Notes

(Place of publication is unless specified otherwise.)

Introduction

1. Victor Turner, The Forest of Symbols (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1967), p. 30. 2. Paul Alpers, What is Pastoral? (Chicago, IL: U of Chicago P, 1996), p. 80. 3. Carolyn Miller, 'Genre as Social Action', Quarterly Journal ofSpeech 70 (1984): 151-67. 4. All cited in Richard Coe, Lorelei Lingard, and Tatiana Teslenko, eds, The Rhetoric and Ideology of Genre: Strategies for Stability and Change (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton, 2002), p. 2. 5. Alastair Fowler, Kinds ofLiterature: An Introduction to the Theory of Genres and Modes (: Clarendon, 1982), p. 152. 6. Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, trans. Joseph Ward Swain (George Allen and Unwin, 1915), pp. 37, 41. 7. See for example Patricia Parker, 'Motivated Rhetorics: Gender, Order, Rule', Literary Fat Ladies: Rhetoric, Gender, Property (New York: Methuen, 1987), pp. 97-125. 8. Hans Robert Jauss, 'Theory of Genres and Medieval Literature', trans. Timothy Bahti, Modem Genre Theory, ed. David Duff (Longman, 2000), pp. 127-47 (131). 9. Ann E. Imbrie, 'Defining Nonfiction Genres' in Renaissance Genres: Essays on Theory, History and Interpretation, ed. Barbara K. Lewalski (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1986), pp. 45-69 (51-2). 10. Rosalie L. Colie, The Resources of Kind: Genre-Theory in the Renaissance, ed. Barbara K. Lewalski (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: U of California P, 1973), pp. 8, 26. 11. Cicero, De Oratore Il.lvii.232, trans. E. W. Sutton (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1959), p. 368. 12. Erik Mueggler, 'The Poetics of Grief and the Price of Hemp in Southwest China', Journal ofAsian Studies 57:3 (August 1998): 979-1008 (983). 13. Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1977), p. 1. 14. DE, p. 36. 15. Leeds University, Brotherton MS Lt q 44, fol. 48'. 16. John Sargeaunt, Annals of (Methuen, 1898), p. 66. 17. R. C. Bald, : A Life (Oxford: Clarendon, 1970), p. 531. 18. Juliet Fleming, Graffiti and the Writing Arts ofEarly Modem England (Reaktion, 2001), p. 36. 19. Richard Corbet, Poetica Stromata ([Holland], 1648), p. 107. 20. Michel Foucault, 'What is an Author?', trans. Josue V. Harari, Textual Strategies: Perspectives in Post-Structuralist Criticism, ed. J. Harari (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1979), pp. 141-60 (148).

214 Notes 215

21. Pierre Bourdieu, Language and Symbolic Power, ed. John B. Thompson, trans. Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson (Cambridge: Polity, 1991), pp. 117-18. 22. Thomas Fuller, The Holy State (Cambridge, 1642), pp. 24-5.

1 The ritual of elegiac rhetoric

1. John E. Clark, Elegie: The Fortunes of a Classical Genre in Sixteenth-Century France (The Hague and Paris: Mouton, 1975), pp. 8-9. 2. Rosalie L. Colie, '"All in Peeces:" Problems of Interpretation in Donne's Anniversary Poems', Just So Much Honour, ed. Peter Amadeus Fiore (University Park, PA: Penn State UP, 1971), pp. 189-218 (194). Alastair Fowler suggests that the blending of genres was influenced by the use of the silva form in the teaching of writing. 'The Formation of Genres in the Renaissance and After', New Literary History 34.2 (2003): 185-200 (186). 3. Scaliger, Poetices (1581), pp. 425-6; Frederick Morgan Padelford, trans. Select Translations from Scaliger's Poetics, Yale Studies in English 26 (New York: Henry Holt, 1905); see also DE, p. 127n. 4. Henry Peacham, The Period of Mourning (1613), p. 17. 5. George Puttenham, The Arte of English Poesie, ed. G. D. Willcock and A. Walker, facsim (Menston: Scolar, 1968), p. 48. 6. Bruno Gentili, Poetry and Its Public in Ancient Greece (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins UP, 1988), pp. 33-4; see also Morton W. Bloomfield, 'The Elegy and the Elegiac Mode: Praise and Alienation' in Lewalski (1986), pp. 147-57. 7. Alastair Fowler, Kinds ofLiterature: An Introduction to the Theory of Genres and Modes (Oxford: Clarendon, 1982), p. 136. 8. R. C. ]ebb, The Growth and Influence of Classical Greek Poetry (Macmillan, 1893), p. 120. 9. Lewalski, Renaissance Genres, p. 6. 10. Alberta T. Turner, 'Milton and the Conventions of the Academic Miscel­ lanies' YES 5 (1975): 86-93 (91); David Norbrook agrees that 'The elegies in Jonsonus Virbius - and most of those in Justa Edovardo King - indicate the growing hegemony of the closed couplet as a dominating metrical form.' 'The Politics of Milton's Early Poetry', John Milton, ed. Annabel Patterson (Harlow: Longman, 1992), p. 54. 11. Puttenham, The Art of English Poesie (1968), p. 39. 12. HS, vol. VIII, p. 309. 13. Ibid., p. 108; but compare The Underwood xviii, xix, xxii, xl and so on. On Jonson's abandonment of Ovidian elegy, see David Riggs, : A Life (Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1989), p. 75. 14. These include 0. B. Hardison, Jr., The Enduring Monument (Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1962); Ruth Wallerstein, Studies in Seventeenth-Century Poetic (Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1950); Dennis Kay, Melodious Tears (Oxford: Clarendon, 1990); see also Thomas 0. Sloane, Donne, Milton, and the End of Humanist Rhetoric (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: U of California P, 1985), pp. 93-4, 130-44. 15. Here, I am following Gerard Genette's use of 'mode' in The Architext: An Introduction, trans. Jane E. Lewin (Berkeley, CA: U of California P, 1992), pp. 60-72. Lewalski provides more detailed context on the relation between elegy, Protestant funeral sermons and meditations (72-107, 174-95). 216 Notes

16. Jauss, 'Theory of Genres', p. 133. 17. George A. Kennedy, Classical Rhetoric and its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modem Times (Croom Helm, 1980), pp. 74, 80. 18. Wilbur Samuel Howell, Logic and Rhetoric in England, 1500-1700 (New York: Russell and Russell, 1961), p. 105. 19. Arthur Clifford, ed., Tixall Poetry (Edinburgh, 1813), pp. 49-50. 20. Jeremy Taylor, ENIATTO!.. A Course of Sermons for the Whole Year (1668), p. 151. 21. Hardison, The Enduring Monument, p. 115. 22. Lewalski, p. 16. 23. Hardison, The Enduring Monument, p. 27. See also Plato's Laws 801, Republic X: 607, and Protagoras 325, and Quintilian, Institutio III 7.1 for the moral utility of praise. 24. Plato, Republic X: 607a, trans. Reeve and Grube, The Complete Works, ed. John M. Cooper (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1997), p. 1211. 25. Plato, Protagoras 326a, trans. Stanley Lombardo and Karen Bell, The Complete Works, p. 760. 26. Aristotle, The 'Art' of Rhetoric 1388b1 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1926); Thomas Hobbes, trans., The Rhetorics of Thomas Hobbes and Bernard Lamy, ed. John T. Harwood (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois UP, 1986), p. 84. 27. Erasmus, 'De Pueris Instituendis', Collected Works, ed. J. K. Sowards, vol. 26 (Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1985), p. 308. 28. Elementorum rhetorices libri duo (first published 1531), cited in Ann Moss, 'Commonplace-Rhetoric and Thought-Patterns in Early Modern Culture', The Recovery ofRhetoric, ed. R. H. Roberts and]. M. M. Good (Bristol Classical, 1993), p. 50. 29. Hobbes, Rhetorics of Thomas Hobbes and Bernard Lamy, p. 54. 30. Scaliger, Poetices VII.i.3; Padelford, p. 82. 31. Underwood 70; Ben Jonson, ed. Ian Donaldson (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995), p. 237. 32. Ben Jonson, ed. Donaldson, p. 267. 33. Richard Dutton, Ben Jonson: Authority, Criticism (Macmillan, 1996), p. 20; ]. C. Hayward, 'New Directions in Studies of the Falkland Circle', The Seventeenth Century 3:1 (1987), p. 23. 34. Polybius, The Histories, trans. W. R. Patton, vol. 3 (Heinemann, 1923) VI.S3.10-54.4. 35. Keith Hopkins, 'Death in Rome', Death and Renewal: Sociological Studies in Roman History, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1983), p. 202. 36. An Elegy on the Death ofthe Duke ofCambridge (1678). BL Luttrell Collection 13. 37. Kay, Melodious Tears, p. 4. 38. Leicestershire Record Office, Winstanley of Braunstone Papers, ref. DE728/970. 39. Tzvetan Todorov, 'The Origins of Genres', New Literary History 8.1 (Autumn 1976): 159-70 (162). 40. Anthony Grafton and Lisa Jardine, From Humanism to the Humanities (Duckworth, 1986), pp. 131-2. 41. Padelford, Select Translations from Scaliger's Poetics, p. 2. 42. Victoria Kahn, 'Humanism and the Resistance to Theory', Literary Theory/Renaissance Texts, ed. Patricia Parker and David Quint (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1986), pp. 373-96; T. W. Baldwin, William Shakspere's Small Latine & Lesse Greeke, vo!. 1 (Urbana, IL: U of Illinois P, 1944), p. 80. Notes 217

43. J. W. Smeed, The Theophrastan 'Character': The History of a Literary Genre (Oxford and New York: Clarendon, 1985), pp. 6, 41. 44. John Brinsley, Ludus Literarius: Or, The Grammar Schoole (1612), p. 196; cited in Baldwin, William Shakspere's, vol. 2, p. 389. 45. William L. Sachse, ed., The Diary of Roger Lowe (New York: Longman, 1938), p. 54. 46. Geoffrey Keynes, ed., The Commonplace Book of Elizabeth Lyttleton (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1919). 47. Baldwin, William Shakspere's, pp. 90, 154-5. 48. Kennedy, Classical Rhetoric, p. 138. 49. Thomas Wilson, The Arte ofRhetorique (1553), sig. 36'. SO. Anthony Walker, The Virtuous Woman Found (1678). 51. On the English formulary letters and their attitude to grief, see G. W. Pigman, Grief and English Renaissance Elegy (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1985), pp. 11-27. 52. Brinsley, p. 191, cited in Baldwin, William Shakspere's, vol. 2, p. 380. 53. Alexander Gil, Parerga (1632); see Stella P. Revard, Milton and the Tangles of Neaera's Hair: The Making of the 1645 Poems (Columbia, MO: U of Missouri P, 1997), pp. 44-7. 54. Raymond Anselment, 'The Oxford University Poets and Caroline Panegyric', John Donne Journal 3.2 (1984): 181-201 (182). 55. Norbrook, John Milton, p. 51. See also Ernest C. Mossner, ed., Justa Edovardo King I and II (New York, 1939), pp. vi-vii. 56. Riggs, Ben Jonson, p. 13. 57. Cedric Brown notes that 'at school and university, Milton was bred to competitive performance'. John Milton: A Literary Life (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995), p. 2. See also John Dolan, Poetic Occasion from Milton to Wordsworth (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), pp. 18-55. 58. See, among others, A. S. P. Woodhouse, 'Notes on Milton's Early Devel­ opment', University of Toronto Quarterly 13.1 (October 1943): 66-101; Blair Hoxby, 'Milton's Steps in Time', Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 38.1 (Winter 1998): 149-72; David Quint, 'Expectation and Prematurity in Milton's Nativity Ode', Modem Philology 97.2 (November 1999): 195-219; and Jonathan Goldberg, 'Milton's Warning Voice: Considering Preventive Measures', Voice Terminal Echo (New York: Methuen, 1986), pp. 124-58. Cedric Brown (1997), p. 186 has argued that Milton's presentation in his 1645 Poems of his successes within his 'educational culture' characterised the poet throughout his life. 59. Alice Horton, 'An Exploration into the Etymology of Lycidas', Milton Quarterly 32.3 (1998): 106-7. 60. Norbrook, John Milton, p. 46. 61. Wallerstein, Studies in Seventeenth-Century Poetic, p. 110. 62. Bodleian MS Ashmole 36, 37, fol. 250. 63. Juliana Schiesari, The Gendering ofMelancholia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1992), p. 93. On the relevance of the address to the mother see also Amy Boesky, 'The Maternal Shape of Mourning: A Reconsideration of Lycidas', Modem Philology 95.4 (May 1998): 463-83. 64. Lewalski, p. 17. 65. Owen Feltham, 'On His Beloved Friend the Authour', Poems, with the Muses Looking-G/asse, and Amyntas by Thomas Randolph (1643), sig. A8v. 218 Notes

66. Lucius Cary, Viscount Falkland, 'Another to Sandys', A Paraphrase upon the Divine Poems, by George Sandys (1648), sig. AS'. 67. J. V. [John Vaughan?], inscribed in Christchurch copy of Donne's 1633 Poems. Cited in John Donne: The Critical Heritage, ed. A. J. Smith, vol. 1 (Routledge, 1983), p. lOS. 68. Ovid, Amores III.ix.3-4. 69. Thomas Jordan, 'An Elegy on ... Sir Nath. Brent Knight', Wit in a Wildemesse of Promiscuous Poesie ([166S?]), sig. tt 4v. 70. Nigel Llewellyn, 'The Royal Body: Monuments to the Dead, for the Living', Renaissance Bodies: The Human Figure in English Culture, c. 1450-1660, ed. Lucy Gent and Nigel Llewellyn (Reaktion, 1990), p. 220. 71. The Correspondence of Lady Katherine Paston, 1603-1627, ed. Ruth Hughey (Norfolk Record Society, 1941), p. 23. 72. Thomas Jordan, 'An Elegie on the Death of Mr. John Steward', Piety, and Poesy Contracted ([166?]), sig. Dl'. 73. Richard Corbet, 'An Elegie on the late Lord William Haward', Poems, ed. ]. A. W. Bennett and H. R. Trevor-Roper (Oxford: Clarendon, 19SS), pp. 20-1. 74. Samuel Daniel, A Funeralle Poeme uppon [. . .]Earle of Devonshire (1606); cited in Lewalski, p. 3S. 7S. Thomas Philipot, 'On the death of Sir Simon Harcourt, slain at the taking in of Carigs-Main Castle in Ireland', Poems (1646), p. 17. 76. Sachse, Diary of Roger Lowe, p. 29. 77. Bodleian MS Don.c.24, fol. 19v. 78. 'An epitaph on Thomas Hulbert Cloathyer of Cosham'. MS Don c 24 fol. 28. 79. British Library Add MS 28602, fols 4', 12'. 80. Thomas Campion, 'Observations in the Art of English Poesie', Campion's Works, ed. Percival Vivian (Oxford: Clarendon, 1909), p. 36. 81. HS, vol. VIII, p. 200. 82. Andrew Marvell, The Poems and Letters, ed. H. M. Margoliouth, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1971), vol. I, p. 3. 83. Em. D., 'To his Friend the author', Poems Divine, and Humane by Thomas Beedome (1641), sig. ASv. 84. W. Towers, 'On the death of the Honourable Lord Vis-count Bayning', Death Repeal'd, p. 42. 8S. W. C., 'On his deserving Friend, Master Thomas Beedom, and his Poems', Beedome sig. AS'. 86. An Elegy on the Truly Honourable [. ..] Countesse of Devonshire. BL Luttrell Collection p. 38.

2 The rhetoric of grief

1. Bodleian MS Top.Oxon.f.31. 2. 'Elegie upon the Death of Mistress Boulstred', DE p. 61. 3. Vittorio Gabrieli, 'A New Digby Letter-Book: "In Praise of Venetia"', National Library of Wales Journal IX.2 (Winter 19SS): 138. 4. Lawrence Babb, The Elizabethan Malady (East Lansing, MI: Michigan State, 1951), p. 39. 5. Gabrieli, 'A New Digby Letter-Book', p. 122. Notes 219

6. H. A. Bright, Poems from Sir Kenelm Digby's Papers (Roxburgh Club, 1877), pp. 18-19. 7. Katherine Philips, The Collected Works, 3 vols, vol. 1: The Poems, ed. Patrick Thomas (Cambridge: Stump Cross, 1990), pp. 208-10. 8. W. Baptiste Scones, ed., Four Centuries of English Letters (Kegan Paul, 1883), pp. 105-7. 9. Bevill Grenville, Some Original Letters ofSir Bevill Grenvile (Exeter, 1893), p. 15. 10. Alice Thornton, The Autobiography, Surtees Society 62 (Durham and Edinburgh: Andrews, 1875), pp. 253, 68. 11. Marcia L. Colish, The Stoic Traditions from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1990), p. 16. 12. Henry Peacham, The Compleat Gentleman (1622), p. 52. 13. Justus Lipsius, 'The Life', The Workes ofLucius Annaeus Seneca, trans. Thomas Lodge (1620), sig. d2'. 14. Paul Tillich, The Courage to Be (Collins, 1952), p. 20. 15. Meric Casaubon, 'A Discourse by Way of Preface', Marcus Aurelius[. .. ] His Meditations Concerning Himselfe (1634), sig. C3'. 16. Seneca, 'Of Blessed Life', xxv, The Workes, trans. Thomas Lodge (1620), p. 630. 17. Edward Sherburne, trans. Senecas Answer, to Lucilus His Quaere (1648), p. 28. 18. Seneca, 'Of Providence', The Workes, p. 501. 19. Gilles D. Monsarrat, Light from the Porch (Paris: Didier-Erudition, 1984), p. 72. 20. John Calvin, The Institution ofChristian Religion, trans. Thomas North (1611), III.viii: 9-11; p. 339. 21. Francis Bacon, 'Of Anger', The Essayes or Counsels, Civill and Morall, ed. Michael Kiernan (Oxford: Clarendon, 1985), p. 170. See also Henry W. Sams, 'Anti-Stoicism in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century England', Studies in Philology 41 (1944): 68. 22. Thomas Wright, The Passions of the Minde in Generall (1604), reprinted with an introduction by Thomas 0. Sloane (Urbana and Chicago, IL: U of Illinois P, 1971), p. 17. 23. Seneca, 'Of Anger', The Workes, p. 518. 24. Seneca, Epistles 24, The Workes, p. 211. See also Marcus Aurelius III.ll. 25. John Healey, trans., Epictetus Manuall (1616), pp. 5-6, 10. 26. Plato, Phaedo 64b-65a, trans. by G. M. A. Grube, The Complete Works, ed. John M. Cooper (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997), p. 55. 27. Diogenes Laertius, 'Epicurus', Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, trans. R. D. Hicks, vol. 2 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1925), x.124-5. Seneca, Epistles 24, The Workes, p. 211. 28. Marcus Aurelius VI.28; in Casaubon, VI.26, p. 86. 29. Seneca, 'Of Consolation to Marcia' xix, The Workes, pp. 730-1. 30. Ralph Knevet, ed., Funerall Elegies; Consecrated to the immortall memory, of [. . .] the Lady Katherine Pas ton (163 7), sig. B2'. 31. R. W., An Essay on Grief (Oxford, 1695), p. 8. 32. Misery's Virtues Whet-Stone: Reliquiae Gethinianae (1699), sig. A2'. 33. 'On the Death of My deare Grandchild Barnard Corbet, 3 years and [?] old.' Bodleian MS Rawl.poet.210, fol. 43. 34. DE, pp. 57 and 178n. 220 Notes

35. Joannis Calvini in omnes D. Pauli epistolas (Geneva, 1551), pp. 481-2, trans. G. W. Pigman, Grief and English Renaissance Elegy (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1985), p. 137, n. 3. 36. An Elegie Upon the Death of my pretty Infant-Cousin, Mris. Jane Gabry (1672). British Library Luttrell Collection, p. 58. 37. British Library Egerton MS 607, fols 119v-2ov and 12F-22v. 38. John Coprario, 'An Elegy upon the Untimely Death of Prince Henry', The English Lute-Songs, ed. Gerald Hendrie and Thurston Dart, ser. I.17, p. vii. 39. Francis Quarles, An Elegie upon[. .. ] John Wheeler (1637), sig. A3v. 40. [John Lesly], An Epithrene (1631), p. 14. 41. Agata Preis-Smith, 'Heaven the Better Country: Mourning in New England Puritan Elegy', American Studies (Warsaw) 14 (1995): 19-35 (23). 42. Abraham Cowley, The Civil War, ed. Allan Pritchard (Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1973), Book III, ll. 529-648. 43. John Duncon, The Returns of Spiritual Comfort and Grief in a Devout Soul (1649), pp. 155-75. 44. The idea of life as a loan, a debt paid by death, was a commonplace of both Christian and Stoic consolation. See Richmond Lattimore, Themes in Greek and Latin Epigraphs (Urbana, IL: Southern Illinois UP, 1962), pp. 170-1. 45. Clement Barksdale, Nympha Libethris (1651), p. 30. 46. A Narrative ofGod's Gracious Dealings (1683), p. 7. Quoted in Anne Laurence, Women in England 1500-1760: A Social History (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1994), p. 55. 47. Alexander Brodie, The Diary, 1652-1680 (Aberdeen: Spalding Club, 1863), p. 138. 48. Anthony Walker, The Holy Life of Mrs Elizabeth Walker (1690), p. 100. 49. Thornton, Autobiography, p. 151. 50. BL Egerton MS 607 fol. 21'. 51. 'A Dialogue betwixt the Soule, and the Body', Bodleian MS Rawl.D.1308, fols 1-2. 52. Victoria Kahn, Rhetoric, Prudence, and Skepticism in the Renaissance (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1985), p. 20. 53. John Oglander, A Royalist's Notebook: The Commonplace Book of Sir John Oglander, ed. Francis Bamford (Constable, 1936), pp. 82-3. 54. Bodleian MS Rawl.poet.101 fol. 15v. 55. Peter M. Sacks, The English Elegy (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins UP, 1985), pp. 23-4. 56. Margaret Alexiou, The Ritual Lament in Greek Tradition, 2nd rev. ed. (Lanham, Boulder, CO, New York and Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002), p. 136. 57. DE p. 22. 58. Gabrieli, 'A New Digby Letter-Book', p. 132. 59. Bright, Poems from Digby's Papers, p. 29. The phrase 'the worms thy rivalls' is also used in 'An Elegie on the most beauteous and vertuous Lady the Lady Venetia Digby', by Thomas Randolph, where the worms' rival is Death itself (p. 26). 60. Bright, Poems from Digby's Papers, p. 7. 61. Daniel de Coppet, 'The Life-giving Death', Mortality and Immortality: the anthropology and archaeology of death, ed. S. C. Humphreys and Helen King (Academic, 1981), p. 175. Notes 221

62. Mircea Eliade, 'Mythologies of Death', Religious Encounters with Death: Insights from the History and Anthropology ofReligions, ed. Frank E. Reynolds and Earle H. Waugh (University Park, PA: Penn State UP, 1977), p. 15. 63. Hester Pulter, 'Upon the Death of my deare and lovely Daughter J. P. Jane Pulter', Early Modem Women Poets (1520-1700): An Anthology, ed. Jane Stevenson and Peter Davidson (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001), p. 192. 64. G. Norlin, 'The Conventions of the Pastoral Elegy,' American Journal of Philology 32 (1911): 294-312 (306). 65. Anne Bradstreet, The Complete Works, ed. Joseph R. McElrath, Jr. and Allan P. Robb (Boston: Twayne, 1981), p. 187. 66. David Cressy, Birth, Marriage and Death (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1997), p. 399; see also Clare Gittings, 'Expressions of Loss in Early Seventeenth Century England', The Changing Face ofDeath, ed. Peter C. Jupp and Glennys Howarth (Macmillan, 1997), p. 21; or 'Urban Funerals in Late Medieval and Reform­ ation England', Death in Towns: Urban Responses to the Dying and the Dead, 100--1600, ed. Steven Bassett (Leicester, London and New York: Leicester UP, 1992), pp. 170--83. 67. Peter Marshall, Beliefs and the Dead in Reformation England (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2002), p. 107; Lewalski, p. 179. 68. , 'Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme', in Three Prose Works, ed. John Buchanan-Brown (Carbondale, lL: Southern lllinois UP, 1972), pp. 176-7. 69. Maurice Bloch, 'Death and the Concept of Person', On the Meaning of Death: Essays on Mortuary Rituals and Eschatological Beliefs, ed. S. Cederroth et al. (Uppsala and Stockolm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1988), pp. 11-29 (17). 70. Cressy, Birth, Marriage and Death, p. 398. 71. See for example Clare Gittings, Death, Burial and the Individual in Early Modem England (Croom Helm, 1984), p. 22. Purgatory continued to be an option for Catholics, of course. It helped Elizabeth Cary make sense of her daughter's baleful remarks on her deathbed. The Tragedy of Mariam, ed. Barry Weller and Margaret W. Ferguson (Berkeley and Los Angeles: U of California P, 1994), p. 202. 72. Cressy, Birth, Marriage and Death, pp. 399-403. 73. Julian Litten, The English Way of Death: The Common Funeral since 1450 (Robert Hale, 1991), p. 126. 74. Brodie, The Diary, p. 127. 75. Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy (Oxford, 1621), p. 122. 76. Knevet, Funerall Elegies, sig. BF. 77. British Library Add MS 34239, fol. 1'. 78. Francis Quarles, Threnodes on the Lady Marsham, [. ..] and William Cheyne (1641), sig. A2v. 79. Barksdale, Nympha Libethris, p. 30. 80. Anne Halkett and Ann Fanshawe, The Memoirs, ed. John Loftis (Oxford: Clarendon, 1979), p. 136. 81. Germaine Greer, Susan Hastings, Jeslyn Medoff, and Melinda Sansone, eds, Kissing the Rod: An Anthology of Seventeenth-Century Women's Verse (Virago, 1988), p. 159. 82. 'Anniverse. An Elegy', King, p. 73. 83. Jacques Le Goff, The Birth ofPurgatory, trans. Authur Goldhammer (Menston: Scolar, 1981), p. 294. 222 Notes

84. A. J. Gurevich, 'Time as a Problem of Cultural History', Cultures and Time (Paris: Unesco, 1976), pp. 241-3. 85. Le Goff, Birth of Purgatory, p. 290. 86. Ibid., p. 229. 87. Simon Jarvis, 'Prosody as Cognition', Critical Quarterly 40.4 (Winter 1998): 3-15 (6). 88. , The Sermons, ed. Mary Hobbs (Rutherford: Scolar, 1992), p. 123. 89. Le Goff, Birth of Purgatory, p. 227.

3 The funerary elegy in its ritual context

1. Clare Gittings, Death, Burial and the Individual p. 239. 2. London Metropolitan Archives, MS ACC/1360/341/06. 3. Centre for Kentish Studies, Sackville MS U269/A7/14. 4. Shropshire Public Record Office, Venables MS 484/289. 5. Norfolk Public Record Office, Ketton-Cremeer family MS WKC 7/13, 404xl. 6. The Diary of Ralph Josselin 1616-1683, ed. Alan MacFarlane (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1976), p. 635. 7. Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, Verney MS DR98/1651/21. 8. Ralph Verney, writing to his uncle Dr Denton, requests communal help in planning his wife's obsequies and notes the receipt of consolatory letters: 'bee pleased to send your advise at large to your perplexed, distressed and most afflicted servant. [... ) M. Cordell has this day sent the Dr. the relation at large of her deportment in her sicknesse and at her death, in 6 sheets of paper.' Frances Verney and Margaret Verney, eds, Memoirs of the Verney Family during the Seventeenth Century (New York: Longmans, 1925), p. 452. 9. British Library Add MS 34239. 10. British Library Add MS 74239. 11. Great Brittans Mourning Garment (1612), n.p. 12. Thomas Meynell's book, County Record Office, Northallerton; reprinted in E. E. Reynolds, ed., Publications of the Catholic Record Society: Miscellanea LVI (1964), p. 32. 13. Arnold Stein, The House of Death (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins UP, 1986), pp. 122, 144. 14. George Puttenham, The Arte of English Poesie, p. 39. 15. Letter from Sir John Cheke to Martyr, Westminster, 10, March 1551. George Cornelius Gorham, Gleanings of Few Scattered Ears (Bell and Daldy, 1857), p. 239. 16. Frederick Burgess, English Churchyard Memorials (Lutterworth, 1963), p. 219. 17. Turner, 'Milton', p. 90. Agata Preis-Smith claims that elegies were read and passed around at funerals, sent to relatives, nailed to hearse, thrown into grave, customs which 'account for the scarcity of surviving texts'. Preis­ Smith, 'Heaven the Better Country', p. 19. 18. Cotton Mather, An Elegy on[ ... ) the Reverend Nathaniel Collins (Boston, 1685), p. 2. Quoted in David Stannard, The Puritan Way of Death (Oxford and New York: Oxford UP, 1977), p. 113. 19. H. R. Woudhuysen, Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts 1558-1640 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1996), p. 95. Notes 223

20. Katharine A. Esdaile, English Church Monuments 1510--1840 (B. T. Batsford, 1946), p. 113. 21. Bodleian MS Rawl.D.912. 22. An Elegie, and Epitaph for Mistris Abigail Sherard, Thomason Broadsides 669 .f.12(94). 23. S. C. Humphreys, 'Death and Time', Mortality and Immortality: The Anthropology and Archaeology of Death, ed. S. C. Humphreys and Helen King (Academic, 1981), p. 273. 24. Durkheim, Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, p. 397. 25. Bronislaw Malinowski, Magic, Science and Religion and Other Essays (Souvenir, 1948), p. 53. 26. Peter C. Jupp, Introduction, The Changing Face of Death: Historical Accounts of Death and Disposal, ed. Peter C. Jupp and Glennys Howarth (Macmillan, 1997), p. 3. 27. Gittings, Death, Burial and the Individual, p. 89; see also Elizabeth A. Hallam, 'Turning the Hourglass: Gender Relations at the Deathbed in Early Modern Canterbury', Mortality 1.1 (1996): 61-82. 28. Joshua Sylvester, Lachrima! Lachrimarum (1621), sigs A2'-A3'. 29. Thomas Flatman, 'To the Memory of the Incomparable Orinda', Poems and Songs (1674), p. 3. 30. Bodleian MS Fairfax 40, fols 496-7. Also printed in Kissing the Rod, ed. Germaine Greer eta/., p. 10. 31. FrederickS. Paxton, Christianizing Death (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1990), p. 6. 32. Quoted in Christina Hole, The English Housewife in the Seventeenth Century (Chatto and Windus, 1953), p. 226. 33. Sachse, Diary of Roger Lowe, pp. 64-6, 70-2. 34. Francis W. Steer, A Catalogue of the Earl Marshal's Papers at Arundel Castle, vol. 115/16 (Harleian Society, 1964), p. 34. 35. A. G. H. Bachrach and R. G. Collmer, eds, Lodewijck Huygens: The English Journal, 1651-1652 (Leiden: Brill, 1982), p. 147. 36. Adam Martindale, The Life, ed. Rev. Richard Parkinson (Cheltham Society, 1845), p. 206. 37. John Batchiler, The Virgins Pattern (1661), p. 40. 38. W. Andrews, Curious Church Customs, p. 142. Cited in Burgess, English Churchyard Memorials, p. 250, n. 48. 39. Ralph Houlbrooke, ' "Public" and "Private" in the Funerals of the Later Stuart Gentry: Some Somerset examples', Mortality 1.2 (1996): 163-76 (173). 40. Hole, The English Housewife in the Seventeenth Century, p. 230. 41. The Brides Burial, BL Bagford Ballads vol. 2; see also 'Young Unmarried Women Carrying the Coffin of Their Friend', William Chappell and ]. W. Ebsworth, eds, The Roxburgh Ballads, vol. viii (Hertford, 1869-1899), p. 121. 42. Alexander Brome, 'An Elegy on a Lady that Dyed before Her Intended Nuptials', Poems, ed. Roman R. Dubinski, vol. 1 (Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1982), p. 269. 43. Thomas Pestell, 'Elegie on the Noble Eliz: Countesse of Hunt:', The Poems, ed. Hannah Buchan (Oxford: Blackwell, 1940), p. 7. 44. Aston Cokayne, 'On the death of my dear Cousin Germane Mrs. Olive Cotton', Choice Poems of Several Sorts (1669), p. 73. 224 Notes

45. Matthew Stevenson, Occasions Off-spring (1654), pp. 84-5. 46. Felicity Heal, Hospitality in Early Modem England (Oxford: Clarendon, 1990), p. 82. 47. Houlbrooke, '"Public" and Private"', pp. 167-8. 48. Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, Ferrers MS DR3/733. 49. The Autobiography of William Stout, p. 35; cited in Sachse, Diary ofRoger Lowe, p. 130. 50. Houlbrooke, '"Public" and Private"', p. 164. 51. Anth[ony] Stafford, ed., Honour and Vertue, Trumphing over the Grave (1640), sig. P4'. 52. Quarles, Threnodes on the Lady Marsham, sig. A6v. 53. 'An Elegy Upon the L. Bishop of London John King', King, p. 172. 54. Thomas Jordan, 'On the Death of the most worthily honour'd Mr. John Sidney, who dyed full of the Small Pox', Piety and Poesy Contracted ([166?]), sig. Dzv. 55. Reports ofHeraldic Cases in the Court of Chivalry 1623-1732, ed. G. D. Squibb, vol. 107 (Harleian Society, 1956), pp. 20-1. 56. Reports of Heraldic Cases, pp. 72-80 details the ordering and appointing of wakes and funerals. 57. Munimenta Heraldica 1484 to 1984, ed. G. D. Squibb, ns. vol. 4 (Harleian Society, 1985), p. 106. 58. John Weever, Ancient Funeral Monuments (1767), p. xviii. Even at such funerals, local painters and joiners were still employed to make escutcheons, which were hung on the house of the deceased as well as given to mourners. 'your Father desired a larger Scutchion to be sett on the front of his house wch is also done.' The joiner was paid £3 Zd for 'a Coffin lin'd within and without with Bays and for a frame for the great Schutchion', and a painter 'for one large Scutchion [... ] and 3 dozen and halfe of small scutchions' earned £9 6s. Norfolk Record Office, Ketton-Cremeer family of Felbrigg Hall papers, ref. WKC 7/13, 404x1 [1669]. 59. Gittings, Death, Burial and the Individual, pp. 34, 168; also Ralph Houlbrooke, 'Death, Church, and Family in England between the Late Fifteenth and the Early Eighteenth Centuries', in Death, Ritual, and Bereavement (New York: Routledge, 1989), p. 34. 60. Jennifer Woodward, The Theatre of Death (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1997), pp. 142-6. Centre for Kentish Studies MS Sackville U269/A488. 61. Houlbrooke, '"Public" and "Private"', p. 165. 62. Gittings, Death, Burial and the Individual, p. 41; Fred A. Crispe, ed., Collections Relating to the Family ofCrispe, vols 1 and 2 (1882), p. 49. 63. 'An Elegy Occasioned by the losse of the most incomparable Lady Stanhope', King, pp. 132-3. 64. James Howell, Epistolx Ho-Elianx (1650), p. 213. 65. Lucinda McCray Beier, 'The Good Death in Seventeenth-Century England', Death, Ritual, and Bereavement, ed. Houlbrooke, p. 50. 66. Thomas Jordan, 'An Elegie on the Death of Mr. John Steward', sig. D1v. 67. Henry Peacham the younger, Thestylis Atrata (1634), sig. Azv. 68. 'An Elegy upon My Best Friend L. K. C.', King, p. 134. 69. See also Horace IV.viii.28, 9; IV.ix; Tibullus l.iv.65, 6; Statius Silvae III.iii.38 and V.i.ll-3 and so on. Notes 225

70. Bodleian MS Eng.misc.e.262, fols 2-2v. 71. Jane Stevenson and Peter Davidson, eds, Early Modem Women Poets (1520-1700) (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001), p. 246. 72. Sander Bos, Marriane Longe and Jeanine Six, 'Sidney's Funeral Portrayed', Sir Philip Sidney: 1586 and the Creation of a Legend, ed. Jan Van Dorsten et al. (Leiden: Brill, 1986), p. 46. 73. Woodward, Theatre of Death, p. 75. 74. John Aubrey, Brief Lives, ed. A. Clark, vol. 2 (Oxford, 1898), p. 247. 75. Ronald Strickland, 'Pageantry and Poetry as Discourse: The Production of Subjectivity in Sir Philip Sidney's Funeral', ELH 57 (1990): 19. 7 6. Clifford, Tixall Poetry, pp. 100-1. 77. BL Add MS 28602, fol. 6v. 78. 'Epitaphicall Verses uppon the Death of [... ) Henry Veare', Leeds Lt.q.44, fols 54-55'. 79. Michael Drayton, 'An Elegie upon the Death of the Lady Penelope Clifton', Poems, ed. John Buxton, vol. 1 (Routledge, 1953), p. 140. 80. Linda A. Pollock, With Faith and Physic: The Life of a Tudor Gentlewoman, Lady Grace Mildmay 1552-1620 (Collins and Brown, 1993), p. 40. 81. William Forde, A Sermon preached at Constantinople ... Lady Anne Glover (1616), p. 56. 82. John Donne, The Sermons, ed. George R. Potter and Evelyn M. Simpson, vol. 6 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: U of California P, 1953), p. 286. 83. Robert Hertz, Death and the Right Hand, trans. Rodney and Claudia Needham (Cohen and West, 1960), pp. 77-8. See also Bloch's argument with Hertz in 'Death and the Concept of Person' in On the Meaning of Death: Essays on Mortuary Rituals and Eschatological Beliefs, ed. S. Cederroth et al. (Uppsala and Stockholm: Almquist and Wiksell, 1988), pp. 11-29. 84. See also Paul S. Fritz, 'From "Public" to "Private": The Royal Funerals in England, 1500-1830', Mirrors of Mortality: Studies in Social History of Death, ed. Joachim Whaley (Europa, 1981). 85. Mervyn James, 'Two Tudor Funerals', Society, Politics and Culture: Studies in Early Modem England (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1986), p. 176. 86. Nigel Llewellyn, 'Claims to Status through Visual Codes: Heraldry on Post­ Reformation Funeral Monuments', Chivalry in the Renaissance, ed. Sydney Anglo (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1990), p. 105. 87. Woodward, Theatre of Death, p. 93. 88. James Shirley, 'Upon the death of K. James', Poems & c. (1646), pp. 57-9. 89. Thomas Juxon, The Journal, eds Keith Lindley and David Scott, Camden 5th ser. vol. xiii (Cambridge: Royal Historical Society, 1999), pp. 134-5. 90. A Perfect Relation of the Memorable Funerall of[. .. ) Robert Earle ofEssex (1646), sig. A2'. 91. Daniel Evance, 'Upon the Adjournings of my Lords Funeral', Justa Honoraria (1646), p. 26. 92. C. G., True Mannor and Forme of the Proceeding to the Funerall of Robert, Earle of Essex (1646), pp. 15-16; see also A Brief and Compendious Narrative of the Renowned Robert, Earle of Essex (1646), p. 12. 93. Juxon, The Journal, p. 140. 94. Commonwealth Mercury 18-25 November 1658. 226 Notes

95. Anthony Harvey and Richard Mortimer, eds, The Funeral Effigies of Westminster Abbey (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1994), p. 12. 96. Marvell, Poems and Letters, vol. I, pp. 135-7. 97. Letter to Lady Carleton quoted by Roy Strong, Henry Prince of Wales and England's Lost Renaissance (Pimlico, 1986), p. 1. 98. John Stow, Annales or a Generall Chronicle of England (1631), p. 815. 99. Turner, Forest of Symbols, p. 30. 100. Elegie on ... Henry Duke of Gloucester (Oxford, 1660), sig. A2'.

4 Spectacular executions of the 1640s

1. Abraham Cowley, The Civil War, ed. Allan Pritchard (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973), p. 77. 2. Ben Jonson, Loves Triumph through Callipolis (HS, vol. VII, p. 735). 3. Marvell, Poems and Letters, vol. I, p. 95. 4. [John Arnway], The Tablet or Moderation of Charles the First Martyr ([fhe Hague], 1649), p. 4. 5. Heneage Finch, An Exact and Most Impartial Accompt of[. . .] Twenty Nine Regicides (1679), pp. 16-17. 6. R. Malcolm Smuts, Court Culture and the Origins of a Royalist Tradition in Early Stuart England (Philadelphia, PA: U of Pennsylvania P, 1987), p. 218. 7. Eikon Basi/ike ([1649]), p. 256. 8. John Milton, Eikonoklastes, reprinted in Complete Prose Works, gen. ed. Don M. Wolfe, vol. 3 (New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1962), pp. 342-3. 9. Uohn Berkenhead], Loyalties Tears Flowing after the Blood ofthe Royal Sufferer (1649), p. 5. 10. An Elegie upon the Death of Our Dread Soveraign Lord King Charls the Martyr ([16 June 1649]). 11. A True Relation of the Manner of the Execution of Thomas Earle of Strafford (1641), p. 1. 12. The Two Last Speeches of Thomas Wentworth (1641), p. 8. 13. Francis Bacon, 'Of Revenge', The Essayes or Counsels, Civill and Morall, ed. Michael Kiernan (Oxford: Clarendon, 1985), p. 16. 14. Peter Heylyn, Cyprianus Anglicus (1668), p. 516. 15. Great Straffords Farewell to the World (1641), sig. A2v. 16. Fortune's Tennis-Ball ([1641]), p. 3. 17. Pieter Spierenburg, The Spectacle of Suffering (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1984), pp. 15-31; Edward Muir, Ritual in Early Modem Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997), p. 139. 18. Charles Wheeler Coit, The Royal Martyr (Selwyn and Blount, 1924), p. 366. 19. A True Relation of the Bloudy Execution, Lately Performed ... in Prague (21 July 1621), sig. B4v. 20. ]. A. Sharpe, Crime in Seventeenth-Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1983), p. 142. See also David Nicholls, 'The Theatre of Martyrdom in the French Reformation', Past and Present 121 (1988): 49-73. 21. Spierenburg, Spectacle of Suffering, p. 66. 22. Henry Goodcole, A True Declaration of the Happy Conversion [. . .] of Francis Robinson (1618), sig. A4'. Notes 227

23. Upon the Execution of the Late Viscount Stafford (1680). 24. Francis Bacon, A True and Historical Relation of the Poysoning of Sir Thomas Overbury (1651), p. 101. 25. Bacon, 'Of Truth', Essayes, pp. 8-9; cf. Michel Montaigne, 'Of Giving the Lie', Essays, trans. John Florio, vol. 2 (Dent, 1965), p. 394. 26. Montaigne, Essays , I, p. 72. On the consequences of this claim to credibility for representations of female deaths, see Frances E. Dolan, '"Gentleman, I Have One Thing More To Say": Women on Scaffolds in England, 1563-1680.' Modern Philology 92:2 (1994): 172-4. 27. A True and Impartial Relation of the Death ofM.John Gerhard ([1654]), p. 7. 28. Max Weber, 'The Sociology of Charismatic Authority', From Max Weber, trans. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (Routledge, 1948), p. 245. 29. Maurice Bloch, Prey into Hunter (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1992), p. 44. 30. This was well-documented in the eighteenth century: Peter Burke, 'Popular Culture in Seventeenth-Century London', Popular Culture in Seventeenth­ Century England, ed. Barry Reay (Croom Helm, 1985), p. 35. Charles preferred white to traditional purple at his coronation, an omen read by royalists as prophesying his eventual martyrdom; describes it as a fulfilment of 'Merlin's prophecy' of the White King, 'which some allude to the White Sattin his maj. wore when he was crowned in Westm. abbey, former kings having on purple robes at their coronation' (quoted in Loxley, pp. 146-7). Richard Head also parsed Mother Shipton's prophecy that "The White King then (0 grief to see) I By wicked hands shall Murthered be' as 'concerning the Execrable Murther of that pious Prince King Charles the First', The Life and Death of Mother Shipton (1677), p. 43. 31. 'An Elegye on Mistris Brante, Burned In smithfeild for poysoning her husband', Bodleian Ashmole MS 38, fol. 193. 32. Turner, Forest of Symbols, p. 100. 33. Peter Lake, 'Popular form, Puritan content? Two Puritan Appropriations of the Murder Pamphlet from Mid-seventeenth-century London', Religion, Culture and Society in Early Modern Britain, ed. Anthony Fletcher and Peter Roberts (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994), p. 325. 34. Nicholas Barnard, Dean of Ardagh, The Penitent Death of ... John Atherton (Dublin, 1641), p. 3. 35. A True and Impartial Relation of the Death ofM.John Gerhard, p. 3. 36. Peter Lake and Michael Questier, 'Agency, Appropriation and Rhetoric Under the Gallows', Past and Present 153 (November 1996): 77. 37. Lacey Baldwin Smith, 'English Treason Trials and Confessions in the Sixteenth Century' ,Journal of the History ofIdeas 15.4 (October 1954): 471-98. 38. Robert Rowe, Mr Harrison Proved the Murtherer (Randal Taylor, 1692), sig. A2'. 39. Cambridge University Library MS Ee.5.23, fol. 464. 40. Cambridge University Library MS Mm.6.33, fols 181-2. 41. Montaigne, Essays, 1, p. 80. 42. Sir Lewis Stukeley, The Humble Petition (1618), pp. 16-17. For a more detailed analysis of Ralegh's death and a comparison to that of the second Earl of Essex, see Anna R. Beer, Sir Walter Ralegh and His Readers in the Seventeenth Century (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997) and Stephen]. Greenblatt, Sir Walter Ralegh: The Renaissance Man and His Roles (New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1973). 43. John Shirley, The Life of the Valiant and Learned Sir Walter Ralegh, Knight (1677), p. 238. 228 Notes

44. Walter Ralegh, The Letters, ed. Agnes Latham and joyce Youings (Exeter: U of Exeter P, 1999), p. 248. 45. An Elegy upon that Renowned Hero and Cavalier, the Lord Capel ([18 July]1683). BL Luttrell Collection 21. 46. Meric Casaubon, trans., Marcus Aurelius Antoninus the Roman Emperor, His Meditations Concerning Himselfe, 5.29 (1634), p. 73. 47. John Healey, trans., Epictetus Manuall, Ch. 20 (1616), pp. 22-4. 48. justus Lipsius, Two Bookes ofConstancie, trans. John Stradling (1595), p. 14. 49. Bodleian MS Eng.misc.e.262, fol. 25'. SO. David Seeley, The Noble Death (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1990), p. 101. 51. G. W. H. Lampe, 'Martyrdom and Inspiration', Suffering and Martyrdom in the New Testament, ed. William Horbury and Brian McNeil (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1981), p. 118. 52. jacqueline Collins, 'Treason and Tyranny: Some Thoughts on the Trial and Execution of Charles 1', Rice University Studies 60.4 (1974): 23-31 (26). 53. Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, ed. W. Dunn Macray, vol. 1 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1888), p. 222. 54. The Substance ofMr Pymms Speech to the Lords in Parliament (1641), p. 1. 55. The Replication of Master Glyn (1641), p. 16. 56. The Earle of Strafford his Elegiack Poem (1641), n.p. 57. The True Copies of the Three Last Letters ([1641]), sig. A3v. 58. Quoted in Charles Carlton, Charles I: The Personal Monarch (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983), p. 225. 59. , The Works, ed. William Scott and James Bliss, 7 vols (Oxford: John Henry Parker, 1847-60), vol. 3, p. 441. 60. Kevin Sharpe, 'Private Conscience and Public Duty in the Writings of Charles 1', The Historical Journal 40.3 (September 1997): 643-65; David L. Smith, Constitutional Royalism and the Search for Settlement, c. 1640-1649 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994), p. 208. 61. Richard Baxter, The Autobiography, abr.]. ]. Lloyd Thomas, ed. N. H. Keeble (Dent, 1974), p. 29. Cited in Patricia Crawford, 'Charles Stuart, That Man of Blood', Journal of British Studies 16.2 (1997): 41-61. 62. Conrad Russell, The Fall of the British Monarchies, 1637-1642 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1991), p. 301. 63. J. Nalson, A True Copy of the Journal of the High Court of!ustice for the Tryal of K. Charles I (1684), p. 31. 64. Richard Fanshawe, 'On Earl of Strafford's Tryall', Shorter Poems and Transla­ tions, ed. N. W. Bawcutt (Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1964), pp. 67-8. 65. 'An Ellegy written by himselfe a little before his death', True Copies of Three Last Letters, sig. A4v. 66. Great Straffords Farewell, sig. A4v. 67. The Earl ofStraffords Ghost (1644), p. 6. 68. ]. B., The Poets Knavery Discovered, in All Their Lying Pamphlets (1641), sig. Azv. 69. Upon the Execution of the Late Viscount Stafford (29 December 1680). 70. Calvin, The Institution of Christian Religion, p. 336. 71. ]. W. Stoye, English Travellers Abroad, 1604-1667 (Jonathan Cape: 1952), p. 65. 72. The Earl of Strafforde's Letters and Despatches, ed. W. Knowler, 2 vols (1739), vol. II, p. 39. Quoted in Kevin Sharpe, The Personal Rule of Charles I (New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1992), p. 235. Notes 229

73. Richard Cust, 'Wentworth's "change of sides" in the 1620s', The Political World of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, 1621-1641, ed. J. F. Merritt (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996), pp. 63-80 (65). 74. Brilliana Harley, Letters, ed. Thomas Taylor Lewis (Camden Society, 1853), p. 131. 75. John Cleveland, 'Epitaph on the Earl of Strafford', Poems (1653), pp. 57-8. See also Wilcher, Writing of Royalism, p. 65. 76. Merritt, Political World of Thomas Wentworth, p. 5. 77. Terence Kilburn and Anthony Milton, 'The Public Context of the Trial and Execution of Strafford' in Merritt, ed., pp. 230--251 (242). 78. The Discontented Conference betwixt the Two Great Associates ([1641]), sig. A1 v. 79. John Cleveland, 'On the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury', Poems, p. 60. 80. Canterburies Conscience Convicted (1641), n.p. 81. An Exact Copy of a Letter Sent to William Laud (1641). Generally, access to prisons was easy to obtain; three hundred people a day supposedly visited Elizabeth Caldwell (Lake, Religion, Culture and Society, p. 326). When her husband was imprisoned by Parliament at the Bowling Green, Whitehall, Ann Fanshawe went nightly to stand beneath his window and converse with him. Anne Halkett and Ann Fanshawe, The Memoirs, p. 134. Access to political prisoners was more stringently regulated, however; see Clifford Dobb, 'London's Prisons', Shakespeare Survey 17 (1964): 100. 82. T[homas] B[arlow], A Christian Admonition or Friendly Exhortation (1641), p. 4. 83. William Prynne, A Breviate of the Life, of William Laud Arch-bishop of Canterbury (1644), pp. 15, 21; Laud, History of the Troubles and Tryal, p. 391. 84. Sions Charity towards her Foes in Misery (1641), p. 5. 85. Nigel Smith, Literature and Revolution in England 1640--1660 (New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1994), pp. 297-9. 86. Canterbury's Will, with a Serious Conference Betweene His Scrivener and Him (1641), pp. 3-4. 'On one occasion, when Archy had been permitted to pronounce grace in Laud's presence at Whitehall, he had said, "Great praise be to God, and little laud to the Devil".' Hugh Trevor-Roper, Archbishop Laud 1573-1645, 2nd ed. (Phoenix, 1964), p. 364. 87. A Charme ofCanterburian Spirits (164[4]), p. 8. 88. Canterburies Dreame (1641), sig. A4'. 89. A New Play Called Canterburie His Change of Diot (1641). For ascription to Overton see Margot Heinemann, 'Popular Drama and Leveller Style', Rebels and Their Causes, ed. M. Cornforth (Lawrence and Wishart, 1978). 90. The Bishops Potion (1641), pp. 3-4. 91. Mikhail Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, ed. Michael Holquist, trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin, TX: U of Texas P, 1981), pp. 358-66. 92. Uohn Doughty], The Kings Cause Rationally, Briefly and Plainly Debated ([Oxford], 1644), p. 10. 93. E[zekias] W[oodward], The Life and Death of William Lawd (1645), sig. Al'. 94. William Starbucke, A Spiritual Cordial For my Lord of Canterbury (1644). 95. A Brief Relation of the Death and Sufferings of. .. the L. (Oxford, 1644), p. 13. 96. John Hinde, The Archbishop of Canterburys Speech: or His Funeral/ Sermon (1644), p. 6. 230 Notes

97. Mercurius Britannicus 10 (13-20 January 1644): 520. 98. Ian Green, Print and Protestantism in Early Modern England (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000), p. 241. 99. Lampe, Suffering and Martyrdom in the New Testament, pp. 123-9. 100. The London Post 19 (14 January 1644): sig. TF. 101. [Peter Heylyn], A Brief Relation of the Death and Sufferings of[. .. ] the L. Archbishop of Canterbury (Oxford, 1644), p. 23; reprinted as Heylyn, Cyprianus Anglicus, p. 536. 102. William Starbucke, A Briefe Exposition, [. . .] upon the Lord of Canterburies Sermon (1645), pp. 14-15. 103. The London Post 19 (14 January 1644): sig. Tl'. 104. Cited in George Hibbard, 'The Early Seventeenth Century and the Tragic View of Life', Renaissance and Modem Studies 5 (1961): 5-28. See also John Morrill and Philip Baker, ', the Regicide and the Sons of Zerviah', The Regicides and the , ed. Jason Peacey (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001), p. 19. 105. An Elegy, Sacred to the Memory of[. .. ] King Charles [1649]. On institutional support for the belief that the regicide must be expiated, see John Spurr, The Restoration , 1646-1689 (New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1991),pp. 20-1,238-44,335-6. 106. See Wilcher, Writing of Royalism, pp. 277-86. 107. Frances Verney and Margaret Verney, Memoirs of the Verney Family during the Seventeenth Century, p. 446. 108. Lady Anne Halkett, The Autobiography, ed. John Gough Nichols, n.s. 13 (Camden Society, 1875), p. 26. 109. Somnium Cantabrigiense (1649), p. 1. 110. John Quarles, Regales Lectum Miseriae (1649), p. 47. 111. An Elegie upon the Death of Our Dread Soveraign Lord King Charls. Thomason 669.f.14[42]. 112. James Graham, Marquis of Montrose, 'Epitaph upon King Charls ... Written with the point of his sword', Reliquia! Sacra! Carolina! (Hague, 1650), p. 355. 113. Henry Parker, The Contra-Replicant (31 January 1643), p. 3. 114. William L. Sachse, 'English Pamphlet Support for Charles I, November 1648-January 1649', Conflict in Stuart England, ed. William Appleton Aiken and Basil Duke Henning (Cape, 1960), p. 151; Tessa Watt, Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991), p. 81. 115. An Elegie and Epitaph on Charles I, p. 4. 116. T. J., The Kings Last Farewell to the World (1648). 117. [Alexander Brome], A Copie of Verses, Said to be Composed by His Majestie, upon His First Imprisonment in the Isle of Wight (1648). 118. An Elegie upon the Death of Our Dread Soveraign. 119. The Moderate Intelligencer (30 January-6 February 1649): 295. 120. [Henry King], A Deepe Groane, Fetch'd At the Funerall ([1640]), p. 6. 121. An Elegie and Epitaph on That glorious Saint, and Blessed Martyr, King Charles I, p. 10. 122. The Monument of Charles the First, King of England (1649). 123. [King], Deepe Groane, pp. 5-6. 124. [Henry King], An Elegy upon the Most Incomparable Charles I ([1649]), p. 18. 125. A Pindarique Ode on the Murder ofKing Charles the First, A Century ofBroadside Elegies, ed. John W. Draper (Ingpen and Grant, 1928), pp. 85-6. Notes 231

126. King, An Elegy upon the Most Incomparable, pp. 4-5. 127. John Cleveland, 'Chronostichon Decollationis Caroli Regis, tricessimo die fanuarii', Poems, p. 82. 128. The Scotch Souldiers Lamentation, p. 18. 129. Isaac Basire, Deo et Ecclesiae Sacrum (Oxford, 1646), p. 126. Quoted in Loxley, p. 169. 130. An Elegie and Epitaph On ... Charles I, p. 9. 131. A Flattering Elegie upon the Death of King Charles (1649), pp. 6-7. 132. King, An Elegy upon the Most Incomparable, p. 17. 133. King, A Deepe Groane, p. 2. 134. John Roknott, Discourses of Martyrdom in English Literature 1563-1694 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993), p. 160. Eikon Alethine attested (2): 'I never read of any that canonized themselves, but those that knew no body else would do it for them. Thus Caligula indeed made himself a God while alive, because he knew the Senate would hardly decree him divine honors after his death.' 135. Lampe, Suffering and Martyrdom in the New Testament, p. 119. 136. Sarah Barber argues that while republicans worked through biblical examples, royalists turned their emphasis 'away from judgement and onto New Testament values such as mercy and fortitude'. The Regicides and the Execution of Charles I, p. 110. 137. Thomas Pierce, 'Caroli', Monumentum Regale 26; quoted in Gerald M. MacLean, Time's Witness: Historical Representation in English Poetry, 1603-1660 (Madison, WI: U of Wisconsin P, 1990), p. 216. 138. Doughty (5) argues, 'If it be here replied (as some have done), thatthisResist­ ance of theirs is meerely against the King his Private, not his Publique, his Personall, not his Royall commands', then 'when or where will they be able, I mervaile, to finde the King on this wise divested of a Royall influence into all commands of state, not repugnant to the Iawes already being?' 139. Wilcher, Writing ofRoyalism, pp. 145, 205. 140. The Famous Tragedie of King Charles I, Basely Butchered (1649), p. 42. 141. James Heath, Torture and English Law (Greenwood, 1982), pp. 160-8. 142. Howard Nenner, ed., 'The Trial of the Regicides: Retribution and Treason in 1660', Politics and the Political Imagination in Later Stuart Britain (Rochester, NY and Woodbridge: U of Rochester P, 1997), p. 26. 143. Daniel P. Klein, 'The Trial of Charles I', Journal of Legal History 18.1 (April 1997): 1-25 (13). 144. John Cleveland, An Elegie on the Meekest of Men, [. .. ]Charles the I (1649), p. 12. 145. On the inseparability of these two bodies, see D. Alan Orr, 'The Juristic Foundation of Regicide', Regicides and the Execution of Charles I, pp. 117-37. 146. Conal Condren, The Language of Politics in Seventeenth-Century England (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994), p. 37. 147. Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen (Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1995), pp. 31-5. 148. Carl Schmitt, Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty, trans. George Schwab (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985). 149. Dr Denton writes to Ralph Verney on 25 January, 'It is thought there will be a risinge or combustion in every country of the kingdome at once, soe 232 Notes

generally are people's hearts against these proceedings.' Verney, Memoirs, p. 444. See also C. V. Wedgwood, 'European Reaction to the Death of Charles 1', From the Renaissance to the Counter-Reformation. 150. Donne, The Sermons, p. 359. 151. J. H., 'An Epitaph upon King Charls', Reliquire Sacrre Carolinre, p. 352.

5 Contesting wills in critical elegy

1. 'A letter to Ben. Johnson. 1629', Bodleian MS Don.c.24, fol. 8. Printed in Wit Restor'd (1658), pp. 79-81. 2. NormanS. Grabo, Edward Taylor (New York: Twayne, 1961), p. 116. 3. ]. C., An Elegie, upon ... Mrs. Katharine Philips [1664]. British Library Luttrell Collection 153. 4. Cited in The Jonson Allusion Book, ed. Jesse Franklin Bradley and Joseph Quincy Adams (New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1922), p. 188. 5. James Howell, Epistolre Ho-Elianre, vol. 2 (1650), pp. 2-3. 6. Avon Jack Murphy, 'The Critical Elegy of Earlier Seventeenth-Century England', Genre 5.1 (March 1972): 75-105. 7. Wayne H. Phelps, 'The Date of Ben Jonson's Death', Notes and Queries 27 (April 1980): 146-9 (147). 8. Robert Stapylton, 'On Mr Cartwright, and his Poems', Cartwright, sig. b2'. 9. Longinus 13.4-5; cited in G. W. Pigman, 'Versions of Imitation in the Renaissance', Renaissance Quarterly 33.1 (1980): 1-32 (16). 10. William Fitzgerald, Agonistic Poetry (Berkeley, CA: U of California P, 1987), p.142. 11. Alex Hardie, Statius and the Silvae (Liverpool: Area, 1983), p. 77. 12. On the gendering of such competitions among a poet's successors, see Celeste M. Schenck, 'Feminism and Deconstruction: Re-Constructing the Elegy', Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 5.1 (Spring 1986): 13-27. 13. Franklin B. Williams, Index of Dedications and Commendatory Verses in English Books before 1641 (Bibliographical Society, 1962), p. xi. 14. Margreta de Grazia, Shakespeare Verbatim (Oxford: Clarendon, 1991). 15. 'Donne's "Strange Fire" and the "Elegies on the Authors Death"', fohn Donne Journal 7.2 (1988): 197. 16. Ed. May, 'On the deceased Authour, Master Thomas Beedom, and his Poems', Poems Divine, and Humane by Thomas Beedome (1641), sig. A2v -A3'. 17. Robert Randolph, 'To the Memory of his Dear Brother', Poems, with the Muses Looking-Glasse, and Amyntas by Thomas Randolph, 3rd ed. (1643), sig. A3v. 18. For a psychoanalytic approach to this Oedipal violence, see A. E. B. Coldiron, '"Poets be silent": Self-Silencing Conventions and Rhet­ orical Context in the 1633 Critical Elegies on Donne', John Donne Journal 12.1-2 (1993): 108. 19. Maurice Bloch, Prey Into Hunter, p. 19. 20. R. W., 'On the Poems of his worthy friend, Master Thomas Beedom, the lately deceased Author', Beedome, sig. A8v. 21. Sir Edward Walker, quoted in Jonson Allusion Book, p. 99. 22. William Davenant, 'To Doctor Duppa ... An Acknowledgement for his collection in Honour of Ben. Johnson's memory', The Shorter Poems, and Songs from the Plays and Masques, ed. A. M. Gibbs (Oxford: Clarendon, 1972), p. 78. Notes 233

23. 'Upon Elegies to Ben. Johnsons memory', Bodleian MS Rawl.poet.147, fols 141-144. 24. Francis Lovelace, 'To my best Brother on his Poems, called LV CASTA', Lucasta: Epodes, Odes, Sonnets, Songs by Richard Lovelace (1649), sig. a3'. 25. Humphrey Moseley, 'The Stationer to the Reader', Poems by John Milton (1645), sig. a3'. 26. T. Benlowes, 'Those Ladies, Sir, we Virtuosa's call ... ', Theophila or Loves Sacrifice by Edward Benlowes (1652), sig. CP. 27. T[homas] P[ecke], An Elegie upon the Never Satisfactorily Deplored Death of. . .fohn Cleeveland (1658). 28. Suckling, who had flown to France on the revelation of his part in the Army Plot, probably committed suicide in 1641. The Works oflohn Suckling: The Non-dramatic Works, ed. Thomas Clayton (Oxford: Clarendon, 1971), pp. lvii-lxi. 29. [William Norris], An Elegie upon the Death of the Renowned, Sir John Sutlin (1642), p. 1. 30. To ... the House of Commons, assembled in Parliament. The Humble Remon­ strance of William Davenant (1641). 31. Graham Roebuck, 'Elegies for Donne: Great Tew and the Poets', John Donne Journal 9.2 (1990): 125-35 (125). 32. Gregory Nagy, 'Early Greek views of poets and poetry', The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1989), p. 11; see also Stella Revard, 'Building the Foundation of a Good Commonwealth: Marvell, Pindar, and the Power of Music', The Muses Common-Weale, ed. Claude J. Summers and Ted-Larry Pebworth (Columbia, MO: U of Missouri P, 1988), pp. 178-9. 33. DeGrazia, Shakespeare Verbatim, pp. 34-7. 34. Ja. Cl., 'Upon the Honoured Poem of his Unknown Friend, Sir John Beaumont, Baronet', John Beaumont, p. 16. 35. The Plays and Poems of William Cartwright, ed. G. Blakemore Evans (Madison, WI: U of Wisconsin P, 1951), p. 21. 36. On the political nature of the Cartwright volume see Carol Barash, 'Women's Community and the Exiled King' in English Women's Poetry, 1649-1714: Politics, Community and Linguistic Authority (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996), p. 63; Lois Potter, Secret Rites and Secret Writing: Royalist Literature, 1641-1660 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1989), p. 21; Derek Hirst and Steven Zwicker, 'High Summer at Nun Appleton, 1651: Andrew Marvell and Lord Fairfax's Occasions', The Historical Journal 36 (1993): 250; Marotti, Manu­ script, Print and the English Renaissance Lyric, pp. 247, 259; and Loxley, p. 233. 37. Thomas May, 'To my honoured Friend M. fa. Shirley', Shirley, sig. AS'. 38. S. H., Funeral/ Elegies, or the Sad Muses in Sables (Tho. Wilson, [1655]), sig. A4'. 39. HS, vol. VIII, p. 34. 40. Thomas Stanley, 'On M. Halls Essayes', Poems (165 1), reprinted The Poems and Translations, ed. Galbraith Miller Crump (Oxford: Clarendon, 1962), p. 65. 41. Ben Jonson, ed. Donaldson, p. 308. 42. Randolph, Poems, sig. BF. 43. Lewalski, p. 144. A similar argument has been made about the allegory of St. Peter's speech in 'Lycidas': James S. Baumlin, 'William Perkins's Art of Prophesying and Milton's "Two-Handed Engine": The Protestant Allegory of "Lycidas" ',Milton Quarterly 33.3 (1999): 66-71. 44. Arthur Wilson, 'Upon Mr J. Donne, and his Poems', Donne, p. 397. 234 Notes

45. Arthur Wilson, The History of Great Britain, being the Life and Reign of King James the First (1653), sig. Azv. 46. Ian Jack, 'Pope and "The Weighty Bullion of Dr. Donne's Satires'", PMLA 66 (1951): 1014. 47. HS, vol. VIII, p. 34. 48. Ibid., p. 62. 49. Riggs, Ben Jonson, p. 77. SO. Sidney Godolphin, Poems by John Donne (1635), sigs Cc6v-Cc7'. 51. J. Chudleigh, 'On Dr John Donne, late Deane of S. Paules, London', Poems by John Donne (1635), sig. Cc7v. 52. Sig. Cc8'. repeated this trope in his elegy to Cartwright, 'the deceased Author of these POEMS' (Cartwright sig. bSv): 'How have I seen Thee cast thy Net, and then /With holy Cosenage catch'd the Souls of Men?' 53. Cf Job 18:8-10 and 19:6; Psalms 10:9, 31:4, 69:22 and 35:7-8. 54. Izaac Walton, The Lives ofDr. John Donne, Sir Henry Wotton, Mr Richard Hooker, and Mr George Herbert (1670), p. 26. 55. Allan MacColl, 'The Circulation of Donne's Poems in Manuscript', John Donne: Essays in Celebration, ed. A. J. Smith (Methuen, 1972), p. 44. 56. Ben Jonson, Conversations with Drummond II. 135-7 (HS, vol. I, p. 136). 57. John Donne, Letters to Several Persons of Honour (1651), p. 228. 58. Timber II. 647-50 (HS, vol. VIII, p. 583). 59. Walton, Life of Donne, p. 37. 60. Donne, Poems (1635), sig. Cc7v. 61. John Milton, The Poems, ed. John Carey and Alastair Fowler (London and New York: Longman, 1968), p. 123. 62. 'To the memory of my beloved, The Author Mr. William Shakespeare', II. 59-64 (HS, vol. VIII, p. 392). 63. HS, vol. VIII, p. 3303; John Freehafer, 'Leonard Digges, Ben Jonson, and the Beginning of Shakespeare Idolatry', Shakespeare Quarterly 21 (1970): 63- 75 (69). 64. Donne, p. 394. 65. 'To Ben. Johnson. Upon occasion of his Ode of defiance annext to his Play of the new Inne', Carew, p. 65. 66. Parker, 'Motivated Rhetorics', pp. 99-101. 67. Puttenham, The Arte of English Poesie, p. 4. 68. Plato, Republic III 399e-400a, trans. Reeve and Grube, The Complete Works, ed. John M. Cooper (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997), p. 1037. 69. Conversations with Drummond, HS, vol. I, p. 133. 70. John Suckling, 'On his other Poems', Davenant, p. 7. 71. Jeremy Maule, '"To the memory of the Late excellent Poet John Fletcher": A New Poem by John Ford', EMS 8 (2000): 148. 72. Jonson, Discoveries II. 1034-8 (HS, vol. VIII, p. 595). 73. Pindar's Nem 4, 83, cited in Hermann Frankel, Early Greek Poetry and Philosophy (Oxford: Blackwell, 1975), p. 427. 74. Wayne A. Rebhorn, The Emperor of Men's Minds (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1995), pp. 16, 28-9, 36-40. 75. James VI and I, Political Writings, ed. Johann P. Sommerville (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994), p. 55. Notes 235

76. John Dryden, The Works, ed. H. T. Swedenburg Jr., vol. 17 (Berkeley, CA: U of California P, 1970), p. 57. 77. Randolph, Poems, sig. A6'. 78. Simon Wortham, 'Sovereign Counterfeits: The Trial of the Pyx', Renaissance Quarterly 49 (1996): 334-59. 79. John Donne, Essays in Divinity, ed. Evelyn M. Simpson (Oxford: Clarendon, 1952), p. 74. 80. Timber ll. 1382-5 (HS, vol. VIII, p. 606). 81. W. W., 'An Elegy in Memory of Mr John Cleaveland', John Cleveland Revived (1662), sig. A6. 82. Edward Besly, Coins and Medals of the (National Museum of Wales, 1990), p. 15. Charles Kindleberger, A Financial History ofWestem Europe (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1993), p. 27. 83. Barton Holyday, 'To Ben Jonson. Epode', HS, vol. XI, p. 353. 84. Davenant, The Shorter Poems, p. 78. 85. Frederick C. Dietz, English Public Finances 1585-1641 (Frank Cass, 1932), p. 236. 86. R. Cust, 'Charles I, the Privy Council and the Forced Loan', Journal ofBritish Studies 24 (1985): 208-35. 87. Besly, Coins and Medals, p. 17. 88. Leon[ard] Digges, 'Upon Master William Shakespeare, the Deceased Authour, and His Poems', Poems by Wil. Shakespeare (1640), sig. *4'. 89. J.D. Gould, 'The Royal Mint in the Early Seventeenth Century', Economic History Review 5.1 (1952): 240-8. 90. Besly, Coins and Medals, p. 4. 91. Thomas Carew, Poems (1640), p. 84. 92. Richard Corbet, 'On the Birth of the Young Prince Charles', Poetica Stromata, p. 69. 93. Musarum Oxoniensium. Charisteria pro Serenissima Regina Maria (Oxford, 1638), sig. b4v. 94. 'Upon Dr Sandcrofts sonne Mr of Emanuel Coll'. The poem is attributed to Jo. Jeffries in Bodleian MS Tanner 465, fol. 73v. 95. Rebhorn, The Emperor of Men's Minds, pp. 172-3. 96. 'On Abraham Cowley the yong poet laureat'. MS Don.c.24, fol. 62v. 97. Jeffrey Masten, 'My Two Dads: Collaboration and Reproduction in Beaumont and Fletcher', Queering the Renaissance, ed. Jonathan Goldberg (Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1994), p. 295. 98. Kate Lilley, '"True state within": Women's Elegy 1640-1740', Women, Writing, History 1640-1740, ed. lsobel Grundy and Susan Wiseman (BT Batsford, 1992), pp. 72-3. 99. On the evocation of rape in rhetorical treatises and specifically in Carew's elegy for Donne, see Rebhorn, The Emperor of Men's Minds, pp. 158-63. 100. Jonson Allusion Book, p. 189. 101. Sigmund Freud, Totem and Taboo, vol. 13 of The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works, trans. James Strachey (Hogarth, 1955), pp. 60-3. 102. 'An Elegy on Mr. Cleaveland, and his Verses on Smectimnus', John Cleveland Revived, sig. AS'. 103. T. E., The Lawes Resolutions ofWomens Rights (1632), pp. 124-5. 236 Notes

104. Being 'raped into virtue' was a common expression of conversion or spir­ itual influence: cf. Falkland, 'To my noble friend Mr. Sandys, upon his Job, Ecclesiastes, and the Lamentations', A Paraphrase upon the Divine Poems by George Sandys (1648), sig. A4': I 'Suffer a Rape by Vertue'; Sandys' transla­ tions 'by a Power, which conquers all controule, I Doth without my consent possesse my Soule.' 105. 'To his little Brother Giles Oldisworth', Bodleian MS Don.c.24, fol. 62v. 106. Bradstreet, 'An Elegie upon that Honourable and renowned Knight, Sir Philip Sidney', The Complete Works, pp. 149-52. 107. Gayle Rubin, 'The Traffic in Women: Notes on the "Political Economy" of Sex', Toward an Anthropology of Women, ed. Rayna R. Reiter (New York and London: Monthly Review, 1975), pp. 157-210. 108. Martha Moulsworth, 'My Name Was Martha', ed. Robert C. Evans and Barbara Wiedemann (West Cornwall, CT: Locust Hill, 1993), p. 5. 109. Alan Stewart, Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modem England (Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1997), pp. 102-3; Bruce R. Smith, Homosexual Desire in Shakespeare's England: A Cultural Poetics (Chicago, IL: U of Chicago P, 1991), pp. 84, 194. 110. Leslie Kurke, The Traffic in Praise: Pindar and the Poetics of Social Economy (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell UP, 1991), p. 16. 111. Patricia Bulman, Phthonos in Pindar, Classical Studies 35 (Berkeley, CA: U of California P, 1992), p. 12. 112. Kurke, The Traffic in Praise, p. 104. 113. Pierre Charron, OfWisdome: Three Books Written in French, trans. Samson Lennard (Amsterdam and New York: Da Capo, 1971), p. 184. 'There are many sorts and degreees of authoritie and humane power, Publicke, and Private; but there is none more naturall, nor greater, than that of the father over his children.... In former times almost every where it was absolute and universall over the life and death, the libertie, the goods, the honor, the actions and cariages of their children'. 114. Parker, 'Motivated Rhetorics', pp. 98-9. 115. Lorna Hutson, The Usurer's Daughter (New York: Routledge, 1997). For an example of elegiac praise for a women's 'Oeconomique and Domestique Cares', see On the Death of Her Illustrious Grace ANNE Dutchess-Dowarger of Albermarle [London, 1669], BL Luttrell Collection 3. 116. See Thomas Fuller's characterisation of the widow in Holy State, p. 25. 117. Robert Herrick, 'An Ode for Him', The Complete Poetry, ed. J. Max Patrick (New York: New York UP, 1963), p. 381. 118. Foucault, 'What is an Author?', p. 159.

6 Grief without measure

1. 0. B. Hardison, Prosody and Purpose in the English Renaissance (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins, 1989), pp. 25-6. 2. John Milton,' An Apology against a Pamphlet', Complete Prose Works, vol. 1, (New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1692), p. 890. 3. Levine Lemnius, The Touchstone of Complexions, trans. Thomas Newton, I. vii (1581), sig. 40'. · Notes 237

4. Pamela Hammons, 'Despised Creatures: The Illusions of Maternal Self­ Effacement in Seventeenth-Century Child Loss Poetry', ELH 66.1 (Spring 1999): 25. 5. Knevet, Funeral/ Elegies, sig. BF. 6. Scaliger, Poetices III.ii; cited in Wallerstein, Studies in Seventeenth-Century Poetic, p. 22. 7. Milton, preface to book II, Reason of Church Government, Complete Prose Works, vol. 3, pp. 816-18. 8. Plato, Protagoras 324a, 326b, trans. Stanley Lombardo and Karen Bell, The Complete Works, ed. John M. Cooper, p. 760. 9. Thomas Campion, Observations in the Art of English Poesie (1602), sig. A2'. 10. See also Giorgio Agamben, The End of the Poem: Studies in Poetics, trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen (Stanford: Stanford UP, 1999), pp. 109-15. 11. Samuel Daniel, Poems and A Defence of Ryme, ed. Arthur Colby Sprague (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1930), pp. 130, 138. 12. Philip Sidney, 'The Defence of Poesy', Sir Philip Sidney, ed. Katherine Duncan- Jones (Oxford and New York: Oxford UP, 1989), p. 216. 13. Hardison, p. 262. 14. Dryden, The Works, vol. 10, pp. 67, 79-80. 15. Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy (Oxford, 1621), p. 122. 16. Cicero, De Oratore III.xlvii and III.xlvi, pp. 186 and 181. 17. Aristotle, The 'Art' of Rhetoric III.1409a3, trans. John Henry Freese, p. 387. 18. Mary Pennington, Experiences in the Life (Headley, 1911), pp. 93--4. 19. Puttenham, The Arte of English Poesie, pp. 3 7-8. 20. Anne Laurence, 'Godly Grief: Individual Responses to Death in Seventeenth­ Century Britain', Death, Ritual and Bereavement, ed. Houlbrooke, p. 72. 21. Edward Taylor, The Poems, ed. Donald E. Stanford (New Haven: Yale UP, 1960), p. 472. 22. Richard Corbet, 'An Elegy upon the Death of Queene Anne', Poetica stromata, pp. 103-4. 23. Samuel Johnson, 'Life of Milton', Lives of the English Poets, ed. George Birkbeck Hill, vol. 1 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1905), p. 163. For more recent examples, see A. L. Bennett, 'The Principal Rhetorical Conventions in the Renaissance Personal Elegy', Studies in Philology 51 (1954): 107-26 or Eric Smith, By Mourning Tongues: Studies in English Elegy (Ipswich: Boydell, 1977). For a critique of contemporary critics' focus on sincerity, and a contextual­ isation of the charge of insincereity in early modern poetry, see John Dolan, Poetic Occasion from Milton to Wordsworth (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), esp. pp. 6-10. 24. Francis Quarles, An Elegie upon my Deare Brother, p. 2. 25. An Elegie, and Epitaph for Mistris Abigail Sherard (n.p., n.d.). 26. Alice Thornton, The Autobiography, p. 39. 27. William Camden, Britain, or a Chorographical/ Description, trans. Philemon Holland (1610), p. 147. 28. John Aubrey, Three Prose Works, p. 176. 29. Jasper Mayne, Part of Lucian Made English from the Original (Oxford, 1663), p. 211. 30. John Weever, Ancient Funeral! Monuments (1631), p. 15. 31. As proof that not only women ceded to such excessive grief, Raymond Anselment cites the Autobiography of Mary Countess of Warwick (published 238 Notes

in 1848), pp. 29-31, where her husband 'cried out so terribly' at news of their only son's death 'that his cry was heard a great way away.' '"The Teares of Nature": Seventeenth-Century Parental Bereavement', Modem Philology 91.1 (August 1993): 30. 32. Nicholas Grimald, The Life and Poems, ed. L. R. Merrill (New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 1925), p. 398. 33. Henry Vaughan, 'An Elegie on the Death of Mr. R. Hall, Slain at Pontefract, 1648', Olor Iscanius (165 1), p. 23. 34. Peter Charron, OfWisdome, pp. 97-9. 35. Catherine A. Lutz, Unnatural Emotions (Chicago, IL: U of Chicago P, 1988), p. 62. 36. Allison Levy, 'Augustine's Concessions and Other Failures: Mourning and Masculinity in Fifteenth-Century Tuscany', Grief and Gender, 700-1700, ed. Jennifer C. Vaught and Lynne Dickson Bruckner (New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), pp. 81-93 (87). 37. Edward Muir, Ritual in Early Modem Europe, p. 49; Sharon T. Strocchia, 'Funerals and the Politics of Gender in Early Renaissance Florence', Refiguring Women: Perspectives on Gender and the Italian Renaissance, ed. Marilyn Migiel and Juliana Schiesari (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1991). 38. Margaret Alexiou, The Ritual Lament in Greek Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1974), p. 20. 39. Plutarch, The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romanes, trans. Thomas North (1579), p. 99. 40. Gail Holst-Warhaft, Dangerous Voices: Women's Laments and Greek Literature (New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 99. 41. Patricia Phillippy, Women, Death and Literature in Post-Reformation England (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002), esp. pp. 17-26; Lucinda McCray Beier, 'In sickness and in health: A seventeenth century family's experience', Patients and Practitioners, ed. Roy Porter (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1985), p. 118. 42. Hallam, 'Turning the Hourglass', pp. 61-82 (66); Muir, Ritual in Early Modem Europe, p. 48. 43. John Batchiler, The Virgins Pattern, p. 33. 44. Richard Lovelace, 'An Elegie. On the Death of Mrs. Cassandra Cotton, only Sister to Mr. C. Cotton', Lucasta (1649), pp. 112-14. 45. John E. Booty, ed., The Book ofCommon Prayer 1559 (Washington, DC: Folger Shakespeare Library, 1976), p. 301. 46. Beier, Patients and Practitioners, p. lOS. 47. Grenville, Some Original Letters, p. 3. 48. Adrian Wilson, 'The Ceremony of Childbirth and Its Interpretation', Women as Mothers in Pre-Industrial England, ed. Valerie Fildes (New York: Routledge, 1990), p. 87. 49. Adrian Wilson, 'Participant or Patient? Seventeenth century childbirth from the Mother's Point of view', Patients and Practitioners, p. 134. SO. Hole, The English Housewife in the Seventeenth Century, pp. 135, 223. 51. Aubrey, 'Remaines of Gentilisme andJudaisme', p. 179. 52. B. M. Willmott Dobbie, 'An Attempt to Estimate the True Rate of Maternal Mortality, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries', Medical History 26 (1982): 88. 53. Louis Schwartz, '"Conscious Terrours": Seventeenth-Century Obstetrics and Milton's Allegory of Common Sin in Paradise Lost, Book 2', Arenas ofConflict: Notes 239

Milton and the Unfettered Mind, ed. Kristin Pruitt McColgan and Charles W. Durham (Associated UP, 1997), p. 212. 54. Lincolnshire Archives, Monson papers, ref. Mon 7/14/69. 55. Laurence, Women in England 1500-1760: A Social History, p. 37. 56. Roger Schofield and E. A. Wrigley, 'Infant and Child Mortality in England in the Late Tudor and Early Stuart Period', Health, Medicine and Mortality in the Sixteenth Century, ed. Charles Webster (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1979), p. 69. 57. R. Finlay, Population and Metropolis: the Demography of London 1580-1650 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1981), pp. 50, 101. 'Infantile' causes accounted for 33 per cent of deaths in mid-seventeenth century London, and plausibly another one sixth of deaths from a range of other causes also fell on infants and children. Vanessa Harding, The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500-1670 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002), p. 18. 58. Anne Laurence, 'The Cradle to the Grave: English Observation of Irish Social Custom in the Seventeenth Century', The Seventeenth Century 3.1 (1988): 73. 59. James Uacques] Guillemeau, Childbirth or, the Happy Deliverie of Women (1612), p. 23. 60. Thomas Willis, The London Practice of Physic (1685), pp. 631-2. 61. British Library Egerton MS 607, fol. 36v. 62. 'To my most loving, and dearly beloved Husband, George Payler, Esq.' Bodleian MS Rawl.D.1308, fol. 1. 63. British Library Egerton MS 607, fol. 33v. 64. Eucharius Roeslin, The Birth of Mankind, trans. Thomas Raynalde (1545). Quoted in Joan Larson Klein, ed., Daughters, Wives, and Widows (Chicago, IL: U of Illinois P, 1992), p. 189. See also Patricia Crawford, '"The Sucking Child": Adult Attitudes to Child Care in the First Year of Life in Seventeenth­ Century England', Continuity and Change 1 (1986): 27. 65. G. E. Aylmer, ed., The Diary of William Lawrence (Beaminster: Toucan, 1961), p. 28. 66. Halkett, Autobiography, p. 139. 67. Josselin, The Diary, p. 56. 68. Hammons, 'Despised Creatures', p. 44. 69. Beinecke Osborn MS b.221; quoted in Elizabeth Clarke, '"A heart terrifying Sorrow": The Deaths of Children in Seventeenth-Century Women's Manu­ script Journals', Representations of Childhood Death, ed. Gillian Avery and Kimberley Reynolds (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), p. 71. 70. Bodleian MS Raw! poet 210, fol. 43. 71. 'Upon the Sight of my Abortive Birth', Kissing the Rod, ed. Germaine Greer et al., p. 159. 72. Cary, Lady Falkland, The Tragedy of Mariam, p. 195. 73. Walker, The Holy Life of Mrs Elizabeth Walker, p. 93. 74. Lucy Hutchinson, Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson, ed. James Sutherland (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1973), p. 19. 75. Frances Parthenope Verney and Margaret M. Verney, eds, Memoirs, p. 382. 76. P. R. Seddon, ed., Letters of John Holies 1587-1637, vol. 1 (Nottingham: Thoroton Society 31, 1975), p. 102. 77. Cited in Laurence, Death, Ritual and Bereavement, p. 68. 78. Marvell, Poems and Letters, p. 133. 240 Notes

79. George Payler, 'Written by my dear Husband at ye Death of our 4th (at that time), then only Child, Robert Payler', Bodleian MS Rawl D.1308, 177. 80. Mary Carey, 'Wretten by me att the same tyme; on the death of my 4th, and only Child, Robert Payler', Kissing the Rod, pp. 156-7. 81. Germaine Greer eta/., eds, Kissing the Rod, p. 158. Bodleian MS Rawlinson D.l308, fols 215-24 has different orthography and punctuation. 82. Carey, 'Upon the Sight of My Abortive Birth', Kissing the Rod, p. 161. 83. Marcel Mauss, The Gift, trans. W. D. Halls (New York: Routledge, 1990), pp. 67, 83. 84. Ann Williams, 'Greifes farwell, to an Inherritor of joy', Early Modern Women Poets, pp. 363-4. 85. Jonquil Bevan, 'Jonson's "On My First Son" and Common Prayer Catechism', N&Q 242.1 [n.s. 44] (March 1997): 90-2. 86. John Milton, The Poems, ed. John Carey and Alastair Fowler (New York: Longman, 1968), p. 126. 87. Ben Jonson, ed. Donaldson, pp. 257-8. 88. Bradstreet, Complete Works, p. 165. 89. Gertrude Thimelby, 'Mrs Thimelby, on the Death of Her Only Child', Early Modem Women Poets (1520-1700), ed. Jane Stevenson and Peter Davidson (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001), p. 255. 90. Grimald, Life and Poems, pp. 398-400. For an alternate reading of this poem, see Pigman, pp. 47-51. 91. Centre for Buckinghamshire Studies, MS ref. D-X464/l/l. The poem is on the verso of a letter from Roger Hackett, North Crawley, to his son Thomas, about arrangements for conveying his sister's corpse from London to Crawley. 92. Dorothy Leigh, The Mothers Blessing (1634), pp. 14-16, 57. 93. Martin Luther, A Commentary on St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, revised trans. based on the 'Middleton' edition of the English version of 1575 Games Clarke, 1953), p. 411. 94. Erasmus, Collected Works, vol. 26, p. 305. 95. Kristen Poole, '"The fittest closet for all goodness": Authorial strategies of Jacobean Mothers' Manuals', Studies in English Literature 1 (1995): 83-5. 96. Victoria E. Burke, 'Elizabeth Ashburnham Richardson's "motherlie endeauors" in Manuscript', English Manuscript Studies 1100-1700, 9 (2000): 98-113 (98). 97. Elizabeth Joceline, The Mothers Legaacie, To Her Unbome Chi/de (1625), reprint (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1852), sig. A7v. 98. Brilliana Harley, Letters, p. 52. 99. Leeds University, Brotherton MS Ltq32, fol. 67' (129). 100. HS, vol. VIII, p. 638. 101. Edmund Spenser, The Works: A Variorum Edition, ed. Edwin Greenlaw eta/. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1949), pp. 467-8. 102. For more examples of this trope, see Patricia Crawford, 'Women's Published Writings 1600-1700', Women in English Society 1500-1800, ed. Mary Prior (New York: Methuen, 1985), pp. 211-82. 103. Cowley, Poems, p. 404. 104. Ibid., p. 405. 105. Philips, Collected Works, p. 220. Notes 241

Conclusion

1. Thomas Aquinas, Commentary on Aristotle's Politics, trans. Susan Ziller, Cary Nederman, and Kate Langdon Forhan, Medieval Political Theory- A Reader: The Quest for Body Politic 100-1440, ed. Cary Nederman and Kate Langdon Forhan (Routledge, 1993), p. 137. 2. Augustine, Confessions, trans. William Watts, 1631 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1977). 3. Gillian Rose, Mourning Becomes the Law: Philosophy and Representation (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996), p. 35. 4. Bloch, Prey into Hunter, p. 4. 5. Thomas Browne, 'A Letter to a Friend, upon Occasion of the Death of his Intimate Friend', Religio Medici and Other Works, ed. L. C. Martin (Oxford: Clarendon, 1964), p. 186. 6. S. N. Eisenstadt, Introduction, On Charisma and Institution Building: Selected Papers by Max Weber (Chicago, IL: U of Chicago P, 1968), p. xv. 7. Egbert J. Bakker, Poetry in Speech: Orality and Homeric Discourse (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1997), p. 136. Bibliography

(Place of publication is London unless specified otherwise.)

Manuscripts

British Library Additional MS 30259 British Library Additional MS 15227 British Library Additional MS 28602 British Library Additional MS 34239 British Library Additional MS 72439 British Library Egerton MS 607 Bodleian MS Ashmole 36, 37 Bodleian MS Ashmole 38 Bodleian MS Ashmole 854 Bodleian MS Don.c.24 Bodleian MS Eng.misc.e.262 Bodleian MS Rawl.D.317 Bodleian MS Rawl.D.912 Bodleian MS Rawl.D.1308 Bodleian MS Rawl.poet.16 Bodleian MS Rawl.poet.lOl Bodleian MS Rawl.poet.l47 Bodleian MS Rawl.poet.210 Bodleian MS Rawl.poet.25 Bodleian MS Rawl.poet.65 Bodleian MS Rawl.poet.84 Bodleian MS Rawl.poet.90 Bodleian MS Fairfax 40 Bodleian MS Top.Oxon.f.31 Cambridge University Library MS Ee.5.23 Cambridge University Library MS Mm.6.33 Centre for Kentish Studies, Sackville MSS U269 (A2/2, A7/14, A462/3, A488, and A490) Centre for Kentish Studies, Knatchbull MSS U951/C122/2 and U951/C261 Centre for Kentish Studies, Additional Twysden MSS U1655/Fll and U1655/Zl Centre for Kentish Studies, Gordon Ward MSS U442/Z26/l Leeds University Brotherton Library MS Lt.q.32 Leeds University Brotherton Library MS Lt.q.44 Lincolnshire Archives, Monson MSS, ref. Mon 7/14/69 Norfolk Record Office, Ketton-Cremeer family of Felbrigg Hall MSS, ref. WKC 7/13, 404xl Nottinghamshire Archives, Portland of Welbeck MSS (4th Deposit), ref. DD/4P/l-49

242 Bibliography 243

Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, Ferrers of Baddesley Clinton MSS, ref. DR3/732 Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, Lords Willoughby De Broke of Compton Verney MSS, ref. DR98/1651/21 Warwickshire County Record Office, Mordaunt of Walton MSS, ref. CR1368 vol. 1 Wiltshire and Swindon Record Office, Long Families of Rood Ashton MSS, ref. 947/2100

Primary texts

An Answer to the Earle of Straffords Oration the 13th of April/, 1641. [1641]. An Answer to the Most Envious, Scandalous, and Libellous Pamphlet, Entituled, Mercuries Message. 1641. Aristotle. The Complete Works: Revised Oxford Translation. Ed. Jonathan Barnes. 2 vols. Princeton, 1984. [Arnway, John]. The Tablet or Moderation of Charles the First Martyr. [The Hague], 1649. Wing A3736. Assheton, Nicholas. The Journal ofNicholas Assheton. Ed. F. R. Raines. Manchester: Chetham Society, 1848. Aubrey, John. Brief Lives and Other Selected Writings. Ed. Anthony Powell. Cresset, 1949. --. 'Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme'. Three Prose Works. Ed. John Buchanan-Brown. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois, 1972. Augustine. Confessions. Trans. William Watts, 1631. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1977. Aylett, Robert. Divine and Moral Speculations. 1654. B., J. The Poets Knavery Discovered, in All Their Lying Pamphlets. 1641. Bacon, Francis. The Essayes or Counsels, Civil/ and Moral/. Ed. Michael Kiernan. Clarendon, 1985. [Barksdale, Clement]. Nympha Libethris: or The Cotswold Muse. 1651. B[arlow], T[homas]. A Christian Admonition or Friendly Exhortation, Sent to William Lawd. 1641. Barnard, Nicholas. The Penitent Death ofa Woeful/ Sinner[. . .] John Atherton. Dublin, 1641. Batchiler, John. The Virgins Pattern: {.. .] the Lamented Death of Mrs. Susanna Perwich. 1661. Baxter, Richard. The Autobiography. Abr. J. J. Lloyd Thomas. Ed. N. H. Keeble. Dent, 1974. Beaumont, Francis and John Fletcher. Comedies and Tragedies. 1647. Beedome, Thomas. Poems Divine, and Humane. 1641. Benlowes, Edward. Theophila, or Loves Sacrifice. 1652. [Berkenhead, John]. Loyalties Tears Flowing after the Blood of the Royal Sufferer, Charles the I. [1649]. The Bishops Potion. or, a Dialogue Betweene the Bishop of Canterbury, and His Phisitian. 1641. Bradshaw's Ghost: Being a Dialogue between the Said Ghost, and an Apparition of the Late King Charles. 1659. Bradstreet, Anne. The Complete Works. Ed. Joseph R. McElrath, Jr. and Allan Pr. Robb. Boston: Twayne, 1981. 244 Bibliography

A Brief and Compendious Narrative of the Renowned Robert, Earle of Essex. 1646. A Brief Relation of the Death and Sufferings of[. ..] the L. Archbishop of Canterbury. Oxford, 1644. Brodie, Alexander. The Diary of Alexander Brodie of Brodie, 1652-1680, and of his son, James Brodie of Brodie, 1680-1685. Aberdeen: Spalding Club, 1863. [Brome, Alexander]. A Copie of Verses, Said to Be Composed by His Majestie. [1648]. --.Poems. Ed. Roman R. Dubinski. Toronto, 1982. --.Songs and Other Poems. 1661. Browne, Thomas. Religio Medici. 1642. Burton, Robert. The Anatomy of Melancholy. Oxford, 1621. C., J. An Elegie, upon the Death of the Most Incomparable, Mrs. Katharine Philips. [1664]. Calvin, Jean. The Institution of Christian Religion. Trans. Thomas North. 1611. Camden, William. Britain, or a Chorographicall Description. Trans. Philemon Holland. 1610. Campion, Thomas. Works. Ed. Percival Vivian. Clarendon, 1909. Canterburies Conscience Convicted. 1641. Canterburies Dreame. 1641. Canterbury's Will, with a Serious Conference Betweene His Scrivener and Him. 1641. Carew, Thomas. Poems. 1640. --. The Poems. Ed. Rhodes Dunlap. Clarendon, 1949. Cartwright, William. Comedies, Tragi-Comedies, with Other Poems. 1651. --. The Life and Poems. Ed. R. Cullis Goffin. Cambridge, 1918. Cary, Elizabeth the Lady Falkland. The Tragedy of Mariam, the Fair Queen of Jewry with The Lady Falkland Her Life by One of Her Daughters. Ed. Barry Weller and Margaret W. Ferguson. Berkeley and Los Angeles: California, 1994. Charles I. Reliquire Sacrre Carolinre. The Hague, 1650. A Charme ofCanterburian Spirits. 164[4]. Charron, Peter. Of Wisdome: Three Bookes Written in French. Trans. Samson Lennard. Amsterdam and New York: Da Capo, 1971. Cicero. De Oratore. Trans. E. W. Sutton. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1959. [Cleveland, John]. The Character of a London-Diumall. 5th ed. 1647. [--]. Chronostichon Decollationis Caroli Regis. [1649]. [-].An Elegie on the Meekest of Men,[. .. ] Charles the !.1649. --.John Cleaveland Revived. 1659. --. Poems. 9th ed. 1653. Clifford, Anne. The Diary of Anne Clifford 1616-1619. Ed. Katherine 0. Acheson. Manchester and New York: Garland Publishing, 1995. --.The Diary. Ed. Vita Sackville-West. Heinemann, 1923. Clinton, Elizabeth. The Countesse of Lincolnes Nurserie. Oxford, 1628. facsim. Amsterdam and Norwood, NJ: Walter Johnson, n.d. Codrington, Robert. The Life and Death, ofthe Illustrious Robert Earle ofEssex. 1646. The Confession of Richard Brandon, The Hangman. [1649]. Corbet, Richard. Poems. Ed. J. A. W. Bennett and H. R. Trevor-Roper. Clarendon, 1955. --. Poetica Stromata. [Holland], 1648. Cowley, Abraham. The Civil War. Ed. Allan Pritchard. Toronto, 1973. --.Poems. Ed. A. R. Waller. Cambridge, 1905. Bibliography 245

Daniel, Samuel. Poems and A Defence ofRyme. Ed. Arthur Colby Sprague. Chicago, 1930. Davenant, William. The Shorter Poems, and Songs from the Plays and Masques. Ed. A.M. Gibbs. Clarendon, 1972. A Declaration Shewing the Necessity of the Earle of Straffords Suffering. 1641. A Description of the Passage of Thomas Late Earle of Strafford, over the River of Styx. 1641. Digby, George Earl of Bristol. The Lord Digby His Last Speech against the Earl of Strafford. 1641. Digby, Kenelm. Loose Fantasies. Ed. Vittorio Gabrieli. Temi e Testi 14. Roma: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1968. The Discontented Conference betwixt the Two Great Associates, William Archbishop of Canterbury, and Thomas Late Earle of Strafford. [1641]. Donne, John. The Epithalamions, Anniversaries and Epicedes. Ed. W. Milgate. Clarendon, 1978. --.Letters to Several Persons of Honour. 1651. --. Poems. 1633. --. Poems. 2nd ed. 1635. --.Poems, with Elegies on the Authors Death. 3rd ed. 1639. --. The Sermons. Ed. George R. Potter and Evelyn M. Simpson. 10 vols. Berkeley and Los Angeles: California, 1953. The Downfall of Greatnesse for the Losse of Goodness a Poem: or, A Short Survay of Thomas Lord Wentworth, Late Earle of Strafford. 1641. Draper, John W., ed. A Century of Broadside Elegies. Ingpen and Grant, 1928. Drayton, Michael. Poems. Ed. John Buxton. Volume I. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1953. Dryden, John. The Works. Ed. H. T. Swedenburg Jr. Berkeley and Los Angeles: California, 1970. Duncon, John. The Returns of Spiritual Comfort and Grief in a Devout Soul. 1649. E., T. The Lawes Resolutions ofWomens Rights. 1632. The Earl of Strafford Characterized in a Letter Sent to a Friend in the Countrey. 1641. The Earle of Strafford His Elegiack Poem, As It Was Pen' d by His Owne Hand. 1641. The Earl ofStraffords Ghost. 1644. Eikon Alethine. The Pourtraiture of Truths Most Sacred Majesty Truly Suffering. 1649. Eikon Basi/ike. The Pourtraicture of His Sacred Majestie in His Solitudes and Sufferings. [1649]. An Elegie, and Epitaph for Mistris Abigail Sherard. [1648]. An Elegie and Epitaph on That Glorious Saint, and Blessed Martyr, King Charles I. 1661. An Elegie on the Most Reverend Father in God William Lord Arch-Bishop of Canterbury. [Oxford], 1645. An Elegie upon the Death of my Pretty Infant-Cousin, Mris. Jane Gabry. 1672. An Elegie upon the Death of Our Dread Soveraign Lord King Charls the Martyr. [1649]. An Elegie upon the Death of the Renowned, Sir John Sutlin. 1642. An Elegy, Sacred to the Memory of Our Most Gracious Soveraigne Lord King Charles. [1649]. Elegies for Sir Philip Sidney (1587). Delmar, NY: Scholar's Facsimiles and Reprints, 1980. En glands Sorrow for the Losse of Their Late General/: or, An Epitaph upon [. . .] Robert Earle of Essex. 1646. 246 Bibliography

Erasmus. Collected Works. Ed.]. K. Sowards. Vol. 26. Toronto, 1985. Evance, Daniel. Justa Honoraria: or, Funerall Rites in Honor to [. . .] Robert Earl of Essex. 1646. An Exact Copy of a Letter Sent to William Laud Late Arch-bishop of Canterbury, Now Prisoner in the Tower. 1641. A Faithful Subjects Sigh, on the Universally-Lamented Death [. .. on Charles I. By a Gentleman now resident in the Court of Spaine. 1649. The Famous Tragedie of King Charles I, Basely Butchered. 1649. Fanshawe, Richard. Shorter Poems and Translations. Ed. N. W. Bawcutt. Liverpool, 1964. Flatman, Thomas. Poems and Songs. 1674. A Flattering Elegie upon the Death of King Charles: The Cleane Contrary Way. 1649. Fletcher, Giles and Phineas Fletcher. Poetical Works. 2 vols. Ed. FrederickS. Boas. Cambridge, 1909. Forde, William. A Sermon Preached at Constantinople, [. . .] at the Funerall of[. . .] Lady Anne Glover. 1616. A Full and Satisfactorie Answere to the Arch-bishop ofCanterburies Speeh [sic]. 1645. Fuller, Thomas. The Holy State. Cambridge, 1642. G., C. An Elegie upon the Most Lamented Death of the Right Honourable and Truly Valiant, Robert Earl of Essex. [1646]. --The True Mannor and Forme of the Proceeding to the Funerall of Robert, Earle of Essex. 1646. [Gethin, Grace.] Misery's Virtues Whet-Stone. 1699. Goodcole, Henry. A True Declaration of the Happy Conversion [. .. ] of Francis Robinson. 1618. Gorham, George Cornelius. Gleanings of Few Scattered Ears. Bell and Daldy, 1857. Great Straffords Farewell to the World: or His Ultimum Vale to All Earthly Glory. 1641. Grenville, Bevill. Some Original Letters. Exeter, 1893. Greville, Fulke. The Prose Works. Ed. John Gouws. Clarendon, 1986. Grimald, Nicholas. The Life and Poems of Nicholas Grimald. Ed. L. R. Merrill. New Haven: Yale, 1925. Grymeston, Elizabeth. Miscelanea, Meditations, Memoratives. 1604. Guillemeau, James Uacques]. Childbirth or, the Happy Deliverie of Women. 1612. Halkett, Anne. The Autobiography. Ed. John Gough Nichols, FSA. n.s. 13. Camden Society, 1875. Halkett, Anne and Ann Fanshawe. The Memoirs. Ed. John Loftis. Clarendon, 1979. Harley, Brilliana. Letters ofLady Brilliana Harley. Ed. Thomas Taylor Lewis. Camden Society, 1853. Harrison, Henry. The Last Words of a Dying Penitent. 1692. Healey, John. Epictetus Manuall. Cebes Table. Theophrastus Characters. 1616. Herbert, Thomas. An Elegie upon the Death of Thomas Earle of Strafford. 1641. Heylyn, Peter. Cyprianus Anglicus. 1668. Hinde, John. The Archbishop of Canterburys Speech: or His Funerall Sermon. 1644. Hinde, William. A Faithfull Remonstrance of the Holy Life and Happy Death of John Bruen. 1641. Hobbes, Thomas. The Rhetorics of Thomas Hobbes and Bernard Lamy. Ed. John T. Harwood. Carbondale and Edwardsville, IL: Southern Illinois, 1986. Howell, James. Epistolre Ho-Elianre, Familiar Letters Domestic and Farren. 2nd ed. 1650. Bibliography 24 7

Hyde, Edward, first Earl of Clarendon. The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars. Ed. W. Dunn Macray. 6 vols. Clarendon, 1992. J., T. The Kings Last Farewell to the World. 1648. James VI and I. Political Writings. Ed. Johann P. Sommerville. Cambridge, 1994. Joceline, Elizabeth. The Mothers Legaacie, to Her Unbome Childe. 1625. reprint. Edinburgh, 1852. Johnson, Samuel. Lives of the English Poets. Ed. George Birkbeck Hill. Clarendon, 1905. Jonson, Ben. Ben Jonson. Ed. C. H. Herford and Percy and Evelyn M. Simpson. Clarendon, 1947-1952. --.Ben Jonson. Ed. Ian Donaldson. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. Jonsonus Virbius: or, The Memorie ofBen: Johnson Revived by the Friends of the Muses. 1638. facsim. Amsterdam and New York: Da Capo, 1970. Jordan, Thomas. Piety, and Poesy. Contracted, in a Poetick Miscellanie of Sacred Poems. [166?). --. Wit in a Wildemesse of Promiscuous Poesie. [1665?]. Josselin, Ralph. The Diary of Ralph Josselin 1616-1683. Ed. Alan MacFarlane. Oxford UP for the British Academy, 1976. --.The Diary of the Rev. Ralph Josselin, 1616-1683. Ed. E. Hockliffe. Camden 3rd ser. Vol. xv. Royal Historical Society, 1908. [King, Henry]. A Deepe Groane, Fetch'd at the Funeral! of[. .. ] Charles the First. [1660?]. --.An Elegy Upon the Most Incomparable K. Charls the I. [1649]. --.Poems, Elegies, Paradoxes and Sonnets. 1664. --.The Poems. Ed. Margaret Crum. Clarendon, 1965. --.The Sermons. Ed. Mary Hobbs. Rutherford, NJ: Scolar, 1992. The Kings Tryal Together, with the Manner of His Bringing Before the High Court of Justice. 1648. [Knevet, Ralph, ed.] Funeral/ Elegies; Consecrated to [. .. ]Lady Katherine Paston. 1637. Lachrymae Musarum. The Tears of the Muses: Exprest in Elegies. 1649. The Last Will and Testament of Richard Brandon. 1649. Laud, William. The History of the Troubles and Tryal. 1695. --. The Last Advice of William Laud, Late Arch-Bishop, to His Episcopal/ Brethren. 1645. --. The Works of the Most Reverend Father in God, William Laud. Ed. William Scott and James Bliss. 7 vols. Oxford: John Henry Parker, 1847-1860. Lawrence, William. The Diary[. .. ] Covering Periods Between 1662 and 1681. Ed. G. E. Aylmer. Beaminster: Toucan, 1961. Leigh, Dorothy. The Mothers Blessing: or, The Godly Counsell of a Gentle-woman. 1634. Lemnius, Levine. The Touchstone of Complexions. trans. Thomas Newton. 1581. [Lesly, John]. An Epithrene: or Voice of Weeping: Bewailing the Want of Weeping. 1631. [Lipsius, Justus]. Sixe Bookes of Politickes or Civil Doctrine. Trans. William Jones. 1594. --.Two Bookes ofConstancie. Trans. John Stradling. 1595. The Living Words of a Dying Child, being a true relation of some part of the words that came forth, and were spoken by Joseph Briggins. [1675]. 248 Bibliography

Lluellyn, Martin. An Elegie on ... Henry Duke of Gloucester. Oxford, 1660. Lovelace, Richard Esq. Lucasta: Epodes, Odes, Sonnets, Songs. 1649. facsim. Menston: Scolar, 1972. Lowe, Roger. The Diary of Roger Lowe of Ashton-in-Makerfield, Lancashire, 1663-1674. Ed. William L. Sachse. New York: Longmans, 1938. Luther, Martin. A Commentary on St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians. Revised trans. based on the 'Middleton' edition of the English version of 1575. ]ames Clarke, 1953. Marcus Aurelius. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus the Roman Emperor, His Meditations Concerning Himselfe. Trans. Merle Casaubon. 1634. --. The Meditations of the Emperor Marcus Antoninus. Ed. A. S. L. Farquharson. 2 vols. Clarendon, 1944. Martindale, Adam. The Life. Ed. Richard Parkinson. os vol. 4. Cheltham Society, 1845. Marvell, Andrew. The Poems and Letters. Ed. H. M. Margoliouth. 3rd ed. Vol. 1: The Poems. Revised by Pierre Legouis, collaboration of E. E. Duncan-Jones. Clarendon, 1971. Mayne, Jasper. Part of Lucian Made English from the Original. Oxford, 1663. Mercer, William. An Elegie upon the Death of[.. .] Robert, Earle ofEssex & Ewe. 1646. Mill, Henry. A Funerall Elegy upon[. .. ] Robert Devereux Earl ofEssex and Ewe. 1646. Milton, John. Complete Prose Works. General Editor Don M. Wolfe. Yale, 1962. --.Poems ofMr John Milton. 1645. facsim. Menston: Scolar, 1970. [Montagu, Walter]. Jeremias Redivivus: or, An Elegiacall Lamentation on the Death of[. . .] Charles the First. 1649. Montaigne, Michel. Essays. Trans. John Florio. Dent, 1965. The Monument of Charles the First, King of England. 1649. Musarum Oxoniensium. Charisteria pro Serenissima Regina Maria. Oxford, 1638. A New Play Called Canterburie His Change ofDiot. 1641. Oglander, Sir John. A Royalist's Notebook: The Common Place Book of Sir John Oglander. Ed. Francis Bamford. Constable, 1936. Overbury, Thomas. The Arraignment and Conviction ofSr Walter Rawleigh. 1648. Peacham, Henry. The Compleat Gentleman. 1622. Peacham, Henry the younger. Thestylis Atrata: or a Funeral Elegie upon [. . .] Frances, Late Countesse of Warwick. 1634. P[ecke], T[homas]. An Elegie upon the Never Satisfactorily Deplored Death of{. .. ] John Cleeveland. 1658. Pennington, Mary. Experiences in the Life. Ed. Norman Penny. Headley, 1911. A Perfect Relation of the Memorable Funera/1 of[... ] Robert Earle of Essex. 1646. Pestell, Thomas. The Poems. Ed. Hannah Buchan. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1940. Philipot, Thomas. An Elegie Offer'd up to the Memory of His Excellencie Robert Earle of Essex. [1646]. --. Englands Sorrow for the Losse of. .. Essex. 1646. --. Poems. 1646. Philips, Katherine. The Collected Works. 3 vols. Ed. Patrick Thomas. Cambridge: Stump Cross, 1990. Plato. The Complete Works. Ed. John M. Cooper. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997. Plutarch. The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romanes. Trans. from the French of ]ames Amyot by Thomas North. 1579. Polybius. The Histories. Trans. W. R. Patton. Heinemann, 1923. Bibliography 249

The Princely Pel/ican [. .. ]Extracted from His Majesties Divine Meditations. 1649. Prynne, William. A Breviate of the Life of William Laud. 1644. [--]. Canterburies Doome. 1646. Puttenham, George. The Arte of English Poesie. 1589. facsim. Menston: Scolar, 1968. Quarles, Francis. An Elegie upon my Deare Brother, the Jonathan of my Heart, Mr. John Wheeler. 163 7. --. Hosanna or Divine Poems on the Passion of Christ and Threnodes. Ed. John Horden. English Reprints Series. Liverpool, 1960. --. Threnodes on the Lady Marsham, Late Wife to Sir William Marsham. 1641. Quarles, John. Regales Lectum Miseriae: or, A Kingly Bed of Misery. 1649. Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Ed. H. E. Butler. 4 vols. Heinemann, 1920-1922. Ralegh, Walter. The Letters. Ed. Agnes Latham and Joyce Youings. Exeter, 1999. --.The Poems. Ed. Agnes M. C. Latham. Constable, 1929. --.The Remains of Sir Walter Raleigh. 1681. Randolph, Thomas. Poems, with the Muses Looking-Glasse, and Amyntas. 3rd ed. 1643. Rhetorica ad Herennium. Trans. Harry Caplan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1889. Ricraft, John. A Funeral/ Elegy upon[. . .] Robert Devereux Earl ofEssex and Ewe. 1646. The Royall Legacies of Charles the First ... To his Persecutors and Murderers. 1649. Sandys, George. A Paraphrase upon the Divine Poems. 1648. Scones, W. Baptiste, ed. Four Centuries of English Letters. Kegan Paul, 1883. The Scotch Souldiers Lamentation upon the Death of the Most Glorious and Illustrious Martyr, King Charles. 1649. Seneca. Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales. Trans. Richard M. Grummere. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP and Heinemann, 1917. --. L. A. Seneca the Philosopher, His Booke of Consolation to Marcia. Trans. Ralph Freeman. 1635. --.Lucius Annaeus Seneca, His First Book of Clemency. 1653. --.Moral Essays. Trans. John W. Basore. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1932. --.The Workes of Lucius Annaeus Seneca. Trans. Thomas Lodge. 1620. Shakespeare, William. The Complete Works: Original Spelling Edition. Ed. Stanley Wells, Gary Taylor, John Jowett and William Montgomery. Clarendon, 1986. --.The Life and Death of King John. Ed. A. R. Braunmuller. Clarendon, 1989. --. Mr William Shakespeares Comedies, History & Tragedies. 1623. facsim. Routledge and Thoemmes, 1997. Sherburne, Edward. The Poems and Translations (1616-1702). Ed. Frans Jozef van Beeck. Van Gorcum, n.d. --.Poems and Translations Amorous, Lusory, Moral/, Divine. 1651. --. Senecas Answer, to Luci/us His Quaere; Why Good Men Suffer Misfortunes? 1648. Shirley, James. The Dramatic Works and Poems. Ed. William Gifford and Rev. Alexander Dyce. 6 vols. John Murray, 1833. --.Poems. 1646. facsim. Menston: Scolar, 1970. Shirley, John. The Life of the Valiant and Learned Sir Walter Raleigh, Knight. 1677. A Short and True Relation of the Life and Death of Sir Thomas Wentworth. 1641. Sir Walter Rawleighs Ghost, or Englands Forewamer. Utrecht, 1626. Somnium Cantabrigiense, or a Poem upon the Death of the Late King. 1649. Spelman, Henry. De Sepultura. 1641. 250 Bibliography

Stafford, Anth[ony]. Honour and Vertue, Trumphing over the Grave. Exemplified in a Faire Devout Life, [. .. ]of Edward Lord Stafford. 1640. Stanley, Thomas. The Poems and Translations. Ed. Galbraith Miller Crump. Clarendon, 1962. Starbucke, William. A Briefe Exposition, Paraphrase, or Interpretation, upon the Lord of Canterburies Sermon or Speech. 1645. --.A Spiritual Cordial for My Lord of Canterbury. 1644. Stow, John. Annales, or a General/ Chronicle of England. 1631. Suckling, John. Fragmenta Aurea. 1646. --.The Non-dramatic Works. Ed. Thomas Clayton. Oxford, 1971. Taylor, Edward. The Poems. Ed. Donald E. Stanford. New Haven: Yale, 1960. Taylor, Jeremy. ENIATTO'i., or Course of Sermons for the Whole Year. 1668. Thornton, Alice. The Autobiography. Surtees Society 62. Andrews, 1875. Tourneur, Cyril. A Funeral/ Poeme, upon the Death of[. .. ] Sir Francis Vere, Knight. 1609. A True and Impartial Relation of the Death ofM. John Gerhard. [1654]. A True Relation of the Bloudy Execution, Lately Performed by the Commaundment of the Emperours Majestie, upon the Persons of Some Chiefe States-men, and Others; in Prague. 1621. A True Relation of the Manner of the Execution of Thomas Earle of Strafford. 1641. [Twiss, Thomas]. An Elegy upon the Unhappy Losse of the Noble Earle of Essex. 1646. Verses on the Death of the Right Valiant Sr Bevill Grenvill, Knight. Who Was Slaine by the Rebells. 1643. Vines, Richard. The Hearse of the Renowned, the Right Honourable Robert Earle of Essex. 1646. W., R. An Essay on Grief: With the Causes and Remedies of It. Oxford, 1695. [Walker, Anthony]. The Holy Life of Mrs Elizabeth Walker. 1690. --. The Virtuous Woman Found: Her Loss Bewailed, and Character Exemplified in a Sermon. 1678. [Walker, H.]. A Collection of Notes Taken at the Kings Tryall, at Westminster Hall. [1649]. Waller, Edward. Poems. 1686. Walton, Isaac. The Lives of Dr. John Donne, Sir Henry Wotton, Mr Richard Hooker, and Mr George Herbert. 1670. [Warmstry, Thomas]. A Hand-Kirchiefe for Loyall Mourners, or A Cordial/ for Drooping Spirits, Groaning for the Bloody Murther, and Heavy Losse of Our Gracious King Martyred by His Owne Trayterous and Rebellious Subjects. 1649. Weever, John. Ancient Funeral/ Monuments. 1631. Wentworth, Thomas, Earl of Strafford. A Letter Sent from the Earle of Strafford to His Lady in Ireland. 1641. --. The True Copies of the Three Last Letters. 1641. --. The Two Last Speeches of Thomas Wentworth, Late Earle of Strafford. [1641]. [Wharton, Henry]. The History of the Troubles and Tryal of[. . .] William Laud. 1695. The Whole Proceedings of the Barbarous and Inhumane Demolishing of the Earle of Essex Tombe. 1646. W[ild], J[ohn]. An Elegie upon the Earle of Essexs Funeral/. [1646]. Wilson, Thomas. The Arte ofRhetorique. 1553. Witts Recreations: Selected from the Finest Fancies of Modeme Muses. 1640. facsim. Ed. Colin Gibson. Menston: Scolar, 1990. Bibliography 251

W[oodward], E[zekias]. The Life and Death of William Lawd. 1645. Wright, Thomas. The Passions of the Minde in Genera/1. 1604. Reprinted with an introduction by Thomas 0. Sloan. Urbana, IL: U of Illinois P, 1971.

Secondary texts

Agamben, Giorgio. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Trans. Daniel Heller- Roazen. Stanford, 1995. Alexiou, Margaret. The Ritual Lament in Greek Tradition. Cambridge, 1974. Alpers, Paul. What is Pastoral?. Chicago, 1996. Anselment, Raymond. 'The Oxford University Poets and Caroline Panegyric'. John Donne Journal 3.2 (1984): 181-202. --. '"The Teares of Nature": Seventeenth-Century Parental Bereavement'. Modem Philology 91.1 (August 1993): 26--53. Aries, Phillipe. The Hour of Our Death. New York: Knopf, 1981. Babb, Lawrence. The Elizabethan Malady. East Lansing: Michigan State College, 1951. Backscheider, Paula R. Spectacular Politics. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins, 1993. Baker-Smith, Dominic. 'Great Expectations: Sidney's Death and the Poets'. Sir Philip Sidney: 1586 and the Creation of a Legend. Ed. Jan Van Dorsten, Dominic Baker-Smith and Arthur F. Kinney. Leiden: Brill, 1986. 83-100. Bakker, Egbert J. Poetry in Speech. Ithaca, NY: Cornell, 1997. Baldwin, T. W. William Shakspere's Small Latine & Lesse Greeke. 2 vols. Urbana, IL: U of Illinois P, 1944. Beaty, Nancy Lee. The Cra{tofDying. Yale, 1970. Becker, Lucinda M. Death and the Early Modem Englishwoman. Aldershot and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2003. Beckwith, Sarah. Signifying God. Chicago, 1999. Beer, Anna R. Sir Walter Ralegh and His Readers in the Seventeenth Century. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 199 7. Beier, Lucinda McCray. 'In Sickness and in Health: A Seventeenth Century Family's Experience'. Patients and Practitioners. Ed. Roy Porter. Cambridge, 1985. 101-128. Bennett, A. L. 'The Principal Rhetorical Conventions in the Renaissance Personal Elegy'. Studies in Philology. 51 (1954): 107-26. Bevan, Jonquil. 'Jonson's "On My First Son" and Common Prayer Catechism'. N&Q 242.1 [n.s. 44] (March 1997): 90--2. Bland, Olivia. The Royal Way of Death. Constable, 1986. Bloch, Maurice. 'Death and the Concept of Person'. On the Meaning of Death. Ed. S. Cederroth, C. Corlin, and J. Lindstrom. Uppsala and Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1988. 11-29. --. Prey into Hunter: The Politics of Religious Experience. Cambridge, 1992. Bloch, Maurice and Jonathon Parry, eds. Death and the Regeneration of Life. Cambridge, 1982. Boehrer, Bruce.' "Lycidas": The Pastoral Elegy as Same-Sex Epithalamium'. PMLA 117.2 (March 2002): 222-36. Boesky, Amy. 'The Maternal Shape of Mourning: A Reconsideration of Lycidas'. Modem Philology 95.4 (May 1998): 463-83. 252 Bibliography

Bourdieu, Pierre. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Trans. Richard Nice. Cambridge, 1977. Bray, Alan. 'Homosexuality and the Signs of Male Friendship in Elizabethan England'. History Workshop Journal 29 (Spring 1990): 1-19. Bredbeck, Gregory W. Sodomy and Interpretation, Marlowe to Milton. Ithaca, NY: Cornell, 1991. Bremer, Francis J. 'In Defense of Regicide: John Cotton on the Execution of Charles 1'. William and Mary Quarterly 37.1 (1980): 103-24. Bright, H. A. Poems from Sir Kenelm Digby's Papers. Roxburgh Club, 1877. Brown, Cedric C. 'Mending and Bending the Occasional Text: Collegiate Elegies and the Case of "Lycidas"'. Texts and Cultural Change in Early Modem England. Ed. Cedric C. Brown and Arthur F. Marotti. Basingstoke: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's, 1997. 179-99. Brown, Sylvia. 'The Approbation of Elizabeth Jocelin'. English Manuscript Studies 1100-1700 9 (2000): 129-64. Bulman, Patricia. Phthonos in Pindar. Classical Studies 35. Berkeley and Los Angeles: California, 1992. Burgess, Frederick. English Churchyard Memorials. Lutterworth, 1963. Burke, Victoria E. 'Elizabeth Ashburnham Richardson's "motherlie endeauors" in Manuscript'. English Manuscript Studies 1100-1700 9 (2000): 98-13. Butler, Martin. 'Reform or Reverence? The Politics of the Caroline Masque'. Theatre and Government Under the Early Stuarts. Ed. J. R. Mulryne and Margaret Shewring. Cambridge, 1993. 118-56. Carlton, Charles. Archbishop William Laud. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987. --.Charles I: The Personal Monarch. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983. Clarke, Elizabeth. 'Elizabeth Jekyll's Spiritual Diary: Private Manuscript or Political Document?'. English Manuscript Studies 9 (2000): 218-37. --. '"A heart terrifying Sorrow": The Deaths of Children in Seventeenth­ Century Women's Manuscript Journals'. Representations ofChildhood Death. Ed. Gillian Avery and Kimberley Reynolds. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000. 65-87. Clifford, Arthur, ed. Tixall Poetry. Edinburgh, 1813. Coe, Richard, Lorelei Lingard, and Tatiana Teslenko, eds. The Rhetoric and Ideology of Genre: Strategies for Stability and change. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton, 2002. Colie, Rosalie L. '"All in Peeces": Problems of Interpretation in Donne's Anniversary Poems'. Just So Much Honour. Ed. Peter Amadeus Fiore. University Park, PA: Penn State, 1971. 189-218. --. The Resources ofKind: Genre-Theory in the Renaissance. Ed. Barbara K. Lewalski. Berkeley and Los Angeles: California, 1973. Colish, MarciaL. The Stoic Traditions from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Leiden: Brill, 1990. Condren, Conal. The Language of Politics in Seventeenth-Century England. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994. Crawford, Patricia. 'Charles Stuart, That Man of Blood'. The Journal of British Studies xvi (2) (1997): 41-61. --.'"The Sucking Child": Adult Attitudes to Child Care in the First Year of Life in Seventeenth-Century England'. Continuity and Change 1 (1986): 23-51. --. 'Women's Published Writings 1600-1700'. Women in English Society 1500-1800. Ed. Mary Prior. New York: Methuen, 1985. 211-82. Bibliography 253

Cressy, David. Birth, Marriage and Death. Oxford, 1997. --. 'Death and the Social Order: The Funerary Preferences of Elizabethan Gentlemen'. Continuity and Change 5.1 (May 1990): 99-119. Cust, Richard. 'News and Politics in Early Seventeenth-Century England'. Past and Present 112 (August 1986): 60-90. Davies, Douglas]., ed. Death, Ritual and Belief. Manchester, Washington: Cassell, 1997. Davies, Jon, ed. Ritual and Remembrance. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1994. DeGrazia, Margreta. Shakespeare Verbatim. Clarendon, 1991. Dietz, Frederick C. English Public Finances 1585-1641. Frank Cass, 1932. Dobbie, Willmott B. M. 'An Attempt to Estimate the True Rate of Maternal Mortality, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries'. Medical History 26 (1982): 79-90. Doebler, Bettie Anne. 'Rooted Sorrow': Dying in Early Modem England. Associated, 1994. Dolan, Frances E. '"Gentleman, I Have One Thing More To Say": Women on Scaffolds in England, 1563-1680'. Modern Philology 92.2 (1994): 157-78. Draper, John W. The Funeral Elegy and the Rise of English Romanticism. New York: Octagon, 1929. Duff, David, ed. Modem Genre Theory. Longman, 2000. Duffy, Eamon. The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England c. 1400-1580. Yale, 1992. Durkheim, Emile. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. Trans. Joseph Ward Swain. George Allen and Unwin, 1915. Dutton, Richard. Ben Jonson: Authority, Criticism. Macmillan, 1996. The Early Modem Englishwoman: A Facsimile Library of Essential Works, ser. II: Printed Writings, 1641-1700. Part I, Vol. 3: Mother's Advice Books. Ed. Susan C. Staub. Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate, 2002. Eliade, Mircea. 'Mythologies of Death'. Introduction. Religious Encounters with Death: Insights from the History and Anthropology of Religions. Ed. Frank E. Reynolds and Earle H. Waugh. University Park, PA: Penn State, 1977. 15-22. Engel, William E. Mapping Mortality. Amherst, MA: Massachusetts, 1995. Esdaile, Katharine A. English Church Monuments 1510-1840. B. T. Batsford, 1946. Evans, Robert C. and Barbara Wiedemann, eds. 'My Name Was Martha': A Renais- sance Woman's Autobiographical Poem. West Cornwall, CT: Locust Hill, 1993. Ezell, Margaret]. The Patriarch's Wife: Literary Evidence and the History of the Family. Chapel Hill: North Carolina, 1987. Fitzgerald, William. Agonistic Poetry. Berkeley and Los Angeles: California, 1987. Fitzmaurice, James. 'Carew's Funerary Poetry and the Paradox of Sincerity'. SEL 25 (1985): 127-44. Fleming, Juliet. Graffiti and the Writing Arts of Early Modem England. Reaktion, 2001. Foucault, Michel. 'What is an Author?'. Trans. Josue V. Harari. Textual Strategies: Perspectives in Post-Structuralist Criticism. Ed. Josue Harari. Ithaca, NY: Cornell, 1979. 141-60. Fowler, Alastair. 'The Formation of Genres in the Renaissance and After'. New Literary History 34.2 (2003): 185-200. --.'Genre and Tradition'. The Cambridge Companion to English Poetry: Donne to Marvell. Ed. Thomas N. Corns. Cambridge, 1993. --. Kinds of Literature: An Introduction to the Theory of Genres and Modes. Clarendon, 1982. 254 Bibliography

Freehafer, John. 'Leonard Digges, Ben Jonson, and the Beginning of Shakespeare Idolatry'. Shakespeare Quarterly 21 (1970): 63-75. Fritz, Paul S. 'From "Public" to "Private": The Royal Funerals in England, 1500-1830'. Mirrors of Mortality. Ed. Joachim Whaley. Europa, 1981. 61-79. Gabrieli, Vittorio. 'A New Digby Letter-Book: "In Praise of Venetia'". National Library of Wales Journal 9.2 (1955): 113-48. Geertz, Clifford. 'Centers, Kings and Charisma: Reflections on the Symbolics of Power'. Culture and its Creators. Chicago, 1977. 150-71. Gennep, Arnold van. The Rites ofPassage. Trans. Monika B. Vizedom and Gabrielle L. Caffee. Chicago, 1960. Gent, Lucy and Nigel Llewellyn, eds. Renaissance Bodies: The Human Figure in English Culture, c. 1450-1660. Reaktion, 1990. Gentili, Bruno. Poetry and its Public in Ancient Greece. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1988. Gittings, Clare. Death, Burial and the Individual in Early Modem England. Croom Helm, 1984. --. 'Expressions of Loss in Early Seventeenth Century England'. The Changing Face of Death. Ed. Peter C. Jupp and Glennys Howarth. Macmillan, 1997. --. 'Urban Funerals in Late Medieval and Reformation England'. Death in Towns: Urban Responses to the Dying and the Dead, 100-1600. Ed. Steven Bassett. Leicester, 1992. 170-83. --. 'Venetia's Death and Kenelm's Mourning'. Death, Passion and Politics: Van Dyck's Portraits of Venetia Stanley and George Digby. Ed. Ann Sumner. Dulwich Picture Gallery, 1995. Goldberg, Jonathan. 'Fatherly Authority: The Politics of Stuart Family Images'. Rewriting the Renaissance. Ed. Margaret W. Ferguson, Maureen Quilligan, and Nancy]. Vickers. Chicago, 1986. 3-32. --.'Milton's Warning Voice: Considering Preventive Measures'. Voice Terminal Echo. New York: Methuen, 1986. 124-58. --. Sodometries. Stanford, 1992. Gordon, Bruce and Peter Marshall, eds. The Place of the Dead. Cambridge, 2000. Grafton, Anthony and Lisa Jardine, eds. From Humanism to the Humanities. Duckworth, 1986. Greenblatt, Stephen]. Sir Walter Ralegh. New Haven: Yale, 1973. Greenfield, Matthew. 'The Cultural Functions of Renaissance Elegy'. English Literary Renaissance 28 (1998): 75-94. Greer, Germaine, Susan Hastings, Jeslyn Medoff, and Melinda Sansone, eds. Kissing the Rod. Virago, 1988. Grosart, Alexander B., ed. The Dr. Farmer Chetham MS. Chetham Society vol. 90. Manchester, 1873. Hallam, Elizabeth A. 'Turning the Hourglass: Gender Relations at the Deathbed in Early Modern Canterbury'. Mortality 1.1 (1996): 61-82. Hammons, Pamela. 'Despised Creatures: The Illusion of Maternal Self-Effacement in Seventeenth-Century Child Loss Poetry'. ELH 66.1 (Spring 1999): 25-49. Harding, Vanessa. The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500-1670. Cambridge, 2002. Hardison, 0. B. The Enduring Monument: A Study of the Idea ofPraise in Renaissance Literary Theory and Practice. Chapel Hill, NC: North Carolina, 1962. --.Prosody and Purpose in the English Renaissance. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins, 1989. Bibliography 255

Harvey, Anthony and Richard Mortimer, eds. The Funeral Effigies of Westminster Abbey. Woodbridge: Boydell, 1994. Heal, Felicity. Hospitality in Early Modem England. Clarendon, 1990. -. 'The Idea of Hospitality in Early Modern England'. Past and Present 102 (1984): 66-93. Heath, James. Torture and English Law. Contributions in Legal Studies No. 18. Greenwood, 1982. Heinemann, Margot. 'Popular Drama and Leveller Style'. Rebels and Their Causes. Ed. M. Cornforth. Lawrence and Wishart, 1978. Hertz, Robert. Death and the Right Hand. Trans. Rodney and Claudia Needham. Cohen and West, 1960. Herzfeld, Michael. 'In defiance of destiny: The management of time and gender at a Cretan funeral'. American Ethnologist 20.2 (1993): 241-55. Hobby, Elaine. Virtue of Necessity: English Women's Writing 1649-1688. Virago, 1989. Hole, Christina. The English Housewife in the Seventeenth Century. Chatto and Windus, 1953. Holst-Warhaft, Gail. Dangerous Voices: Women's Laments and Greek Literature. New York: Routledge, 1992. Hopkins, Keith. Death and Renewal: Sociological Studies in Roman History. Vol. 2. Cambridge, 1983. Horbury, William and Brian McNeil, eds. Suffering and Martyrdom in the New Testament. Cambridge, 1981. Houlbrooke, Ralph. Death, Religion and the Family in England, 1480-1750. Clarendon, 1998. --, ed. Death, Ritual, and Bereavement. New York: Routledge, 1989. --. '"Public" and "private" in the funerals of the later Stuart gentry: Some Somerset examples'. Mortality 1.2 (1996): 163-76. Howard, W. Scott. '"Mine Own Breaking": Resistance, Gender, and Tempor­ ality in Seventeenth-Century English Elegy and Jonson's "Eupheme"'. Grief and Gender, 700-1700. Ed. Jennifer C. Vaught and Lynne Dickson Bruckner. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. 215-30. Howell, Wilbur Samuel. Logic and Rhetoric in England, 1500-1700. New York: Russell and Russell, 1961. Hoxby, Blair. 'Milton's Steps in Time'. SEL 38.1 (Winter 1998): 149-72. Humphreys, S.C. and Helen King, eds. Mortality and Immortality. Academic, 1981. Hutson, Lorna. The Usurer's Daughter. New York: Routledge, 1994. Jarvis, Simon. 'Prosody as Cognition'. Critical Quarterly 40.4 (Winter 1998): 3-15. Jordan, Richard Douglas. '"Harmony Was She": Donne's Anniversaries and the Neoplatonic Elizabeth Drury'. The Quiet Hero. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America, 1989. 62-121. Kahn, Victoria. 'Humanism and the Resistance to Theory'. Literary Theory/Renaissance Texts. Ed. Patricia Parker and David Quint. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins, 1986. 373-96. Kay, Dennis. Melodious Tears: The English Funeral Elegy from Spenser to Milton. Clarendon, 1990. Kennedy, George A. Classical Rhetoric and its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modem Times. Croom Helm, 1980. Kerrigan, John. 'Thomas Carew'. The Chatterton Lecture on Poetry. Proceedings of the British Academy 74 (1988): 311-50. 256 Bibliography

Keynes, Geoffrey, ed. The Commonplace Book of Elizabeth Lyttleton. Cambridge, 1919. Kindleberger, Charles P. A Financial History ofWestern Europe. 2nd ed. Oxford, 1993. Klein, Daniel P. 'The Trial of Charles I'. Journal of Legal History 18.1 (April1997): 1-25. Klein, Joan Larson, ed. Daughters, Wives, and Widows. Urbana Chicago: Illinois, 1992. Knott, John R. Discourses ofMartyrdom in English Literature 1563-1694. Cambridge, 1993. Knowles, James. 'The Spectacle of the Realm'. Theatre and Government under the Early Stuarts. Ed.]. R. Mulryn and Margaret Shewring. Cambridge, 1993. 157-89. Kogan, Stephen. The Hieroglyphic King. Cranbury, NJ: Associated, 1986. Kurke, Leslie. The Traffic in Praise. Ithaca, NY: Cornell, 1991. Lake, Peter. 'Popular Form, Puritan Content? Two Puritan Appropriations of the Murder Pamphlet from Mid-seventeenth-century London'. Religion, Culture and Society in Early Modern Britain. Ed. Anthony Fletcher and Peter Roberts. Cambridge, 1994. 313-34. Lake, Peter and Michael Questier. 'Agency, Appropriation and Rhetoric Under the Gallows'. Past and Present 153 (November 1996): 64-107. Lamb, Mary Ellen. 'The Countess of Pembroke and the Art of Dying'. Women in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Ed. Mary Beth Rose. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse, 1986. 207-26. Lambert, Ellen Zertel. Placing Sorrow: A Study of the Pastoral Elegy Convention from Theocritus to Milton. Studies in Comparative Literature No. 60. Chapel Hill, NC: North Carolina, 1976. Laqueur, Thomas W. 'Crowds, Carnival and the State in English Executions, 1604-1868'. The First Modern Society. Ed. A. L. Beier. Cambridge, 1989. 305-55. Laurence, Anne. 'The Cradle to the Grave: English Observation of Irish Social Custom in the Seventeenth Century'. The Seventeenth Century 3.1 (1988): 63-84. --. 'Godly Grief: Individual Responses to Death in Seventeenth-Century Britain'. Death, Ritual, and Bereavement. Manchester and New York: Routledge, 1989. 62-76. --. Women in England 1500-1760: A Social History. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1994. Le Goff, Jacques. The Birth of Purgatory. Trans. Arthur Goldhammer. Scalar, 1981. Levy, Allison. 'Augustine's Concessions and Other Failures: Mourning and Masculinity in Fifteenth-Century Tuscany'. Grief and Gender, 700-1700. Ed. Jennifer C. Vaught and Lynne Dickson Bruckner. New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. 81-93. Lewalski, Barbara K. Donne's Anniversaries and the Poetry ofPraise. Princeton, 1973. --, ed. Renaissance Genres. Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1986. Lipking, Lawrence. 'The Genius of the Shore: Lycidas, Adamastor, and the Poetics of Nationalism,' PMLA 111.2 (March 1996): 205-21. Litten, Julian. The English Way of Death: The Common Funeral Since 1450. Robert Hale, 1991. Llewellyn, Nigel. The Art of Death. Reaktion, 1991. --. 'Claims to Status through Visual Codes: Heraldry on post-Reformation Funeral Monuments'. Chivalry in the Renaissance. Ed. Sydney Anglo. Wood­ bridge: Boydell, 1990. 145-60. Bibliography 25 7

--. '"[An] Impe entombed here doth lie": The Besford Triptych and Child Memorials in Post-Reformation England'. Representations of Childhood Death. Ed. Gillian Avery and Kimberley Reynolds. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000. Lilley, Kate. 'True State Within: Women's Elegy 1640-1740'. Women, Writing, History 1640-1740. Ed. Isabel Grundy and Susan Wiseman. B.T. Basford, 1992. 72-92. Loxley, James. Royalism and Poetry in the English Civil Wars. Basingstoke and New York: Macmillan, 1997. Lutz, Catherine A. and Lila Abu-Lughod, eds. Language and the Politics ofEmotion. Cambridge, 1990. Maguire, Nancy Klein. 'The Theatrical Mask/Masque of Politics: The Case of Charles I'. Journal of British Studies 28.1 Ganuary 1989): 1-22. Malinowski, Bronislaw. Magic, Science and Religion and Other Essays. Souvenir, 1948. Maltby, Judith. Prayer Book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England. Cambridge, 1998. Marotti, Arthur. John Donne, Coterie Poet. Madison: Wisconsin, 1986. Marshall, Peter. Beliefs and the Dead in Reformation England. Oxford, 2002. --. 'Fear, purgatory and polemic in Reformation England'. Fear in Early Modem Society. Ed. W. G. Naphy and P. Roberts. Manchester, 1997. 150-66. Masten, Jeffrey. 'My Two Dads: Collaboration and the Reproduction of Beaumont and Fletcher'. Queering the Renaissance. Ed. Jonathan Goldberg. Durham, NC: Duke, 1994. 280-309. --. Textual Intercourse: Collaboration, Authorship, and Sexualities in Renaissance Drama. Cambridge, 1997. Maule, Jeremy.' "To the Memory of the Late excellent Poet John Fletcher": A New Poem by John Ford'. English Manuscript Studies 1100-1700 8 (2000): 136-59. Mauss, Marcel. The Gift. Trans. W. D. Halls. New York: Routledge, 1990. Mendelson, Sara Heller. 'Stuart Women's Diaries and Occasional Memoirs'. Women in English Society 1500-1800. Ed. Mary Prior. New York: Methuen, 1985. 181-210. Mendelson, Sara and Patricia Crawford, eds. Women in Early Modem England 1550-1720. Clarendon, 1998. Merritt, J. F., ed. The Political World of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, 1621-1641. Cambridge, 1996. Metcalf, Peter and Richard Huntington, eds. Celebrations of Death. Cambridge, 1991. Mueggler, Erik. 'The Poetics of Grief and the Price of Hemp in Southwest China'. Journal of Asian Studies 57.3 (August 1998): 979-1008. Murphy, Avon Jack. 'The Critical Elegy of the Earlier Seventeenth-Century England'. Genre 5.1 (March 1972): 75-105. Nagy, Gregory. 'Early Greek views of poets and poetry'. The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism. Vol. 1. Cambridge, 1989. 1-77. Neill, Michael. Issues of Death. Clarendon, 1997. Nenner, Howard. 'The Trial of the Regicides: Retribution and Treason in 1660'. Politics and the Political Imagination in Later Stuart Britain. Ed. Howard Nenner. Rochester, 1997. 21-42. Norbrook, David. 'The Politics of Milton's Early Poetry'. John Milton. Ed. Annabel Patterson. Harlow: Longman, 1992. 46-64. 258 Bibliography

--. Writing the English Republic: Poetry, Rhetoric and Politics, 1627-1660. Cambridge, 2000. Norlin, G. 'The Conventions of the Pastoral Elegy'. American Journal of Philology 32 (1911): 294-312. Ochs, Donovan]. Consolatory Rhetoric. Columbia, SC: South Carolina, 1993. Orlin, Lena Cowen. Private Matters and Public Culture in Post-Reformation England. Ithaca, NY: Cornell, 1994. Otten, Charlotte, ed. English Women's Voices (1570--1700). Miami, FL: Florida International, 1992. Padelford, Frederick Morgan, trans. Select Translations from Scaliger's Poetics. New York: Henry Holt, 1905. Parker, Matthew P. '"All are not born (Sir) to the Bay": "Jack" Suckling, "Tom" Carew, and the making of a Poet'. English Literary Renaissance 12.3 (1982): 341-68. Parker, Patricia. 'Motivated Rhetorics: Gender, Order, Rule'. Literary Fat Ladies: Rhetoric, Gender, Property. New York: Methuen, 1987. 97-125. Peacey, Jason, ed. The Regicides and the Execution ofCharles I. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001. Phelps, Wayne H. 'The Date of Ben Jonson's Death'. Notes and Queries 225 [n.s. 27 .2] (April 1980): 146--9. Phillippy, Patricia. '"I might againe have been the Sepulcre": Paternal and Maternal Mourning in Early Modern England'. Grief and Gender, 700--1700. Ed. Jennifer C. Vaught and Lynne Dickson Bruckner. New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. 197-214. --. Women, Death and Literature in Post-Reformation England. Cambridge, 2002. Pigman, G. W. III. Grief and English Renaissance Elegy. Cambridge, 1985. --. 'Versions of Imitation in the Renaissance'. Renaissance Quarterly 33.1 (1980): 1-32. Pollock, Linda A. Forgotten Children: Parent-child relations from 1500 to 1900. Cambridge, 1983. Preis-Smith, Agata. 'Heaven the Better Country: Mourning in New England Puritan Elegy'. American Studies (Warsaw) 14 (1995): 19-35. Prior, Mary. 'Conjugal love and the flight from marriage'. Women as Mothers in Pre-Industrial England. Ed. Valerie Fildes. New York: Routledge, 1990. 179-203. Quint, David. 'Expectation and Prematurity in Milton's Nativity Ode'. Modem Philology 97.2 (November 1999): 195-219. Rambuss, Richard. Closet Devotions. Durham, NC: Duke, 1998. Rebhorn, Wayne A. The Emperor of Men's Minds. Ithaca, NY: Cornell, 1995. Revard, Stella P. 'Building the Foundation of a Good Commonwealth: Marvell, Pindar, and the Power of Music'. The Muses Common-Weale. Ed. Claude]. Summers and Ted-Larry Pebworth. Columbia, MO: Missouri, 1988. --.Milton and the Tangles ofNeaera's Hair. Columbia, MO: Missouri, 1997. Riggs, David. Ben Jonson: A Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1989. Roberts, R. H. and]. M. M. Good, eds. The Recovery of Rhetoric. Bristol Classical, 1993. Roebuck, Graham. 'Elegies for Donne: Great Tew and the Poets'. John Donne Journal 9.2 (1990): 125-35. Rose, Gillian. Mourning Becomes the Law. Cambridge, 1996. Bibliography 259

Rose, Mary Beth. 'Gender, Genre, and History: Seventeenth-Century English Women and the Art of Autobiography'. Women in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Ed. Mary Beth Rose. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse, 1986. 245-78. Rubin, Gayle. 'The Traffic in Women: Notes on the "Political Economy" of Sex'. Toward an Anthropology of Women. Ed. Rayna R. Reiter. New York: Monthly Review, 1975. 157-210. Sachse, William L. 'English Pamphlet Support for Charles I, November 1648-January 1649'. Conflict in Stuart England. Ed. William Appleton Aiken and Basil Duke Henning. Cape, 1960. 147-68. Sacks, Peter M. The English Elegy: Studies in the Genre from Spenser to Yeats. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins, 1985. Salmon, J. H. M. 'Stoicism and Roman Example: Seneca and Tacitus in Jacobean England'. Journal of the History of Ideas 50.2 (April-June 1989): 199-225. Sargeaunt, John. Annals of Westminster School. Methuen, 1898. Sawday, Jonathon. The Body Emblazoned. Routledge, 1995. Schiesari, Juliana. The Gendering of Melancholia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell, 1992. Schmitt, Carl. Political Theology. Trans. George Schwab. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985. Schofield, Roger and E. A. Wrigley. 'Infant and Child Mortality in England in the Late Tudor and Early Stuart Period'. Health, Medicine and Mortality in the Sixteenth Century. Ed. Charles Webster. Cambridge, 1979. 61-96. Scodel, Joshua. The English Poetic Epitaph. Ithaca, NY: Cornell, 1991. Seeley, David. The Noble Death: Graeco-Roman Martyrology and Paul's Concept of Salvation. Sheffield Academic, 1990. Sharpe, J. A. Crime and the Law in Satirical Prints 1600-1832. Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healy, 1986. --.Crime in Seventeenth-Century England. Cambridge, 1983. --. '"Last Dying Speeches": Religion, Ideology, and Public Execution in Seventeenth-Century England'. Past and Present 107 (May 1985): 144-67. Sharpe, Kevin. The Personal Rule of Charles I. New Haven, CT: Yale, 1992. Shaw, W. David. Elegy and Paradox: Testing the Conventions. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins, 1994. --. 'Elegy and Theory: Is Historical and Critical Knowledge Possible?'. Modem Language Quarterly 55.1 (March 1994): 1-16. Shils, Edward. 'Charisma, Order, and Status'. American Sociological Review 30.2 (April 1965): 199-213. Siebert, Donald T. 'The Aesthetic Execution of Charles I: Clarendon to Hume'. Executions and the British Experience from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century. Ed. William B. Thesing. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1990. Silver, Victoria. '"Lycidas" and the Grammar of Revelation'. ELH 58.4 (Winter 1991): 779-808. Smith, A. J., ed. John Donne: The Critical Heritage. New York: Routledge, 1983. Smith, Eric. By Mourning Tongues: Studies in English Elegy. Ipswich: Boydell, 1977. Smith, Hilda. 'Ideology and Gynecology in Seventeenth-Century England'. Liber- ating Women's History. Ed. Berenice Carroll. Urbana and Chicago: Illinois Press, 1976. 97-114. Smith, Lacey Baldwin. 'English Treason Trials and Confessions in the Sixteenth Century'. Journal of the History ofideas 15.4 (October 1954): 471-98. Smith, Nigel. Literature and Revolution in England 1640-1660. New Haven, CT: Yale, 1994. 260 Bibliography

Spierenburg, Pieter. The Spectacle of Suffering. Cambridge, 1984. Squibb, G. D., ed. Munimenta Heraldica 1484 to 1984. Harleian Society, 1985. ns. Vol. 4. --, ed. Reports of Heraldic Cases in the Court of Chivalry 1623-1732. Harleian Society, 1956. Stannard, David. The Puritan Way of Death: A Study in Religion, Culture and Social Change. Oxford and New York: Oxford, 1977. Stein, Arnold. The House of Death. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins, 1986. Stevenson, Jane and Peter Davidson, eds. Early Modem Women Poets (1520-1700). Oxford, 2001. Stewart, Alan. Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modern England. Princeton, 1997. Strickland, Ronald. 'Not So Idle Tears: Re-Reading the Renaissance Funeral Elegy'. Rev. of Melodious Tears, by Dennis Kay. Review [Charlottesville, VA]14 (1992): 57-72. --. 'Pageantry and Poetry as Discourse: The Production of Subjectivity in Sir Philip Sidney's Funeral'. ELH 57 (1990): 19-36. Strocchia, Sharon T. 'Funerals and the Politics of Gender in Early Renaissance Florence'. Refiguring Women: Perspectives on Gender and the Italian Renaissance. Ed. Marilyn Migiel and Juliana Schiesari. Ithaca, NY: Cornell, 1991. 155-68. Tainter, Joseph A. 'Mortuary Practices and the Study of Prehistoric Social Systems'. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory. Ed. Michael B. Schniffer. Vol. 1. New York: Academic, 1978. 105-41. Todorov, Tzvetan. 'The Origins of Genres'. New Literary History 8.1 (Autumn 1976): 159-70. Travitsky, Betty S., ed. The Paradise of Women. Contributions in Women's Studies no. 22. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1981. Trevor-Roper, Hugh. Archbishop Laud 1573-1645. 2nd ed. Phoenix, 1962. Turner, Alberta T. 'Milton and the Conventions of the Academic Miscellanies'. YES 5 (1975): 86-93. Turner, Victor. 'Death and the Dead in the Pilgrimage Process'. Religious Encounters with Death. Ed. Frank E. Reynolds and Earle H. Waugh. University Park, PA: Penn State, 1977. --.The Forest of Symbols: Aspects ofNdembu Ritual. Ithaca, NY: Cornell, 1967. Verney, Frances Parthenope and Margaret M. Verney, eds. Memoirs of the Verney Family during the Seventeenth Century. 3rd ed. 2 vols. Manchester and New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1925. Vickers, Brian. Classical Rhetoric in English Poetry. Macmillan, 1970. Wallerstein, Ruth. Studies in Seventeenth-Century Poetic. Madison: Wisconsin, 1950. Watt, Tessa. Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640. Cambridge, 1991. Weber, Max. On Charisma and Institution Building. Ed. S. N. Eisenstadt. Chicago, 1968. --.'The Sociology of Charismatic Authority' and 'The Meaning of Discipline'. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Trans. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. Routledge, 1948. Wilcher, Robert. The Writing ofRoyalism, 1628-1660. Cambridge, 2001. Wilcox, Helen. 'Private Writing and Public Function: Autobiographical Texts by Renaissance Englishwomen'. Gloriana's Face. Ed. S. P. Cerasano and Marion Wynne-Davies. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992. 47-62. Bibliography 261

Wilson, Adrian. 'The Ceremony of Childbirth and Its Interpretation'. Women as Mothers in Pre-Industrial England. Ed. Valerie Fildes. Manchester and New York: Routledge, 1990. 68-107. --. 'Participant or Patient? Seventeenth Century Childbirth from the Mother's Point of View'. Patients and practitioners. Ed. Roy Porter. Cambridge, 1985. 129-44. Wilson, Jean. '"Two names of friendship, but one Starre": Memorials to Single­ Sex Couples in the Early Modem Period'. Church Monuments 10 (1995): 70-84. Winn, Colette. 'Early Modem Women and the Poetics of Lamentation'. Mediaev­ alia 22 (1999): 127-55. Wollman, Richard B. 'Donne's Obscurity: Memory and Manuscript Culture'. John Donne Journal 16 (1997): 115-36. Woodhouse, A. S. P. 'Notes on Milton's Early Development'. University of Toronto Quarterly 13.1 (October 1943): 66-101. Woodward, Jennifer. The Theatre of Death. Woodbridge: Boydell, 1997. Wrightson, Keith. 'Husbands and Wives, Parents and Children'. English Society 1580-1680. Melbourne: Hutchinson, 1982. 89-118. Index

agonistic poetry, 8, 132-3, 135, 136, Carey, George, 193-4 170-1, 212 Carey, Mary, 46-7, 56, 190, 191, Aquinas, 207 193-7 Aristotle, 12-14, 22, 39, 104, 139, 172, Cartwright, William, 20, 27-30, 138, 189,207 139, 142-3, 145-7, 157-9, Rhetoric, 18, 178 167, 168 Arnway, John, 92, 122, 123 Cary, Elizabeth Lady Falkland, 191 Ashmole, Elias, 22 Cary, Lettice Lady Falkland, 43-4 Atherton, John, 97-8 Cary, Lucius second Viscount Aubrey,John,50, 53, 82,181,188 Falkland, 14-15, 23, 43, 137, Augustine, 125, 152, 207 151-2 Casaubon, Meric, 37-8 Bacon, Francis, 94, 96 censorship, 143-4 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 112 Chapman, George, 140 Barksdale, Clement, 44 charisma, 96-7, 104, 123, 155, 206, Basire, Isaac, 124 210-12 Baxter, Richard, 104 Charles I, 7, 27, 86, 91, 92, 94, 102-3, Beaumont, Francis, 138-9, 144, 148, 107, 115, 116-30, 142, 163, 196, 150, 158, 163-6 210-11 Beaumont, John, 141-2, 161 Charron, Pierre, 183 Beedome, Thomas, 29, 134, 135, 141 childbirth and pregnancy, 46, 74, Benlowes, Thomas and Edward, 139 162-5, 174, 186-97, 204, 206, 213 Berkenhead,John, 20, 28, 117, 120, children, 15, 44-7, 52-3, 56, 59, 175, 121, 124-5, 154, 157, 158, 164-5 188-203, 205, 213 Bloch, Maurice, 53, 97, 126, 135, Chudleigh, J., 147, 151, 152 210-11 Cicero, 3, 13, 19, 22, 23, 178 Bradshaw, John, 124, 127, 128 Clarendon, see Hyde, Edward Bradstreet, Anne, 52-3, 131, 169, Cleveland, John, 108, 109, 119, 124, 197-8, 203 126-8, 139, 146, 159, 167 Brinsley, John, 18-19 coinage, 156-62 Brodie, Alexander, 44, 54 Cokayne, Aston, 75 Brome, Alexander, 74, 121 commonplaces and topoi, 7, 20, 22, Brome, Richard, 138-9 23, 24, 30, 35-6, 41, 42, 119, 120, Browne, Thomas, 151, 211 147, 153, 160, 180, 199, 203, Bucer, Martin, 67-8 205, 206 Burton, Robert, 54, consolation, 19, 32-7, 42, 44-61, 67, 178,203 182, 198 Coprario, John, 42 Calvin, John, 38-9, 41, 114, 201 Corbet, Richard, 7, 20, 25-6, 68, Camden, William, 170, 181 120, 180 Campion, Thomas, 28, 177 Coventry, Henry, 136 Carew, Thomas, 26, 131, 151-2, 154, Cowley, Abraham, 43, 91, 105, 155, 159, 161, 162, 168 164, 204

262 Index 263 critical elegy, 8, 131-73 Fairfax, Thomas, 71 Cromwell, Oliver, 27, 87-8, 146, 192 Falkland, see Cary, Lucius second Viscount Falkland Daniel, Samuel, 26, 176-7, 181 Fanshawe, Ann, 56, 190 Fanshawe, Richard, 105 Davenant, William, 137, 140, 155, 160 Feltham, Owen, 23 decorum, 3, 7, 23, 24, 30, 65, 96, 106, Fenton, Edward, 138 109, 211 Finch, Heneage, 92 deliberative rhetoric, 12-15, 31 Fletcher, John, 133, 136, 144-5, 150, Denham, John, 106, 157, 166 154, 156, 157, 158, 163-6 Devereux, Robert third Earl of Essex, Foucault, Michel, 8, 172 62, 86-8, 149 Freud, Sigmund, 165-6, 210 Digby, Kenelm, 14, 34-5, 49-51, 197 Friend, John and Nathaniel, 32-4, 62 Digges, Leonard, 153, 161 Fuller, Thomas, 8-9 domestic, 5-6, 17, 172, 184-5 funeral, 6, 20, 27, 62-89, 90-1, 95, Donne, John, 41, 51, 58, 84, 129, 119, 129, 135-~ 171, 185, 211 137-8, 139, 141, 147-55, 159, maiden funeral, 74 176,178,202 Anniversaries, 4, 6, 11, 48, 52, 55, Gauden,John,81, 118 57, 71, 115, 148-9, 186-7 genre, 2-3, 10-13, 112, 123 Poems (1633), 20, 23, 133, 140, Gerhard, John, 96, 98 147-54, 159-62, gifts, 25-6, 59, 66-7, 80, 171, 173, 166-8 196, 213 Doughty, John, 112 Grimald, Nicholas, 182, 199 Drayton, Michael, 83 Guillemeau, Jacques, 189, 193, 202 Drummond, William, 154 Dryden, John, 156, 178 Duppa, Brian, 20, 134 Hackett, Thomas, 199-200 Durkheim, Emile, 3 Halkett, Anne, 118 Hall, John, 138 Hall, Joseph, 148-50 effigy, 62, 83-9, 147 Harley, Brilliana, 108, 201 Egerton, Elizabeth Countess of Harris, John, 165 Bridgewater, 42, 45-6, 189-90 Harvey, Gabriel, 202-3 EikonBasilike, 92, 93, 104, 117-18, 125 Hastings, Lucy, 81 elegiac distich, 10, 11-12 Henry, Prince of Wales, 66-7, 71, 88 , 85 heraldry, 20, 62, 65, 73, 74, 77-80, 84, epicede, 11 86, 135 Epictetus, 101 Herbert, George, 115 Epicurus, 39 Herrick, Robert, 68, 172 epideictic, 10, 12-16, 22-3, 28, 91, 95, Heylyn, Peter, 105, 109, 114, 115-16 119, 128, 137-9, 150, 155-6, 169, Hill, George, 145 176, 209 Hobbes, Thomas, 14 epitaph, 11 Hooker, Richard, 76 Erasmus, 14, 37, 200 Horace, 18, 81, 150, 208 Essex, see Devereux, Robert third Earl hospitality, 53, 62, 75-6 of Essex Howard, H., 133 Evelyn, John, 35 Howe, Joseph, 163, 164 executions, 7, 89, 90-130, 144, 190, Howell, James, 80, 131-2 211-12 Hutchinson, Lucy, 192 264 Index

Hyde, Edward, 43, 102-3 Mayne, Jasper, 20, 27, 29-30, 142-3, Hyde, Henry, 147-8 152, 153, 168, 181 melancholy, 34-5, 83, 166, 174, 189, imitation, 14-15, 18-19, 32, 48-9, 191-3 135, 175, 202-3, 210 Melanchthon, 14 Ireton, Henry, 27 Menander, 13 metre, see prosody ]ames VI and I, 85-6, 92, 158 Mildmay, Grace, 83 Joceline, Elizabeth, 201 Milton, John, 19-20, 66, 93, 125, 153, Johnson, Samuel, 180 176, 197 Jonson, Ben, 8, 12, 13,21, 28,68, 72, Lyddas, 6, 8, 20-2, 180 91-2, 131-8, 141, 146, 147, Mody, Henry, 136 150-6, 158-61, 168, 170, 172, Montaigne, Michel, 96, 99 176, 177-8, 196-7, 199, 202, Montrose, ]ames Graham first 203,204 Marquis, 120 Cary Morison Ode, 14, 159 monuments, 25, 49-50, 64, 66, 81 Works (Folio 1616), 141 Moseley, Humphrey, 139 Jonsonus Virbius, 20, 132, 133-7, 160 Moulsworth, Martha, 170 Jordan, Thomas, 24, 25, 78, 80 Murford, Nicholas, 27, 82 ]osselin, Ralph, 64, 190 Neo-Platonism, 9 King, Henry, 20, 24, 34, 52, 55-61, Norris, William, 139-40 68-9, 77, 79, 81, 122-4, 136, 150, 152,159,160-1,166,178,205 Oglander, John, 47 Knevet, Ralph, 40, 175-6 Oldisworth, Nicholas, 20, 26, 131-2, 164, 168-9 Laud, William, 7, 91, 94, 102, 103, orations, see sermons 108, 109-17, 123, 129-30 Orpheus, 105, 142, 181 Leigh, Dorothy, 200-1 Overton, Richard, 111 Lemnius, Levine, 175, 203 Ovid, 11 Lesley, John, 42-3 Levi-Strauss, Claude, 170 Paul, 37, 39, 41, 43, 125, 200 libels, 107-8, 110-13 Paulet, Jane Marchioness of Lipsius, Justus, 37, 101 Winchester, 197 Llewellyn, Martin, 20, 88, 167 Peacham, Henry, 11, 37, 80 Lovelace, Richard, 28, 138, 142, 143, persuasion, see deliberative rhetoric 163-4, 186 Perwich, Susannah, 73-4, 185 Lowe, Roger, 18, 26, 72, 76 Pestell, Thomas, 74 Luther, Martin, 200 Petrarch, 169, 183 Lyttleton, Elizabeth, 18 Philipot, Thomas, 26 Philips, Katherine, 35, 71, 131, 145, Marcus Aurelius, 37, 100-2, 108 157, 204-5 Marriot, John, 139 Pindar, 132, 155, 170-1 martyrs and martyrdom, 38, 97, Plato, 13-14, 25, 39, 132, 139, 143, 101-2, 109, 115-16, 121-6, 130 154, 176-7, 212 Marvell, Andrew, 28, 87-8, 92, 138, Plutarch, 90 142, 143, 192 Pope, Alexander, 153 Mauss, Marcel, 58-9, 196 Porter, Endymion, 166 May, Tom, 134, 143-4 praise, see epideictic Index 265 pregnancy, see childbirth and Stanley, Thomas, 144, 147 pregnancy Starbucke, William, 113-14, 116 Propertius, 11 Stevenson, Matthew, 75 prosody, 9, 10-12, 41, 42, 54-5, 60, Stoicism, 34, 37-41, 69, 90, 98-102, 133, 154-S, 174-81, 108, 121-2, 146, 175 205,206 Strafford, see Wentworth, Thomas, Prynne, William, 110, 112-13 Earl of Strafford Pulter, Hester, 52, 201-2 Suckling, John, 139-40, ISS purgatory, 41-2, 53-4, 57, 59, 61 Sylvester, Joshua, 71 Puttenham, George, 11, 12, 67, 154, 179 Taylor, Edward, 179 Pym, John, 102-3 Taylor, Jeremy, 13, 35 Theophrastus, 18 Quarles, Francis, 42, 55, 77, 180 Thimelby, Gertrude, 82, 198-9 Quarles, John, 118-20, 122 Thornton, Alice, 36, 45, 181, 193, 201 Quintilian, 13, 23 time and temporality, 2, 4-5, 11, 47-61, 77, 88-9, 118, 178, 205, Ralegh, Walter, 99-100 208, 212 Randolph, Thomas, 134, 148, 157, 166 Tipping, William, 47-9, 54-S rhetoric, 1, 2, 10-31, 49, 69, 76, 90, tombs, see monuments 95-6, 98, 113-15, 133, 156, 164, Towers, William, 145 174, 180-1, 183, 202, 206 Townshend, Aurelian, 35 Rich, Anne, 81, 101, 118 treason, 102-3, 112, 127 Ridgeway, Cecilia, Countess of Trelawny, John, 36 Londonderry, 15-17 Trial of the Pyx, 15 7-8 rites of passage, 1, 8, 72, 89, 97, 209, 210 Valentine, Henry, 140, 149 ritual, 2-4, 6, 22, 27, 48, 51-4, 62, Vaughan, Henry, 27,181-2 70-1, 72, 76-7, 88, 90, 93, 129, 135, 160-1, 171, 174, 183-6, 188, Walker, Anthony, 19 209-12 Walker, Elizabeth, 45, 191-2 Rodney family, 55, 66 Waller, Edmund, 161 Rose, Gillian, 208-9 Walton, Izaac, S-6, 140, 151, 152-3 Waring, Robert, 157 Scaliger, Julius Caesar, 3, 11, 14, Weckherlin, George Rudolph, 66 18, 176 Weever, John, 79, 182, 185 schools, 2, 10, 17-20 Wentworth, Thomas, Earl of Strafford, Seneca, 19, 36-41, 96, 101, 182 7, 91, 93, 94, 95, 102-9, 110, 111, sermons, 10, 13, 18, 63, 64, 66, 82, 114, 117, 119, 121, 129-30 95, 186 Williams, Ann, 196-7 Shakespeare, William, 133, 141, 143, Wilson, Arthur, 149 147, 152, 153-4, 158, 166, 178, Wilson, Thomas, 13, 19, 102 180-1, 203, 204 women, 15-17, 30, 66, 105, Sherburne, Edward, 38, 102 164-6, 173 Shirley, James, 85-6, 100, 144 marriage, 167-8, 170 Sidney, Philip, 18, 82, 169, 177 mourning, 8-9, 15, 45-6, 48, 73-4, Solon, 184-5 179-86, 211 Spenser, Edmund, 25, 68, 133, Woodward, Ezekias, 113, 114 161, 202 Wright, Thomas, 39