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Assessing the Pathogenicity of Two Bacteria Isolated from the Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis Indica Against Galleria Mellonella and Some Pest Insects

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Assessing the Pathogenicity of Two Bacteria Isolated from the Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis Indica Against Galleria Mellonella and Some Pest Insects insects Article Assessing the Pathogenicity of Two Bacteria Isolated from the Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis indica against Galleria mellonella and Some Pest Insects Rosalba Salgado-Morales 1,2 , Fernando Martínez-Ocampo 2 , Verónica Obregón-Barboza 2, Kathia Vilchis-Martínez 3, Alfredo Jiménez-Pérez 3 and Edgar Dantán-González 2,* 1 Doctorado en Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; [email protected] 2 Laboratorio de Estudios Ecogenómicos, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; [email protected] (F.M.-O.); [email protected] (V.O.-B.) 3 Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Calle Ceprobi No. 8, San Isidro, Yautepec, 62739 Morelos, Mexico; [email protected] (K.V.-M.); [email protected] (A.J.-P.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +52-777-329-7000 Received: 20 December 2018; Accepted: 15 March 2019; Published: 26 March 2019 Abstract: The entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis are parasites of insects and are associated with mutualist symbiosis enterobacteria of the genus Photorhabdus; these bacteria are lethal to their host insects. Heterorhabditis indica MOR03 was isolated from sugarcane soil in Morelos state, Mexico. The molecular identification of the nematode was confirmed using sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and the D2/D3 expansion segment of the 28S rRNA gene. In addition, two bacteria HIM3 and NA04 strains were isolated from the entomopathogenic nematode. The genomes of both bacteria were sequenced and assembled de novo. Phylogenetic analysis was confirmed by concatenated gene sequence datasets as Photorhabdus luminescens HIM3 (16S rRNA, 23S rRNA, dnaN, gyrA, and gyrB genes) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa NA04 (16S rRNA, 23S rRNA and gyrB genes). H. indica MOR03 infects Galleria mellonella, Tenebrio molitor, Heliothis subflexa, and Diatraea magnifactella larvae with LC50 values of 1.4, 23.5, 13.7, and 21.7 IJs/cm2, respectively, at 48 h. These bacteria are pathogenic to various insects and have high injectable insecticide activity at 24 h. Keywords: entomopathogenic nematode; Heterorhabditis indica; bacteria; pathogenicity; insects 1. Introduction The entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) are parasites of insects that are associated in mutualist symbiosis with enterobacteria of the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus [1,2]. The entomopathogenic nematodes, unlike other parasites, cause the death of the host insect in a short time (within 24–48 h of infection), and this lethality is provided by associated bacteria [2]. The infective juvenile stage (IJ) is the only free life form of the entomopathogenic nematodes and functions as a vector carrying the symbiotic bacteria in the intestine to release them in the host insect’s hemolymph [3]. The life cycle of the nematode is completed inside the insect cadaver. The symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes (Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus) are gammaproteobacteria, Gram-negative, and members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Canonically, Insects 2019, 10, 83; doi:10.3390/insects10030083 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects Insects 2019, 10, 83 2 of 14 Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus establish monoxenic associations with Heterorhabditis and Steinernema, respectively. They are virulent to a wide variety of insects including Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera. The mean lethal dose (LD50) is low: <100 colony forming unit (CFU) injected into the hemolymph of Galleria mellonella larvae L (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) [4–8]. The diversity of the toxins produced, lipasses, and proteases, as well as the ability of these bacteria to suppress the insect’s immune system, contribute to its high virulence. In addition, the secondary metabolites produced by the bacteria are essential for the development of the nematode [9]. However, non-canonical bacteria such as Providencia sp., Ochrobactrum sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Alcaligenes faecalis have been isolated from different entomopathogenic nematodes, and few studies have focused on the role of these bacteria and their association with the nematode [10–13]. Due to the lifestyle of entomopathogenic nematodes, it is interesting to evaluate the pathogenic activity of non-canonical bacteria in insects. Particularly, Heterorhabditis indica has been reported in diaxenic association with Photorhabdus luminescens and Ochrobactrum spp., and the latter does not have insecticidal activity against G. mellonella. In contrast, A. faecalis from Heterorhabditis sp. is pathogenic to G. mellonella, suggesting a possible role in pathogenesis in insects [11–13]. G. mellonella is widely used as a model insect to evaluate bacterial pathogenesis and virulence [14,15]. The larvae of G. mellonella have technical advantages such as that they are easy to maintain under laboratory conditions, no special equipment is needed, and virulence bioassays by injection can be made using larvae of the last instar. Subsequently, bacterial virulence can be determined by calculating the LD50 [16,17]. Particularly, G. mellonella has been used extensively for the study of the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria [18]. However, there is great interest in evaluating the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria (canonical and non-canonical) in other insects, mainly in insects considered pests of agricultural crops. In this study, we report the isolation, identification, and pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis indica MOR03 and its associated bacteria (canonical and non-canonical) in larvae of the G. mellonella model and larvae of pest insects: Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Heliothis subflexa Dyar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Diatraea magnifactella Dyar (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Isolation of the Entomopathogenic Nematodes A total of 23 soil samples were collected in agricultural soils with a history of pesticide application of Morelos, Mexico, in the months of February to June 2014. Approximately 1 kg of soil was taken at a depth of 10 to 30 cm and the isolation of entomopathogenic nematodes was carried out using G. mellonella last-instar larvae as bait [19]. In the laboratory, the larvae were monitored daily, and the dead larvae were removed every day. Dead larvae with symptoms of infection by entomopatogenic nematodes such as absence of odor, absence of contaminating organisms, and coloration were recovered and disinfected with 5% sodium hypochlorite and rinsed 3 times with sterile distilled water before being transferred to White traps where nematodes were obtained from the insect larvae [20]. Koch postulates were performed to confirm that the nematodes were the cause of death [21]. 2.2. Maintenance of Insects and Nematodes The insects (G. mellonella, H. subflexa, and D. magnifactella) were kept at a temperature of 27 ± 2 ◦C with a light/darkness (LD) photoperiod of 12:12 h, kept at relative humidity (RH) 70 ± 10%, and grown on artificial diets. Only T. molitor was maintained at room temperature. The nematodes were reproduced into last-instar G. mellonella larvae and the IJs were recovered from the White traps after 12–14 days of inoculation with IJs. Insects 2019, 10, 83 3 of 14 2.3. Molecular Identification of the Entomopathogenic Nematodes Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from IJs using the DNA Isolation Kit for Cells and Tissues (Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA, following the manufacturer’s instructions). The primers TW81 and AB28 were used for amplification of the DNA fragment containing the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rRNA genes [22]. The D2/D3 expansion segment of the 28S rRNA gene was amplified using the primers D2F and 536 [23,24]. PCR products were purified using a QIAquick Gel Extraction kit® (Qiagen Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) and sequenced in both directions using the same primers at the Unidad de Síntesis y Secuenciación de DNA (USSD) of the Instituto de Biotecnología (IBT)-UNAM. The sequence reads were assembled and edited using BioEdit Version 7.2.5 software [25]. The resulting sequences were aligned using the Nucleotide BLAST tool NCBI GenBank (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/Blast.cgi). For phylogenetic reconstruction, we downloaded 25 ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences and 19 D2/D3 sequences of the expansion segment of the 28S rRNA of species in the genera Heterorhabditis and Caenorhabditis. Multiple alignments between generated sequences and downloaded sequences selected from the GenBank database were made using the MUSCLE (version 3.8.31) program [26]. The jModelTest (version 2.1.10) [27] was used to select the model of nucleotide substitution using the Akaike information criterion (AIC). Phylogenetic trees were inferred based on maximum likelihood for both datasets using the PhyML (version 3.1) program [28] with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Phylogenetic trees were visualized and edited using the FigTree (version 1.4.3) program (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/ software/figtree/). 2.4. Determination of the LC50 of the Nematode against Insects Bioassays to determine the mean lethal concentration, LC50, in G. mellonella and T. molitor consisted of using 10 and 15 larvae per dose tested, which were confined in 9-cm Petri dishes floored with Whatman no. 2 filter paper disks. Each
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