The Patterns of Media Ownership in Russia

CEU eTD Collection

In partialIn fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree Mastersof of Arts The Patterns of Media Ownership in Russia: in Ownership Media of Patterns The Implications for Freedom of the Press the Freedom for of Implications Supervi Department ofPolitical Science sor: Professorsor: Central European University Budapest, Hungary Kirill BryanovKirill Submitted to 201 By Philip EdwardPhilip Howard

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CEU eTD Collection Chapter1: Theoretical framework Introduction ofList Tables TableofContents References AppendixofList 2: Russian the quotations AppendixTop 1: Conclusion Chapter3: Implications of ownership the change mediaon content pluralism Chapter2: Thedynamics of television marketownership structureand its implications on media 1.1 American1.1 approaches 1.3 TheRussian media system:theorizing media ownership co Beyond1.2 theU.S. 3.3 Analysis3.3 Data3.2 and Methodology Case3.1 selection National2.3 2.2 Industryconfiguration and transformationduring the Putinera 2.1 T 1.1.2Radical political economies of media 1.1.1Neoclassical political economy of media 3.4 Discussion3.4

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the issue. ented studies that seek to conceptualize, measure and evaluate media ownership ownership media evaluate and measure conceptualize, to seek that studies ented n o te ot infcn faue ta dsigihs uoen media European distinguishes that features significant most the of One of part a as conducted is research ownership media of bulk the UK, the of Outside the vast majority thereof majority vast the he established established he and there is no clear evidence of the relation relation the of evidence clear no is there and dia pluralism (Hesmondhalghdia pluralism 2006

- owned media tend to succumb to the influence of elites in power and distort distort and power in elites of influence the to succumb to tend media owned liberal - controlled public service media, which is virtually non virtually is which media, service public controlled citizenry eorce: go eape ol b wa i kon as known is what be would example good a democracies: elsewhere in the world) from the American media system, media American the from world) the in elsewhere n oiia econ political an

oe accurately more 13 ).

mc tradition omic between concentrated ownership and and ownership concentrated between Cnesl, ulc hie theory choice public Conversely, . te ei onrhp debate: ownership media the o stem and deliver anddeliver stem Acrig o public to According .

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Russia

ht h sae ean te an gn o lmtn free limiting of agent main the remains state the that political actors. One of the most essential means of extending political groups’ groups’ political extending of means essential most the of One actors. political

This seems to be the case for Russia under Vladimir Putin, a country which country a Putin, Vladimir under Russia for case the be to seems This n media system: theorizing media ownership concentration ownership media theorizing system: n media

produced flows of information of flows h “ the

commercial y nme o journalist of number a by tional checks preserving its autonomy, is a real threat to the to threat real a is autonomy, its checkspreserving tional

at o te ol, and world, the of parts possible, theymainly possible, pertain

et al. et ” 14

media ownership concentration literature. He He literature. concentration ownership media

he globe operate under much more illiberal, illiberal, more much under operate globe he by illustrated was it as outlets, Media 2003). through the mechanisms of the stat the of mechanisms the through

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to a context as context a to advanced Wt rgr t te usa mda tde, imnn contends, Nieminen studies, media Russian the to regard With .

two al se t cm u wt mr nation more with up come to seek ually

salient works to specifically address the political economy of the Russian Russian the economy of political the specificallyaddress to works salient general

Te omr et o epaiig h cmo i historical in common the emphasizing on rests former The . peculiar in terms of politics, economics, and cultu and economics, politics, of terms in peculiar eorce ad rniin r non or transition and democracies

Hannu Nieminen Hannu research strategies research ountry, and devising measures of development base development of measures devising and ountry,

One of the most neat and precise conceptualization precise and neat most the of One

broader 15

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field of field most efficient most

he labels he

democratic development studies. development democratic -

eortc eie. Viewing regimes. democratic holds that democratization of democratization that holds - pcfc rmwrs Both, frameworks. specific tool the similarities school and school similarities the

to reach and influence influence and reach to

(Nieminen 2008).(Nieminen totalitarian) media media totalitarian) re, as Russia. I Russia. as re,

Western Western d

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CEU eTD Collection thefeaturesexhibiting both EuropeanAsi and of cont Vartanova as that, than Rather involvement. political media’s mass of intensity the to regard with model Italian the with and control, and regulation state the of role significant of terms Russian the that conclusion a at arrives She systems. media of categorization (2004) Mancini’s and Hallin of framework c Russian the to models 2013 (Vartanova markets media and ICTs, period Imperial path historical s school, exceptionalism the of representative multi of complexity social, economi post of process the in media of role the on reflected she works numerous 1990 of Dean ove control retaining by entrenched is influence state the claims, Becker structure, ownership of neo in journalism of features key the organizations, media owned privately of existence importance; political vital of issues the upon touch not do they as long as represented be to allowed are viewpoints various where pluralism, limited populace; the r a of significant media number outlets. ends, the Russian media model might be characterized as in as characterized be might model media Russian the ends, - s, she has been has she s, atnv’ apoc rle o rc dsrpie artvs ht aim that narratives descriptive rich on relies approach Vartanova’s the is country the within system media Russian the on author influential most The

Moscow State University Department of Journalism Elena Vartanov Elena Journalism of Department University State Moscow for

including in the scope of analysis not only federal, but also regional and loca and regional also but federal, only not analysis of scope the in including that the country’s mass media have undergone have media mass country’s the that , c transformation. and political

for

increasing

conducting theoretical conducting - ee poess hpn the shaping processes level ase, she nevertheless conducts some comparative research within the within research comparative some conducts nevertheless she ase,

along with elaborate mechanisms to limit their autonomy. One of One autonomy.their limit to mechanisms elaborate with along media model has similarities with those of Northern Europe in in Europe Northern of those with similarities has model media

attention to cultural factors, cultural to attention ). Recognizing t Recognizing ). - authoritarian media system is self is system media authoritarian

research on the Russian media industries. In her her In industries. media Russian the on research

16 e doae fr in for advocates he theoretical Western applyingof limitations he an media systemsan 2013 (Vartanova

modern

as well as well as during the S the during

- usa mda system. media Russian between, “Eurasian” model, model, “Eurasian” between, - et eaiain f the of examination depth

the role of market and and market of role the - - censorship. In terms terms In censorship. communist Russia’s communist oviet and even and oviet a. Since the late the Since a. to grasp the the grasp to ).

the A l

CEU eTD Collection ( it hindering than promotingpluralism thus rather and media viewpoints, agenda state “official” to challenge the th in concentration ownership pluralism in on effects detrimental same the have both since entities, corporate di essential no is there sense, this In influence. political elites’ incumbent entrenching of means the merely are these between boundaries at arrives He capital. the and groups, political media, the between interpenetration the as well as countries, authoritarian currently of patterns common states, a industries media Russian the significantly landscape the alter (Vartanova 2013). media might that centers” “power other and state the of influences informal the is argues, Vartanova in account into taken be to have that factors key the of One pressures. groups’ elite the for and vulnerability its as well identity as population, the of the preferences of formation in television national of role key the emphasizes ma fair of processes the hampers that economy 2008 mentio solid

publication, Vartanova first highlights the existence of “state paternalism” in media media in paternalism” “state of existence the highlights first Vartanova publication,

ning state interference in the media markets is not is markets media the in interference state ning These is centralrelations to anddiscourse The centers power power concentration, ownership of notion the uses explicitly never Vartanova Although uh s Russia, as such number of his works his of number

public discourse (Sparks 2000).

claims did not go unchallenged. As unchallenged. go not did claims fference between media ownership concentration at the hands of the state or or state the of hands the at concentration ownership media between fference Mickie

oe rltos ht mre ihn h mda ytm o frel or formerly of systems media the within emerge that relations power

Poland, wicz

groups of groups

to as well. as e Yeltsin period often enhanced the enhanced often period Yeltsin e

2000). study

ugr ad China and Hungary

actors are blurred, blurred, are actors

This media systems of the authoritarian and post and authoritarian the of systems media I n her later works later her n h cnlso ta i mda ytm i wih the which in systems media in that conclusion the renowned British Neo British renowned

rket competition (Vartanova 200 (Vartanova competition rket Ellen Ellen . mechanisms of industry concentration industry of mechanisms Mickiewicz H

, though, ,

the Russian media system analysis, system media Russian the is exception

research - Marxist

private she acknowledged the fact the acknowledged she al for her analyses. In her In analyses. her for al

freedom of the press and and press the of freedom noted, commercial media media commercial noted, Colin

s oue aon the around focused is

broadcasters’ scholar

Sparks’ analysis

8 h - communist ). She also She ). as electoral devoted

ability

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the contemporary Russian media model. media Russian contemporary the The bulk of the authors consider it sufficient to sufficient it consider authors the of bulk The , most notably, most , , the ,

markets is far from being clear being from far is markets ei anme f hrceitc uo hc ital al h uhr agree. authors the all virtually which upon characteristics of number a is re

on the on there

central role of the state in media system, media in state the of role central

is Russian media that I that media Russian news,

considerable eeiin Pwr ad h Pbi i Russia in Public the and Power, Television, nfluence

Mickiewicz . in other media industry secto industry media other in oe tt cnrl vr h mda and media, the over control state more Al ong with state media concentration, Putin era has seen seen erahas Putin concentration, media state with ong

of broadcastmedia. amount of literature of amount - cut and straightforward and cut 18

ee ge i detail in goes never

ms ntby ainl ei Gop This Group. Media National notably most , Despite the seemingly various approaches to to approaches various seemingly the Despite have observed have

At the same time, the ownership structure ownership the time, same the At

economic

acknowledge

both in Russia in both

ehnss f establishing of mechanisms often touch upon the matters matters the upon touch often on media pluralism are to be be to are pluralism media on rs. It is considered intuitive considered is It rs.

importance of the informal the of importance ) . , let alone the fact that it that fact the alone let , However,s no o exactly how into

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CEU eTD Collection televisionindustryRussian structure. ownership whole the interest. of period for available th audiences on renders data which the and Russia, transparent, relatively contemporary data in ownership market media the of segment researched majority the limited bro a to available being still internet the and press goals political compo important most the as reason television, mostly aforestated the filling at aims researchers major other by outlined characteristics its account into taking s outcomes change ownership of effects practical the studied. ubject rigorous to research. adcast media throughout the Putin period remained the primary source of information for information of source primary the remained period Putin the throughout media adcast is that, according to neoauthoritarian according that, is rwn upon Drawing

One more One

n ei freedom media on

of population (Poluekhtova 2009). Moreover, television is probably the most most the probably is television Moreover, 2009). (Poluekhtova population of . This is perfectly applicable to the Russian case: with deterioration of the print the of deterioration with case: Russian the to applicable perfectly is This .

Thus, the way is paved for conducting a political economic analysis of the the of analysis economic political a conducting for paved is way the Thus, visible shortcoming of the extant literature is the lack of studies of lack the is literature extant the of shortcoming visible lhuh h cs o a ai sain s lo xmnd n hpe 3 Chapter in examined also is station radio a of case the although

the

ekrs oin f usa s eatoiain ei system media neoauthoritarian as Russia of notion Becker’s

nent of the media the of nent n Russia in od n h literat the in void

hud o b tkn o granted for taken be not should

media media on 19

in terms of instrumental usage for achieving for usage instrumental of terms in r. t mi fcs s n broa on is focus main Its ure.

systems framework, systems framework, content. faction

I suggest that the ownership ownership the that suggest I

of the Russian citizens, citizens, Russian the of television bt ahr become rather but , , the current study current the ,

cs media, dcast

is perceived is perceived

examining .

The and and e CEU eTD Collection (Khvostunovathe early 2013). ofprivatization stages at assets media craving were who businessmen powerful to channels TV many of submission prone and unprofitable broadcasters biggest the made nineties early the in inflation galloping and situation economic Turbulent elites. the th and industries mean television between relations the determined not that practices informal entrenched did principles market and laws new of introduction and deregulation of broadcas processes of the decentralization by accompanied channels, television commercial th saw nineties of beginning The Chernobyl. like catastrophes news also but achievements, industrial and congresses party Communist the of reports only not include to started agenda television state the For broadened. considerably was air the in discussed be to allowed were that after content of liberalization with began It case thetransformations were notthat immediately oftelevision salient 2013). (Vartanova in pluralism, promoting and function watchdog serving institution public of role the partly, adjust to position a in more was press print the Whereas opinions. of pluralism and competition, market speech, of freedom independence, editorial of principles proclaimed newly the to introduced were they state, Following reality. 2.1 andits implications on media Chapter2: Television Post in The institu The new completely a face to had media Russian the Union, Soviet the of fall the After Thedynam

tional transformation of post of transformation tional the

decades of ideological contr ideological of decades - Soviet ics of ics television market ownership structure ig nutis Plehoa 2009 (Poluekhtova industries ting to the new rules of the game and was able to adopt, at least at adopt, to able was and game the of rules new the to Russia pluralism

the

items to seek for private sponsorship. It resulted in a in resulted It sponsorship. private for seek to 20

- advent of Perestroika, when the array of topics of array the when Perestroika, of advent Soviet television took place in several stages. stages. several in place took television Soviet

ol by and organizational dependence on the the on dependence organizational and by ol

discussing

oitl rbes n techno and problems societal e emergence of first non first of emergence e . t h sm time, same the At ). aoiin f deeply of abolition e

first time first - state

- CEU eTD Collection Implicatio Countries: Communist Former in Ownership 3 mid broadcaster biggest a of privatization state br a of transformation a be to declared officially were changes ownership these although noted, Poluekhtova Irina researcher Russian the As Yeltsin. President to advisor and businessman non of most of control the Eventually, enterprises. commercial among joint spread being rest the and share, 51% retaining a into ORT behind structure state the transformed broa commercial major first Russia’s becoming Gusinsky, country’s Vladimir businessman influential the an by of 1993 in 98% founded was some NTV population. for available them making infrastructure, rebroadcasting Soviet former the of structures the were two first wherecenters were power several competing o of instead post the and times old the between difference main The 2006). (Sparks personnel of deal good the cases, many in as, well as retained, were authorities the of me elaborated The 2011).(Voltmer times communist the from inherited relations power of patterns the them with carried they entities,inertial and huge regime.Being old the under acted that structures of heirs caseswere exis never that entities new brand as communism of decline of time the at emerge to started which institutions, public democratic many to contrast In bureaucratization. of levels high and organization hierarchical scale, large a by characterized

I first referred to this argument in my final paper for Political Communication course course Communication Political for myfinalpaper in this to argument first I referred - ieis h ol mjr V hne fly otold y h sae was state the by controlled fully channel TV major only the nineties oadcaster service channel, a into public television fact in a happened was toll what Three major television assets of the nineties were ORT, RTR and NTV channels. The The channels. NTV and RTR ORT, were nineties the of assets television major Three communist design, institutional of terms In ne ultimate center of power media organizations had to work in the environment the in work to had organizations media power of center ultimate ne

- state shares was consolidated by Boris Berezovsky, another influential influential another Berezovsky, Boris by consolidated was shares

chanisms of transmitting messages consistent with the will the with consistent messages transmitting of chanisms in the country (Poluekhtova 20 (Poluekhtova country the in 3 . 21 ns for Freedom of the Press”. Freedomfor ofthe ns

dcaster. In 1994, a special presidential decree presidential special a 1994, In dcaster.

Central Television, and thus retained its its retained thus and Television, Central - r bodatn ent broadcasting era - ted before, the television in most in television the before, ted tc cmay wt te state the with company, stock - omns elt a that was reality communist 09

– ). As a result, by the the by result, a As ).

“The Patterns of Media ofMedia Patterns “The

T, former a RTR, te were ities - free free CEU eTD Collection influential media shareholders, the“oligarchs”. the of those and government federal the within players major the of interests key the between balance current the on dependent was coverage the and elites, the among power for struggle exp they that viewpoints The state. the towards friendly always not were broadcasters major the However, 2013). (Khvostunova 1996 in Zuganov Gennady party leader Communist the against struggle close a in presidency the preserve to Yeltsin Boris factors key the of one was support media massive instance, for that, recognized widely is It drastic. was politicization and instrumentalization their of level the widely, quite of period (Poluekhtova 2009 content their rebroadcast to stations partner regional of network a develop channel these infrastructure, Television federal abovementioned the Unlike scheme. broadcasting efficient new the and content “soft” the of popularity to due audiences television REN commercial and TNT national STS, as of such networks introduction the was direction this in developments (Vartanova entertainment in mainly specializing was and format channels, new brand TV of emergence the major for responsible the of content and agenda the determining in importance channels commercial level nineties of beginning The well. as transformations which1991. was established in VGTRK, holding media state of part a and Television Central Soviet the of channel second h mjrt o te usa mda eerhr nt ta atog drn ti initial this during although that note researchers media Russian the of majority The major undergoing was market television national the time, same the At

post - communist development, the ownership of key media outlets was dispersed dispersed was outlets media key of ownership the development, communist ).

n T stations TV and

- ee bodatr ta to avnae f l Central old of advantage took that broadcasters level - hd hi bs sain i Mso ad ogt to sought and Moscow in stations base their had s V wih were which TV, 22 Avriig a bcm a atr f great of factor a become has Advertising .

a poieain f einl n local and regional of proliferation saw of commercial broadcasting enterprises, broadcasting commercial of 2013

able to quickly gain considerable considerable gain quickly to able . n o te ot important most the of One ). ressed reflected the the reflected ressed n h regions the in that helped helped that - CEU eTD Collection electronic, press, print in outlets influential of number considerable a of control managerial mass of Putin’s means a them make even state the against fighting of means a disinformation, sometimes and adversaries, their on retaliation interest political and commercial sponsors’ “ that mentioned Putin address, nation the of State 2000 his In state. the of interest predatory broadcastin primarily media, the judiciary, the and legislature the of submission gradual the with Along system. political the of stability the secure would that ma broadcast a political system. key are still asset theRussian media within illustrate, figures these As 2014). Center (Levada channels TV consume federal by delivered primarily content they that indicated sample national representative the of cent per 78 2014, of As Russians. of majority the for information of source major the remained o penetration 2.2 media a playersresult discussion. ofcompetitive rather public than the stakeholders, str power a private of result a was air the in expressed opinions of pluralism of number a and state the between dispersed was broadcasters major of ownership the that fact the Despite Mickiewicz. by advanced argument agenda” “counterbal than rather view elites” the of influence “detrimental Sparks’ the 1990 industrythe television throughout economic inefficiency of the bulk of the media makes them dependent on their owners’ and owners’ their on dependent them makes media the of bulk the of inefficiency economic jor power centers and political institutions, seeking to establish the “vertical of authority” of “vertical the establish to seeking institutions, political and centers power jor Industry transformation and duringthe Putin era configuration

Right after ascending to presidency in 2000, Vladimir Putin Putin Vladimir 2000, in presidency to ascending after Right massive the despite century, 21th the of decades second and first the Throughout I n sum, giving a theoretical evaluation of the ownership structure of the Russian Russian the of structure ownership the of evaluation theoretical a giving sum, n is peieta tr, h srcue o te oenet ezd iaca and/or financial seized government the of structures the term, presidential first f internet technologies, new media and social networks, federal networks, social and media new technologies, internet f - s, I suggest that during this period the evidenceperiod favors the during this that I suggest s, . t los hm o s te ei a a ol of tool a as media the use to them allows It s. 23

”

(President of Russia 2000) Russia of (President g, became the target of the the of target the became g,

uggle between influential between uggle began

to consolidate all consolidate to -

level television level . Throughout . ancing state state ancing d

new s CEU eTD Collection most the of out pushed were discussions political Substantive pluralism. media of limitation transfor court order(New York2002). Times upon down shut also was TV6 2002 in However, time. the at stakeholder main the was who T minor a joined journalists leading editor takeover; the of acceptance over split was team NTV The News, 2001). (ABC station radio Moscow of Echo influential and network television TNT with ove taken was broadcaster the 2001, April In followed. bankrupt company the declare to attempts several and arrest Gusinsky’s conflict. state by filed lawsuit controversial Med 2000, from Starting MediaMost. corporation media Gusinsky’s Vladimir of asset core the was channel The salience. of issues public other of as well as republic, Chechen in operation military and Russia his assets leave in country. the of rest the sell to had oligarch former the Eventually, policies. president’s criticizing fiercely of result a was It 2001). (Zolotov 2001 in Kremlin” the of behalf “on asset the purchased reportedly who Abramovich, Roman tycoon oil ally, Putin’s alleged an to ORT in stake cent per 49 his sell to forced was former authority political unchecked an to drive Putin’s oppose and contain to ambitions their exposed which moguls media the of assets the (Vartanova 2013). r and federal the on both industry, media the of segments radio and television As the Russian media scholar Olga Khvostunova noted, these ownership ownership these noted, Khvostunova Olga scholar media Russian the As the of criticism sharp its for renowned was channel NTV affected developments ownership notable most the market, television to regard With mations contributed to the general trend of public political debate deterioration and and deterioration debate political public of trend general the to contributed mations

a public standoff between Putin and Berezovsky, who was was who Berezovsky, and Putin between standoff public a V6 channel following the invitation by Boris Berezovsky, Berezovsky, Boris by invitation the following channel V6 -

otold nry hmin apo oe a property a over Gazprom champion energy controlled

– r by Gazprom subsidiary Gazprom Media, along Media, Gazprom subsidiary Gazprom by r

Bori 24

s Berezovsky and Vladimir Gusinsky. The The Gusinsky. Vladimir and Berezovsky s for

its uncompromising stance on a number number a on stance uncompromising its iaMost has been a defendant in a a in defendant a been has iaMost federal government’s government’s federal - in - chief and several several and chief egional levels egional CEU eTD Collection 2006, asset. the acquired just for persisted Severstal configuration ownership manufacturer this However, steel Russian the and RTL holding media L Dmitry and Irena founders, its by operated and 1990 late the since programs analytical airing was and subdivision news own well as news hard but content, entertaining severelyaffected by thestate were them of many that 2014 of trend legislation tightening of advent the until not was It indust television of realm separate a interference.formed stateThey direct operateof free to were allowed enterprisesprivate these era, Putin the During revenues. advertising increasing therefore, and, audiences mounting a such content, entertainment in specializing television networks commercial influential of number a time, same the At defense. of Ministry the a (Star) Zvezda of broadened emergence the saw 2006 issues. considerably significant covered topics of array changed: was sports only was content its Initially, holding. media VGTRK within Sport) name the (by established was channel 2 Rossiya 2004, In orientation. thematic federal concentrate to continued state place. Yet, the channels television ofnational took first tier inthe andmore takeovers mergers array (Khvostunova expressed viewpoints 2013). of the and scope in narrowed artificially discussions by replaced were they channels, television federal notably most coverage, widest the with outlets the In media. internet emerging sphere media the of margins the to outlets popular

the share previously owned by Severst by owned previously share the e, hr wr a e css f omril eeiin netw television commercial of cases few a were there Yet, Subse quent years of the second Putin’s and then Medvedev’s presidential terms, no no terms, presidential Medvedev’s then and Putin’s second the of years quent - induced pressure. ry, functioning according to the competitive market logic. market competitive the to according functioning ry, - ee canl o a mle sae n more and scale smaller a of channels level . One example is REN TV, a channel that had its had that channel a TV, REN is example One . 25 al was partly acquired by Abros, an enterprise an Abros, by acquired partly was al

esnevsky, until 2005, when the German German the when 2005, until esnevsky, –

middle SS n RN V wr enjoying were TV, REN and STS s

ltl mr ta a than more little a - related, but in 2010 the concept the 2010 in but related, – -

class a channel fully controlled by controlled fully channel a - orks that aired not only only not aired that orks retd pr oriented d mrcd socially embraced nd - s. It was owned owned was It s. n pes and press int year

specific n late In - level CEU eTD Collection outsiders; the to cooperation any denying while loyal the to information closed and events unequal regulations; jour and outlets safety media different of treatment fire to law tax from sanctions, legal of application selective Among thoseare tosqueezingmedia state. economiccontributed freedom the by methodsthat a vast a out laid Vartanova Elena opinions. expressed publicly of pluralism the curb and sphere media in competition eliminate to order regimein Putin’s the and population, of majority the to responsible room for for providing at political discussion the n news hard delivering organizations broadcasting major the all over control seize eventually to televisio managed state the Yet, commercial sector. entertainment independent enterprises, broadcasting private Alongwith state of ownership. interms picture presented a varied 2011 to stat fully as Group Media National consider therefore connections and Putin, informal strong has beneficiary main its that note researchers the of most in share cent per 25 including enterprises, media influential of number a merged fully or in shares purchased NMG inception, its Since conglomerate. this into integrated fully was TV REN h media a Group, Media Naional of part a became channels both 2008, early In again. license broadcasting federala obtained 2006 in which 1997, until status federal a had have to used that broadcaster structures time, same purchased Kovalchuk the by controlled at Nearly 2008). (Bordyug Putin Vladimir of friend personal Kovalchuk Yuri by bank Rossiya of structures the through controlled ).

Obviously, concentration of ownership was not the only instrument that was used by by used was that instrument only the not was ownership of concentration Obviously, industry television Russian 2000 since above, review the from visible is it As

Perviy Kanal (former ORT). Despite the fact that media holding is privately owned, owned, privately is holding media that fact the Despite ORT). (former Kanal Perviy olding newly formed by Kovalchuk, although it was not until 2011 when 2011 until not was it although Kovalchuk, by formed newly olding a share in a restored 5 Kanal, a Saint a Kanal, 5 restored a in share a nalists nalists 26

–

providing preferences such as access to access as such preferences providing ational level. ational level. e - - ry f oiia, ea and legal political, of rray controlled (Free controlled owned and state owned –

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hard news

on television audience television on in a process of limiting media pluralism throughout the observed pe observed the throughout pluralism media limiting of process a in

current chapter, I assume that concentration of television ownership in the in ownership television of concentration that assume I chapter, current bring about bring xmn te fet of effects the examine ht oiia cneune dd hs economic this did consequences political What he fact that during the Putin era there were cases of violent attacks, attacks, violent of cases were there era Putin the during that fact he legal, and informal policies and policies informal and legal, Expansion of the share of telev of share the of Expansion of

audience dynamicsaudience 2000 - controlled corporations was one of the tools that was utilized by utilized was that tools the of one was corporations controlled

the matter of how many people regularly watch the news on a a on news the watch regularly people many how of matter the journalists, which might have contributed to promotion of self of promotion to contributed have might which journalists, ?

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000 (TNS Russia (TNS 000 most influential Russian business dailies business Russian influential most ). However, I suggest tha suggest I However, ). vle I rpeet the represents It value. y I ret I Following

egr n custos in acquisitions and mergers rieved the audience data from the archives of TNS Russia group, a group, Russia TNS of archives the from data audience the rieved

that watched a certain channel certain a watched that

o te state) the (or the methodology used by Djankov et al. (2003), al. et Djankov by used methodology the

share of its stock its of share that has been a been has that

n.d. - ieis Tee aa r nt ulcy available publicly not are data These nineties. can only weaken the observed rates of state influence. Since the unit unit the Since influence. state of rates observed the weaken only can ). I assume that characteristics of the sample might slightly slant the the slightlyslant might sample the of characteristics that Iassume ). t these differences are insignificant for the ends of the current the of ends the for insignificant are differences these t

as ultimately exercising control over the media outlet if it it if outlet media the over control exercising ultimately as percentage -

level channels with thehighestlevel channels leader of leader , but no less than 20% at every tie of the chain (in case (in chain the of tie every at 20% than less no but , the is representative for the cities with population over over population with cities the for representative is

major industries major f vrl T audience TV overall of , Kommersant and Vedomosti, which report on on report which Vedomosti, and Kommersant , 28

the Russian television audience measurement measurement audience television Russian the throughout the throughout

p oprd o h ntoa representative national the to compared ip

ownership

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points in time that are marked by NTV takeover and the and takeover NTV by marked are that time in points controlled broadcasters , hr ae w pit i tm wih onie with coincide which time in points two are there 1,

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After seizing operational control over NTV, the the NTV, over control operational seizing After 29

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t e mrec of emergence he As it was illustrated above, throu above, illustrated was it As examination from comes insight Another o h dnmc o te grgt T viewership TV aggregate the of dynamics the to

sector

might have been have might , there were no significant cha significant no were there , ). As it it As ). t eand t hs ee utl 08 we RN V n 5 aa federal Kanal 5 and TV REN when 2008, until level this at remained It e share of hard news audience reached audience news hard of share e –

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the f ad es audience news hard of

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channels

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viewer phases As it was po was it As second the over control of concentration was phase second the of logic The by the scholars as being heavily influenced by the state through the informal means. means. informal the through state the by influenced heavily being as scholars the by

s nationwide . The first one first The . to n Va and waged

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any political viewpoints or speakers, hostile to the incumbent incumbent the to hostile speakers, or viewpoints political any just one of many economic, political and legal pressures that political andlegal economic, ofmany one just took place in the initial period of centralizing and consolidating and centralizing of period initial the in place took

Russian e reach ce , consolidation of the most popular broadcasters’ financial broadcasters’ popular most the of consolidation ,

television In the current chapter, I observed observed I chapter, current the In media the Russianhardaudience. news a well as , - thirds

by the authorities the by 31

wesi cnetain a ufl i two in unfold was concentration ownership l sports and military channels). It culminated Itsports and militarychannels). l culminated

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CEU eTD Collection Russia”. Caseof The Change: Ownership Media 4 character the assess the over control prov state the by acquired were study under outlets the after politics of coverage in changes dramatic an in the air. speakers certain of absence or presence the be to has limitation pluralism of indicators major discussion state and state Russ the 2013) Khvostunova by noted was it As change. ownership the after and before content the compare to is effects such of magnitude the and existence the by disseminated conclude Therefore, deliver. they that information the of quality and neutrality objectivity, of expense the at sponsors their of interests economic or political the serve media the makes coverage or the framing, biases and directly agenda the influences expressed, viewpoints the of range the limits that w other 1 Chapter in Chapter3:

This chapter is based on my final paper for the Qualitative Data Analysis course course Analysis Data thefor Qualitative myfinalpaper on is based chapter This d change in the attitudes towards major political actors political major towards attitudes the in change d iding an insight into what were the particular outcomes of the observed expansion ofstateoutcomes expansion ofthewhat observed iding were insighttheparticular an into - controlled media holding? media controlled reviewed literature of bulk the as concentration, ownership media of danger main The ords, it enables the powerful and the rich to manipulate the media content in a way way a in content media the manipulate to rich the and powerful the enables it ords, InI chapter, this

that

and elimination of all “da all of elimination and contend detrimental - Implicationsof otold omril niis rsle i dtroain f ulc political public of deterioration in resulted entities, commercial controlled usa bodat ei. lo i Also, media. broadcast Russian , concentration of ownership of the most popular broadcast media by the by media broadcast popular most the of ownership of concentration ,

of corporate ownership conso ownership corporate of , is that is , particular

will

effects of ownership ownership of effects

attempt todet it produces conditions favorable for limiting media pluralism. In pluralism. media limiting forfavorable producesconditions it

f eti atr o eet. hs id f instrumental of kind This events. or actors certain of

This analysis will complement the find the complement will analysis This media

the ngerous” opinions ngerous”

outlet

ownershipchange on ect a Te ot tagtowr wy o eet the detect to way straightforward most The . 33 must be tracea be must

relationship between the change of ownership betweenchangerelationship of the lidation lidation t will will t a mda ytm eerhr (. g. (e. researchers system media ian

from the air the from , as reflected in content. in reflected as , rvd eiec ta i needed is that evidence provide –

ble in the content produced and produced content the in ble a

relatively . Consequently, one of the of one Consequently, . –

“Political Implications of Implications “Political media ings of Chapter 2 by by 2 Chapter of ings

new type of media of type new

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CEU eTD Collection network the over control operational full establish and share RTL’s acquire to managed created newly into incorpor then was TV REN outlets, media electronic and print influential other of number of and “Rossiya” Surgutneftegaz company by founders Dmitry away relatively occurred that change ge the by unnoticed ownership of cases two on focus I Instead, knowledge. variable dependent 2014) NTV Russia in broadcaster t channel NTV an was instances anti even or neutral from orientation their shift quickly to only enterprises, state by over taken were outlets media independent 3.1 considered outlets belong. media concentration REN TV stake, ending up at 68 per cent per 68 at up ending stake, TV REN Case selection

. Those are . Those Yt slcig ae ac cases selecting Yet, . soon . After it had rise had it After . REN TV was founded in 1997 by television journalist journalist television by 1997 in founded was TV REN t regime, Putin’s During

(Kiselyova 2011) (Kiselyova

eae osdrd s n o te ot oa pro loyal most the of one as considered became , etlmn' RTL Bertelsmann's its main stakeholder Yuri Kovalchuk Yuri stakeholder main its represented

REN TV TV REN

National Media Group. However, it was not until June 2011 June until not was it However, Group. Media National neral public and did not result in result not did and public neral –

, which was setting the standards of professional television journalism, television professional of standards the setting was which , a research strategy that would be unlikely to produce any new valuable valuable new any produce to unlikely be would that strategy research a n to popularity as a national a as popularity to n ( . television network

35%

I regard the fact th fact the regard I y the by

odn t ti picpe ol be would principle this to cording here each) in 2005. in each)

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emergence (

ogt 30% bought have been several notorious examples of how p how of examples notorious several been have - government to pro to government

and RSN news RSN radioand station 34

at between 2008 and 2011 a considerable share share considerable a 2011 and 2008 between at

f the of Yet, Yet,

in early 2008. Together with 5 Kanal and a and Kanal 5 with Together 2008. early in share),

since 2006 structures controlled by bank bank by controlled structures 2006 since have been gradually consolidating shares consolidating gradually been have - position editorial of changestriking

level channel, it was purchased from its its from purchased was it channel, level ainl ei Group Media National - Kremlin. One of the most most the of One Kremlin. stee Irena Lesnevskaya Irena l - ae Svrtl and Severstal maker eie proponents regime cs selection case a s mjr commercial major rst .

, to which both both which to ,

when NMG NMG when and her son her and

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CEU eTD Collection minority about concerns possible eliminates which shareholders’ influence. acquisition, stake cent per 100 outcomes similar renders It stations. radio by broadcast content audio of those from different drasti not is content TV audiovisual of format and structure nature, that is point more 37 of level Petersbu Saint and Moscow like cities in larger is audience of share The revenues. advertising and audiences and considerable a holds been hasn’t radio that fact the there wasRSN purchased by elections, parliamentary of ahead months few a 2011, July In Group. Media Russian holding media private the to belonged has it 2005, in station radio news separate people 500,000 exceeded audience its most the of leader permanent the in originated controlled Nationala Group, marking reference as Media change. point theownership andfull financial operati expected the holding media international an by owned was stake the of are

Although the radio industry is out of the scope of the analysis presented in Chapter 2, Chapter in presented analysis the of scope the of out is industry radio the Although ( RSN oi wie nern te eainhp bten wesi cag ad content and change ownership between relationships the inferring while logic

a number of reasons to consider the case of RSN within a current chapter. Despite chapter. current a within RSN of case the consider to reasons of number a for both TV and radio and TV both for - 40 million people, exceeding a quarter of the population the of quarter a exceeding people, million 40

ownership effects on content. Therefore, I will count June 2011, a point when when point a 2011, June count will I Therefore, content. on effects ownership Russkaya Sluzhba Novostei Sluzhba Russkaya rg. Between 2010 and 2013, the national daily radio audience persisted at the at persisted audience radio daily national the 2013, and 2010 Between rg. Russian Radio news department. Starting from early 2014, it has been a a been has it 2014, early from Starting department. news Radio Russian Kovalchuk’s Media National Group

onal control over the channel was concentrated by theallegedly state concentrated by was channel onal the control over remarkably -

cited radio station rating, as measured by Medialogia. In 2012, In Medialogia. by measured as rating, station radio cited a major segment of the media system media the of segment major a . Finally, RSN is a is RSN Finally, .

tbe oto o mda akt n em o both of terms in market media of portion stable , Russian News Service) is a news radio station that station radio news a is Service) News Russian , Rdootlr 2012) (Radioportal.ru 35

somewhat ,

as a possible cause for for cause possible a as (Okorokova 2011) (Okorokova rare Sinc . Russia century 21st in case ( RBC Daily 2013). One One 2013). Daily RBC is mrec a a as emergence its e of a single a of possible to apply to possible 100 per cent per 100 .

mitigating - moment

cally , it , of of - CEU eTD Collection andfrom to toAugust June Putin; December June for 2012 from Navalny. 2010 and for 2012 June and 2010 June is it 2011), June in ownership (changed case TV REN the In insuffi is 2011 the November before mentions his since of number 2011, January to 2010 November from is period observation first the Navalny, For 2012. June and 2010 June are Putin for periods observation the 2011, July early in Group the for opposition Putin; Vladimir mention that texts the consider I government, the towards stance the analyzing For figures. political relevant feature that outlets the by produced pieces news all at look I represented, are politicians opposition and incumbent way the in interested am I Since interest. of topic the to related items news of numbers sufficient include to order ini was of observation period The take. might policies new to adjusting that time the for account to supposed have outlet’s the in visible be content. to has absence its or change the time, Over some success. with of pressure degree more putting by stance editorial the influences she or he motivated, interest outlet. media particular the from of owners and authorities, coming groups, influences outside and values, social and professional constraints, produces. outlet the cont the in reflected is therefore and editors, the and newscasters, journalists, the by shared universally less or more is stance unspoken This reporting. its of scope the in are that coherent relatively 3.2 Dataand

produce In order to trace the shift in editor in shift the trace to order In One

– basic

those that mention Alexey Navalny. Since RSN was acqui was RSN Since Navalny.Alexey mention that those d Methodology

one year before and one year after the event of ownership change. The delay is delay The change. ownership of eventthe yearafter one and beforeyear one

assumption underlying t underlying assumption n codntd oiin oad te oiia pwr ad ulc issues public and powers political the towards position coordinated and ily e a oe ot, u i sm isacs t a t b etne in extended be to had it instances some in but month, one as set tially It might be perceived as as perceived be might It

ial stances, I analyze the content that media outlets media that content the analyze I stances, ial he

36 current the

equilibrium of organizational pressures and pressures organizational of equilibrium

analysis cient. The second one is June 2012. June is one second The cient.

is that each media outlet has a a has outlet media each that is If the new owner is politically politically is owner new the If red by National Media Media National by red

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those - hmtc a thematic 37 ald ojcs o itrs, hc icue not include which interest, of “objects” called

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are newsbreaks themselves), serving merely as brief reports brief as merelyservingthemselves), arenewsbreaks one Tee r txs ht oti ifrain bu some about information contain that texts are These . re o con frte agenda the for account to order - sided 38

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In June 2010, Putin served as a Prime Minister of of Minister Prime a as served Putin 2010, June In 2012 June VladimirPutin. 2010and June negative more than two terms in a row. Dmitry Medvedev, a former head of Putin’s Putin’s of head former a Medvedev, Dmitry row. a in terms two than more

to take a look at the themes with regard to which a political figure is mentioned is figure political a which to regard with themes the at look a take to

icated through relatively indirect relatively through icated

messages ,

I encountered opinionated messages that were produced and delivered by delivered and produced were that messages opinionated encountered I

ratio (as measured by the same criteria as in RSN case), RSN in as criteria same the by measured (as ratio tmns r odns ht ih b ietfe a frames, as identified be might that wordings or atements

president in May 2008, and the period under review is in is review under period the and 2008, May in president well

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the constitutional prohibition against one person person one against prohibition constitutional the 40

means such as choice of topic and speaker and topic of choice as such means

was was

; and the speakers relevant for a particular particular a for relevant speakers the and ; no alternative vi alternative no

just a newscaster. Yet, the bulk of the of bulk the Yet, newscaster. a just the the RSN case, where the editorial the where case, RSN Russian Federation. He had to to had He Federation. Russian ewpoint represented; an represented; ewpoint I t is also is t h posi the who the the who

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CEU eTD Collection 5 be might pause a Plus, holidays. “ considerations: solid and high are which rates, overall the at look to have We high. fantastically are figures these to six of decrease “ before: as popularity much as enjoyed Putin that claiming support, of level actual the reflect not did figures these why pro (three experts four positive, as marked showed poll the of results The agency. sociological biggest country’s the by rating support Putin’s three short Economy Welfare, culture & sports Foreign Affairs Domestic Affairs Interviews Commentaries Short factual international politics. of head of position the lea after even that fact the marks This issues. international with deal messages the all of

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positive towards Putin. All positive comments were triggered by a publication of publication a by triggered were comments positive All Putin. towards positive

In summer there is traditional political demobilization, when people go on go people when demobilization, political traditional is there summer In

seven percent seems horrific. But if we look at the overall support rates support overall the at look we if But horrific. seems percent seven

state Table 1. V. Putin’s representation by RSN in June in 2010 RSN by representation V. Putin’s 1. Table ,

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dces dtrie b te uhrte’ strategic authorities’ the by determined decrease m - governmental and one independent) elaborated on elaborated independent) one and governmental Topics 41 Neutral presented as presented

45 43 0 2

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ann cmetre, f which of commentaries, taining the bulk of the news items were items news the of bulk the an active player in the arena of arena the in player active an 13 12 12 9

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48 43 ations 0 5

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CEU eTD Collection 7 6 is which opposition”, “systemic called Russia” “United than other parties parliamentary or Council Rights Human President’s Th category. opposition an to assigned be cannot law the criticize pro the from come commenters “positive” are norms new the disorders, and assaults, organiz to events public these use to want who those For problem. no is “ demonstrators: peaceful of security reac reg widely was which law, this of introduction the on reflects this period, during comments negative and positive produced which media, the in discussion the by signed was and rules. new the violated who those of imprisonment and arrest for grounds more and fines higher organized intentionally of which legislation result the were clashes “provocations” the whether check to launched arres were participants several and police, the with clashes violent in resulted It Moscow. in demonstration protest large a for supporters their mobilized leaders opposition the 2012, May 7 on scheduled results. that in cycle electoral new

S. Zheleznyak. RSN,08.06.2012. Zheleznyak. S. 11.06.2010. Badovskiy.RSN, D. tion to tion

6 This law was introduced by Putin, passed all the necessary parliamentary procedures parliamentary necessary the all passed Putin, by introduced was law This presidency the to returned Putin 2012, In ”. All such claims were not contested by any alternative interpretation of the poll’s poll’s the of interpretation alternative any by contested not were claims such All ”.

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only nominally only - regime experts praised the new law as enhancing the enhancing as law new the praised experts regime gulation of mass demonstration mass of gulation - oenet aeoy Yt toe paes who speakers those Yet, category. government 42

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of publications related to P to related publications of

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M. Maksimovskaya. RSN, 05.01.2011. RSN, Maksimovskaya. M. 8 Mo actions Legal Political Whistleblowing Interviews Commentaries Short factual ”.

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30 30 0 0

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which is formally independent from the state. the from independent formally is which d

s n ntuet o lmtn pluralism limiting for instrument an as media outlet media ars who ars - controlled mediacontrolled outlets. have s’

ownership change. ownership argued that argued , and ,

representing the incumbent leaders in advantageous in leaders incumbent the representing corporate media ownership concen ownership media corporate

These findings are largely consonant with the with consonant largely are findings These

esearchers, such as Becker, Khvostunova Khvostunova Becker, as such esearchers,

f opinions of It provides evidence provides It sprtn ciis f the of critics separating , privately owned owned privately ference in how key key how in ference tration, of which of tration, justifying

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CEU eTD Collection in resulted observation, of period question: research first my to answer straightforward a suggest findings These of cent per 92 broadcasters over control financial exercised state the 2001, since of results and 2001 in takeover with network coincided changes audience TV key the when stages, several in unfolded through state the by controlled are ownership entertainment, in solely specializes that one the In industry. TV national the of segments two the between distinction tur it model, system media neoauthoritarian Becker’s with corporationspolitical ends. servethese tie robust and norms state by monopolized is life social and politics of coverage the sector, media entertainment the within exists pluralism limited While all viewpoints alternative to Russia theoretical extant concentration ownership and narrative, Conclusion

All these key points were supported by the findings findings the by supported were points keythese All Using considers it primarily as a means of reinforcing the political status quo by eliminating by quo status political the reinforcing of means a as primarily it considers the

seizing national T national a tolerated the national TV audience; since 2008, this figure this 2008, since audience; TV national the

ei content media

combination

approaches revealed that the dominant view of the media concentration in concentration media the of view dominant the that revealed approaches almost full financial control over the media outlets delivering outlets media the over control financial full almost s between political and business elites business and political between s

the . The segment that de that segmentThe . V audience V

in ue o fair of rules state’s strategic policy of broadcast me broadcast of policy strategic state’s

that of

the contemporary Russian media system. Consideration of the the of Consideration system. media Russian contemporary the of political economy analysis, which relied mainly on causal causal on mainly relied which analysis, economy political of

nlss I ae tepe t rvst the revisit to attempted have I analysis,

the the

the

gradual process of ownership concentration. This process This concentration. ownership of process gradual dynamics analysis were striking: as they as striking: were analysis dynamics mrec o the of emergence

state

- controlled organizations. controlled market

from the mass media with highest audience reach. massmediafrom the livers hard news turned out to be to out turned news hard livers 56

competition competition ainl ei Gop n 08 The 2008. in Group Media National in

ned out that that out ned might the current study. In accordanceIn study.current the and private and even foreign foreign even and private and was never below 99 per cent. per 99 below never was dia ownership consolidation ownership dia

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CEU eTD Collection owners new the by imposed pressures the despite that possible requirements new the with comply to likely more are who those with is owners new the by outcomes content the prima influencing the of one since staff, editorial of dynamics the to attention special pay observation. of period single a during dominant be might that agenda m from to experience ow of result a as position political instrumen cases both in power, communicational of exercise With objectivity. and pluralism media to threat a posit concentration in that claims Sparks’ for work. at actually mechanism the politics. of coverage the to comes it when authorities cong media private reinforces This expected. was it way the in figures political major of coverage in shifts recognizable exhibited Group Media National the by acquired media Russian major the by advanced might bespecified state of majority the

better

control over television as one of one as television over control In the current study, media content analysis was used to detect the change the detect to used was analysis content media study, current the In The ultiple periods of time, in order to compensate for the possible influences of the the of influences possible the for compensate to order in time, of periods ultiple

capture suggested a number of methodological developments for further research. In order order In research. further for developments methodological of number a suggested results s

usa tlvso viewers. television Russian Combined with the pre the with Combined the ownership effects reflected in media content, data content, media in reflected effects ownership the f noml nlecs woe fiay a srse b Vartanova, by stressed was efficacy whose influences, informal of : theand state seekscomprehensive control. establish full to

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57 the hrfr, ekrs oin f h establishing the of notion Becker’s Therefore,

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the methods that havethe methods been used the coverage of both the authorities and the opposition at the same the at opposition the and authorities the both of coverage ,

electronic media

might not reflect the general shift in the editorial stance. editorial the in shift general the reflect not might 58

with expert interviews expert with

include other media industries such as such industries media other include .

. ve been improved by by improved been ve

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radio, CEU eTD Collection 2000 Appendix1

PERVIY KANAL ROSSIYA NTV TNT 5 KANAL (active since 01.10.2006 ) STS REN TV TV TSENTR ROSSIYA 24 29.01.2007)(since TV-3 DOMASHNIY 01.03.2005)(since ROSSIYA 2 26.07.2004)(since ZVEZDA 27.03.2006)(since DISNEY 31.12.2011)(since DTV VIASAT / PERETS 17.10.2011)(since MTV / PYATNITSA 01.06.2013)(since ROSSIYA KULTURA MUZ TV / U (с 16.09.2012) 2X2 (с 01.08.2008) EURONEWS - 2014

:Top - 20 national 20

2000

27,0 17,6 17,9

3,8 0,0 5,2 3,9 2,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,6 0,6 0,7 0,0 0,0

2001

27,7 18,7 12,6

3,1 0,0 6,3 4,8 2,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,9 0,8 0,6 0,0 0,0 Source: RussiaTNS -

2002

28,8 19,5 14,1

3,6 0,0 6,6 5,4 2,2 0,0 1,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,4 1,1 1,5 0,7 0,0 0,0 levelRussian TV channels

2003

25,6 19,6 12,9

5,3 0,0 9,1 5,4 2,6 0,0 1,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,9 1,3 1,9 1,0 0,0 0,1 59

2004

25,7 20,0 11,9

6,6 0,0 9,8 5,2 2,6 0,0 1,9 0,0 0,9 0,0 0,0 1,3 1,4 2,3 1,2 0,0 0,2

2005

23,0 22,5 11,2

10,3

6,6 0,0

4,9 2,5 0,0 1,9 1,0 1,8 0,0 0,0 1,5 1,1 2,5 1,0 0,0 0,2

2006

21,2 19,5 12,9

10,2

5,9 0,1

4,2 2,6 0,0 2,3 1,4 2,5 0,3 0,0 1,7 1,1 2,5 1,4 0,0 0,2

2007

21,0 17,0 13,9

6,7 0,7 8,8 4,4 3,0 0,4 2,3 1,9 1,9 0,7 0,0 1,8 1,0 2,4 1,4 0,0 0,2

2008

20,8 17,2 13,2

7,2 1,1 8,8 4,5 2,9 0,9 2,8 2,2 2,1 1,1 0,0 1,8 1,0 2,1 1,0 0,2 0,2

2009

18,9 17,1 13,9

6,9 1,9 8,8 4,9 3,2 0,9 2,8 2,2 1,7 1,3 0,0 1,9 1,0 2,0 0,8 0,6 0,2 ’

audience

2010

17,9 16,2 15,2

7,1 1,9 8,4 4,3 3,3 0,8 2,4 2,2 1,9 1,7 0,0 1,9 0,9 1,8 1,0 0,7 0,2

2011

16,8 15,3 14,3

7,6 3,1 7,5 4,4 2,9 0,9 2,0 2,3 1,9 1,6 0,0 1,7 0,7 1,7 1,1 0,8 0,2

2012

13,7 13,3 14,0

7,6 5,3 6,7 5,2 2,6 0,9 2,5 2,6 2,3 1,8 2,3 2,1 0,8 1,6 1,0 0,8 0,2 ,

2013

13,8 12,9 12,7

7,1 5,8 6,6 5,1 2,9 1,2 2,7 2,5 2,3 2,1 1,7 1,9 1,0 1,6 1,0 0,8 0,2

2014

14,5 13,2 11,2

6,8 5,6 5,8 4,1 3,1 3,1 2,5 2,4 2,3 2,3 1,5 1,6 1,3 1,3 0,9 0,8 0,2

CEU eTD Collection number Appendix2 Page 24 41 41

K. State ofthe nation Badovskiy. RSN, V. Putin, AnnualV. Putin, address, 2000.

Simonov 11.06.2010 11.06.201 :ofList the Source .

RSN 0

, quotations even of ameans make them their owners’ and sponsors’ adversaries, and sometimes fantastically have We high. separately from the overall Right nowthere need isno to look atto look the overall rates, support is to besupport isto mobilized. interests. Itinterests. allows themto early electoral 2011a new Iffigures we lookatthose makes themdependent on the overall supportrates horrific.But we if lookat Economic inefficiency of use the mediaa of astool means offightingagainst commercial and political cycle starts,the and then which areand solid high data, a to decrease ofsix leadership’sIn strategy. mass disinformation, a people gopeople onholidays. Plus, apausePlus, demobilization, whendemobilization, the bulkof themedia seven percent seems English translationEnglish causedcertain by a traditional political In there summer is retaliation on their these the state in that figures arefigures 60

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пауза се –

CEU eTD Collection

41 47 44 44 44 44

S. Zheleznyak.S. RSN, M. Maksimovskaya. V. Goreglyad. RSN, REN TV reporter RSN, 10.12.2010 RSN, 05.01.2011 RSN, 07.01.2011 RSN, E. Chichvarkin. M. Kononenko. Novosti 24, Novosti 24.11.2010 08.06.2012 01.06.2012

those who want use to these who publishes thematerials directlyramp meet to tothe startedthat Putin a of series wouldn’tgone haveagainst In fact [the this some sense his officialtoforeign visits Our Assange Russian (…), and “interesting to who is“freshand shining” For those whotake people the provocations, assaults, matter for ofpride official aware of,but they are not. “Aa political leader”, new showing thattheAuditing that public events organize to countries isa inBelarus] there problem. isno For part inpeaceful actions, Chamber sues someone attention to himself byattention tohimself and disor rationales was todraw Mi president Lukashenkopresident himself tofreedom of (…) continue lending I his thatone think of prevention measures. norms are reasonable the protocol, coming who livesinthe US.

the publichave tobe nsk. Ifnsk. so, itwasn’t the President speec ders, the new 61

watch”.

Президента ПутинаПрезидента к прямо желаю (…) дальше служить себя что Счетная внимание, гордости для официального дляофициального гордости для нападения для нападения на палата вступает всудебные должны знать граждане,должны но намеревается использовать нормы являютсянормы здравыми участие приниматьхотят в организацию беспорядков,организацию бы перед визитом премьербы перед визитом человеком, проживающим человеком, проживающим Наш Ассанж русский сейчас в этом нет никакой сейчасв этомнет никакой сильно волнуется.сильно не и Да мирных акциях, вмирноммирных Я думаю, Я и целей из одна организации провокаций, Минска иначеМинска незаявлял правительств состоит, что обратить насостоит, чтообратить “Оформилось несколько лидеров”; “Навальный лидеров”; “Навальный и массовую свеженькие, блестящие! Для тех людей, людей, которыеДля тех Это оченьинтересно!Это Я В чем смотреть”. буду наних протесте, нет никаких протесте, нет никаких проблем. Для тех, кто кто проблем. Длятех, Я ему,Я честно говоря, Чирикова Чирикова новых новых политических протоколу встречать профилактическими профилактическими материалы, которые Лукашенко вопреки который публикуеткоторый блогер Навальный, шел бы президент шел быпрезидент процессы с неким которые незнают мероприятия для мероприятия необходимости свободе слова. Белорусского - то даже предмет мерами. в США.

поддержку. А поддержку. -

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людей, на людей,

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CEU eTD Collection

47 48 48 47

newscaster newscaster REN TV reporter REN TV reporter 24, 04.06.2012 24, 02.06.2012 Novosti 24, Novosti Novosti 24, Novosti 08.06.2012 14.06.2012 REN TV REN TV , , Novosti Novosti Novosti Novosti

, , leaves office. has his Russia Federation an tookless than traditional meeting withthe Vladimir Putin stood upfor stood Vladimir Putin different main its priorities: pause sometim iscrucial; France thatAsad insist will supported Vladimir Putin’s provided. Itis provided. seems it like theater, aart of the making passed a scandalous rallies words. StateDuma hastily silence speaksthan louder objective the is stabilizing Today Petersburg inSaint rush. were accurately,and paid milit the journalists against the reported that] the salaries reported thesalaries that] [The visit finished] by finished] visit [The a crisis has tobe the service was housing introduce ina new laws better notdothatagain. EU authorities. Russian president, although ina hour to approve And it. statement thata Syrian them knowthat they’d manner,diplomatic let only President doesn’t legislation, of Council situation andsituation securing politically. However, not only by means of In asin just politics, only aftertwo days Francois Hollande ary personnel. [They This onewas signed peace. 62

resolved .

стране стабилизировалась и зарплатой зарплатой всяких слов. Вот Госдумавсяких и понять, что так властям что так понять, ЕС главное должен быть урегулирован быть должен пролежал упролежал 2 негонастоле митингах", что заседала до В настаивать на уходенастаивать на Асада И традиционной беседойИ традиционной с Федерации потребовалосьФедерации Владимира отом, Путина Президент России, России, Президент хоть и новый уровень новый Владимир Путин, кажется, собрался молчание красноречивей искусство паузу держать делать больше нестоит.делать больше

так торопиласьпринять Однако Франция Франция Однако будет Франсуа Олландтакже политике, как и втеатре, каки политике, скандальный "Оскандальный закон ПетербургеВладимир дипломатично, дал но дипломатично, на что сирийс выводить авиацию авиацию выводить на важнейших, иногдаважнейших, и с его поста.УРоссии политическим путем. поддержал заявление впопыхах. Вотэтот и впопыхах. властями Евросоюза. дня и толькосегодня и дня Владимир Путин его только Президент только не полуночи. АСовету другие приоритеты: другие приоритеты: Путин вступился за журналистов перед служебное. Просто с жильем военными. Акакс военными. принимает законы принимает законы является одним из является из одним Сегодня вСанкт Сегодня это меньшеэто часа. И наступил мир. - подписал.

чтобы ситуация в чтобы ситуация - трапу.

выплачивают, а кий кризиский -

выдали,

CEU eTD Collection

48 5 48 1

newscaster REN TV reporter, REN TV reporter 24, 21.06.2012 Novosti 24, Novosti 24, Novosti 09.12.2010 19.06.2012 RE N TV ,

Novosti Novosti

[speaking survive, whilethe swindlers picture taken withVladimir since ismore it prestigious. Americanhis had president Saint PetersburgSaint Economic school teachers struggle to On the first day of summit On the first day ofsummit in poweranother purchase industry gentlemen, you’dindustrygentlemen, For what reason? BecauseFor whatreason? corruption fighters, by but Vladimir Putin isgoingVladimir Putin to called“Russian Davos”, a now push the AirForce to the The website created was lawyer Alexey Navalny. A number one at person equipment], thedefenseequipment], villa, yacht villa, orGod only Forum willbeVladimir pen better not infringe state combat equipment that newBy level. the way This event nomore is not by professional knows what else - sioners, doctors andsioners, doctors famous blogger and famousand blogger contracts!

about the military Putin Putin. 63

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CEU eTD Collection Mancini.Hallin, Daniel C.,andPaolo Habermas, Jür — Freedom House. Implications"TheDruckman, Competence." N. ofFramingCitizen James Effects for Djankov, Caralee Simeon, McLiesh, Tatiana Nenova, and"WHO AndreiShleifer. OWNS Croteau, David, Hoynes. andWilliam Coynash,"Kremlin toEndMemorial’s Aims Work." Halya. Compaine, Benjamin. Bordyug,"RENTV iPyatiy TV vmesteand Timur. [REN Kanal pokazhut 5Kanal will Becker,"Lessons from ANeo Russia: Jonathan. Baker, C.Edwin. — Bagdikian,Ben. ABC"Government Takes News. Russia's NTV." References . "Russia’sBe Won’t Revolution Televised." . The new media monopoly. Public Interest. (accessed 0 http://www.tol.org/client/article/24514 Cambridge, MIT Press, 2001. Mass: http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/853283 (accessed05 12,2015). broadcast together]." Journal University Cambridge, Press: 2007. 2015). http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=81235&page=1 27, (accessed April and Politics. category ofBourgeoisSociety. televised#.VQVj6Y6G9qU) (accessed 0320,2015). https://freedomhouse.org/blog/russia%E2%80%99s types/free BehaviorPolitical THE MEDIA."

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of Communication The Media Monopoly. The Media Freedom ofthePress. Freedom dom Media ConcentrationWhy andDemocracy.Media OwnershipMatters. 3 26,2015). The Structural Transformation ofthe Public Sphere: Inquiry a into The Structural An

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23, no.3(2001): 225 Kommersant. unications Policy in Transition: TheInternetunications Policy inTransition: andBeyond.

7th edition. Boston,7th edition. MA:Beacon Press, 2004.

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