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Laigle Idaline Phd 2018.Pdf ÉVALUATION INTÉGRÉE DES IMPACTS DES PRÉLÈVEMENTS DE BIOMASSE FORESTIÈRE SUR LA BIODIVERSITÉ ET LE FONCTIONNEMENT DES ÉCOSYSTÈMES par Idaline Laigle thèse présentée au Département de biologie en vue de l’obtention du grade de docteur ès sciences (Ph.D.) FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, mai 2018 Le 21 mai 2018 le jury a accepté la thèse de Mademoiselle Idaline Laigle dans sa version finale. Membres du jury Professeur Dominique Gravel Directeur de recherche Département de biologie Docteure Isabelle Aubin Codirectrice de recherche Centre de Foresterie des Grands Lacs Service Canadien des Forêts Professeur Bill Shipley Évaluateur interne Département de biologie Professeure Sophie Calmé Président-rapporteur Département de biologie Professeur Christopher Buddle Évaluateur externe Department of Natural Resource Sciences McGill University SOMMAIRE Ce projet de doctorat a pour objectif de déterminer les effets des prélèvements de biomasse forestière sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes, à l’aide d’une approche multitrophique. Les industries forestières portent un grand intérêt à la valorisation des débris ligneux provenant de coupe de plantations forestières, alors que les conséquences écologiques de cette exploitation à grande échelle sont encore méconnues. Les débris ligneux jouent un rôle de protection du sol et d’habitat, et à long terme, ils fournissent un apport constant en nutriments. Plusieurs études ont montré une réponse des invertébrés du sol aux retraits de débris ligneux en ce qui concerne leur composition et l’abondance des espèces. Cependant, les effets des perturbations sont générale- ment étudiés sur un, ou quelques groupes taxonomiques à la fois. Les perturbations affectent pourtant les espèces directement, mais aussi indirectement, par le biais des interactions entre espèces. Les communautés du sol sont composées d’espèces très diverses, qui interagissent entre elles de façon variée. Cette grande diversité rend l’étude de leurs réponses aux perturba- tions difficile. De plus, l’ensemble de ces espèces participent en synergie au fonctionnement de l’écosystème. Dans ce projet, nous nous intéressons aux effets à court terme de différents trai- tements de retraits de biomasse, sur la biodiversité des sols et les processus écosystémiques, sur un site expérimental du nord de l’Ontario. Ces traitements diffèrent par leur intensité de per- turbation du sol ainsi que leur quantité de bois résiduelle. Nous avons utilisé les approches par traits, et par réseaux afin de simplifier l’étude de ces communautés. Nous avons tout d’abord vérifié si l’approche par traits, généralement utilisée en écologie végétale, pouvait permettre de mieux comprendre l’assemblage et le fonctionnement des communautés multitrophiques. Afin de réaliser cette étude, nous avons utilisé un modèle théorique, et une base de données, dans laquelle était documentée la composition en espèces invertébrées de 48 réseaux trophiques de sols forestiers, ainsi que les interactions entre espèces. En parallèle, nous avons analysé em- piriquement les réponses des traits des organismes du sol, et des taux de décomposition de la litière, aux traitements de retrait de biomasse. Grâce à l’ensemble de ces travaux, nous avons pu v révéler des relations entre la composition fonctionnelle, la structure des réseaux, et leur fonc- tionnement. Nous avons pu déterminer que certains traits, dont la masse corporelle, permettent de prédire les interactions entre espèces, et les effets de celles-ci sur le fonctionnement de la communauté du sol. Nos résultats suggèrent également que les réseaux trophiques du sol sont dominés par une régulation "bottom-up". Les carnivores généralistes semblent toutefois im- portants pour la régulation des forces de compétition entre les espèces des niveaux trophiques intermédiaires. Cependant, les effets des espèces sur la biomasse des autres espèces, des détri- tus et de l’azote étaient variables en fonction des communautés, et ne pouvaient être expliqués par leurs traits seulement. Nos résultats soulignent, une fois encore, la complexité des réseaux trophiques des sols qui est en grande partie la conséquence d’effets indirects. Bien qu’un travail supplémentaire soit nécessaire, nos résultats suggèrent de préserver les couches superficielles du sol et une petite quantité de débris ligneux afin de préserver la qualité et la productivité des réseaux trophiques des sols en pinèdes grises ontariennes. Notre étude démontre la faisa- bilité et la pertinence des études multitrophiques rendues possibles grâce à la combinaison de l’approche par traits, et par réseaux, ainsi que de travaux théoriques et empiriques. Mots-clés : Réseau, multitrophique, traits, interactions, biomasse forestière, sol, fonctionne- ment. vi REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier mes directeurs Dominique Gravel, et Isabelle Aubin pour avoir été, si longtemps, des conseillers, psychologues, amis, philosophes, et bien plus encore. Merci aussi aux membres de mon comité, Bill Shipley et Mickaël Hedde pour leurs précieux conseils. Merci au Centre des Sciences de la Biodiversité du Québec, au programme de Modélisation de la Complexité de la Forêt, et au CRSNG pour l’aide apportée, pour m’avoir permis de vivre, d’accéder à de nombreuses conférences, et formations très enrichissantes. Je remercie ensuite tous les collaborateurs d’Island Lake et les techniciens du Service Canadien des Forêts, sans qui ce projet n’aurait jamais abouti : Lisa Venier, Kara Webster, Paul Hazlett, Rob Fleming, Dave Morris, Laurent Rousseau, Tanya Handa, Nathan Basiliko, Marco Moretti, Christian Messier, Timothy Work, Emily Smenderovac, Paul Georges, Stéphanie Wilson, Ke- vin Good, Colin Lachance et Tom Weldon. Un grand merci à tous les étudiants et post-docs passés dans l’IE lab grâce à qui la dynamique de lab était toujours extraordinaire. Un énorme merci surtout à Steve Vissault, alias Steve Over- flow, pour m’avoir aidé à braver Mammouth, Github et autres trucs degeek. Merci à tous mes amis et colocs de France, Rimouski et Sherbrooke, et tout particulièrement à Marion, Marine, Tasneem, Olivier, Clémence, Antoine, Hipolito, Lou, et encore plus particu- lièrement à Michaël, tu ne sais pas non plus à quel point je te suis redevable. Merci à l’écurie aux petits soins, Marie et tous ses chevaux qui m’ont permis de ne pas lâcher. Un grand merci à Philippe pour m’avoir réconforté maintes fois et bien choyé. Je remercie bien sûr mes parents, pour leur soutien depuis 28 ans, et tout ce qu’ils m’ont donné afin d’être là où j’en suis aujourd’hui. Merci aussi à ma soeur et mon tout petit frère. Merci également à tous mes profs qui m’ont fait découvrir l’écologie, et donner l’envie de me rendre jusqu’au doctorat. Et finalement, merci à toute l’équipe médicale du CHU deGre- noble, de Sancellemoz, les pisteurs, et à la RAMQ, pour m’avoir remis d’aplomb afin de finir ce projet. vii TABLE DES MATIÈRES SOMMAIRE ........................................ v REMERCIEMENTS ................................... vii LISTE DES ABBRÉVIATIONS ............................. xii LISTE DES TABLEAUX ................................. xiii LISTE DES FIGURES .................................. xiv 1 CHAPITRE 1 : INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE .................. 1 1.1 La biomasse forestière .............................. 1 1.2 Fonctionnement des communautés du sol .................... 4 1.3 L’approche par traits ............................... 7 1.4 L’approche par réseaux.............................. 10 1.5 Objectifs...................................... 13 1.6 Méthodes ..................................... 15 1.6.1 Présentation du site expérimental d’Island Lake............. 16 1.6.2 Inventaires................................. 18 1.6.3 Expérience de décomposition de la litière ................ 19 1.6.4 Étude théorique.............................. 21 1.6.5 Intégration de la théorie à l’empirique.................. 22 2 CHAPITRE 2 : SPECIES TRAITS AS DRIVERS OF FOOD WEB STRUCTURE 24 2.1 Description de l’article et contribution...................... 24 2.2 Abstract...................................... 25 2.3 Introduction.................................... 26 2.4 Material & Methods................................ 30 viii 2.4.1 Datasets.................................. 30 2.4.2 Statistical analysis ............................ 33 2.5 Results....................................... 37 2.6 Discussion..................................... 42 2.6.1 From traits to interactions......................... 42 2.6.2 From functional structure to network structure.............. 44 2.6.3 Conclusion ................................ 47 2.6.4 Acknowledgments ............................ 47 2.7 References..................................... 48 3 CHAPITRE 3 : SPECIES TRAITS AND COMMUNITY PROPERTIES EX- PLAIN SPECIES EXTINCTION EFFECTS ON DETRITUS BASED FOOD WEBS .......................................... 57 3.1 Description de l’article et contribution...................... 57 3.2 Abstract...................................... 59 3.3 Introduction.................................... 60 3.4 Material & Methods................................ 62 3.4.1 Dynamics................................. 63 3.4.2 Simulations and analyses......................... 68 3.5 Results....................................... 71 3.6 Discussion..................................... 77 3.7 References..................................... 81 4 CHAPITRE 4 : DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF FOREST HARVES- TING DISTURBANCE ON SOIL FOOD WES AND LITTER DECOMPOSI-
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