 322, 333, 355, 357–8 Zhukov, Alexander, 24, 165, 167, 170, Yermolin, Anatoly, 212 182, 220, 315 Yevdokimov, Yuri, 326 Zia ul-Haq, 150 Yevkurov, Yunus-Bek, 318 Zinoviev, Grigori, 53 Yew, Lee Kuan, 243 Zlobin, Nikolai, 349 Yugoslavia, 126 Zolotov, Victor, 185–6, 188, 191, 194, 200, Yukos, 10, 34, 72, 83, 95, 98, 100, 117, 206, 208 121, 126, 131, 145–7, 157, 169, Zubkov, Mikhail, 64, 156, 161, 169, 201, 207, 227, 236, 272, 275, 280, 177–83, 191, 198, 202, 208, 265–6, 285–6, 314 272–3, 283, 313, 315, 359 Yukos affair, 35, 40–1, 43–4, 58, 98–9, 108–9, Zuev, Sergei, 188 122, 126, 128–9, 133, 136, 138, Zurabov, Mikhail, 181 142–4, 146–7, 157, 162, 166, 185, Zyazikov, Murat, 318 188–9, 193, 197, 199, 202–3, 205, Zyuganov, Gennady, 8, 85, 95, 167, 211, 309, 336, 341 222, 250, 261, 265, 276, 282, 291, Yumashev, Valentin, 7 293, 297, 299, 319, 320