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The Social and Health Costs and Benefits of Faecal Sludge Composting 54 THE SOCIAL AND HEALTH COSTS AND BENEFITS OF FAECAL SLUDGE COMPOSTING: A CASE OF KAMPALA CITY, UGANDA BY NELSON MUWEREZA REG. NO: 2012/HD02/54U A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DIRECTORATE OF RESEARCH AND GRADUATE TRAINING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND APPLIED ECONOMICS OF MAKERERE UNIVERSITY OCTOBER, 2016 1 DECLARATION I NELSON MUWEREZA, HEREBY DECLARE TO THE BEST OF MY KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING THAT THE ORIGINALITY OF THIS THESIS IS MY WORK, AND HAS NEVER BEEN PRESENTED IN MAKERERE UNIVERSITY OR ANY OTHER UNIVERSITY FOR THE AWARD OF A DEGREE. Signature .............................................. Date ...................... NELSON MUWEREZA THIS THESIS HAS BEEN SUBMITTED WITH PERMISSION AND SATISFACTION FROM UNIVERSITY SUPERVISORS Signature .............................................. Date ...................... FIRST SUPERVISOR: PROF. DICK SSERUNKUUMA Signature .............................................. Date ..................... SECOND SUPERVISOR: DR. GRACIOUS M. DIIRO Signature .............................................. Date ..................... THIRD SUPERVISOR: DR. SOUMYA BALASUBRAMANYA i DEDICATION To my parents, Late Muwereza Jacob and Betty Basilica; brothers and sisters, Robert, Juliet, Scovia, Ezra, and Cissy; sweet heart Joanita ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my supervisors, Prof. D. Sserunkuuma, Dr. G. M. Diiro and Dr. S. Balasubramanya for their in-depth review of this thesis. I greatly appreciate the support, guidance, time and effort they were able to spend on the thesis despite their busy schedule. Great thanks go to the Viva Voce panel for the insightful comments and recommendations which helped to shape this thesis further to the current state. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my family, Late Muwereza Jacob and Betty Basilica, brothers and sisters, Robert, Juliet, Scovia, Ezra, and Cissy, for their support and encouragement, and to my friends Geoffrey, Emmanuel and Anthony for the moral support and encouragement. Special thanks go to my loved one – Joanita for being patient with me during the busy schedules of writing this thesis. I would also like to thank those whose names have not been mentioned for their contribution academically, morally and socially. I would like to express my gratitude to the International Water Management Institute – Sri Lanka for without their financial support this study would have not been possible. I am also grateful to Dr. W. Ekere for his outstanding leadership and moral support while managing the Resource Recovery and Reuse Project at Makerere University. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................ i DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... viii LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................ ix LIST OF CONVERSION FACTORS ....................................................................................... x ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the study ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem statement ....................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Objectives of the study ................................................................................................ 6 1.4 Hypotheses .................................................................................................................. 6 1.5 Justification of the study ............................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................................... 8 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Overview of the chapter .............................................................................................. 8 2.2 Empirical Studies on Cost Benefit analysis of faecal sludge management in developing Asian countries .................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Empirical Studies on Cost Benefit analysis of faecal sludge management in developing countries ............................................................................................................ 10 2.4 Lessons learned from the review of literature and used to inform this study ........... 17 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................. 20 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................. 20 3.1 Conceptual framework .............................................................................................. 20 iv 3.2 Study area .................................................................................................................. 23 3.3 Data sources and analysis .......................................................................................... 23 3.3.1 Indicators of the social and health benefits and costs of faecal sludge composting 24 3.3.2 Quantification of the social and health benefits and costs, and computation of the net value of faecal sludge composting ................................................................................. 27 3.3.2.1 Description of the engineering design of the faecal sludge composting plant ...... 29 3.3.2.2 Faecal sludge production and composting scenarios in Kampala ......................... 29 3.3.2.3 Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of faecal sludge composting in Kampala 31 3.3.2.4 Disability Adjusted Life Years of faecal sludge composting in Kampala ............ 35 3.3.2.5 Cost Benefit Analysis of faecal sludge composting in Kampala ........................... 37 3.3.3 Cost-effectiveness of faecal sludge composting in Kampala......................... 38 3.4 Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of faecal sludge composting .................... 39 CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................... 41 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................................................. 41 4.1 Overview of the chapter ............................................................................................ 41 4.2 Characteristics of the urban households .................................................................... 41 4.2.1 Socio-economic characteristics of urban households ........................................... 41 4.2.2 Health characteristics of urban households .......................................................... 44 4.3 The indicators of the benefits and costs of faecal sludge composting ...................... 45 4.3.1 The indicators of the social benefits of faecal sludge composting ........................ 46 4.3.2 Health risk due to poor faecal sludge disposal ..................................................... 48 4.3.3 The indicators of the health benefits of faecal sludge composting ........................ 49 v 4.3.4 The indicators of the costs of faecal sludge composting ....................................... 53 4.4 The quantified costs and benefits and the net value of faecal sludge composting .... 54 4.4.1 The value of the social and health costs and benefits of faecal sludge composting 54 4.4.2 The net value of faecal sludge composting ........................................................... 58 4.5 Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of faecal sludge composting .................... 60 CHAPTER FIVE ..................................................................................................................... 64 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS ............................ 64 5.1 Summary ................................................................................................................... 64 5.2 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 66 5.3 Policy recommendations ........................................................................................... 66 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................
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