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IN CENTRAL ASIA De Base Y Aplicada En Los Estudios De Y Sobre La Paz

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IN CENTRAL ASIA De Base Y Aplicada En Los Estudios De Y Sobre La Paz L’ Institut Català Internacional per la Pau - ICIP, creat per al Parlament de Catalunya per a fomentar la recerca, la formació, la transferència de coneixements i l’actuació de prevenció de la violència i promoció de la pau fomenta, a través d’actuacions diverses (convocatòria de projectes, beques, seminaris...) la recerca de base i aplicada en els estudis de i sobre la pau. La col·lecció *ICIP Research* recull resultats d’aquestes activitats sobre temes com con ictes armats, seguretat humana, resolució i transformació de con ictes, relacions internacionals, dret internacional i construcció de pau. Totes ells però amb un evident eix vertebrador: la recerca per la pau i la noviolència. Els objectius de la col·lecció son difondre i oferir textos que poden ajudar a la re exió i formació. Especialment adreçada tant a l’àmbit acadèmic, com a les persones treballadores de pau, els textos es publiquen en qualsevol de les tres llengües de la col·lecció: català, anglès, castellà o francès. e International Catalan Institute for Peace - ICIP, created by the Catalan Parliament to foster research, training, the transfer of knowledge and the prevention of violence and the promotion of peace, fosters applied research of peace studies through diverse actions AND CONFLICT BETWEEN COOPERATION (calls for projects, scholarships, seminars...). e *ICIP Research* collection gathers the results of these activities focusing on subjects such as armed con icts, human security, resolution and paci c transformation of con icts, international relations, international law and peace building. All maintain a clear leitmotif: the research for peace and nonviolence. e aims of the collection are to present and publicise texts that may help to stimulate CENTRAL ASIA BUILDING A re ection and training. Addressed speci cally to academia and to peace workers, the texts are published in any of the three languages of the collection: English, Catalan, Spanish or French. REGIONAL El Instituto Catalán Internacional para la Paz –ICIP, creado por el Parlament de FRAMEWORK Catalunya para fomentar la investigación, la formación, la transferencia de conocimientos y la actuación de prevención de la violencia y promoción de la paz fomenta, a través de actuaciones diversas (convocatoria de proyectos, becas, seminarios...) la investigación IN CENTRAL ASIA de base y aplicada en los estudios de y sobre la paz. La colección *ICIP Research* recoge algunos resultados de estas actividades tratando temáticas como los con ictos armados, la seguridad humana, la resolución y transformación de con ictos, las relaciones BETWEEN internacionales, el derecho internacional y la construcción de paz. Todos ellos mantienen un evidente eje vertebrador: la investigación por la paz y la noviolencia. Los objetivos de la colección son difundir y ofrecer textos que puedan ayudar a la COOPERATION re exión y la formación. Especialmente dirigida tanto al ámbito académico como a las BUILDING A REGIONAL FRAMEWORK IN personas trabajadoras de paz, los textos se publican en cualquiera de las tres lenguas de la colección: castellano, inglés, catalán o francés. AND CONFLICT ICIP Research 02 / M. Campins Eritja, & A. Mañé Estrada (Ed. & Coord.) © M. Campins Eritja & A. Mañé Estrada © 2014 Institut Català Internacional per la Pau Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 658, baixos . 08010 Barcelona T. +34 93 554 42 70 | F. +34 93 554 42 80 [email protected] | www.icip.cat Design and Typesetting Entitat Autònoma del Diari Oficial i de Publicacions ISBN 978-84-393-9112-8 DL B. 3658-2014 SUMMARY PART A: INTRODUCTORY ISSUES 9 PART B: ELEMENTS FOR A NEW REGIONAL STRUCTURE IN CENTRAL ASIA 15 Section I Introduction Elements for a New Regional Structure in Central Asia 17 Section II Political, social and international panorama in Central Asian region 18 a. The political regimes of the Central Asian States 18 b. The socio-economic framework 22 c. International relations 23 Section III Participation of Central Asian States in international organizations 24 a. Participation in global international organizations 24 i) Accession to membership of the United Nations and Specialized Agencies 25 ii) The presence of the ‘region’ in global organizations: key issues 30 b. Participation in regional international organizations 33 i) Accession to membership of regional organizations 33 ii) Level of involvement in regional organizations 39 Section IV A sub-regional framework of cooperation for transboundary water management and the role of EU into the region 41 a. Transboundary water management in Central Asia: Between international cooperation and conflict 41 b. Two ways, one path for inducing regional cooperation in Central Asia 47 i) Promotion of regional cooperation through the Europeanization of governance structures of Central Asian States 47 ii) The EU Strategy for Central Asia: A way forward? 55 SUMMARY 3 Section V A sub-regional framework of cooperation to combat desertification through the Central Asian countries’ initiative on land management 60 a. Sub-regional cooperation in Central Asia for the implementation of the UNCCD: Legal framework, institutional settings and actors involved 60 b. The implementation of the Sub-regional Action Programme for Central Asian Countries to Combat Desertification: the CACILM 66 i) The Tashkent Forum and the preparatory work leading to the CACILM 66 ii) The early operation of the CACILM: an assessment 70 iii) The remains of CACILM under the aegis of UNDP 73 Section VI Final remarks 76 PART C NEW ACTORS AND INSTRUMENTS OF ANALYSIS IN THE ENERGY MAP OF CENTRAL ASIA: CASE STUDIES FROM KAZAKHSTAN AND TURKMENISTAN 81 Section I Introduction 83 Section II. The global energy context within which the resources of Central Asia will be integrated 86 Section III The methodological framework for analyzing energy chains in Central Asia: Global value chains 92 a. The methodological framework of global commodity chains 92 b. Justification and suitability of the GCC/GVC approach in relation to the study topic 97 c. Adapting the GCC approach to the energy context 99 d. Adapting the GCC approach to the specific case addressed by this study 103 Section IV Case studies 105 a. The chain for oil from Kazakhstan 106 b. The chain for gas from Turkmenistan 110 c. Uranium from Kazakhstan 115 Section V Final remarks 118 4 ICIP Research 02 / BUILDING A REGIONAL FRAMEWORK IN CENTRAL ASIA: BETWEEN COOPERATION AND CONFLICT CAMPINS ERITJA, M. & MAÑÉ ESTRADA, A. (Ed. & Coord.) LIST OF TABLES 121 BIBLIOGRAPHY 123 LIST OF AUTHORS 135 NOTE: This paper is the result of a research carried out within the framework of Project RICIP2010 “La Coope- ració a l’Àsia Central i les amenaces de la seguretat internacional derivades dels reptes ambientals i energètics” funded by the Institut Català Internacional per la Pau (ICIP). The methodology used in Part C has also been developed within the research Project CSO2011-29438-C05-02 ”Nuevos espacios, actores e instrumentos en las relaciones exteriores de España con el Mundo Árabe y Musulmán”, funded by the Spanish Minister of Science and Education. Part B was prepared by Jaume Saura Estapà (Sections I and II), Laura Huici Sancho (Section III), Mar Campins Eritja (Sections IV and VI) and Antonio Cardesa Salzmann (Section V). Section V is based on extracts of the article "Combating Desertification in Central Asia: Finding New Ways to Regional Stability through Environmental Sustainability?", 13 Chinese Journal of International Law (2014). Part C was prepared jointly by Aurelia Mañé Estrada, Carmen de la Cámara Arilla, Albert Puig Gómez and Victòria Soldevila Lafon. SUMMARY 5 6 ICIP Research 02 / BUILDING A REGIONAL FRAMEWORK IN CENTRAL ASIA: BETWEEN COOPERATION AND CONFLICT CAMPINS ERITJA, M. & MAÑÉ ESTRADA, A. (Ed. & Coord.) INTRODUCTORY ISSUES 8 ICIP Research 02 / BUILDING A REGIONAL FRAMEWORK IN CENTRAL ASIA: BETWEEN COOPERATION AND CONFLICT CAMPINS ERITJA, M. & MAÑÉ ESTRADA, A. (Ed. & Coord.) INTRODUCTORY ISSUES This text presents a summary of the results of a project carried out by a multidis- ciplinary team comprising lecturers in International Law and Economic Policy from three universities in Catalonia (Spain): the University of Barcelona (UB), the Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV) and the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC). The project, entitled “Cooperation in Central Asia and threats to interna- tional security arising from environmental and energy challenges” (RICIP2010) was led by Dr. Mar Campins and funded by the International Catalan Insti- tute for Peace (ICIP). The text also draws on the results of the research project CSO2011-29438-C05-02 led by Dr Miguel H. Larramendi of the University of Castile-La Mancha, ”New spaces, actors and instruments in Spain’s foreign relations with the Arab and Muslim world”, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education. As it progressed, this project evolved from an analysis of a specific case study – issues to do with the environment, energy and water in Central Asia – towards the more general problem of understanding the region composed by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan (commonly known as the five Stans) in the context of post-modern global governance. From the perspective of international law, this kind of governance has two main elements: the concept of shared natural resource inside a global ecosystem, and its place under the national jurisdictions of different States. In economic terms, this governance reflects the balance of power between global economic stake- holders and the supposed national interest, which States – or more broadly, the Public Sector – must oversee. From both perspectives, the main challenge is to identify and define the possible legal and institutional structures and the spaces of cooperation or conflict in the region, bearing in mind the fact that the Yalta Order, with its balance between the two superpowers, has gone for ever. Conceptually we lack the structures to analyse the new geo-political scenario that emerged after the disintegration of PART A: INTRODUCTORY ISSUES 9 the USSR, though the signs are there will be an eastward shift in power in the international arena.
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