International Research Journal of Management Sociology & Humanities
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International Research Journal of Management Sociology & Humanities ISSN 2277 – 9809 (online) ISSN 2348 - 9359 (Print) An Internationally Indexed Peer Reviewed & Refereed Journal Shri Param Hans Education & Research Foundation Trust www.IRJMSH.com www.SPHERT.org Published by iSaRa Solutions IRJMSH Vol 11 Issue 1 [Year 2020] ISSN 2277 – 9809 (0nline) 2348–9359 (Print) Efficacy of Regional Rural Banks of Uttar Pradesh towards Financial inclusion Ashutosh Kumar Assistant Professor, AKS University, Satna M.P. Abstract Financial inclusion is the process of ensuring access to financial services and timely and adequate credit where needed by vulnerable group such as weaker sections and low income groups at an affordable cost. The present paper is an attempt to understand the various major mile stones undertaken by various financial inclusion schemes of different Regional Rural Banks of Uttar Pradesh, namely Allahabad UP Gramin Bank, Gramin Bank of Aryavart, Baroda Uttar Pradesh Gramin Bank, Kashi Gomti Samyut Gramin Bank, Prathama Bank, Purvanchal Bank, Sarva UP Gramin Bank and Gramin Bank of Aryavart. The methodology used is purely secondary sources and this will give a new direction for further research. Key Words: Financial inclusion, regional rural bank of Uttar Pradesh and schemes, Financial exclusion, banks, and rural. Introduction: The major highlights in the path of achieving financial inclusion in India cans be seen from as early as the 1960s which began with the nationalization of the Commercial Banks. In the later years other notable milestones that are worth mentioning are Priority Sector Lending, establishment of (RRBs) Regional Rural Banks, establishment of (NABARD) National Bank for Agriculture Rural Development, Policy statement on Financial Inclusion in the 11th Five Year Plan (2007-12), Committee on Financial Inclusion, the Financial Inclusion Task Force and most Recently the Committee on Comprehensive Financial Services for Small Businesses and Low Income Householders. The rural sector people of India was mostly depend upon informal sources of finance such as local moneylenders, landlords and trader for the fulfillment of their financial needs. But they also face the large numbers of problems for example are they exploited by money lenders, high rate of interest, coercive behavior of lenders and many more problems. These financial problems at rural level create so many hindrances for rural development. To solving this problems RRB was established. The establishment of RRB was firstly conceptualized by Mr. M. Narsimham Rao Working Group in 1975. For the purpose of create an alternative channel to the cooperative credit structure and to ensure sufficient institutional credit for the rural agriculture sector. On 2nd October 1975, five RRBs were set up under a Presidential Ordinance. In a order to providing credit facilities to the poorer sections of rural society, generally known as Target Group. According to NABARD “Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) were established in 1975 under the provisions of the ordinance promulgated on the 26th September 1975 and followed by International Research Journal of Management Sociology & Humanity ( IRJMSH ) Page 263 www.irjmsh.com IRJMSH Vol 11 Issue 1 [Year 2020] ISSN 2277 – 9809 (0nline) 2348–9359 (Print) Regional Rural Banks Act, 1976 with a view to develop the rural economy and to create a supplementary channel to the “Cooperative Credit Structure’ with a view to enlarge institutional credit for the rural and agriculture sector.” The Regional Rural Banks are the banking organizations, formed to serve the common mass in the rural areas; it has many branches in different states and cottage industries are the main focus and functions of the RRBs, but they have branches in the urban areas, where they are also engaged in urban operation. Financial inclusion initiatives are driven by a combination technology and communication. They proved tremendous success in making banking services easy, affordable and cost effective. The new concept is Financial Inclusion: Recent developments in Information technology has transformed banking from the traditional brick-and-mortar model to sleek, easy and Anytime, Anyhow, Anywhere banking supported by a number of innovative systems such as Automated Teller Machines (ATM), cashless banking through plastic money, Internet Banking, mobile banking, online money transfers, etc. History of RRB’s: Regional Rural Banks were established under the regulation act which was passed on 26th September, in the year 1975, and the RRB act 1976, the main reason behind the formation was to provide ample banking and financial credit facility for the agriculture sector, small scale and cottage industries and also to other rural sectors. The real growth in the Indian economy depended on the freeing of the rural people from acute poverty, socio economic backwardness and unemployment, the RRBs focused on meeting the needs of the weaker section of the country, which consists of the small and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers, artisans, etc., by granting credit at cheaper and concessional rates the RRBs were set up on the recommendations of the Narasimhan committee, during the term of Indian Gandhi’s government, with an aim to serve and include the rural areas into the mainstream, as 70% of the population that time was from rural areas. The RRBs started developing on 2nd October, in the year 1975, the first RRB was named Prathma Bank, in the year 1976, October 2nd, and five RRBs came into existence, with a total authorized capital of Rs. 100 crore, which later increased to Rs. 500 crore. The five commercial banks which sponsored the RRBs were the Punjab National Bank, State Bank of India, United Commercial Bank, Syndicate Bank and United Bank. Reserve Bank of India previously had laid down ceilings on the interest rate, that is to be charged by the RRBs, but later on RRBs have been granted freedom to fix their own rate of interest, which is nearly 14-18% approximately for the advances. RRBs are jointly owned by the Government of India (GOI), the concerned state government and sponsor banks, those include 27 commercial banks and one cooperative bank, in the proportion 50:15:35 respectively, the issued capital is shared by the owners in the ratio 50%, 15% and 35%. We can say that the motive behind the establishment of Regional Rural Bank is to develop the rural economy through the development of agriculture, trade, commerce and other International Research Journal of Management Sociology & Humanity ( IRJMSH ) Page 264 www.irjmsh.com IRJMSH Vol 11 Issue 1 [Year 2020] ISSN 2277 – 9809 (0nline) 2348–9359 (Print) productive activities in the rural areas. There operations include credit and other facilities, particularly to small and marginal farmers, agricultural labours, artisans and small entrepreneurs. Review of Literature: To understand the RRBs it is necessary to divide the reforms in the RRBs Sector into three phases, first phase: 1993-2000, second phase: 2004-2010 and third phase is 2010 onwards, but these phases are not compulsory for and academician and researcher. The literature on Regional Rural Banks is limited. Effectiveness and efficiency in Regional Rural Bank is mus be necessary, and from time man scholars explore this, Suras, Jasvir (2006), assessed in their study of “efficacy of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) in India” the growth pattern of RRBs and examine the credit distribution and geographical distribution of RRBs. His analysis period is from 1975 to 2005. He concludes the overall position of RRBs in India is not quite encouraging. Another similar study on “efficiency of rural banks” was conducted by Khankhoje, Dilip & Sathye Milind (2008) they measured the efficiency of RRBs from 1990 to 2002. Mahajan, Vijay & Ramola, Bharti Gupta find in their study conclude that rural financial institutions are facing with a hierarchy of constraints which are beyond their control and any attempt developing workable and sustainable approaches to improved access of the rural poor to financial services will need to address a whole range of macro-policy issues including depolarization, ownership and governance in addition to regulatory issues’. To a get a deeper insight, all RRBs were categorized either as profit making or loss making ones. And to improve in loss making RRBs, need focused attention of the all the stake holders, in general, and of the sponsor bank. Misra, Biswa Swarup (2006) The Reserve Bank of India and Sponsor bank are continuously efficiently trying to control and regulate the loss making regional rural banks. Another important step taken by the Reserve Bank of India for the commercial and their related bank in 2004 was the HR Khan Commission to look into financial inclusion and the recommendations of the commission were incorporated into the mid-term review of the policy (2005-06). In the report RBI exhorted the banks with a view of achieving greater financial inclusion to make available a basic “no-frills” banking account. In January 2006, the Reserve Bank permitted commercial banks to make use of the services of nongovernmental organization (NGOs/SHGs), micro-finance institutions and other civil society organizations as intermediaries for providing financial and banking services. These intermediaries could be used as business facilitators (BF) or business correspondents (BC) by commercial banks. RBI initiated several measures to attain greater financial inclusion such as Opening of no-frills accounts, Relaxation on know-your-customer (KYC) norms, Engaging