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Abutilon Theophrasti) Effect on Corn David P South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Faculty Department of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Publications Science 12-2006 Microarray Analysis of Late-season Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Effect on Corn David P. Horvath USDA, Agricultural Research Service, [email protected] Robert Gulden University of Guelph Sharon A. Clay South Dakota State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/plant_faculty_pubs Part of the Weed Science Commons Recommended Citation Horvath, David P.; Gulden, Robert; and Clay, Sharon A., "Microarray Analysis of Late-season Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Effect on Corn" (2006). Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Faculty Publications. 152. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/plant_faculty_pubs/152 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science at Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Weed Science, 54:983–994. 2006 Microarray analysis of late-season velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti ) effect on corn David P. Horvath Microarray analysis was used to identify changes in gene expression in corn leaves Corresponding author. Bioscience Research collected from plants at the V11–14 growth stage that resulted from competition Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, with velvetleaf. The plants were grown in field plots under adequate N (addition of Agricultural Research Service, 220 kg N haϪ1) and irrigation to minimize N and water stress. Consequently, only Fargo, ND 58105-5674; differences resulting from competition for micronutrients, light, and perhaps alle- [email protected] lopathic stress were anticipated. Genes involved in carbon and nitrogen utilization, photosynthesis, growth and development, oxidative stress, signal transduction, re- Robert Gulden sponses to auxin and ethylene, and zinc transport were repressed in corn growing in Department of Plant, Agriculture, University of competition with velvetleaf. Very few genes were induced because of competition Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada with velvetleaf, and those that were provided little indication of the physiological response of corn. No differences were observed in genes responsive to water stress Sharon A. Clay or sequestering/transporting micronutrients other than zinc, indicating that these Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State stresses were not a major component of velvetleaf competition with corn at the University, Brookings, SD 57007 developmental stage tested. Nomenclature: Velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti L. ABUTH; corn, Zea mays L. Key words: Weed competition, microarray, genomics. Weeds substantially reduce crop yield for a number of large leaves, can grow up to 2.4 m tall, and is thought to reasons. Yield loss caused by weed interference can be the release allelopathic chemicals (Colton and Einhellig 1980). result of reduced availability to the crop of one or more Velvetleaf competition has been shown to decrease corn resources (such as light, water, and nutrients) necessary for grain yield from 0 to 80% depending on field conditions optimum production. The reduced availability is assumed and weed density (Lindquist et al. 1998; Scholes et al. 1995; to be the result of preemptive use of the resource by the Werner et al. 2004). The interaction between velvetleaf and weed (Kropff and van Laar 1993; Zimdahl 2004), and this corn has served as a model for crop–weed competition in competition has been shown to be overcome by the addition numerous studies (Lindquist 2001; McDonald et al. 2004; of water or fertilizer (Blackshaw et al. 2002; Tollenaar et al. Sattin et al. 1992; Teasdale 1995). A critical period of weed 1994). In addition, weeds can negatively affect crop yield control has been observed in many crops–weed interactions, through the production of allelopathic chemicals that can including corn and velvetleaf (Bryson 1990; Hall et al. interfere with specific physiological processes of the crop 1992; Norsworthy and Oliviera 2004; Van Acker et al. (Weston and Duke 2003). Finally, there is substantial evi- 1993). In corn, the critical period of weed control typically dence that crop growth can be negatively altered by devel- ranges from the three- to eight-leaf stage (V3–V8; Hall et opmental signals induced by shade avoidance physiology al. 1992). The bulk of the negative effects of competition when crops are grown in close proximity to weeds (Rajcan and interference on corn yield occurs during this period. et al. 2004). Evidence also suggests that weeds only affect Weeds that emerge before and after this period, have a mar- crop growth and yield during early stages of growth and ginal effect on yield in comparison because weeds are either that late-emerging weeds have little or no effect on growth not competing with the crop (before) or weeds have or yield (Clay et al. 2005b; Cousens 1985; Cousens et al. emerged too late to affect yield of the over-towering crop 1987). However, because of the lack of tools to observe the significantly (after). The critical period and weed competi- global physiological status of crops grown in the presence of tion is not a static phenomenon and is influenced by many weeds, all previous studies have resorted to observing specific factors, such as nutrient status (Evans et al. 2003), manage- physiological responses or the use of crop growth and yield ment factors (Norsworthy and Oliviera 2004), and time of as gross indicators of the effect of weeds under varying field emergence (Bosnic and Swanton 1997). Many of the factors conditions. The availability of high-density microarrays for that strongly influence the competitive outcome between many crop species has opened the opportunity to determine crops and weeds (e.g., time of emergence and weed density) expression levels of thousands of well-characterized genes si- are well documented and have specific empirical functions multaneously. The function of those genes that have differ- associated with them (e.g., weed density effects on yield loss ent expression levels in the presence or absence of weeds can [Cousens 1985], relative time of weed emergence on yield provide both expected and unexpected insight into many of loss [Cousens et al. 1987]). the physiological processes affected by weed competition. Rajcan et al. (2004) have suggested a role for phyto- Such information should prove useful to both modelers and chrome in the process through which weeds can alter crop breeders by highlighting various responses and genes that developmental patterns during the critical period of crop– play a role in crop–weed interactions. weed interaction. Reflected light from weeds alters the ratio Velvetleaf is an introduced dicotyledenous weed that has of red to far red light (R/FR), inducing signaling processes Horvath et al.: Microarray analysis of corn–velvetleaf interaction • 983 mediated by phytochrome (Ballare´ and Casal 2000; Ballare´ peractive, frigid Calcic Hapludoll). The sand, silt, and clay et al. 1987, 1990). The differences in R/FR induce mor- contents were 390, 383, and 226 g kgϪ1, respectively, with phological changes in crops associated with weed infesta- pH 6.0 and an organic matter content of 35 g kgϪ1. Corn tions because of shade avoidance responses, including alter- was planted May 4, 2005, at a population of 10 plants mϪ2, ations in leaf area index and shoot/root ratios (Samarakoon and treatments were assigned in a randomized complete et al. 1990; Wong and Wilson 1980). Shade avoidance re- block design to plots of 18 m2. Velvetleaf was sown on the sponses affect numerous hormone signaling pathways that same day as corn in interrow areas about 20 cm from the are similar to developmental changes observed in crop plants crop row with a seed drill. Granular urea was broadcast at growing in the presence of weeds (Devlin et al. 2003; Pierik 224 kg N haϪ1 after planting. Velvetleaf was hand-thinned et al. 2004; Steindler et al. 1999; Tian and Reed 2001; to 8 plants mϪ2 after germination (first thinning occurred Vandenbussche et al. 2003). Some of these responses include ϳ 15 d after planting) and maintained at this density for alteration of photosynthetic activity and differences in auxin the duration of the season. Plots were 6 m long by four and ethylene signaling. With the use of macroarray analysis rows wide with a row spacing of 76 cm and four replicates (similar to microarray analysis but with the use of larger per treatment. About 214 mm of natural rainfall was re- quantities of target DNAs spotted onto membrane filters rather than glass slides), Fey et al. (2005) showed that gene ceived between planting and sampling with an additional expression in mouse-ear cress [Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) 38 mm of irrigation water applied on July 1. Exposure from Heynh. ARBTH] changed almost immediately after expo- the time of planting to sampling totaled 472 growing degree sure to a lower R/FR ratio. Phenotypic consequences of days (base 10 C), which was 12% greater than the 30-yr these changes were typically not immediately apparent.
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