Introduction
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Notes (Place of publication is London unless specified otherwise.) Introduction 1. Victor Turner, The Forest of Symbols (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1967), p. 30. 2. Paul Alpers, What is Pastoral? (Chicago, IL: U of Chicago P, 1996), p. 80. 3. Carolyn Miller, 'Genre as Social Action', Quarterly Journal ofSpeech 70 (1984): 151-67. 4. All cited in Richard Coe, Lorelei Lingard, and Tatiana Teslenko, eds, The Rhetoric and Ideology of Genre: Strategies for Stability and Change (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton, 2002), p. 2. 5. Alastair Fowler, Kinds ofLiterature: An Introduction to the Theory of Genres and Modes (Oxford: Clarendon, 1982), p. 152. 6. Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, trans. Joseph Ward Swain (George Allen and Unwin, 1915), pp. 37, 41. 7. See for example Patricia Parker, 'Motivated Rhetorics: Gender, Order, Rule', Literary Fat Ladies: Rhetoric, Gender, Property (New York: Methuen, 1987), pp. 97-125. 8. Hans Robert Jauss, 'Theory of Genres and Medieval Literature', trans. Timothy Bahti, Modem Genre Theory, ed. David Duff (Longman, 2000), pp. 127-47 (131). 9. Ann E. Imbrie, 'Defining Nonfiction Genres' in Renaissance Genres: Essays on Theory, History and Interpretation, ed. Barbara K. Lewalski (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1986), pp. 45-69 (51-2). 10. Rosalie L. Colie, The Resources of Kind: Genre-Theory in the Renaissance, ed. Barbara K. Lewalski (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: U of California P, 1973), pp. 8, 26. 11. Cicero, De Oratore Il.lvii.232, trans. E. W. Sutton (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1959), p. 368. 12. Erik Mueggler, 'The Poetics of Grief and the Price of Hemp in Southwest China', Journal ofAsian Studies 57:3 (August 1998): 979-1008 (983). 13. Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, trans. Richard Nice (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1977), p. 1. 14. DE, p. 36. 15. Leeds University, Brotherton MS Lt q 44, fol. 48'. 16. John Sargeaunt, Annals of Westminster School (Methuen, 1898), p. 66. 17. R. C. Bald, John Donne: A Life (Oxford: Clarendon, 1970), p. 531. 18. Juliet Fleming, Graffiti and the Writing Arts ofEarly Modem England (Reaktion, 2001), p. 36. 19. Richard Corbet, Poetica Stromata ([Holland], 1648), p. 107. 20. Michel Foucault, 'What is an Author?', trans. Josue V. Harari, Textual Strategies: Perspectives in Post-Structuralist Criticism, ed. J. Harari (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1979), pp. 141-60 (148). 214 Notes 215 21. Pierre Bourdieu, Language and Symbolic Power, ed. John B. Thompson, trans. Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson (Cambridge: Polity, 1991), pp. 117-18. 22. Thomas Fuller, The Holy State (Cambridge, 1642), pp. 24-5. 1 The ritual of elegiac rhetoric 1. John E. Clark, Elegie: The Fortunes of a Classical Genre in Sixteenth-Century France (The Hague and Paris: Mouton, 1975), pp. 8-9. 2. Rosalie L. Colie, '"All in Peeces:" Problems of Interpretation in Donne's Anniversary Poems', Just So Much Honour, ed. Peter Amadeus Fiore (University Park, PA: Penn State UP, 1971), pp. 189-218 (194). Alastair Fowler suggests that the blending of genres was influenced by the use of the silva form in the teaching of writing. 'The Formation of Genres in the Renaissance and After', New Literary History 34.2 (2003): 185-200 (186). 3. Scaliger, Poetices (1581), pp. 425-6; Frederick Morgan Padelford, trans. Select Translations from Scaliger's Poetics, Yale Studies in English 26 (New York: Henry Holt, 1905); see also DE, p. 127n. 4. Henry Peacham, The Period of Mourning (1613), p. 17. 5. George Puttenham, The Arte of English Poesie, ed. G. D. Willcock and A. Walker, facsim (Menston: Scolar, 1968), p. 48. 6. Bruno Gentili, Poetry and Its Public in Ancient Greece (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins UP, 1988), pp. 33-4; see also Morton W. Bloomfield, 'The Elegy and the Elegiac Mode: Praise and Alienation' in Lewalski (1986), pp. 147-57. 7. Alastair Fowler, Kinds ofLiterature: An Introduction to the Theory of Genres and Modes (Oxford: Clarendon, 1982), p. 136. 8. R. C. ]ebb, The Growth and Influence of Classical Greek Poetry (Macmillan, 1893), p. 120. 9. Lewalski, Renaissance Genres, p. 6. 10. Alberta T. Turner, 'Milton and the Conventions of the Academic Miscel lanies' YES 5 (1975): 86-93 (91); David Norbrook agrees that 'The elegies in Jonsonus Virbius - and most of those in Justa Edovardo King - indicate the growing hegemony of the closed couplet as a dominating metrical form.' 'The Politics of Milton's Early Poetry', John Milton, ed. Annabel Patterson (Harlow: Longman, 1992), p. 54. 11. Puttenham, The Art of English Poesie (1968), p. 39. 12. HS, vol. VIII, p. 309. 13. Ibid., p. 108; but compare The Underwood xviii, xix, xxii, xl and so on. On Jonson's abandonment of Ovidian elegy, see David Riggs, Ben Jonson: A Life (Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1989), p. 75. 14. These include 0. B. Hardison, Jr., The Enduring Monument (Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1962); Ruth Wallerstein, Studies in Seventeenth-Century Poetic (Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1950); Dennis Kay, Melodious Tears (Oxford: Clarendon, 1990); see also Thomas 0. Sloane, Donne, Milton, and the End of Humanist Rhetoric (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: U of California P, 1985), pp. 93-4, 130-44. 15. Here, I am following Gerard Genette's use of 'mode' in The Architext: An Introduction, trans. Jane E. Lewin (Berkeley, CA: U of California P, 1992), pp. 60-72. Lewalski provides more detailed context on the relation between elegy, Protestant funeral sermons and meditations (72-107, 174-95). 216 Notes 16. Jauss, 'Theory of Genres', p. 133. 17. George A. Kennedy, Classical Rhetoric and its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modem Times (Croom Helm, 1980), pp. 74, 80. 18. Wilbur Samuel Howell, Logic and Rhetoric in England, 1500-1700 (New York: Russell and Russell, 1961), p. 105. 19. Arthur Clifford, ed., Tixall Poetry (Edinburgh, 1813), pp. 49-50. 20. Jeremy Taylor, ENIATTO!.. A Course of Sermons for the Whole Year (1668), p. 151. 21. Hardison, The Enduring Monument, p. 115. 22. Lewalski, p. 16. 23. Hardison, The Enduring Monument, p. 27. See also Plato's Laws 801, Republic X: 607, and Protagoras 325, and Quintilian, Institutio III 7.1 for the moral utility of praise. 24. Plato, Republic X: 607a, trans. Reeve and Grube, The Complete Works, ed. John M. Cooper (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 1997), p. 1211. 25. Plato, Protagoras 326a, trans. Stanley Lombardo and Karen Bell, The Complete Works, p. 760. 26. Aristotle, The 'Art' of Rhetoric 1388b1 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1926); Thomas Hobbes, trans., The Rhetorics of Thomas Hobbes and Bernard Lamy, ed. John T. Harwood (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois UP, 1986), p. 84. 27. Erasmus, 'De Pueris Instituendis', Collected Works, ed. J. K. Sowards, vol. 26 (Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1985), p. 308. 28. Elementorum rhetorices libri duo (first published 1531), cited in Ann Moss, 'Commonplace-Rhetoric and Thought-Patterns in Early Modern Culture', The Recovery ofRhetoric, ed. R. H. Roberts and]. M. M. Good (Bristol Classical, 1993), p. 50. 29. Hobbes, Rhetorics of Thomas Hobbes and Bernard Lamy, p. 54. 30. Scaliger, Poetices VII.i.3; Padelford, p. 82. 31. Underwood 70; Ben Jonson, ed. Ian Donaldson (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995), p. 237. 32. Ben Jonson, ed. Donaldson, p. 267. 33. Richard Dutton, Ben Jonson: Authority, Criticism (Macmillan, 1996), p. 20; ]. C. Hayward, 'New Directions in Studies of the Falkland Circle', The Seventeenth Century 3:1 (1987), p. 23. 34. Polybius, The Histories, trans. W. R. Patton, vol. 3 (Heinemann, 1923) VI.S3.10-54.4. 35. Keith Hopkins, 'Death in Rome', Death and Renewal: Sociological Studies in Roman History, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1983), p. 202. 36. An Elegy on the Death ofthe Duke ofCambridge (1678). BL Luttrell Collection 13. 37. Kay, Melodious Tears, p. 4. 38. Leicestershire Record Office, Winstanley of Braunstone Papers, ref. DE728/970. 39. Tzvetan Todorov, 'The Origins of Genres', New Literary History 8.1 (Autumn 1976): 159-70 (162). 40. Anthony Grafton and Lisa Jardine, From Humanism to the Humanities (Duckworth, 1986), pp. 131-2. 41. Padelford, Select Translations from Scaliger's Poetics, p. 2. 42. Victoria Kahn, 'Humanism and the Resistance to Theory', Literary Theory/Renaissance Texts, ed. Patricia Parker and David Quint (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1986), pp. 373-96; T. W. Baldwin, William Shakspere's Small Latine & Lesse Greeke, vo!. 1 (Urbana, IL: U of Illinois P, 1944), p. 80. Notes 217 43. J. W. Smeed, The Theophrastan 'Character': The History of a Literary Genre (Oxford and New York: Clarendon, 1985), pp. 6, 41. 44. John Brinsley, Ludus Literarius: Or, The Grammar Schoole (1612), p. 196; cited in Baldwin, William Shakspere's, vol. 2, p. 389. 45. William L. Sachse, ed., The Diary of Roger Lowe (New York: Longman, 1938), p. 54. 46. Geoffrey Keynes, ed., The Commonplace Book of Elizabeth Lyttleton (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1919). 47. Baldwin, William Shakspere's, pp. 90, 154-5. 48. Kennedy, Classical Rhetoric, p. 138. 49. Thomas Wilson, The Arte ofRhetorique (1553), sig. 36'. SO. Anthony Walker, The Virtuous Woman Found (1678). 51. On the English formulary letters and their attitude to grief, see G. W. Pigman, Grief and English Renaissance Elegy (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1985), pp. 11-27. 52. Brinsley, p. 191, cited in Baldwin, William Shakspere's, vol. 2, p. 380. 53. Alexander Gil, Parerga (1632); see Stella P. Revard, Milton and the Tangles of Neaera's Hair: The Making of the 1645 Poems (Columbia, MO: U of Missouri P, 1997), pp. 44-7. 54. Raymond Anselment, 'The Oxford University Poets and Caroline Panegyric', John Donne Journal 3.2 (1984): 181-201 (182). 55. Norbrook, John Milton, p. 51. See also Ernest C. Mossner, ed., Justa Edovardo King I and II (New York, 1939), pp.