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REDUCING RELOCATION RISK Site Level Report

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REDUCING RELOCATION RISK Site Level Report The Bartlett Development Planning Unit Uganda Site Level Report 2/4 Charlotte Barrow Cassidy Johnson Shuaib Lwasa Colin Marx REDUCING RELOCATION RISK IN URBAN AREAS dpu Development Planning Unit Credits This report was elaborated by Charlotte Barrow, Cassidy Johnson, Shuaib Lwasa and Colin Marx. This document is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and the Netherlands Directorate-General for International Cooperation (DGIS) for the benefit of developing countries. However, the views expressed and information contained in it are not necessarily those of or endorsed by DFID, DGIS or the entities managing the delivery of the Climate and Development Knowledge Network, which can accept no responsibility or liability for such views, completeness or accuracy of the information or for any reliance placed on them. The Research project Reducing Relocation Risk in urban areas is carried out by The Bartlett Development Planning Unit (DPU) at UCL, the Indian Institute for Human Settlements (IIHS) the Latin American Social Science Faculty (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO), and Makerere University. This report is downloadable for free from: www.bartlett. ucl.ac.uk/dpu/reducing-relocation-risk/ The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed here do not represent the views of any organisations that have provided institutional, organisational or financial support for the preparation of this paper. Cover picture: David McEwen. Kampala, Uganda. 2016 Uganda Site Level Report 2/4 Charlotte Barrow Cassidy Johnson Shuaib Lwasa Colin Marx REDUCING RELOCATION RISK IN URBAN AREAS dpu Development Planning Unit Contents List of Appendices List of Figures List of Maps List of Tables List of Abbreviations Executive Summary Introduction Overview of Kampala city Flooding and risk in Kampala Kampala’s drainage Lubigi wetland Nalukolongo wetland Recent history of resettlement and relocation Land rights in Uganda Methodology Conceptual framework Research questions Site identification Contextual summary of Bwaise Contextual summary of Natete Data collection Data analysis Findings Synthesis of stakeholder interviews National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) The KCCA Directorate of Public Health and the Environment KCCA Engineering and Technical Services Office of the Prime Minister, Department of Disaster Preparedness and Management (OPM DPM) Shelter and Settlements Alternatives: Uganda Human Settlements Network (SSA) Synthesis of demographic information on interview respondents Synthesis of findings from the household interviews Findings from Bwaise Findings from Natete Analysis and discussion 1. Relationship between encroachment, degradation of the wetlands and floods and the implications of these interacting factors for Kampala Deregistration of titles on the wetlands 2. They call it resettlement, we call it eviction Thoughts on the relationship between encroachment, wetlands and flooding 3. Why do people tolerate flooding risks in Bwaise and Natete? If people do move, what is the tipping point that enables or drives them to move? Tipping points for relocation Decisions about moving Experiences of relocating from flood prone areas Conclusions: Is resettlement an option for risk reduction in Kampala? References List of Appendices A. Interview Schedules for In-depth Interviews B. Demographic Survey Instrument C. Analysis of Transcripts from Household Interviews: Bwaise, Living in Settlement D. Analysis of Transcripts from Household Interviews: Bwaise, Moved from Flooding Areas E. Analysis of Transcripts from Household Interviews: Bwaise, Businesses F. Analysis of Transcripts from Household Interviews: Bwaise, Evicted from Drainage Project Area G. Analysis of Transcripts from Household Interviews: Natete, Living in Settlement H. Analysis of Transcripts from Household Interviews: Natete, Moved from Flooding Areas I. Analysis of Transcripts from Household Interviews: Natete, Businesses J. Analysis of Transcripts from Household Interviews: Natete, to be Evicted from Drainage Project Area List of Figures 1. Responses to Risks 2. Photo from Twitter List of Maps 1. Drainage system of Kampala region 2. Topography of Kampala 3. Upper Lubigi catchment area 4. Spatial distribution of interviewed households in Bwaise III 5. Spatial distribution of interviewed households in Natete List of Tables 1. Relationship to the head of household 2. Tenure status 3. Expected outcome for structure by tenure status 4. Expected outcome for structure by occupancy status 5. Occupancy status 6. Occupancy status by type of housing unit: Bwaise 7. Occupancy status by type of housing unit: Natete 8. Occupancy status by cooking fuel 9. Occupancy status by drinking water 10. Household toilet 11. Household waste disposal 12. Household transport 13. Housing units 14. Tenure status 15. Construction materials: walls 16. Construction materials: floors List of Abbreviations CDKN – Climate and Development Knowledge Network DRR – Disaster Risk Reduction DPU – Development Planning Unit at the Bartlett, University College London EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment IFM – Integrated Flood Management IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change KCCA – Kampala Capital City Authority KIIDP – Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project MAK – Makerere University MoLHUD – Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development NEMA – National Environment Management Authority NGO – Non-governmental Organisation NRC – Norwegian Refugee Council NSDFU – National Slum Dwellers Federation of Uganda NWSC – National Water and Sewerage Corporation OPM – Office of the Prime Minister OPM DPM – Office of the Prime Minister, Department of Disaster Preparedness and Management RPF – Resettlement Policy Framework SSA – Shelter and Settlements Alternatives SUDS – Sustainable Urban Drainage System UBOS – Uganda Bureau of Statistics UNISDR – United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction VIP – Ventilated Improved Pit (latrine) Executive summary This report, written by a team of researchers at the growth constitutes a major contribution to flood risk Bartlett Development Planning Unit (DPU) at University for a number of reasons. Firstly, much of this growth College London and Makerere University, Uganda has occurred in wetlands, areas that previously provides an outline of the drivers behind decision- acted as runoff retentions (UN-HABITAT 2013, p. 55). making and implementation of resettlement and Secondly, development densification and reduced relocation in Kampala, Uganda, from the perspectives green space has increased the rates of runoff, of households and businesses as well as the state and particularly on the hillsides, due to reduced absorption non-governmental organizations. The report seeks to capacity. Third, illegal backfilling of wetlands has answer the following questions: contributed to a rising water level by constraining the water flow. Fourth, current storm drainage measures 1. How do district/city-level strategies to mitigate cannot meet the demands of rising water levels, flooding impact on relocation? What are the plans for siltification and solid waste blockages. the future? Although there is a clear understanding from 2. If people are forcefully moved, what is the process government about the challenges associated with of implementation? flooding and the necessity of managing this through resettlement, findings indicate that the latter is not 3. What are the drivers, tipping points and limits of being implemented in a consistent way but rather tolerable risks, which push or enable people to move is taking place on a case-by-case basis, either out of the flooding areas? through evictions with insufficient compensation, or autonomously, when individuals, families or Methods of data collection include interviews with communities relocate away from flooding areas local government bodies, a civic organisation and without government assistance. business owners and members of households in two case study settlements: Bwaise and Natete. Interviews Thus, the report indicates a need for a more were then transcribed and analysed. The interview comprehensive urban flood management plan that schedules, survey instrument and transcript analyses includes a range of measures to reduce risk and can be found in appendices A – J. vulnerability, of which resettlement should be viewed as only one component. In cases where resettlement A number of factors contribute to Kampala’s high is unavoidable, there is a further need for a national incidence of flash flooding, including its situation in resettlement policy to be implemented consistently, the drainage catchment of Lake Victoria and a series which includes provisos for financing, livelihood of catchments that drain north. These factors are reconstruction and participation from communities exacerbated by the high rate of urbanisation. This being resettled. Uganda 11 Introduction Uganda is experiencing impacts resulting from climate expanded to cover an area of 1450 km2 of which only change, including rising temperatures and fluctuating about 196 km2 is under the control of the Kampala intensity of precipitation and storm events, trends Capital City Authority (KCCA 2012). The administrative which are likely to increase by the end of the 21st structure of the city includes five divisions of the century, according to the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Central Division: Makindye Division, Nakawa Division, Report (in Overseas Development
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