The Chronology of Adipose Tissue Appearance and Distribution in the Human Fetus *
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Load more
Recommended publications
-
Regulatory Micrornas in Brown, Brite and White Adipose Tissue
cells Review Regulatory microRNAs in Brown, Brite and White Adipose Tissue Seley Gharanei 1,2, Kiran Shabir 3 , James E. Brown 3,4, Martin O. Weickert 1,2,5 , 1,2 1,2,3, 1,2,3, , Thomas M. Barber , Ioannis Kyrou y and Harpal S. Randeva * y 1 Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK; [email protected] (S.G.); [email protected] (M.O.W.); [email protected] (T.M.B.); [email protected] (I.K.) 2 Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK 3 Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; [email protected] (K.S.); [email protected] (J.E.B.) 4 School of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK 5 Centre of Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] Joint senior authors; contributed equally to the manuscript. y Received: 30 September 2020; Accepted: 13 November 2020; Published: 16 November 2020 Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a class of short noncoding RNAs which regulate gene expression by targeting messenger RNA, inducing translational repression and messenger RNA degradation. This regulation of gene expression by miRNAs in adipose tissue (AT) can impact on the regulation of metabolism and energy homeostasis, particularly considering the different types of adipocytes which exist in mammals, i.e., white adipocytes (white AT; WAT), brown adipocytes (brown AT; BAT), and inducible brown adipocytes in WAT (beige or brite or brown-in-white adipocytes). -
New Insights Into the Secretory Functions of Brown Adipose Tissue
243 2 Journal of J Villarroya et al. Secretory functions of brown 243:2 R19–R27 Endocrinology adipose tissue REVIEW New insights into the secretory functions of brown adipose tissue Joan Villarroya, Rubén Cereijo, Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro, Marion Peyrou, Marta Giralt and Francesc Villarroya Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Correspondence should be addressed to F Villarroya: [email protected] Abstract In recent years, an important secretory role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) has emerged, Key Words which is consistent, to some extent, with the earlier recognition of the important f brown adipose tissue secretory role of white fat. The so-called brown adipokines or ‘batokines’ may play an f brown adipokine autocrine role, which may either be positive or negative, in the thermogenic function f batokine of brown adipocytes. Additionally, there is a growing recognition of the signalling f thermogenesis molecules released by brown adipocytes that target sympathetic nerve endings (such as neuregulin-4 and S100b protein), vascular cells (e.g., bone morphogenetic protein-8b), and immune cells (e.g., C-X-C motif chemokine ligand-14) to promote the tissue remodelling associated with the adaptive BAT recruitment in response to thermogenic stimuli. Moreover, existing indications of an endocrine role of BAT are being confirmed through the release of brown adipokines acting on other distant tissues and organs; a recent example is the recognition that BAT-secreted fibroblast growth factor-21 and myostatin target the heart and skeletal muscle, respectively. -
Human Skeletal Muscles Replaced to a High Degree by White Adipose Tissue
Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn.,Replacement 87(4): 165–170, of muscle February, by fat 2011165 Human skeletal muscles replaced to a high degree by white adipose tissue By Keisuke INA1, Hirokazu KITAMURA1, Takayuki MASAKI2, Shuji TATSUKAWA1, Hironobu YOSHIMATSU2 and Yoshihisa FUJIKURA1 1 Department of Molecular Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University 2 Department of Internal Medicine 1, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan –Received for Publication, August 28, 2010– Key Words: fatty degeneration, skeletal muscle, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, hypothyroidism Summary: Extreme replacement of skeletal muscles by adipose tissue was found in an 86-year old Japanese male cadaver during dissection practice for medical students at Oita University School of Medicine. Especially, the bilateral sartorius muscles looked overall like adipose tissue. The man had suffered from diabetes mellitus, renal failure, hypertension and hy- pothyroidism before his death. He was also an alcohol drinker. He had been bedridden late in life. The cause of death was renal failure. In microscopy, the adipose tissue-like sartorius muscle was shown to consist of leptin-positive adipocytes with a small number of degenerated muscle fibers. Fatty replacement, or fatty degeneration, appears to result from endocrine and metabolic disorders, and being bedridden leads to muscle atrophy and damage, although the origin of the adipocytes which emerged in the degenerated muscles is unknown. Introduction tally denerved muscle atrophy (Dulor et al., 19984)). A recent report has demonstrated that, when a muscle There are two distinct types of fat accumulation in is injured, the event which subsequently occurs is either skeletal muscles: intramyocellular fat deposits and extra- myocyte regeneration or fatty degeneration, depending myocellular adipocyte accumulation. -
Altered Adipose Tissue and Adipocyte Function in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome
Altered adipose tissue and adipocyte function in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome C. Ronald Kahn, … , Guoxiao Wang, Kevin Y. Lee J Clin Invest. 2019;129(10):3990-4000. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI129187. Review Series Over the past decade, great progress has been made in understanding the complexity of adipose tissue biology and its role in metabolism. This includes new insights into the multiple layers of adipose tissue heterogeneity, not only differences between white and brown adipocytes, but also differences in white adipose tissue at the depot level and even heterogeneity of white adipocytes within a single depot. These inter- and intra-depot differences in adipocytes are developmentally programmed and contribute to the wide range of effects observed in disorders with fat excess (overweight/obesity) or fat loss (lipodystrophy). Recent studies also highlight the underappreciated dynamic nature of adipose tissue, including potential to undergo rapid turnover and dedifferentiation and as a source of stem cells. Finally, we explore the rapidly expanding field of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ, and how adipose tissue communicates with other tissues to regulate systemic metabolism both centrally and peripherally through secretion of adipocyte-derived peptide hormones, inflammatory mediators, signaling lipids, and miRNAs packaged in exosomes. Together these attributes and complexities create a robust, multidimensional signaling network that is central to metabolic homeostasis. Find the latest version: https://jci.me/129187/pdf REVIEW SERIES: MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE METABOLIC SYNDROME The Journal of Clinical Investigation Series Editor: Philipp E. Scherer Altered adipose tissue and adipocyte function in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome C. Ronald Kahn,1 Guoxiao Wang,1 and Kevin Y. -
The Role of Adipose Tissue Mitochondria: Regulation of Mitochondrial Function for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review The Role of Adipose Tissue Mitochondria: Regulation of Mitochondrial Function for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases 1, 1, 1,2 1,2 1,2, Jae Ho Lee y, Anna Park y, Kyoung-Jin Oh , Sang Chul Lee , Won Kon Kim * and Kwang-Hee Bae 1,2,* 1 Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea 2 Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] (W.K.K.); [email protected] (K.-H.B.) These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 28 August 2019; Accepted: 30 September 2019; Published: 4 October 2019 Abstract: Mitochondria play a key role in maintaining energy homeostasis in metabolic tissues, including adipose tissues. The two main types of adipose tissues are the white adipose tissue (WAT) and the brown adipose tissue (BAT). WAT primarily stores excess energy, whereas BAT is predominantly responsible for energy expenditure by non-shivering thermogenesis through the mitochondria. WAT in response to appropriate stimuli such as cold exposure and β-adrenergic agonist undergoes browning wherein it acts as BAT, which is characterized by the presence of a higher number of mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction in adipocytes has been reported to have strong correlation with metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Dysfunction of mitochondria results in detrimental effects on adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, oxidative capacity, and thermogenesis, which consequently lead to metabolic diseases. Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial function can be improved by using thiazolidinedione, mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, and dietary natural compounds; by performing exercise; and by controlling caloric restriction, thereby maintaining the metabolic homeostasis by inducing adaptive thermogenesis of BAT and browning of WAT. -
Metabolism and Secretory Function of White Adipose Tissue: Effect of Dietary Fat
“main” — 2009/7/27 — 14:26 — page 453 — #1 Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2009) 81(3): 453-466 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) ISSN 0001-3765 www.scielo.br/aabc Metabolism and secretory function of white adipose tissue: effect of dietary fat CLÁUDIA M. OLLER DO NASCIMENTO1, ELIANE B. RIBEIRO1 and LILA M. OYAMA2 1Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo Rua Botucatu, 862, 2◦ andar, 04023-060 São Paulo, SP, Brasil 2Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista Av. Ana Costa, 95, 11060-001 Santos, SP, Brasil Manuscript received on August 21, 2008; accepted for publication on February 2, 2009; presented by LUIZ R. TRAVASSOS ABSTRACT Approximately 40% of the total energy consumed by western populations is represented by lipids, most of them being ingested as triacylglycerols and phospholipids. The focus of this review is to analyze the effect of the type of dietary fat on white adipose tissue metabolism and secretory function, particularly on haptoglobin, TNF-α, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and adiponectin secretion. Previous studies have demonstrated that the duration of the exposure to the high-fat feeding, amount of fatty acid present in the diet and the type of fatty acid may or may not have a significant effect on adipose tissue metabolism. However, the long-term or short-term high fat diets, especially rich in saturated fatty acids, probably by activation of toll-like receptors, stimulated the expression of proinflammatory adipokines and inhibited adiponectin expression. Further studies are needed to investigate the cellular mechanisms by which dietary fatty acids affect white adipose tissue metabolism and secretory functions. -
Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria. -
Deciphering the Cellular Interplays Underlying Obesity-Induced Adipose Tissue Fibrosis
Deciphering the cellular interplays underlying obesity-induced adipose tissue fibrosis Geneviève Marcelin, … , Adaliene V.M. Ferreira, Karine Clément J Clin Invest. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI129192. Review Series Obesity originates from an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure that promotes adipose tissue expansion, which is necessary to buffer nutrient excess. Patients with higher visceral fat mass are at a higher risk of developing severe complications such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular and liver diseases. However, increased fat mass does not fully explain obesity’s propensity to promote metabolic diseases. With chronic obesity, adipose tissue undergoes major remodeling, which can ultimately result in unresolved chronic inflammation leading to fibrosis accumulation. These features drive local tissue damage and initiate and/or maintain multiorgan dysfunction. Here, we review the current understanding of adipose tissue remodeling with a focus on obesity-induced adipose tissue fibrosis and its relevance to clinical manifestations. Find the latest version: https://jci.me/129192/pdf The Journal of Clinical Investigation REVIEW SERIES: MECHANISMS UNDERLYING THE METABOLIC SYNDROME Series Editor: Philipp E. Scherer Deciphering the cellular interplays underlying obesity- induced adipose tissue fibrosis Geneviève Marcelin,1 Ana Letícia M. Silveira,1,2 Laís Bhering Martins,1,2 Adaliene V.M. Ferreira,2 and Karine Clément1,3 1Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics, UMRS U1269), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France. 2Immunometabolism, Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. 3Nutrition Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France. Obesity originates from an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure that promotes adipose tissue expansion, which is necessary to buffer nutrient excess. -
Brown Adipose Tissue: New Challenges for Prevention of Childhood Obesity
nutrients Review Brown Adipose Tissue: New Challenges for Prevention of Childhood Obesity. A Narrative Review Elvira Verduci 1,2,*,† , Valeria Calcaterra 2,3,† , Elisabetta Di Profio 2,4, Giulia Fiore 2, Federica Rey 5,6 , Vittoria Carlotta Magenes 2, Carolina Federica Todisco 2, Stephana Carelli 5,6,* and Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti 2,5,6 1 Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20146 Milan, Italy 2 Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; [email protected] (V.C.); elisabetta.diprofi[email protected] (E.D.P.); giulia.fi[email protected] (G.F.); [email protected] (V.C.M.); [email protected] (C.F.T.); [email protected] (G.V.Z.) 3 Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy 4 Department of Animal Sciences for Health, Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy 5 Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; [email protected] 6 Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.V.); [email protected] (S.C.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Pediatric obesity remains a challenge in modern society. Recently, research has focused on the role of the brown adipose tissue (BAT) as a potential target of intervention. In this review, we Citation: Verduci, E.; Calcaterra, V.; revised preclinical and clinical works on factors that may promote BAT or browning of white adipose Di Profio, E.; Fiore, G.; Rey, F.; tissue (WAT) from fetal age to adolescence. -
Epithelial Tissue: This Tissue Type Covers Body Surfaces and Lines Body Cavities Providing Protection and Allowing for the Absorption and Secretion of Substances
Tissues The human body is composed of only four basic types of tissue: Epithelial Tissue: This tissue type covers body surfaces and lines body cavities providing protection and allowing for the absorption and secretion of substances. , Connective tissue serves a connecting function. It supports and binds other tissues in the body. Muscle Tissue: Excitable cells capable of contraction allow muscle tissue to generate body movement. Nervous Tissue: This primary tissue of the nervous system allows for communication between various organs and tissues. It is composed of neurons and glial cells. These tissues, which are formed by cells and molecules of the extracellular matrix, exist not as isolated units but rather in association with one another and in variable proportions, forming different organs and systems of the body. Epithelial tissue Epithelial tissue is one of the four basic tissue types composed of diverse morphologic and functional subtypes that cover body surfaces, line body cavities, and form a variety of glands. The unique feature of the epithelial tissues is its highly cellular composition with little extracellular matrix (ECM). Epithelial tissues rest on top of the basement membrane, which separates epithelia from underlying connective tissues. The principal functions of epithelial tissues are: - Covering, lining, and protecting surfaces (eg, skin). - Absorption (eg, the intestines). - Secretion (eg, the epithelial cells of glands). - Contractility (eg, myoepithelial cells). Epithelial tissue types Epithelia tissues can be divided into two main groups according to their structure and function: covering (or lining) epithelia and glandular epithelia. (1) Covering or Lining Epithelia Covering epithelia are tissues in which the cells are organized in layers that cover the external surface or line the cavities of the body. -
White Adipocyte Plasticity in Physiology and Disease
cells Review White Adipocyte Plasticity in Physiology and Disease Ewa Bielczyk-Maczynska Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; [email protected] Received: 19 October 2019; Accepted: 21 November 2019; Published: 25 November 2019 Abstract: Cellular plasticity is a transformation of a terminally differentiated cell into another cell type, which has been long known to occur in disease and regeneration. However, white adipocytes (fat cells) have only recently been observed to undergo different types of cellular plasticity. Adipocyte transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts and cancer-associated fibroblasts occurs in fibrosis and cancer, respectively. On the other hand, reversible adipocyte dedifferentiation into adipocyte progenitor cells (preadipocytes) has been demonstrated in mammary gland and in dermal adipose tissue. Here we discuss the research on adipocyte plasticity, including the experimental approaches that allowed to detect and study it, the current state of the knowledge, major research questions which remain to be addressed, and the advances required to stimulate adipocyte plasticity research. In the future, the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of adipocyte plasticity can be utilized both to prevent adipocyte plasticity in disease and to stimulate it for use in regenerative medicine. Keywords: cell plasticity; adipocytes; fat; cell dedifferentiation; cell transdifferentiation; cell differentiation 1. Introduction In the traditional view of cell differentiation, cells follow a differentiation trajectory in discrete developmental stages, beginning with stem cells and culminating with a terminally differentiated state [1]. The terminally differentiated state is thought to be permanent as the cells can no longer transfer into other cell fates. However, in many systems the phenomenon of cellular plasticity, which is a transformation of a cellular phenotype beginning with a terminally differentiated cell, has been described not only in pathologies like cancer, but also during physiological processes [2]. -
Ectopic UCP1 Overexpression in White Adipose Tissue Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Lou/C Rats, a Model of Obesity Resistance
3700 Diabetes Volume 64, November 2015 Anne-Laure Poher,1 Christelle Veyrat-Durebex,2 Jordi Altirriba,1 Xavier Montet,3 Didier J. Colin,4 Aurélie Caillon,1 Jacqueline Lyautey,1 and Françoise Rohner-Jeanrenaud1 Ectopic UCP1 Overexpression in White Adipose Tissue Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Lou/C Rats, a Model of Obesity Resistance Diabetes 2015;64:3700–3712 | DOI: 10.2337/db15-0210 Brown adipose tissue (BAT), characterized by the pres- epidemic is long-term dysregulation of energy balance. In view ence of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), has been described oftherelativelackofdrugssuppressing appetite, approaches as metabolically active in humans. Lou/C rats, originat- to increase energy expenditure are viewed as potential new ing from the Wistar strain, are resistant to obesity. We therapeutic options to treat obesity and metabolic complica- previously demonstrated that Lou/C animals express tions. Along this line, brown adipose tissue (BAT), now known UCP1 in beige adipocytes in inguinal white adipose tissue to be present in adult humans (2–4),isthefocusofmajor (iWAT), suggesting a role of this protein in processes interest, due to its role in inducing thermogenesis (5). The such as the control of body weight and the observed mitochondria of brown adipocytes are characterized by the b improved insulin sensitivity. A 3 adrenergic agonist was presence of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which uncouples administered for 2 weeks in Wistar and Lou/C rats to oxidative phosphorylation from ATP synthesis, resulting in activate UCP1 and delineate its metabolic impact. The heat production (6). This process consumes substantial treatment brought about decreases in fat mass and METABOLISM amounts of free fatty acids (FFAs) and glucose (7).