LA EIC - Disadvantaged Jobseekers Inquiry Submission no. 61 - Attachment 2 Received: 31 July 2019

Hume Community Revitalisation Project: Strategic Plan

November, 2017 “What we have found is a lot of times when we have been particularly effective it's not because of our expertise in the employment sector and not because of our connections with employers. It's just because of our ability to actually spend good, quality time with these jobseekers. I think that's what's really missing in the sector. Whether you're newly arrived or whether you come from a difficult background, whether you're in long term unemployment, inter- generational poverty, all of those things, at the end of the day it's always the same thing. What are your individual needs? ”.

- Employment Services Worker Contents

Executive Summary………………………………………………………………. 4

Introduction ………………………………………………………………….. 6

Part One: Environmental Scan: 7

A region in Flux 9

Employment Service System 17

Implications of the Environmental Scan for the Project 20

Part Two: Project Objectives and What It will Take 21

Need for cohort specific engagement + specialist intervention 23

Learning from Education: Service Integration + pathways 27

Transport + communication underpin shifts in employment 30

Social Enterprise + intermediate labour markets 32

Cycling and Churn will reduce sustained employment outcomes 33

Part Three: Proposed Strategic Activities for the Project 35

Part Four: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities + Threats for the 39 Taskforce in the Community Revitalisation Project Conclusion 43

Bibliography …………………………………………………………………. 44 Executive Summary

The Hume Community Revitalisation Project aims to: “increase the number of people progressing into sustained employment from the suburbs of Broadmeadows, Meadow Heights and Campbellfield” over the next three years. The Hume Jobs and Skills Taskforce will lead the Project, drawing together a strong cross-section of government, business and employment service providers.

This strategic plan for the Project includes an environmental scan, and a strategic analysis of key issues facing the target areas. It identifies gaps, missing links and opportunities in the current service system and provides the foundations for a set of strategic actions through which the Taskforce can achieve the project objectives.

The three target areas share some challenges - lower school completion rates, lower levels of English proficiency, lower levels of internet connection and lower car ownership rates - that all contribute to much higher rates of unemployment, and much greater risks of people cycling from unemployment to precarious employment.

Changes in industry and occupation that are occurring in Hume at both at the macro and micro-economic level have implications for employment strategies in the target areas. Key here is the shift from manufacturing towards community and health services that will require very different focusses on both technical and soft skills.

Hume is a culturally diverse City with the second highest intake of humanitarian settlers for local government areas in Victoria. While changing migration patterns are adding to the cultural, linguistic and ethnic diversity of Hume, the addition of large numbers of humanitarian settlers particularly into the target areas, brings challenges. There is a great deal of research that outlines the barriers humanitarian settlers face in finding and sustaining employment. There is also paradoxical evidence that humanitarian settlers engage in much greater levels of entrepreneurship than other cohorts. Engaging with these challenges and opportunities will be critical in achieving the objectives of the Project.

Housing prices have increased, leading to stress in some parts of the target areas, but also adding to the economic diversity of the communities, and bringing with it some of the opportunities and challenges of gentrification. This has flow-on effects for both demographics of those areas, but also for participation opportunities in local labour markets.

Services focussed on linking jobseekers and employers attract around $80million of Government investment annually into the Hume area. This is distributed amongst 42 providers, and they in turn service around 10,500 unemployed people, of whom 40% live in the Project target areas. The service system is crowded and complex, and is geared towards universal service offerings that do not always meet the needs of jobseekers facing significant barriers to employment. This creates both a challenge and an opportunity for the taskforce to go beyond ‘business as usual’ and to find ways to draw on data, research and insights from stakeholder insights to design and test a broader range of responses through the Community Revitalisation Project.

The Taskforce has a track-record of achievement in bridging the supply and demand sides of the labour market in Hume. This provides a strong foundation for working towards the objectives of the Community Revitalisation Project. The challenges the taskforce will face centre on the ability to build out of this foundation to deepen the cross-sector engagement and integration of employment pathways that will be required if population level shifts in employment outcomes are to be achieved in the target areas.

Much of the current service system is not designed to address the depth of personal and structural barriers that need to be addressed on the supply side (in terms of assisting people with complex issues to enter and sustain employment), despite having ‘disadvantaged jobseekers’ as a key focus. Further, on the demand side, there is a need for more recognition of the changes that business needs to make in hiring practices, and for the level of support required if business is to effectively engage jobseekers who have significant barriers to entering and sustaining connection to the labour market.

There are programs and individual workers in Hume that are effectively bridging this divide between supply and demand in the employment space particularly in relation to the target areas - and they exist both in the mainstream (in providers of JobActive, JVEN and in educational settings), and in more specialist programs (such as the Youth Transitions collaboration). The challenge for the Taskforce will be to harness the strengths of these programs and exceptional individuals within existing programs, whilst also seeking to innovate beyond these initiatives to fill gaps in the service system.

There are five key insights presented in this report that draw together evidence and stakeholder insights and have informed a set of strategic activities we believe will be key to achieving the outcomes set for the Community Revitalisation Project.

4 1. “Local Jobs for Local People” in Target Areas Requires a Focus on More than Jobs, it will require cohort specific engagement + specialist intervention Although there are some broader demographic issues that each target areas face, they are all home to larger concentrations of people who face greater barriers to employment for two key reasons: 1. having multiple and often complex issues and histories, and requiring support on multiple fronts in the process of becoming work ready. 2. having humanitarian settlement issues. If the Taskforce is to achieve the objectives of the Community Revitalisation Project there will need to be greater levels of engagement with: -services that offer intensive and more sustained vocational and non-vocational support; -services and programs that address issues that have been identified as having major impacts on a person’s employment prospects, such as English proficiency; -programs that offer ‘pathways’ into employment and tailored, integrated services that can support both jobseekers and employers beyond the first few months of employment.

Integrated pathways can shift outcomes: Learning from Education The significant positive shifts in educational outcomes in the three postcodes over the past decade may offer some insights for the Community Revitalisation Project to consider when developing their programs to address unemployment levels in these areas. Though changing demographics have made a contribution to these shifts, there has also been signifiant intentional work undertaken focussed on: recognising that students require specific assistance and intervention, not merely universal servicing; exploring the importance of ‘school readiness’ and focussing on the importance of ‘transition points’ for children as being a critical aspect of successfully achieving a positive shift in educational outcomes; and building a more integrated support system for children and families in the area, which emphasises collaboration between schools and other services. These changes could inform the strategy adopted by the Taskforce in order to achieve the objectives of the Project.

Transport and Communications underpin employment Access to reliable transport and communications are increasingly considered essential to employability. In the three target areas this represents one of the barriers facing many jobseekers, because of issues of access, affordability and availability both of transport and of internet connectivity. The Community Revitalisation Project should examine how improved access to internet in the three postcodes could support access to training, education and ultimately job outcomes. Further, access to transport is likely to impact jobseekers in the target postcodes. There are currently three inhibiting factors here that could be addressed: access to public transport - particularly east to west linkages; car ownership levels; and license issues for young people and for humanitarian settlers.

Social Enterprise and Intermediate Labour Markets could provide pathways into employment There are a handful of social enterprises in Hume that can provide an opportunity for people with multiple barriers to employment to gain valuable experience, develop employability skills and engage in work routines. Social Enterprise development has not been a priority for the Taskforce to date (though the support for initiatives by the Taskforce is noted) - however in terms of achieving the outcomes for the Community Revitalisation program, some further investigation and investment in such initiatives may be warranted.

Addressing Churn and Cycling will be critical in terms of assessing ‘sustained employment’ outcomes It is increasingly clear that a focus on ‘employment’ and ‘workforce participation’ as an outcome does not adequately indicate whether this actually enables a person or a household to exit the cycle of disadvantage and joblessness. Research demonstrates that for many who face complex barriers to economic participation there is an additional cycle - between employment, precarious employment and underemployment - that often prevents work from shifting circumstances. This phenomena - called ‘churn’ has structural structural origins (as work shifts to more ‘casual’ and part-time contexts and moves towards the ‘gig economy’). Although specific data about churn rates were not available, all the evidence (eg. shifts across time to part-time work) and stakeholder consultations suggest that this is an issue in target communities, and it should be considered by the Taskforce if the objective of ‘sustained employment’ in target areas is to be achieved.

These five insights and the associated recommendations have informed the strategic activities proposed in this plan. Through the Hume Community Revitalisation Project there are opportunities to support a real and sustainable shift in employment outcomes in these target communities and to bring the employment rates down and in line with the rest of the City of Hume. The Jobs and Skills Taskforce is well-suited to lead these significant shifts in employment outcomes.

5 This plan begins with an environmental scan of Introduction the Shire, and more specifically the three target areas of Broadmeadows, Meadow Heights and Campbellfield. This will show that Hume is a shire in Hume is growing at almost twice the national rate flux, with the target areas experiencing significant (ABS 2011 + 2016), but it is also changing as the changes over the past decade but unemployment economy restructures, migrants from new parts of remaining stubbornly high over this time. The the world settle in Hume, and new generations of service system is crowded, and skewed towards families move into the regions growth corridor. people who require lower levels of integrated and Hume is a progressive and prosperous municipality, intensive intervention. with an abundance of opportunities for employment, education and development. However Hume is also The Community Revitalisation Project has three home to residents who are not prospering, and who primary objectives and seven key measures. The are less able to take up the opportunities Hume has second part of this plan outlines five critical to offer. strategic factors that will effect both the achievement of the objectives, and the measures Over the past three decades, pockets of Hume have used in the process. figured highly amongst the most disadvantaged regions of Victoria and indeed Australia. People The plan then concludes with a SWOT analysis that living in these parts of Hume often experience highlights some of the key strategic issues facing higher levels and longer periods of unemployment, the Taskforce so that it may engage with this project poorer educational outcomes and lower scores on proactively. The final part of the plan also outlines significant indicators of health and well-being. how the Taskforce may breakdown the objectives Though many people find ways out of into key action areas across the three years of unemployment, some parts of Hume have become the project. associated with consistently high levels of unemployment and persistent disadvantage. It is those areas that are the focus for the Community The Community Revitalisation (CR) Project Revitalisation Project, which, over the next three establishes three primary objectives and seven years, aims to: measures. “increase the number of people progressing into sustained employment from the suburbs of Objective A: Increase employment amongst the Broadmeadows, Meadow Heights and local working-age population Campbellfield”. • Measure 1: The number of local people securing employment; and A great foundation for achieving this aim has been • Measure 2: The number of people created by the Hume Jobs and Skills Taskforce (the participating in the labour market. Taskforce), which provides strategic stewardship for planning whole of government and community Objective B: Increase local labour market support to improve employment opportunities for demand Hume residents and supports businesses in Hume • Measure 3: The number of new jobs with the provision of an effective labour supply. created within target areas; • Measure 4: The number of business start- This strategic plan will outline some clear ways in ups established and sustained after 12 which the Taskforce will need to develop alternative months; and and additional approaches to those already utilised • Measure 5: The number of new jobs filled if it is to achieve the aim of this project. These by people from targeted locations. include acknowledging that the aim of this project is effectively about shifting employment outcomes in Objective C: Improving the systems which areas that have consistently experienced match local labour market supply and demand unemployment levels between twice and four times • Measure 6: The number of people with higher than either the Hume or Greater Melbourne year 12 or above level qualifications; and levels for more than a decade. • Measure 7: The number of businesses employing people from targeted areas.

6 PART ONE: Environmental Scan

Overview 1. Region in Flux: 1.1. Industry + Work 1.2. Housing 1.3. Migration 2. The Employment Service System is complex + crowded A great deal of research and many reports have “The region as a whole should be proactive in been produced both about the challenges and ensuring local area hot-spots of long term innovative approaches to addressing unemployment unemployment by location, occupation and industry in Hume. The Community Revitalisation Strategic are dealt with quickly by targeted programs.” (The Plan report draws on this past research, but also Future Workforce: Melbourne’s North, 2015;p. xx). presents analysis that focusses on the specific aims of this current project that could assist the Jobs and Skills Taskforce to develop a work plan that will deliver the outcomes proposed.

The first part of this report reflects on the environmental scan undertaken, with specific reference to the diversity of change that is occurring across Hume, and the current employment service system, and how these impact on the three target areas. The target areas - Broadmeadows, Meadow Heights and Campbellfield - are themselves changing significantly and rapidly. And yet, unemployment remains stubbornly high in those areas (up to four times higher than unemployment across Greater Melbourne, and over twice as high as the rest of Hume).

The changes that are occurring because of economic restructuring and in terms of industry shifts will have implications not only for the demographic structure of the target areas, but also for individual jobseekers in these areas, and for employers looking Unemployment Percentage to hire local people.

Migration, and particularly Hume’s commitment to taking in humanitarian settlers, is also changing the fabric of the target areas, and assisting these residents into employment will be critical to achieving the objectives of the Community Revitalisation Project.

Finally, housing prices and housing tenure have been changing rapidly in the target areas, which creates both challenges and opportunities that will impact on the strategies needed to achieve the objectives of the project.

The second aspect of the environment scan concerns the service system that has been established in Hume to assist both jobseekers and employers. This part of the scan identifies some of the key potentials and challenges that exist in this system in Hume in relation to achieving the objectives of the project. Most particularly this section articulates the need for more integrated, Figure 1: Unemployment Trends in Hume and tailored and intensive service offerings designed to Target Areas 2015 to 2017 Source: SALM, 2017 meet the needs of both jobseekers facing multiple barriers to employment, and the needs of employers in a changing economic environment.

8 Region in Flux

Industry Changes and ‘Jobs’ In Broadmeadows the proportion of people employed in manufacturing decreased by 8.8% from In 2006 manufacturing was the primary employer 2006-16 (22.3% - 13.5%; ABS). Some of this across the three suburbs, accounting for variance can be accounted by small increases in approximately a quarter of all jobs (22.3% in construction (6.9% - 12.2%) and transport, postal Broadmeadows, 24.7% in Meadow Heights, 27% and warehousing (10% -13.2%; ABS) during the Campbellfield; ABS). By 2016, the proportion of same period. those employed in manufacturing had declined to be comparable to many other industries. However, In Meadow Heights, employment in manufacturing the shift of these jobs to other industries decreased by 12.7% from 2006-16 (24.7%-12%; demonstrates differs slightly across the three target ABS). During the same period, there has been areas. gradual increases in the proportion of those employed in healthcare and social assistance (6.1%-11%) and education and training (4.1%-7.1%;

Figure 2: The Changing Nature of Occupations Across the Target Areas 9 Source: ABS, 2011 and 2016 Top 3 industries (6.1%-11%) and education and training (4.1%-7.1%; ABS).

Campbellfield has seen a decrease of 14.7% (27% -12.3%) in the proportion of people employed in manufacturing from 2006-16. However, compared to the other two suburbs, the movement of jobs has been more equally distributed across multiple 45% 16% 11% industries. That said, construction (6.9%-10.4%) and Construction Rail Food production health care and social assistance (6.9-10.2%) are the two that increased their share of jobs the most.

Table 2 illustrates the shifts in occupation that have occurred over the last five years.

The proportion of people employed in full-time 80% 80% 74% (versus part-time) jobs has also decreased across Require Require Require a all three suburbs between 2006-2016 Police Drug Drivers (Broadmeadows 53.6%-45.4%, Meadow Heights Check Testing Licence 55.2%-48.2%, Campbellfield 55.1%-49.7%; ABS). This data suggests that the jobs replacing manufacturing are often less secure, with fewer hours and less pay than the manufacturing jobs in 5% Supportive to CALD, the hey-day of the motor vehicle manufacturing era Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) and ex-offenders (see figure 3).

*Analysis made out of a list of 19 Jobs. Entry-level Jobs Entry-level jobs can provide a pathway into Figure 4: Analysis of Jobs Victoria Pipeline for the employment, but increasingly they are competitive week of 9th to 13th October, 2017 Source: Jobs Victoria (provided by one of the stakeholders and do not always enable progression or result in from a JobActive provider) employment stability. In Hume, common entry-level positions are in retail, transportation, warehouse and manufacturing sectors. Similarly to other parts of Australia, entry-level jobs that require no or limited qualifications and experience are shrinking in number (across Australia they represent only around 15% of advertised jobs (Anglicare, 2017)).

To get a broad idea of the nature of entry level jobs in the region, we explored the jobs pipeline provided to JobActives in Hume by Jobs Victoria over the course of a week (9th-13th October). This is outlined in Figure 4*.

Of the ‘entry-level’ jobs on offer: • None required formal qualifications or experience. • All involved travel, so access to a drivers license and vehicle were almost essential for these jobs • Many of the jobs involved shift work, in addition to travel, making them inappropriate for single parents with young children; • None of the jobs were located in Hume. • Just over a third of the jobs on offer were casual (37%) and almost a third were full-time (32%). Figure 3: Comparison of weekly hours and incomes across selected occupations Source: Neville, 2014

10 An analysis of the list of positions vacant provided by Joblink (Council’s online platform designed to search jobs and post vacancies) in the following week (16-20 Oct) yielded less detail regarding specifications but similarities in terms of industries in which entry-level jobs were offered and the need for access to a vehicle or transport. This suggests the jobs posted on this platform are likely to provide similar challenges for disadvantaged jobseekers as outlined above for the JobActives pipeline.

The 'local jobs for local people' campaign quite rightly highlights that:

“only one third of more than 70,000 jobs in Hume City are filled by local residents and two thirds of the workforce come from outside” (George Osborne, in Local Jobs for Local People, 2017).

This in itself presents a strong rationale for the campaign. However in terms of the current project, what is even more compelling is that many entry- level jobs are currently filled by workers from outside Hume, while there are around 17% of local jobseekers (almost 2,000 people) who have no qualifications or experience and who are actively looking for entry level jobs (JobActive, Anglicare, 2017).

Figure 5 illustrates the breakdown of the numbers of people travelling into and out of Hume for work by occupation. What is clear from this figure is that for the top four occupation groups in the target areas relevant to this plan (Labourers, Machine operators and drivers; Technical and trades, and Community and personal services), there are almost as many people being imported into Hume Figure 5: Import and Export of Workers Across as there are being exported from Hume to other Occupations in Hume areas for employment. There would appear to be a Source: REMPLAN, 2017 great opportunity within this scenario for focussing on reducing the export and import of workers in these occupations in particular, which could All three suburbs have similar rates of people who potentially have a significant impact on opening up have lower levels of English (ranging 14-17%), which employment opportunities in target areas and are also comparatively higher than greater achieving the aims of the Community Revitalisation Melbourne (6%). English proficiency is critical to Project. economic participation and education, and its role in perpetuating unemployment in Australia has been Changing Migration Patterns well documented, and was a recurring theme in many of our interviews. Broadmeadows, Campbellfield and Meadow Heights all have similar proportions of people born However, in spite of these similarities, there is a high overseas (ranging 45%-48%), which are degree of nuance between the three suburbs in the comparatively higher than the proportion for greater nature of international migration, which is also likely Melbourne (34%). to manifest in differences in the nature of the disadvantage and unemployment experienced and

11 Figure 6: Percentage of Overseas Born People arriving between 2011 and 2016 Source: ABS, 2016 disadvantage and unemployment experienced and Merlynston Creek, and the immediate areas resulting needs of each area. surrounding Broadmeadows Central (excluding the Banksia Gardens Estate). These areas are also Broadmeadows among those with higher and/ or increasing rates of Broadmeadows has a particularly high proportion public housing, housing stress and low income of new arrivals (31% of those born overseas; ABS, households (>$33,800 p/a). Broadly speaking, 2016). Compared to greater Melbourne, the suburb these areas also have higher rates of children below over-indexes in the proportion of people from Iraq 11 years (especially relevant in the areas (5.8%), Turkey (5%), Lebanon (5%), Pakistan (3.7%), surrounding Broadmeadows Central and a pocket Iran (2.1%), Syria (1.6%) and Nepal (1.3%). Many of between Holberry Street and Merlynston Creek). these people are humanitarian arrivals and are Caring responsibilities limiting parents’ ability to likely to have complex needs throughout the work was a theme through a number of our process of achieving employment (see next interviews. Therefore, providing access to childcare section). From 2011-2016 the approximate and attracting jobs that have some degree of proportion of people from: flexibility for working around school hours could • Iran has increased by five times (from remove some some of the barriers preventing 0.4%-2.1%) economic participation in these areas. • Pakistan has quadrupled (from 1%-3.7%) • Syria and Nepal has tripled (from 0.6%-1.6% The area of Broadmeadows between Merlynston and 0.4%-1.3% respectively). Creek, Northcorp Boulevard, Sydney Road and Western Ring Road also has a particularly high Changes in the cultural and ethnic structure of all proportion of people born overseas (71%). However, three target areas are illustrated in figure 7. over 90% of these people have been in Australia longer than 5 years. Their needs are likely to be There are particularly high concentrations of recent different to those of more recent arrivals (as arrivals in the areas bordered by Pascoe Vale described above). Housing stress is also relatively Road, Kitchener Street, Western Ring Road and high in this area (23% of households), particularly

Figure 7: Changing Face of Local Migration: Shifts in Nationalities in Target Areas Source: ABS, 2016 12 high in this area (23% of households), particularly among those who rent privately.

Meadow Heights Meadow Heights is also a suburb of high diversity, with 43.6% of people born overseas (33.8% for Geater Melbourne). However, higher proportions of people arrived to Australia between 1971-2005 (55.7% of those born overseas, 40.7% for greater Melbourne). Meadow Heights also has comparatively lower proportions of new arrivals (20% of those born overseas, 23.5% for Greater Melbourne. In spite of having a population that has been in Australia longer, large parts of the suburb have higher proportions of people not fluent in English, compared to many of the regions in Broadmeadows that have high rates of new arrivals. This suggests that previous waves of immigration to the area may not have been adequately supported to learn English, which has had ongoing and significant impacts on their engagement with education and employment.

Campbellfield Nearly half of Campbellfields population was born overseas (47.5%, compared to 33.8% for greater Melbourne). Compared to greater Melbourne, the suburb over-indexes in people from Iraq (10.9%), Lebanon (8.4%), Italy (5.6%), Turkey (3.4%), Greece (2.2%), Pakistan (1.8%) and Malta (1.2%). Although still a small group overall, the proportion Figure 9: A Snapshot of the Barriers Faced by of people living in Campbellfield born in Pakistan Humanitarian Settlers compared with Migrants on other has more than doubled from 2011-2016 Visa Streams. (0.6%-1.8%). Source: Migrant CDE Integrated Dataset, ABS, 2011

“For newly arrived refugees and migrants in Australia, navigating complex and unfamiliar service systems can be enormously challenging. …There is therefore a need for strong coordination, collaboration and governance among service providers, employers, the private sector and refugee and migrant entrants’ communities in facilitating sustainable employment outcomes” (Tahiri, 2017; p.20) . Figure 8: Percentage of People who have migrated from countries where English is not their first language Source: ABS Census, 2016 13 Compared to greater Melbourne (23.5%), Campbellfield has a lower proportion of new arrivals (17% of those born overseas). However, the “What is sad about this whole thing is that suburb has higher rates of people that moved to these people, particularly the newly arrived, Australia between 1961-1980 (25.6%, 17% for they come here and their motivation is so greater Melbourne) and 1991-2005 23.6%, 21% for greater Melbourne). high. They would do anything to make it work. Sometimes they just need a bit of help. They just need someone to spend time with The area between Barry Road, Sydney Road, them” (Employment Service Worker). Gentles Avenue and Dunstan Parade has higher rates of people not fluent in English, as does the area bordered by Salvator Drive, Sydney Road, Western Ring Road and Merri Creek. Again, this suggests previous waves of immigration could have All the target areas have higher number of people born been better supported to learn English, which is overseas in non-English speaking countries (see figure also likely to be affecting economic participation in 8), with the top three countries across the areas being these areas. Iraq, Turkey and Lebanon (except in Campbellfied where the there are also a significant number of older migrants from Italy - ABS, 2016). While there are a Humanitarian Settlers signifiant number of humanitarian settler in the target Hume has the second highest intake of areas from Iraq, there are also a growing number from humanitarian settlers for local government areas in countries such as Syria. The major languages spoken Victoria (47.3% vs. 9.3% State Average of include Arabic (60%), followed by Assyrian (15%); percentage of migrant intakes that are on Nepali (8%); Chaldean (5%) and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic humanitarian visas - DHHS, 2017). Between 2011 (2%) (Davern et al, 2016;p. 76). and 2016 Hume took in around 3,600 humanitarian settlers (Population ID, 2016; AMES, 2016), with Employment is a critical part of successful settlement, the majority of these being born in Iraq (74%) and with much research indicating that it underpins many then smaller number from Syria (8%), Bhutan (6%), positive outcomes both for the present and future Iran (3%) and Nepal (3%) (Davern et al, 2016;p.75). generations. Employment has significant benefits for humanitarian settlers: Of the target areas for this project, Broadmeadows has the highest number of people who have arrived “It helps refugees stabilise their housing, establish local in the last 5 years, with a large number of these connections, gain skills, improve their English and build being humanitarian settlers from Iraq (see figure 7). social capital” (Centre for Policy Development, 2017;p. Meadow Heights also has a higher number of 11) . humanitarian settlers from Syria. It is unclear whether these figures include the cohort of asylum Yet, across Australia only around 17 percent of seekers arriving by boat who are on bridging visas humanitarian settlers are employed after 18months in prior to being assessed for temporary protection Australia (CPD, 2017), and of those who do achieve visas. employment, over a third are in low-skilled and precarious occupations such as labouring.

Figure 10: Percentage of People with Low levels of proficiency in English Source: ABS Census, 2016 14 There are a number of barriers that humanitarian Recommendation: settlers face in relation to employment when compared with other migrant groups. Humanitarian The Community Revitalisation Project should settlers are: develop approaches that directly engage with the - more likely to have issues with English proficiency, employment barriers faced by the growing number literacy and numeracy; of humanitarian settlers living in the target areas. - more likely to have not completed school and not While there are settlement services located in have post-school qualifications; Hume and in the target areas, employment remains - often have experienced trauma, which can have problematic and will not be adequately addressed impacts on mental health, thinking processes, by services that do not take into account the specific barriers faced by many humanitarian ability to deal with change and stress, and physical settlers. well-being; - often less likely to have good social connections Figure 15 in the next part of the report outlines with people outside their communities - people responses that have been demonstrated to work to who can help them with access to employment create positive outcomes for humanitarian settlers, opportunities (given that research suggests that and the taskforce should consider how they can 74% of migrants have help from friend or family to support both existing service providers and explore find their first job (ABS, 2016)). new responses that align with and test this evidence in the local context. Although the employment outcomes are often challenging for humanitarian settlers, research also suggests that they: Housing: Prices, Stress + Implications for Participation “display greater entrepreneurial qualities and reported a higher proportion of income from their own unincorporated businesses and this income Housing and labour market participation are increased sharply after five years of residency.(ABS, intertwined in different ways, and shifts in housing 2015; Personal Income Tax and Migrants Integrated prices and tenure will have localised implications for Dataset (PITMID))” both the concentration of disadvantage and participation rates (AHURI, 2016). Further, research

Figure 11: Potential implications of increasing house prices Source: Insights; Whelan and Parkinson, 2017; AHURI, 2016.

15 participation rates (AHURI, 2016). Further, • Increased significantly in the area SE to the research demonstrates that: Banksia Gardens Estate (Broadmeadows) - which is now at 46% of the population “housing and housing markets play an important experiencing housing stress (possibly due to role in facilitating the efficient operation of the increases in rents across the area). labour market” (Whelan and Parkinson, 2017;p 1). This variation in the experience of housing stress is one indication that each of the postcodes face Cost of Housing some specific and distinct issues (discussed in The broader cost of housing is increasing across more detail later in this document). Hume and the target areas, but the impacts are distinct and localised within each suburb Gentrification and it’s impact on concentrations of disadvantage Differences in the current context of housing are The gentrification of certain areas is likely to push apparent between the three suburbs: certain groups out of these areas, particularly those • Meadow Heights has a comparatively higher who are reliant on private rentals, potentially shifting proportion of mortgage holders, with some the localisation and concentration of disadvantaged pockets of social housing. within each suburb. For example, from 2011-2016, • Broadmeadows has both concentrated pockets Campbellfield and Meadow Heights have had of social housing and higher rates of private similar proportions of people who had moved house rental in some areas in the last 5 years (approx. 25% & 29% • Private Rental is particularly prevalent within respectively). However, this has increased for Campbellfield, where there is less social Broadmeadows (from 29% - 36% during the same housing, but cheaper private rentals. period). Within Broadmeadows, Campbellfield and Meadow Heights, house prices increased respectively by Gentrification may increase economic diversity in 58.3%, 43.4% and 38% between 2011-2016 (RP the target areas, but it may also have unintended Data via realestate.com.au). This is consistent with consequences for the local labour market, with the number of new housing developments being home owners more likely to commute across town constructed within these suburbs. for jobs, and private renters more likely to move out of areas in order to access jobs (Whelan and Median weekly mortgage and rental payments have Parkinson, 2017). This will have consequences for also increased between 2011-16 across the strategy adopted by the Taskforce in this project. Broadmeadows and Campbellfield (between 23-28%), although not to the same extent as house prices. However, rent prices increased in Meadow Recommendation: Heights by only14% in the same period, while weekly mortgages have decreased by 6%. Rental As the cost of housing pushes people in and out of stress (where households in the lowest 40% of the three suburbs, changes in localised statistics incomes, are paying more than 30% of their usual (for better or worse) are likely to reflect changes in the movement of people as much as changes in gross weekly income on rent) is higher in all three the nature of disadvantage that people experience. target areas and highest in Campbellfied, where Therefore, being able to track people’s outcomes 42% of renters are experiencing rental stress (ABS, as they move will enable the Project to distinguish 2016). between the degree to which statistical changes can be attributed to the movement of people or Housing Stress changes to the experience of disadvantage. When These changes in mortgage and rental payments, reporting on outputs and outcomes from the however, do not mirror changes in the experience Project it will be important for the Taskforce to of housing stress. Although rates are higher within track, in whatever ways possible, where people each of these suburbs (compared to greater taking on employment opportunities reside within Melbourne), since 2011, housing stress has: the City of Hume (ie. how many jobs are taken on • Decreased across much of Meadow Heights by people living in the target areas). (possibly because of stabilisation of rents) Similarly, the Community Revitalisation Project • Remained relatively stable (or increased should explore interventions that minimise the slightly) across most of Broadmeadows/ degree to which concentrated ‘pockets’ of Campbellfield disadvantage are created as a result of demographic changes over time.

16 The Employment Service System is complex + crowded

There are a myriad of services focussed on ensure that people have the best chance for addressing unemployment and disadvantage in employment (eg. education and training providers), Hume. Many of these services are connected and which are therefore critical to achieving either directly or indirectly to the Taskforce, and as outcomes. such this collaboration creates a solid foundation for ensuring that the service system can align Five core issues were identified in our scan of the around the objectives for the Community service system that should be considered by the Revitalisation Project. Taskforce:

Services focussed on linking jobseekers and 1. The service system is skewed towards employers attract around $80million annually of universal services that largely assume that Government investment into the Hume area. This is people are work ready and focus on matching distributed amongst around 42 providers (see figure jobseekers with employers seeking workers; 12), and they in turn service around 10,500 unemployed people, of whom 40% live in the target 2. Most services speak about addressing the areas for this project. This investment overview needs of ‘disadvantaged’ jobseekers, but few does not include all the other ‘feeder’ services that offer the intensive and tailored services that is required for jobseekers who face signifiant barriers to finding and maintaining employment;

3.The service system is crowded, complex, difficult to navigate and poorly integrated from the perspective of both jobseekers and employers. Most responses to this focus more on information sharing and coordination and less on navigation and integration;

4.Most programs are based on ‘outcomes’ that are largely transactional, based on the achievement of employment. If there are, however, to be population shifts in target areas based on employment outcomes, then some attention also needs to be paid to the more ‘transformational’ outcomes that will ensure that people do not cycle back and forth from unemployment to precarious employment;

5.Though there are a handful of social enterprises in Hume, there are few ‘intermediate labour market’ options that could provide a training and support pathway for jobseekers who face significant barriers into employment to gain both experience and Figure 12: A Snapshot of Investment into Employment in Hume Source: ABS, 2016; SALM, June Quarter; Data provided by HCC 17 Figure 13: Despite all providers engaging with ‘disadvantaged jobseekers’, some programs are more specifically designed to offer the intensive support required to assist those with significant barriers to employment Source: Various, JobActive, DOE, JVEN, Interviews

“The problem is that the funding is …built around … boxes that are ticked. We've done this and this with develop employability skills; this person; therefore, we get this funding this way”. (Employment Service Worker) 6. Engagement of employers is patchy. Few services have the capacity to focus significantly on developing ongoing connections to employers to the extent that often great outcomes happen because exceptional occurs in the Council’s Employment individuals within organisations go above and Partnership team. Further, intensive support to beyond their roles to engage effectively with employers who take on more jobseekers who jobseekers who face significant barriers - and that may have face signifiant barriers to gaining this means those outcomes are the exception to the employment is often limited to subsidies and rule rather than being the core business of all follow-up meetings providers and all organisations.

These issues will make it harder to achieve the Identifying, understanding and learning from the objectives of the Community Revitalisation Project pockets of work that are going on in Hume that unless they are intentionally named and specific have great potential to shift outcomes in the target areas could be a key role that the Taskforce takes strategies are put in place to address them through on. the Taskforce. The naming of these issues is not meant to detract from the good work that is Though every employment service provider has happening both in the Taskforce and amongst the assessment criteria which determine the level of individual organisations that make up the Taskforce. service provision a jobseeker is eligible for, we also However, stakeholders did identify to us that too

18 Case Study: Pathways out of unemployment found that many providers are not equipped or too require ‘joined-up’ approaches busy to deliver intensive support directly, which One of the cohorts of people facing significant barriers to means that jobseekers are often referred to a employment is people with a criminal conviction. Only multitude of other services, or the support offered is around 5% of jobs we examined in Hume were open to limited and cursory. Some of the service providers supporting ex-offenders. We did, however, also find an we interviewed acknowledged that their workers had innovative program inside one of the JobActive providers (CVGT) that was engaged in supporting people with caseloads of around 120 jobseekers, and this criminal convictions and/or who were involved in the understandably limited what they could do to criminal justice system, into employment. There was some support individuals. concern, however, that programs such as this were at risk of losing funding at the time this work was undertaken. As figure 13 above outlines, what is needed is a The importance of this work is highlighted in the following more nuanced segmentation of what support story told by the employment support worker: different jobseekers require, and what the intensity Andrew was …about 19 at the time, and he walked into of that support should include. The figure also Centrelink and he said, “I need help to get a job. Can identifies the core service offerings of different somebody help me?” … They know me well because I run programs that are designed to meet the needs of across the road over there. They sent this young boy over particular cohorts of jobseekers. As can be seen here, and I said, “Okay, what is your story?” from the diagram, though programs like JobActive At about 14 years old he was on the street, his mother had and JVEN identify that they work with overdosed, and his father was shot dead in a drug deal. He ‘disadvantaged’ jobseekers, they are not specifically lived with his grandmother for a while, he and his brother, designed to directly offer the types or intensity of then went off the rails, had problem with drugs for many supports that are needed for some of the cohorts of years. But when he walked in the door to me, he was drug- jobseekers that are more prevalent in the target free. He had put himself through rehab, he had lived in a areas. This by no means implies that they do not car for a long time and he wanted a job. He was now semi- offer some level of support, only that they are often stable and wanted a job. I said, “Okay. I’m happy to help not designed nor structured to focus on the range of you with a job, but what else is going on with you right supports needed for jobseekers who may be facing now? You’ve got your accommodation sorted, you’re drug- free. What else? You’ve got no skills, no qualifications, no complex barriers to sustained employment. work history, all that we can deal with, what else is going on?” He said “Well one of the things that is going on which There are certainly a number of programs in Hume is really stressing me out, is I’m constantly being chased that offer much more intensive support (such as the by the Sheriff.” Youth Transitions Program), and it is recommended I said, “Why?” He said, “Because when I was homeless and that the Taskforce build further partnerships with on drugs, off parking my car anywhere, and I’ve got about these programs in the course of this Project. $7-8,000 of outstanding of fines.” Those outstanding fines had now been converted to warrants and they chased him here. So, even if I put him into work, his car is going to be impounded any minute… so… I’m going to get him a job and then he is going to lose it when he loses his car.

So I said, “Okay, this is not my area of expertise and so. …I walked next door to (the lawyers office) and I knocked on the door, and I said, this is the young man. The lawyer then says to me, well because he can prove that he was on drugs, that he did seek assistance, that he was seeing a psychologist and a psychiatrist, that he put himself through rehab, we can make an application to the courts to get all “There's lots of community agencies working of those fines revoked under special circumstances.… We here. Services are formally available, but that put in that application, that $7000 was wiped, so he was now free to go to work, to go to work every day, to keep his doesn't mean that those services are reaching car and all of that. the people who need it the most. …But the issue is that quite often, the people who need From there that boy has now moved, out of public housing, it the most don't know about those services. has got two kids, he’s married, he’s got a full-time job. Has Also … a lot of those agencies are not in a never re-offended. By default, the first job that we got he position to be able to (do) outreach”. ended up loving. The fact it was outdoors, it gave him that (Employment Services Worker) freedom of not being boxed in, he probably wouldn’t have suited an office job. He loved it, he got a qualification and he is now raising two kids”.

19 What are the implications of challenges/ barriers faced between recent migrants (i.e., arrived within last 5 years) and the environmental scan? those who have been here longer. Therefore, the Taskforce may want to consider and act There are a number of key implications that the with intent around how it attempts to help environmental scan raises for the Community migrants (humanitarian or other), taking into Revitalisation Project: account how long they have been in Australia. These issues will be further explored in the 1. The changes in industry and occupation next section. that are occurring both at the macro and micro-economic level have implications for 3. Given the intersections between housing employment strategies focussed on target and employment, the target areas are areas. A shift from the dominance of likely to experience significant shifts over manufacturing towards community and health coming years as Melbourne expands out, and services will require very different focusses on as these areas experience housing price both technical and soft skills. The rapid increases and a degree of regeneration and growth of employment opportunities in the potentially gentrification. This is likely to effect latter industry mean that ‘soft particularly Broadmeadows, but there are also skills’ (interpersonal skills, empathy, attitude, signs that Meadow Heights is already team work and self-management) in particular experiencing some effects of both investors will be critical for all jobseekers. Further, the and home owners changing the demographics shift towards greater casual and part-time of the area. Historically Greater Melbourne work opportunities needs to be considered in has experienced a movement of pockets of light of the potential implications this has for disadvantage outwards over the past three jobseekers from disadvantaged backgrounds decades. This is likely to occur in Hume also. potentially cycling between unemployment and There are already signs that as housing prices precarious employment. These issues will be increase in the current target areas, people are addressed in the next section. moving further out (though still in Hume LGA). So both being aware of this movement of 2. Hume has made a significant contribution to people in terms of tracking outcomes, and resettling migrants from areas that have been being mindful that other pockets of subject to conflict and disaster. The city has concentrated unemployment may emerge over provided both refuge and new opportunity to time will be important for the Taskforce to migrants for many decades. Though the consider. types of employment on offer for migrants in the current environment are 4. The service system in Hume has evolved significantly different today than it has over time in response to different policy been in the past, there are many local and programmatic intentions. It is skewed learnings that can be applied to ensure that towards ‘job-matching’ services, and generally settlers reach their potential in their new works well for those who are work-ready and country. Some of these could become employable, and less well for people who have important for the Taskforce in the context of complex needs or require more intensive or preconditions to achieving outcomes in this integrated support. The target areas are home project - such as reducing the gap that to around 40% of people who are unemployed currently exists between the target areas and in Hume, and many of these people face Hume more broadly in terms of English multiple barriers to achieving and sustaining Proficiency, and ensuring that humanitarian employment. This challenge will be explored settlers have opportunities to gain relevant further in the next section. local experience. There are likely to be nuances/ differences in the nature of

20 PART TWO: The Objectives of the Community Revitalisation Project and what it will take to achieve these

1. What it will take to improve outcomes in the target areas 1.1. Cohort-specific engagement + specialist intervention 1.2. Learning from Education Outcome Improvements - integrated pathways 1.3. Addressing Internet + transport disadvantage 1.4. Enterprise + intermediate labour markets 1.5. Focus on stable outcomes rather than transactional outcomes (avoid churn) The innovative and collaborative approach taken routines, and gain valuable work experience by Hume in addressing unemployment has led to could present opportunities to grow significant gains in creating jobs and in attracting employment outcomes in target areas; industry to Hume as a whole. This is of great 5. Cycling and Churning. In the target areas there importance given that the unemployment rate in are indications that it is not only unemployment Hume is almost double that of greater Melbourne that leads to poor outcomes, but also poor (SALM, 2017). The LGA of Hume has some attachment to the labour market, which means demographic and structural issues that contribute that often people cycle between to this higher unemployment rate - for example: unemployment, precarious employment and underemployment. Working to reduce this - a higher percentage of people not having cycling or churning will be important to ensure completed school, and not having completed that the outcomes generated are sustainable post-school qualifications; over time. - the second highest rates of humanitarian settlement across Victoria’s LGAs, with many The insights and recommendations outlined in this settlers having some difficulties in obtaining section will inform the activities proposed to assist employment; the Taskforce to achieve the three primary - mental health issues and reported levels of objectives and seven measures that underpin the psychological stress are higher , with some Community Revitalisation Project. reports suggesting it represents 21% of the region’s disease burden (Hume City Council, 2015).

Based on the environmental scan and the information listed above, the second part of this report presents a framework with evidence that supports our recommendations to achieve the Community Revitalisation Project’s objectives.

There are five subsections in Part Two that describe insights gathered from data and stakeholder interaction:

1. Cohort-specific engagement - how the solid foundation created by the Jobs and Skills Taskforce could be augmented in this project with more specific interventions focussed on the target areas and cohorts within these areas; 2. Learning from education outcome improvements - shifts in educational outcomes in the target areas have been substantial. They have been brought about through intentional engagements with children and their families, and integration of educational pathways, particularly for more disadvantaged students; 3. Transport + Communication underpin shifts in employment - in all the target areas there are particular disparities focussed on transport and communications, which in turn have potentially significant implications for educational and employment outcomes; 4. Social Enterprise + Intermediate Labour Markets - some cohorts in the target areas face significant barriers to employment. Opening pathways that enable people to build work readiness skills, confidence, work 22 Local Jobs for Local People in Target Areas Requires a Focus on More than Jobs: Cohort specific engagement + specialist intervention

Most people who experience unemployment in However the Taskforce should not assume that this Hume are unemployed for a relatively short period of work alone will shift unemployment rates in the three time. Less than a quarter of those who are target areas. unemployed are going to experience longer-term unemployment between 12 to 24 months and over Further, existing employment programs and other (DOE, 2017). In Hume the average duration of job stakeholder organisations and businesses all play a search for anyone who is unemployed is around role in creating outcomes within the target areas. 45.5 weeks (with Greater Melbourne being around However as outlined in the environmental scan, 33.6 weeks) (ABS, September, 2017). they too are not going to be fully effective without attention to and responses which address: For the majority of people in Hume, then, the work - the specific individual, structural and that is undertaken by the Hume Jobs and Skills demographic issues and barriers facing Taskforce and the Hume Council through the Local jobseekers in these areas; Jobs for Local People programs will reap significant - the movement and flows of people in and out of results. However, the current activities in and of these areas; themselves are unlikely to result in population level - the cycling of people in an out of unemployment shifts in unemployment in the three target areas of and precarious employment that seems Broadmeadows, Meadow Heights and Campbellfield particularly prevalent in the target areas; without significant additional focus on the specific - the integration of services to prevent people from factors that create additional barriers for many falling through the gaps between services or jobseekers in these areas. becoming lost because the service system is difficult to navigate. As outlined in the environment scan, in the three postcodes of relevance to this plan the That said, the Taskforce has solid foundations in unemployment rate is up to five times higher than it place to address unemployment in the target areas. is for greater Melbourne (SALM, 2017) (see figure What is needed now is focussed attention to 1). If the Jobs and Skills Taskforce are to make targeted strategies that will ensure that objectives of similar employment gains in the specific areas as this project can be achieved. they have in Hume overall, then it is important to understand what particular issues face people in Differences between the three target areas, these locations and within different cohorts of and between different cohorts of jobseekers residents in these localities. The three target areas each have some unique challenges and demographic characteristics that Though they each have specific characteristics, the need to be considered if changes are to be made in three target areas share some features that employment rates in each area. These include: contribute to higher levels of unemployment. What is - a higher number of people who have not clear, however, is that together these characteristics completed at least year 11 of schooling; are going to mean that traditional mechanisms to - a higher number of people who have no post- reduce unemployment in these areas are not going school qualifications; to be as effective as they may be in areas where - higher numbers of people who have low greater numbers of people do not experience such proficiency in English; significant barriers to finding and sustaining work. - more single parent households; - higher concentration of low income households, Local Jobs for Local People, and the coordination which can be a consequence of unemployment work undertaken by the Jobs and Skills Taskforce is but also can contribute to contagious undoubtedly important to the Hume region and has unemployment issues been recognised as innovative and impactful.

23 - Higher number of households that don’t have a - single parents with no school or post-school car qualifications - High relative number of households that don’t - young people who have disengaged from school have an internet connection. - young people who are neither in school / training nor in employment The area in the middle of the below map (which includes Dallas) also has many of these Beyond demographic cohorts there are number of characteristics, and the Taskforce should consider characteristics and features which seem to occur including this area in the program. across groups that create employment barriers. The OECD (2017;p51) has recently identified a Although there are some broader demographic number of facets that characterise joblessness, and issues that each target areas face, they are all poor attachment to the labour market in Australia: home to larger concentrations of people who face greater barriers to employment for two key reasons: - Employability: which includes low levels of skills and experience, health limitations (including 1. having multiple and often complex issues and mental health) and care responsibilities; histories, and require support on multiple - Motivation: which includes lack of financial fronts in the process of becoming work ready. incentives, but also psychosocial motivation 2. having humanitarian settlement issues. factors; - Opportunities: when the opportunities in the Other groups that were identified as having labour market are thin or offer only precarious particular difficulties included: options - people with low level English proficiency - people who have criminal records or who have If the Taskforce is to significantly shift outcomes in recently been released from prison. the target areas directly engaging with these facets

24 If the Taskforce is to significantly shift outcomes in the target areas directly engaging with these facets will be critical.

Figure 14 outlines the representation of some of these cohorts in the current JobActive case load in NorthWest Melbourne (more granular figures for Hume or the target areas are not available). From these figures it is clear that JobActive and other employment service providers in the region have a range of challenges to overcome.

There is a great deal of research in the region and across Australia that argues for tailored and personalised support for jobseekers facing these Figure 14: Some characteristics of people on the JobActive case load in North West Melbourne significant barriers. Figure 15 outlines some of the employment area issues faced particularly by people facing complex Source: Labour Market Information Portal, 2017 barriers, and humanitarian settlers, and what works, according to evidence, in connecting these cohort (which are both over-represented in the target areas) to employment. If, however, as we Recommendation: discovered in the stakeholder consultations, it is correct that caseloads in some JobActives in Hume Most employment services are designed for the are up to 120 people, then it becomes clear that vast majority of people who are unemployed for tailored approaches are often not possible within relatively short periods of time, and who require mainstream services as currently constituted. In basic levels of support to help them to re-engage this case the Taskforce should examine or test with the labour market. In the target areas for this alternative programs with organisations who engage project the barriers people face to engaging and directly with these cohorts. sustaining connections with the labour market are more substantive. If the Taskforce is to achieve the While the Taskforce cannot hope to fill all the gaps objectives of the Community Revitalisation Project in service system, it has more opportunities than there will need to be great levels of engagement most networks to promote and model the with: integration of services and to directly engage - services that offer intensive and more sustained service providers in trialling greater levels of vocational and non-vocational support; support for jobseekers in target areas. - services and programs that address issues that have been identified as having major impacts on a person’s employment prospects, such as English Proficiency; - programs that offer ‘pathways’ into employment and tailored, integrated services that can support both jobseekers and employers beyond the first few months of employment.

Based on the available data, the attributes or features of the community members are very similar across Broadmeadows, Campbellfield and Meadow Heights (e.g. low levels of English proficiency, high school disengagement and high concentration of low income households). These features are also a common denominator in Dallas (3047), so we also recommend that the Taskforce consider including this area in the Community Revitalisation Project strategy.

25 Figure 15: Issues faced by Disadvantaged Jobseeker Cohorts in Target Areas - and evidence that highlights what can work to reduce barriers to employment

26 Integrated pathways can shift outcomes: Learning from Education

In the three postcodes relevant to this report there and intervention, not merely universal are a higher concentration of people who have servicing (eg. teachers trained in trauma not completed Year 12 or equivalent (see figure informed practice; greater engagement of 16). This has, however, shifted significantly over the parents in the school). This has resulted in last ten years, with Broadmeadows in particular significant improvements in educational showing significant increases of people completing attainment in the region. For example, at Mt year 12 or equivalent. Some of this change can be Ridley College in Craigieburn (which services put down to a greater diversity of people moving into the target areas) the first group of Year 12 the areas, but there are also intentional efforts that students graduated in 2014 - and in this have been made by stakeholders to shift cohort a third of these graduating students educational outcomes in these areas and in Hume were the first members of their families to generally. achieve this level of education.

It also needs to be recognised that the concentration 2. Focussing on education as a ‘life-cycle’ of humanitarian settlers in particular areas will mean issue, starting from before children go to that the statistics for school completion and post- school and continuing across their school qualifications can be skewed due to the fact educational experiences. Therefore that many humanitarian settlers may not have exploring the importance of ‘school completed school, and up to 63% may not have readiness’ and focussing on the post-school qualifications (see figure 9 on page 13). importance of ‘transition points’ for children as being a critical aspect of The significant positive shifts in educational successfully achieving a positive shift in outcomes in the three post-codes over the past educational outcomes in the area of the past decade may offer some insights for the Community decade. Revitalisation Project to consider when developing their programs to address unemployment levels in 3. Building a more integrated support these areas. The shifts, according to both research system for children and families in the and stakeholder insights have come about due to area, which emphasises collaboration the following factors: between schools and other services (see for example, Centre for Community Child Health, 1. Recognition from key stakeholders (eg. Local 2017) and State Governments, primary schools and secondary schools servicing those postcodes) that students require specific assistance

Figure 16: Percentage of People over 15 who have completed Year 12 or equivalent Source: ABS Census, 2016 and 2011

27 Implications for Integration of Employment “We just finished a round of recruitment. It is Services very competitive, and we can’t focus on whether someone is local or not, it all In families and communities where there is depends on whether they fit into the team persistent unemployment and there are complex and can do the work. You have to be very barriers to people achieving and sustaining personable, as we are customer focussed. employment, the issues that require an integrated The people who were successful came from response need to be both personal and structural. all over - I am not sure how many are local. There is no shortage of research that argues for the Not many I think. It’s not really something we importance of integrated pathways towards consider” (Employer - Retail) employment from various points in the cycle of disadvantage (see for example, OECD, 2017; Bodsworth, 2010; Duffy, 2010; Perkins, 2007) - see figure 17. Recommendation:

The challenge has been to make it happen in The Community Revitalisation Project should consider the learnings gleaned from shifts in the practice within a funding environment that does not educational outcomes of children and young encourage long-term strategies, and in which it is people in the target areas (and in particular in easier to compete than to cooperate when it comes those three postcodes) and how these could be to transformative outcomes for the most applied in relation to shifting the employment disadvantaged jobseekers. The Taskforce has good outcomes in those areas. In particular, these foundations for challenging the norm, and for include how the project could: promoting integrated responses. However if it is going to do so there will need to be more diverse - focus more specific support and assistance for services included in the membership of the jobseekers in these postcodes; Taskforce (because the outcomes for target communities require integration of other non- - focus greater attention to ‘work readiness’ and vocational services); and a vision of integration that ‘employment transitions’ for people living in the includes not just enhancement of employability of the target population, but also an approach that challenges the fragmentation of services, and includes challenging the practices of employers in the region, particularly when it comes to hiring practices and employment conditions that can perpetuate disadvantage amongst people who face challenges to achieving and maintaining employment.

What is clear from examples around the world about ‘what works’ to address persistent unemployment, is that it requires the collaboration of people, services and employers. If any network can begin to transform outcomes in the target areas it should be the Taskforce. However ‘business as usual’ without a focus on integration and intensity of action will not create the necessary shifts.

Figure 17: Persistent and long-term unemployment is often connected to other issues, both in terms of leading to these issues and being complicated by them Source: DSS; BSL….

28 Figure 18: Integration requires the engagement of all parts of the employment system, and should not just be focussed on increasing employability of jobseekers

- focus greater attention to ‘work readiness’ and There may also be value in developing and ‘employment transitions’ for people living in the testing ‘family’ approaches to addressing target areas; unemployment, as there appears to be households in the target areas where either - ensure that services and the support system for multiple members or even generations are jobseekers in the target areas are as integrated experiencing unemployment, and where the and coordinated as possible to reduce both highly individualised models of employment churn and the possibilities for people falling support may not be effective. between the cracks of service provision;

- focus not only on shifts in employability of jobseekers and integration of services, but also on the changes that might require cooperation from employers, with particular attention to hiring practices and work conditions (see figure 18).

29 Transport + Communication underpin shifts in employment

Access to reliable transport and communications that he knew many of the students without internet are increasingly considered essential to connections in the home used the Global Learning employability (see for example Ma et al, 2016). In Centres to access the internet, and that this had a the three target areas relevant to this report this positive impact on their learning. A number of represents one of the barriers facing many interviewees suggested that more access points jobseekers, because of issues of access, for internet in key areas (particularly for the three affordability and availability both of transport and of target postcodes) would enhance people’s connectivity. learning and job seeking activities. Linking internet access points to facilities like cafes could The Importance of Internet Access also offer benefits (one stakeholder mentioned Recent research in Australia has suggested that that since the Craigieburn Global Learning access to internet in the home is increasingly Centres’ cafe has closed young people are important as an access point to education and staying in the this facility for less time). employment opportunities (see Thomas et al, 2016). Further, this study found that: Recommendation: The Community Revitalisation Project should “Australians with low levels of income, education examine how improved access to internet in the and employment are significantly less digitally three postcodes could support access to training, included” (p. 5) education and ultimately job outcomes.

and that this in turn has led to a ‘digital divide’ which affects particular groups and geographies. Transport Access This ‘digital divide’ is evident in Hume, and Residents of Hume are currently highly dependent particularly in the three target areas. on private vehicles for transport to access work opportunities. Currently around 60% of the As seen in Figure 19, households in residents of Hume work either in the LGA or in Broadmeadows and Campbellfield are particularly neighbouring regions (Hume Council, 2016). The disadvantaged when it comes to having internet vast majority of working residents (75%) travel to connected to their homes. This inequality of access work via car (as either a driver or passenger) or could contribute to both lower educational and other private vehicle (eg. motorbike) (ABS, 2011). employment outcomes in these areas, and / or could limit opportunities. This could have significant impacts for both young people and for jobseekers in these areas, as research has demonstrated that:

“narrow, infrequent, and unskilled internet engagement, leave(s) (people) ill-equipped to keep pace with technological change (and) redefines economic, social and cultural participation” (Smith, 2013; p.171).

During stakeholder interviews the importance of Hume Council’s Global Learning Centres in Broadmeadows and Craigieburn was mentioned in relation to addressing this digital divide. A high- school teacher who was interviewed commented Figure 19: Percentage of households with home internet connections Source: ABS Census, 2016 30 The Hume area has been identified as having between average to below minimum service in terms of public transport accessibility (SNAMUTS, 2014). Along the train lines accessibility is strongest, and if employees are using public transport to get to work then the North-South route is best covered. The more difficult routes are East- West, which reflects a Melbourne wide difficulty. Bus routes in the target areas are variable - with the best routes offering access to key interchange areas every 20 minutes (eg. route 541 in Meadow Heights) and the worst offering 45 min to hourly services (mostly in and around parts of Campbellfield).

Figure 21: Transport Disadvantage in Target Areas is For the purposes of this report, the key issue that more complex than lack of access to public transport links transport to reducing unemployment in the target communities relates to the fact that car ownership in these areas is lower than in the rest of target areas, and this is reflected in police statistics Hume. This is particularly the case in regarding motor vehicle offences. With 494 Broadmeadows, where 13% of households have no vehicles impounded in 2016, Hume has the car (see figure 20). Though there are plans in highest rate of impounding for offences such as Hume to extend some transport routes and access driving without a license or under suspension, particularly to the employment growth areas around excessive speeding, driving under the influence of the airport, delays in this development will hamper alcohol or other drugs and evading police (Victoria efforts to reduce levels of unemployment in the Police, 2016). Broadmeadows and Campbellfied target areas, as these are currently minimally have been identified as areas that rate highly in serviced (SNAMUTS, 2014; Scheurer and Curtis, terms of such offences (Victoria Police, 2016). 2016). It may also be important to examine issues Loss of license for hooning or an offence of driving such as young people’s access to driver licence without a license can result in the inability to apply training in the three areas, because it has been for jobs that require a license, significant fees plus demonstrated that jobseekers from low-income a criminal conviction, both of which can areas, and humanitarian settlers can be significantly limit a person’s ability to find and disadvantaged in terms of access to drivers sustain work. licenses (not just expense, but not having access to someone who can help them to get up the hours Recommendation: needed to transition from learners permit to Access to transport is likely to impact jobseekers in the target postcodes. There are currently three provisional to full license). There is currently a P2P inhibiting factors that could be addressed and this program running through the HWLLEN, though the could contribute to improving outcomes (see waiting lists for the program are significant. figure 21): - access to public transport - particularly east to A number of stakeholders also identified that losing west linkages, and in the near future, access a license is a major issue for young people in the from the target areas to job growth areas near the Melbourne airport; - car ownership levels - particularly in Broadmeadows - license issues for young people and for humanitarian settlers, both in terms of getting a license, and maintaining a license in an environment where there are some apparent barriers to both. Whilst there are plans for greater integration of transport in the region, that will provide benefits for jobseekers in the target areas, there may be value in examining options or undertaking more Figure 20: Numbers of Cars per household detailed evaluation of transport disadvantage as a Source: ABS Census, 2016 factor in contributing to high levels of

unemployment. 31 Social Enterprise + Intermediate Labour Markets

There are a handful of social enterprises in Hume “There's nothing preventing those contracts (public that can provide an opportunity for people with housing maintenance) going to social enterprises multiple barriers to employment to gain valuable who employ only local people (that is, from housing experience, develop employability skills and engage estates). We're talking about jobs that don't require a huge amount of skill and jobs that could be done in work routines. Although the Federal Government really well. And also, there would be an ownership has increasingly moved away from a focus on pre- aspect as well. We know that when local people are vocational skill training (and more towards ‘work for helping to build something over here, they're also the dole’), the development of social enterprises in going to be looking out to make sure that there's no the intermediate labour market (ILM) space (see graffiti, that there's (no vandalism). It's almost a no- figure 22 for understanding the key characteristics of brainer.” ILMs) represents a critical opportunity for the (Specialist employment provider) Taskforce to assist in shifting outcomes for people in the target areas. signifiant barriers to employment (particularly humanitarian settlers) to ‘learn’ on the job, and Social Enterprises with a focus on developing obtain relevant work experience. Social employability skills in target areas include: enterprises offer such opportunities, and have - Enable: IT Recycling, who have engaged around been demonstrated to have much more effective 140 participants from target areas in developing outcomes than work-for-the-dole programs (see for skills in e-waste management example, Borland, 2014). There are opportunities (www.enableaustralia.org.au); within Hume that could provide potential contracts - Common Bean Cafe: a social enterprise initiative accessible through the Victorian Government’s led by Banksia Gardens Community Services commitment to social procurement (eg. the (http://banksiagardens.org.au/). maintenance of the 2000 public housing homes across Hume). There are also other initiatives such as the Cafe in the Broadmeadows Global Learning Centre Social Enterprise development has not been a (Bookmark 3047) which offers training support (via priority for the Taskforce to date (though the Kangan Institute and with the Hume City Council). support for initiatives by the taskforce is noted) - One of the key insights that came from stakeholder however in terms of achieving the outcomes for the interviews concerned the need for more Community Revitalisation program, some further opportunities for people in target communities facing investigation of and investment in such initiatives may be warranted.

Figure 22: Key characteristic soft successful Intermediate Labour Market Programs Source: Mestan and Scutella, 2007;p. v 32 Cycling + Churning will reduce sustained employment outcomes

Focusing on figures or indicators like unemployment or from shifting circumstances. This is the cycling economic growth can encourage a two-dimensional between employment, precarious employment and view of the economy. Either conditions are improving underemployment (see figure 23). This is a and businesses are creating new jobs or things are phenomena that has both structural origins (as worsening, firms are letting workers go and work shifts to more ‘casual’ and part-time contexts unemployment is increasing. The reality for many who and moves towards the ‘gig economy’). It has face significant barriers to entering and sustaining variously been referred to as ‘work-welfare cycling’, employment is, however, much more complex and ‘low-pay, no-pay cycle’ and the ‘churning trap’ (see nuanced than this. McTier and McGregor, 2017).

It is increasingly clear that a focus on ‘employment’ and Unfortunately it is the case that current ‘outcomes’ ‘workforce participation’ as an outcome does not results of employment services in Australia do not adequately indicate whether this actually enables a bode well for people facing multiple barriers to person or a household to exit the cycle of disadvantage employment: and joblessness. Research demonstrates that for many - while just over a quarter are reported to be who face complex barriers to economic participation ‘employed’ at the 3 month follow up point, only there is an additional cycle that often prevents work

Figure 23: The churn between unemployment, precarious employment and underemployment is thought to be significant in target areas 33 10% of this group are in full-time employment, Recommendation: while the rest are employed in part-time or casual positions; Despite numerous attempts and avenues to find - Almost three quarters (73.8%) remain data about churn rates specific to the target areas unemployed or ‘not in the labour force’ at this 3 this is not currently publicly available (though researchers from the Department of Employment month point. (DOE, 2017). are confident that it may be available in early 2018). So, it is recommended that the Taskforce This is exacerbated by employment programs and tracks and measures the duration of employment, services that focus on short-term, work first nature of employment and elicits any evidential approaches, that emphasise fast placement rather data about churn rates throughout the project. If than matching of people into sustainable or stable the measurement of churn rates confirms this employment (McTier and McGregor, 2017;p. 9). For hypothesis, then it is recommended that the humanitarian settlers this is further complicated with taskforce seeks to focus, wherever possible, on requirements to take jobs that do not enable people generating employment outcomes that enable to use existing skill sets, to stop taking language people in the target areas to break out of cycles of classes to start an entry level job and circumstances disadvantage rather than merely focus on where people have remained in the program for transactional job outcomes. years as they take on short-term employment contracts and move jobs constantly. (Refugee Council of Australia, p 8, 13).

“I was with Jobactive for 4 years … I wanted an IT job as I have overseas qualifications and experience in IT as well as Australian recognition. I have all the job seeking needs; a good resume, overseas recognised qualifications and experience, but I only need 3 weeks of local Australian work experience in IT web design as I completed a diploma with TAFE, but they [Jobactive] refused to help me. So, I went back to study at TAFE and changed to Austudy so I didn’t need to go to Jobactive.” (Ibid, 8)

People with multiple and often complex issues and humanitarian settlers who search for a job in a market that offers jobs but not necessarily long-term nor the most suitable ones, are exposed to constantly changing job positions and the costs associated with them. Data about the target areas shows that there are increasing rates of part-time employment in each area, and stakeholder consultation suggests that the churn rates in the region are high. Unfortunately, despite efforts to elicit more specific data about churn rates this was not available or accessible.

34 PART THREE: Proposed Strategic Activities to be developed over 3 years

In this section, we outline a series of activities that stem from our recommendations and align these with the Community Revitalisation Project’s overall vision and the three primary objectives.

The ordering of these activities, and their integration will need to be developed through the work plan the Taskforce develops for the Project. Vision: “increase the number of people progressing into sustained employment from the suburbs of Broadmeadows, Meadow Heights and Campbellfield”.

Objective A: Increase employment amongst the working-age population

Measure 1: The number of local Measure 2: The number of people people securing employment participating in the labour market.

Focus Activities that will assist in increasing the Focus Activities that will assist in increasing the number of local people (from target areas) number of people (from target areas) participating securing employment: in the labour market:

- Reducing import and export of workers - Raising English Proficiency both for new particularly in occupations where entry-level humanitarian settlers, and potentially for older positions could be filled by jobseekers from residents of target areas who remain target areas (eg. Labourers, Machine operators unemployed due to poor proficiency and/or and drivers; Sales; Technical and trades, and literacy; Community and personal services) - Developing more opportunities for jobseekers - Support the development / set up of from target areas to develop employability Intermediate Labour Market programs and skills - and for employment services and social enterprises that focus on creating employers to engage proactively in this process pathways for people from target areas in order to ensure that jobseekers from target - Engaging settlement agencies working with areas have the best chance for building humanitarian settlers more closely in the networks with and being exposed to local taskforce to ensure that employment employers; opportunities are front of mind in the settlement - Undertaking projects that provide greater process internet access to people and households in - Work with industry and employers to develop target areas, so as to support education and strategies that could prototype methods and job search opportunities in target areas; mechanisms for recognising existing skills of - Support existing programs (such as P2P) and humanitarian settlers test new ideas to support both humanitarian - Work with employment service providers and settler and disadvantaged young people to other community service organisations to attain their drivers license (and avoid losing it) promote and develop opportunities for more in order to enhance opportunities to participate intensive and longer-term support (vocational in the labour market and non-vocational, pre- and post- placement) for jobseekers from target areas who experience significant barriers to employment - Focus wherever possible on developing opportunities for stable and sustainable work to ensure that work offers a pathway out of disadvantage in target areas

36 Objective B: Increase local labour market demand

Measure 3: The number Measure 4: The number Measure 5: The number of new jobs created of business start-ups of new jobs filled by within target areas. established and sustained people from targeted after 12 months. locations.

Focus Activities that will assist in Focus Activities that will assist in Focus Activities that will assist in increasing the number new jobs increasing the number of business increasing the number new jobs created within target areas start-ups established and sustained filled by people from target after 12 months locations - Harness opportunities from increased housing prices and - Harnessing the insights and - Focussing on supporting existing the resultant demand for more evidence that suggests that programs and testing new ideas infrastructure in relation to new humanitarian settlers have a for how to address transport job opportunities higher rate of entrepreneurship disadvantage, licensing by offering local opportunities for challenges and loss of licenses - Focus employer engagement new arrivals (and those who have in target communities to ensure around some of the shifts in been here a little while longer) to that people are able to access occupations in target areas, explore possibilities for starting emerging job opportunities in and particularly in relation to their own businesses around Hume (particularly community and personal service towards the airport) - Examining methods for attracting - Link the development of and /or establishing social - Closely examine existing transport infrastructure in Hume enterprises with a focus on infrastructure (eg. public housing) City (refer to Councils’ transport intermediate labour market in the target areas to support plans) to opportunities for job programs into the target areas procurement and contracting creation and job access in and opportunities for employment around target areas of local people

37 Objective C: Improving the systems which match local labour market supply + demand

Measure 6: The number of people Measure 7: The number of with year 12 or above level businesses employing people qualifications from target areas

Focus Activities that will assist in increasing the Focus Activities that will assist in increasing the number of people with year 12 or above level number of businesses employing people from qualifications: target areas:

- Building on the achievements in this arena over - Working with employers and employment the past 5 years, support the pathways, services to generate innovative approaches to coordination and integration processes ensuring that hiring practices are screening established in local schools and colleges - jobseekers from target areas in rather than out; and spread these both into post-school educational institutions and into the employment - Continue to work with employment services and services arena employers to increase awareness of jobseekers from target communities - and - Developing means for more people in target build engagement around the benefits of hiring areas to access internet to ensure that they locally, and the benefits of shared value have greater educational opportunities creation

- Build on the work undertaken in Hume to - Working with employers and employment inspire young people to engage with higher services to develop innovative ways in which education and therefore complete their the prior experiences and existing skills of schooling (see programs undertaken as part of humanitarian settlers can be demonstrated the Better Futures, Local Solutions program) and acknowledged by local businesses

38 PART FOUR: SWOT

In this section we present the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats that we have identified in relation to the Taskforce achieving the outcomes set out for the Community Revitalisation project. They are drawn from the analysis provided in this strategic plan and our knowledge of the taskforce work to date, membership and structure. They should be revisited by members of the Taskforce as the work plan is developed.

39 Notes about Strengths: make decision relatively free of external influences. This also enables the Taskforce to The Taskforce’s 5-year history of operating undertake more impactful actions beyond what means that it: might otherwise might be restricted by programmatic funding constraints. • Has a history of relevant work it can learn and draw on in developing future actions and The Taskforce’s relationships with local policies employers, service providers (e.g., JobActives • Knows how the council and local area and JVENs), and other community stakeholders operates, including what the key and linked to jobs and skills (e.g., schools and necessary levers are for enacting change training organisations) enables it to influence and advocate for change among multiple actors in Because the Taskforce has autonomy over the system. community revitalisation budget, it is able to

40 Notes about Weaknesses: Notes about Opportunities:

The current membership of the Taskforce The Taskforce has potential to actively increase heavily consists of individuals whose fields of the diversity of its membership, both among expertise are related to ‘jobs and skills’ and those identified above (under weaknesses) and while this expertise will remain central, a with those from services who have potential to diversification of membership into adjacent grow opportunities and provide integrated fields (eg. non-vocational support and funders responses (e.g., settlement, mental-health of these services). For example, the Taskforce services). may consider including members from the following groups: In conjunction to its current job-focus, the • Community members who could provide Taskforce has potential to develop platforms that more ‘‘on-the-ground’ perspectives (i.e., from provide more integrated pathways for various community/ cultural groups that live disadvantaged jobseekers, especially in and operate in the area) relation to addressing work-readiness through, for example, Intermediate Labour Market • More organisations or services working in or programs. based in Meadow Heights and Campbellfield (Broadmeadows is currently over- Educational levels have increased significantly in represented within the membership) Hume, particularly in Broadmeadows, over the past 5 years. Therefore, the Taskforce has an The absence of a formal monitoring, opportunity to explore and learn from how evaluation and learning framework may limit this has been been achieved, and to apply and the Taskforce’s ability to track towards adapt these learnings towards improving outcomes, inform future strategies and improving economic participation. overall outcomes. The increase in housing prices and resulting The current region-wide focus (if Hume is increase in homeownership is likely to further considered a large area or region rather than grow diversity in the Hume area and change a singular ‘place’) can mean that attempts to the nature of the labour market in and of itself. implement a more place-based approach within Therefore, the Taskforce has an opportunity to the target areas could be diluted by a wider take advantage of and influence the nature of focus. This could potentially detract from the this change. Furthermore, given home owners nuances and complexities that exist for specific are more likely to travel further distances to work cohorts, within each of the suburbs, who (compared to those who do not own their own experience more significant barriers to home) the concept of ‘local jobs for local people’ employment than most. becomes even more important for the area. The focus of the Taskforce on jobs creation The Taskforce has potential to become more and employment does not currently actively nuanced concerning which industries and focus on the cycling of people between occupations it attempts to attract to the three unemployment and precarious employment. suburbs towards providing more stable opportunities for disadvantaged job seekers. In this sense, opportunity exists to have greater foci on the retail industry, labourers and machine operators - these industries and occupations have similar numbers of people that live internally and work outside Hume, and live externally and work in Hume.

41 Notes about Threats:

Progressing with a mindset of ‘business as usual’ will limit the Taskforce’s ability to enact real change in the target areas. Given disadvantage has existed in these areas for decades, alternative actions and approaches to what has previously been attempted will be necessary in achieving this change. Taking an innovations approach, and testing new approaches rather than merely backing existing programs will be important in achieving outcomes. Luckily Hume has a long history of innovation that it can draw from.

The nuances between the three suburbs and the cohorts that populate them suggest that achieving widespread impact from singular, unilateral actions will be difficult if not impossible. Therefore, responding to particularly disadvantaged cohorts will require specific, tailored approaches. Prototyping provides a mechanism for designing such approaches through its ability to embrace complexity, emphasis on testing over planning, and involving jobseekers, employers and service providers in the design of future responses to disadvantage.

Acting from an assumption that ‘disadvantaged jobseekers don’t want to work’ establishes a mindset that prevents the transformative change and outcomes necessary to address disadvantage in the region.

42 Conclusion

The City of Hume has an innovative approach to innovative responses that bring people, services and reducing unemployment through partnerships and employers together to find pathways towards sustainable collaborations that work towards positive outcomes. outcomes. Through this Project the Taskforce has the Through the Jobs and Skills Taskforce, service opportunity to create a legacy in the target areas that providers, government, employers, businesses and will ripple through to the rest of Hume. It will not be a community organisations have come together to simple task, but is one that we believe the Taskforce has tackle the challenges of high levels of unemployment the capability and commitment to undertake. in Hume, but also to harness the opportunities that exist within a growing local economy.

The demographics and economic fabric of Hume are changing rapidly. Industries are restructuring. Migration patterns are changing the diversity of people who live and work in Hume. Higher house prices and new developments have also brought change to Hume, and plans for more development, infrastructure and business diversification will continue to transform the city over coming years.

Yet there are challenges within this changing landscape. There remain pockets of significant disadvantage in Hume, and some areas, such as those examined in this report have some of the highest rates of unemployment in urban Australia.

This report has provided an overview of the issues facing these target communities and also explored key ways in which data, evidence and insights from stakeholders point towards ways in which those issues could be addressed. There are precedents in these target areas which show that significant shifts can be made in outcomes - with school completion rates having improved significantly over the past decade.

There are opportunities to support a real and sustainable shift in employment outcomes in these target communities and to bring the employment rates down and in line with the rest of the City of Hume. The Jobs and Skills Taskforce is well-suited to lead these shifts in employment outcomes. It has a history of action, leadership and coordinated approaches, but also a commitment to innovation and real impacts. What is needed is not a ‘business as usual’, ‘more services’, ‘more resources’ approach. Achieving the objectives of this Project will require taking risks and exploring and testing

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