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Michigan Natural Resources: a Survey of Production Statistics Presented by Dr

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Michigan Natural Resources: a Survey of Production Statistics Presented by Dr Michigan Natural Resources: A survey of Production Statistics Presented by Dr. Peter Voice with contributions from Dr. Bill Harrison and Mr. John Yellich Where did this data come from? • Sifted through: • U.S. Bureau of Mines Annual Reports (pre-1900 data) • Michigan Geological Survey Annual Statistical Summaries (and predecessor series) – 1900-1940 and 1950-1980 data • Note most pre-1938 data was compiled into a volume by O. Poindexter in 1940 – this was used as the main source for these years (save for Gold data – which relied on US Bureau of Mines reports) • U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Yearbooks – 1940-1950 and post-1980 data • All coal data pre-1950 was from Cohee et al. 1950 (USGS Circular 77) • Because of the vintage of many of the sources – had to be very careful with units • Salt – sold by the barrel (~250 lbs), then in short tons, then in metric tons! • Note – we do have some confidential mineral statistics data – to protect the data, we are not releasing the annual data, but we have added it into the total production of the commodity. Types of Resources • Mineral Resources • Metallic Minerals • Nonmetallic Minerals • Aggregate Resources • Energy Resources • Groundwater Metallic Minerals • Western Upper Peninsula resources • Gold (+ Silver) – associated with peridotite (olivine-rich rock) – very minor resource • Copper (± Silver; Nickel, Zinc, Platinum Group Elements) • Keweenaw area and west • New Eagle Mine (Cu-Ni, PGE) • Back Forty Project (at permitting stage – also has some Zn) • Iron Ore (± Manganese) • Three major trends – Marquette Range (just one mine left – the Tilden Mine); Crystal Falls-Menominee Range; Gogebic Range Banded Iron Formation Jasper Knob, Ishpeming, MI Modified from Ojakangas, 1994 Iron Ore Production in Michigan 60,000,000 Crude Ore Beneficiation of lower grade ores Processed Ore 50,000,000 http://www.lselectric.com/ 40,000,000 Automobiles 30,000,000 Structural Steel – 20,000,000 first skyscrapers! Annual Production (Metric Tons) (Metric Production Annual 10,000,000 0 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Direct Shipping Ores (~70% Fe2O3) Mostly Cu-sulfides Mostly Native Cu ± Cu-oxides, ±Cu-carbonates Modified from Mitchell and Sheldon, 2016 Copper Production in Michigan 140,000 Rural Electrification U.S. –Urban Electrification 120,000 Copper Production Social benefits of Cu! 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 Annual Production (Metric Tons) (Metric Production Annual 20,000 Indoor Plumbing – Cu fixtures and Pipes (to ~1940s) 0 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Comparison of Silver and Copper Production 35 140,000 Silver Production Copper Production 30 120,000 25 100,000 20 80,000 15 60,000 10 40,000 Annual Silver Production (Metric Ton) (Metric Production Silver Annual 5 20,000 Tons) (metric Production Copper Annual 0 0 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 1980-1997 – Cu+Ag production at White Pine – data Withheld Annual Gold Production (troy oz.) - Composite data 5000 4500 Ropes Gold Mine production (primarily) 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 Reprocessed Ropes Gold Mine Tailings 1500 Gold production (troy oz.) (troy production Gold 1000 500 0 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Associated with the Ropes Gold Mine area are serpentinized dolomitic marbles, called Verde Antique. This was quarried for an attractive dimension stone off and on from the 1880’s to 1920’s. http://dayoopers.com/ Estimated Total Production: Metallic Resources Commodity Production Value (2013 $) Processed Iron Ore 1,500,000,000 metric tons $157 billion Copper 6,510,000 metric tons $44 billion Silver 29,704,000 troy oz. (~923 $500 million metric tons) Ferruginous manganese 820,000 metric tons $3.8 million ore Manganiferous iron ore 516,000 metric tons $2.4 million Gold 33,600 troy oz. (~1.1 metric $47 million tons) Nonmetallic Mineral Resources • Mostly LP production – though historic gypsum production in several rock units in the UP • Rock Gypsum • Rock Salt • Halite – NaCl salt • Sylvite – KCl salt (no active production today; historic production ~160,000 tons per year) • Brines (Mg, I, Br, Ca, Cl)– data generally withheld – as few operators extract these (different magnitudes of production as well – focus on Mg and CaCl2 compounds) Sample of the C Shale (Salina Group) with secondary red halite cements filling a fracture Samples of the F Salt (Salina Group) – the unit commercially mined in Detroit Annual Michigan Salt Production 6,000,000 Temporary closure of salt mine 5,000,000 Detroit Salt Mine begins operations 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 Salt extracted from saline aquifers - brines Annual Salt Production Tons) Annual Salt(Metric Production 1,000,000 0 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Satin Spar Gypsum – secondary precipitant in the Cabot Head Shale, UP Anhydrite in the Lucas Formation, Detroit River Group Anhdyrite in the Michigan Formation – the Michigan Formation was commercially mined in Grand Rapids and is stilled mine at Alabaster. Annual Michigan Gypsum Production 3,000,000 2000 drop-off in production – does not correspond to any recession. So what happened? 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 Annual Gypsum Production (Metric Tons) (Metric Production Gypsum Annual 500,000 0 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Estimated Total Production: Nonmetallic Minerals Commodity Production Value (2013 $) Rock Salt 308,000,000 metric tons $14.5 billion Rock Gypsum 110,000,000 metric tons $1 billion Brine data – withheld Aggregate Resources • Mined statewide – though different qualities, and types of materials quarried at different parts of the state • Sand and Gravel (fill, glass sands, injection mold sands, brick filler, etc.) • Clay and Shale (bricks and tiles, ceramics) • Cement • Lime (flux, FGD Gypsum) • Crushed Stone – mostly limestone and dolomite (fill) • Dimension Stone (~10,000 tons per year) Aggregate Production in Michigan 80,000,000 Sand and Gravel Stone Clay Portland Cement 70,000,000 60,000,000 50,000,000 40,000,000 30,000,000 Annual Production (Metric Tons) (Metric Production Annual 20,000,000 10,000,000 0 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Sylvania Sandstone, Sylvania Minerals Quarry, Monroe Co. Glass Sands Note upper darker layer – glacial till Sand Mining Operation, Southwestern MI Traverse Group Limestones – Quarried at Charlevoix Sawheidle Quarry, near Manistique, MI Crushed Rock – Dolomite from the Burnt Bluff Group Bayport Limestone, Bellevue, MI Stromatoporoid sponge, Engadine Dolomite Drummond Island Quarry – crushed stone Antrim Shale Localities near Norwood, MI and Kettle Point, ONT Ruins of Lincoln Brick Factory, Lincoln Brick Park Grand Ledge, MI Estimated Total Aggregate Production Commodity Production Value (2013 $) Masonry Cement 10,500,000 metric tons $1.5 billion Portland Cement 307,000,000 metric tons $27.7 billion Clay 91,000,000 metric tons $1 billion Lime 45,295,000 metric tons $5 billion Sand and Gravel 3,326,000,000 metric tons $25 billion Stone (Crushed + 2,200,000,000 metric tons $10.4 million Dimension) Energy Resources • Lower Peninsula Resources – some exploration in the UP – but nothing productive • Oil • Natural Gas • Coal (historic production – none today) Michigan Natural Gas Production 300,000,000 Note Oil and Gas data – from Bill Harrison’s records Niagaran Reef Gas Production 250,000,000 200,000,000 150,000,000 100,000,000 Annual Natural Gas Production (MCF) Production Gas Natural Annual 50,000,000 Antrim Shale – One of the first Unconventional Shale Plays 0 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Michigan Oil Production 40,000,000 Note Oil and Gas data – from Bill Harrison’s records 35,000,000 Niagaran Reefs 30,000,000 Dundee and Traverse Group 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 Renewed Trenton- Annual Oil Production (Bbls) Production Oil Annual Black River 10,000,000 Trenton-Black River 5,000,000 (Albion-Scipio) 0 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Michigan Annual Coal Production 2,000,000 Jackson area, Saginaw Valley, and 1,800,000 Thumb Region – lots of mines 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 Coal Production (metric tons) (metric Production Coal 400,000 200,000 0 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Coal Seam – Saginaw Fm., Grand Ledge, MI Estimated Energy Resources Production Commodity Production Value (2013 $) Oil 1,336,000,000 barrels $116 billion Natural Gas 8,086,000,000 cubic feet $33.6 billion Coal 42,000,000 metric tons $3.5 billion Peat 10,000,000 metric tons $250 million Final Thought • If we had to go back and mine these resources again – at 2013 prices, they would be worth approximately $558,000,000,000.
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