Taksonomia I Biologia Szpecieli

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Taksonomia I Biologia Szpecieli Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie Wydział Ogrodnictwa Biotechnologii i Architektury Krajobrazu Tobiasz Druciarek Taksonomia i biologia szpecieli (Acari: Eriophyoidea) zasiedlających róże Taxonomy and biology of eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) inhabiting roses Praca doktorska Doctoral thesis Praca wykonana pod kierunkiem Dr hab. Mariusza Lewandowskiego SGGW w Warszawie, WOBiAK, Samodzielny Zakład Entomologii Stosowanej Recenzenci: Dr hab. Grażyna Soika, prof. IO Zakład Ochrony Roślin Warzywnych i Ozdobnych Instytut Ogrodnictwa w Skierniewicach Prof. dr hab. Jan Kozłowski Zakład Zoologii Instytut Ochrony Roślin – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy w Poznaniu Warszawa, 2016 rok Oświadczenie promotora pracy Oświadczam, że niniejsza praca została przygotowana pod moim kierunkiem i stwierdzam, że spełnia ona warunki do przedstawienia jej w postępowaniu o nadanie tytułu zawodowego. Data .................................... Podpis promotora pracy ................................................ Oświadczenie autora pracy Świadom odpowiedzialności prawnej oświadczam, że niniejsza praca dyplomowa została napisana przez mnie samodzielnie i nie zawiera treści uzyskanych w sposób niezgodny z obowiązującymi przepisami. Oświadczam również, że przedstawiona praca nie była wcześniej przedmiotem procedur związanych z uzyskaniem tytułu zawodowego w wyższej uczelni. Oświadczam ponadto, że niniejsza wersja pracy jest identyczna z załączoną wersją elektroniczną. Data ..................................... Podpis autora pracy .......................................... Streszczenie Taksonomia i biologia szpecieli (Acari: Eriophyoidea) zasiedlających róże Fauna szpecieli występujących na różach nie była nigdy kompleksowo zbadana, pomimo iż są one roślinami o ogromnym znaczeniu ekonomicznym. Prowadzone w latach 2010-2015 badania nad szpecielami zasiedlającymi te rośliny, doprowadziły do opisania dwóch nowych gatunków oraz pełniejszego poznania biologii i ekologii najważniejszych spośród tych występujących w Polsce, do których należą: Phyllocoptes adalius, Phyllocoptes resovius, Callyntrotus schlechtendali i Rhyncaphytoptus rosae. Dzięki wykorzystaniu metody molekularnej i morfometrycznej, rozpoznano nowy gatunek występujący w szklarniowej uprawie róż i potwierdzono odrębny status taksonomiczny dwóch najważniejszych gatunków należących do rodzaju Phyllocoptes. Po raz pierwszy wykonano analizę filogenetyczną dla czterech najważniejszych gatunków występujących na różach, z wykorzystaniem dwóch markerów molekularnych: CO1 (mtDNA) oraz D1D2 (28S rDNA). Zbadano parametry demograficzne trzech najczęściej występujących w Polsce gatunków, przy czym dla P. adalius w zakresie temperatur: 15, 20, 25 i 30 ºC. Nie stwierdzono ponadto występowania wirusa rozetowatosci róż (RRV) w symptomatycznym materiale roślinnym zebranym w czasie prowadzonych w Polsce badań faunistycznych. Słowa kluczowe – Phyllocoptes, parametry reprodukcyjne, parametry demograficzne, hybrydyzacja, analizy filogenetyczne, rose rosette virus Summary Taxonomy and biology of eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) inhabiting roses Fauna of eriophyoid mites in roses has never been comprehensively examined, although roses are of great economic importance. Research conducted in 2010-2015 on eriophyoids inhabiting these plants led to the description of two new species and a better understanding of the biology and ecology of the most important of those occurring in Poland, which include: Phyllocoptes adalius, Phyllocoptes resovius, Callyntrotus schlechtendali and Rhyncaphytoptus rosae. By using both, molecular and morphometric methods, we have recognized the new species in greenhouse production system and confirmed the separate taxonomic status of the two most important species belonging to the genus Phyllocoptes. For the first time, phylogenetic analysis using two molecular markers: CO1 (mtDNA) and D1D2 (28S rDNA) was performed for the four major species present in roses. Demographic parameters were examined for the three most common species in Poland, and for P. adalius at different temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C. In addition, all symptomatic plant material collected during research conducted in Poland was tested as negative for rose rosette virus (RRV). Key words – Phyllocoptes, reproductive parameters, demographic parameters, hybrydyzation, phylogenetic analysis, rose rosette virus Składam serdeczne podziękowania Promotorowi mojej pracy Dr hab. Mariuszowi Lewandowskiemu za przewodnictwo naukowe, wsparcie podczas realizacji przewodu doktorskiego, przekazaną wiedzę, cierpliwość i zaufanie. Podziękowania kieruję także do kilku osób, od których wiele się nauczyłem i bez których praca ta byłaby znacznie uboższa, Dr Elżbiety Różańskiej z Katedry Botaniki, SGGW, Dr Ioannisa Tzanetakisa oraz Dr Tes Sales z Universytetu w Arkansas, Dr hab. Anny Skorackiej z UAM w Poznaniu. Podziękowania składam także Dr Mirosławowi Sobczakowi oraz Mgr inż. Dagmarze Rakowskiej za pomoc okazaną w trakcie realizacji pracy. Dziękuję również Paulinie za wyrozumiałość, wsparcie i pogodę ducha. Szczególnie dziękuję mojej Mamie. Praca współfinansowana ze środków projektu systemowego Samorządu Województwa Mazowieckiego „Rozwój nauki - rozwojem regionu - stypendia i wsparcie towarzyszące dla mazowieckich doktorantów” Program Operacyjny Kapitał Ludzki 2007–2013, Priorytet VIII Regionalne kadry gospodarki Działania 8.2 Transfer wiedzy, Poddziałania 8.2.2 Regionalne Strategie Innowacji oraz Fundacji Kościuszkowskiej, Program for Advanced Study, Research and/or Teaching in the United States 1. WSTĘP .......................................................................................................................... 9 2. PRZEGLĄD LITERATURY ..................................................................................... 11 2.1. CHARAKTERYSTYKA SZPECIELI (ACARI: ERIOPHYOIDEA) ......................................... 11 2.1.1. Budowa morfologiczna i klasyfikacja szpecieli ............................................... 11 2.1.2. Biologia i ekologia szpecieli ........................................................................... 15 2.1.3. Szkodliwość szpecieli ..................................................................................... 19 2.2. STAN WIEDZY NA TEMAT SZKODLIWOŚCI SZPECIELI ZASIEDLAJĄCYCH RÓŻE NA ŚWIECIE I W POLSCE ............................................................................................................. 22 3. PROBLEMY BADAWCZE I CELE PRACY ........................................................... 38 3.1. FAUNISTYKA I TAKSONOMIA SZPECIELI ZASIEDLAJĄCYCH RÓŻE W POLSCE ............... 39 3.2. BIOLOGIA GATUNKÓW WYSTĘPUJĄCYCH NA RÓŻACH W POLSCE ............................... 39 4. MATERIAŁ I METODY ........................................................................................... 40 4.1. FAUNISTYKA I TAKSONOMIA SZPECIELI ZASIEDLAJĄCYCH RÓŻE W POLSCE ............... 40 4.1.1. Teren badań .................................................................................................... 40 4.1.2. Pozyskiwanie materiału roślinnego, makroskopowa obserwacja roślin, pozyskiwanie i preparacja szpecieli do badań mikroskopowych ...................... 41 4.1.3. Parametry opisujące stopień zasiedlania .......................................................... 42 4.1.4. Opisy nowych gatunków oraz opis uzupełniający Phyllocoptes adalius .......... 43 4.1.5. Zmienność morfologiczna Phyllocoptes adalius.............................................. 44 4.1.6. Pomiary morfometryczne szpecieli ................................................................. 44 4.1.7. Klateczka do doświadczeń ze szpecielami ....................................................... 47 4.1.8. Hybrydyzacja międzygatunkowa Phyllocoptes adalius i Phyllocoptes resovius .......................................................................................................... 48 4.1.8.1. Schemat przeprowadzonych doświadczeń ................................................ 48 4.1.8.2. Metody analizy danych ............................................................................ 50 4.1.9. Analizy molekularne i filogenetyczne występujących gatunków szpecieli ....... 51 4.1.9.1. Metody izolacji, amplifikacji i sekwencjonowania DNA szpecieli ........... 51 4.1.9.2. Metody analiz filogenetycznych............................................................... 54 4.1.10. Pokrewieństwo Phyllocoptes adalius i Phyllocoptes fructiphilus a występowanie RRV .................................................................................... 55 4.1.10.1. Detekcja RRV w zebranym symptomatycznym materiale roślinnym ........ 55 4.1.10.2. Metoda izolacji kwasów nukleinowych z roślin ....................................... 57 4.1.10.3. Odwrotna transkrypcja, PCR i rozdział elektroforetyczny produktów reakcji ...................................................................................................... 58 4.1.10.4. Ocena jakościowa procesu odwrotnej transkrypcji (kontrola wewnętrzna) 59 4.1.10.5. Sekwencjonowanie produktów reakcji PCR i analiza otrzymanych wyników .................................................................................................. 60 4.2. BIOLOGIA GATUNKÓW WYSTĘPUJĄCYCH NA RÓŻACH W POLSCE ............................... 60 4.2.1. Hodowla zachowawcza szpecieli .................................................................... 60 4.2.2. Materiał roślinny............................................................................................. 61 4.2.3. Wpływ temperatury
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