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Provincial Solar and Wind Energy Policy

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Provincial Solar and Wind Energy Policy Provincial solar and wind energy policy A comparison between the province of Noord-Brabant and the province of Gelderland Personal Details ▪ Name: Luuk (L) Beimans ▪ ANR: 855957 ▪ University: Tilburg University, Master Public Governance ▪ Faculty: Tilburg Law School ▪ Department: Tilburg Institute of Governance (TIG) ▪ Supervisor: Dr. M.A. Verba, MPA. ▪ Second supervisor: Prof. Dr. M.L.P. Groenleer ▪ Date: 30 July 2018 Provincial solar and wind energy policy Luuk Beimans 30-7-2018 Preface Before you lies the Master’s Thesis about provincial solar and wind energy policy. It has been written to complete the Public Governance program at Tilburg University. Doing the research was an interesting process that sometimes went quite stiffly and at other times went smoothly. Prior to the actual research, I found it particularly difficult to select a feasible and interesting focus of the research, which led to a slow start. Also during the research I had to sharpen the focus of the research a couple of times. However, once I succeeded in sharpening the focus sufficiently, the research started to float. In particular, I found it interesting to learn more about the legal policy instruments that the provinces can use with regard to spatial planning. All in all, working on the Master’s Thesis was an instructive, challenging and interesting experience. In the first place, I would like to thank Dr. M.A. Verba, MPA. for the wise advice, the sharing of knowledge and the organization of helpful meetings. In addition, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. M.L.P. Groenleer, J.F.L.M.M. Dagevos, MSc. and C.Y. Broekman, MSc. for the instructive conversations and discussions we have had. Furthermore, my special thanks go to my mum and dad for the wisdom and support they offered me during the research and the years before. I proudly present you my Master’s Thesis. Luuk Beimans, Tilburg, 30 July 2018. 0 Provincial solar and wind energy policy Luuk Beimans 30-7-2018 Summary Provinces have an important role in achieving an effective energy transition, which is required to tackle climate change. Amongst other things, provinces are involved in the spatial integration of solar parks and wind farms. Since regions increasingly differ from each other, it can be questioned to what extent the provinces implement similar or different policy for the spatial integration of ground-mounted solar parks and wind farms on land. On the other hand, it can be questioned whether two provinces with approximately homogeneous spatial characteristics implement uniform policy for the spatial integration of ground-mounted solar parks and wind farms on land. In the continuation of this research, such policy is referred to as solar and wind energy policy, excluding solar panels on rooftops and wind turbines in the sea. The main question formulated for this research is ‘How do the province of Gelderland and the province of Noord-Brabant differ from each other as regards solar and wind energy policy, and are the regional spatial characteristics an important driver for pluriformity?’. The province of Noord-Brabant and the province of Gelderland have fairly homogeneous spatial characteristics. Therefore, comparing the solar and wind energy policy implemented by these provinces may provide an interesting insight into the influence of spatial characteristics on provincial solar and wind energy policy. In order to describe the cases a framework for provincial solar and wind energy policy was required. Therefore, a framework is developed on the basis of the policy cycle, which contains all the components of such policy. The identified components are vision and objectives, governance and roles, budgets, communicative instruments, economic instruments, legal instruments, physical instruments, structural collaborations, evaluating and monitoring, and outcomes. Both the province of Gelderland and the province of Noord-Brabant implemented solar and wind energy policy. As regards such policy, the provinces are partly bound by national policies, laws and agreements, and partly have the freedom to decide on the implementation of policies themselves. Furthermore, the descriptions of the cases indicates that the spatial characteristics are barely taken into account when the provinces make choices as regards solar and wind energy policy. The comparison of the cases showed that similarities as well as differences are present between the solar and wind energy policy implemented by the province of Noord-Brabant and the province of Gelderland. The main drivers for the similarities are the national policies, laws and agreements. On the other hand, the main drivers for the differences are the presence of initiatives, actors and networks, negotiations, developments that take place and political decisions. Since the province of Noord-Brabant and the province of Gelderland have homogeneous spatial characteristics, uniformity was expected with regard to solar and wind energy policy. However, pluriformity is just as evident as uniformity. Therefore, homogenous spatial characteristics are no main driver for uniformity with regard to provincial solar and wind energy policy. The national policies, laws and agreements, the presence of initiatives, actors and networks, negotiations, developments that take place and political decisions are in play. 1 Provincial solar and wind energy policy Luuk Beimans 30-7-2018 Contents Contents ......................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Chapter 1: Introduction.................................................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Problem indication and scope ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Main question ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Research questions .............................................................................................................................................. 6 1.4 Case selection ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Hypotheses .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Research objectives ............................................................................................................................................. 7 1.7 Relevancy ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 1.8 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.9 Thesis outline ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework .............................................................................................................................. 11 2.1 The policy cycle .................................................................................................................................................. 11 2.2 Regions .............................................................................................................................................................. 11 2.3 Divergence (from homogeneity to heterogeneity) ............................................................................................ 11 2.4 Differentiation (from uniformity to pluriformity) .............................................................................................. 12 2.5 Decentralization ................................................................................................................................................. 12 2.6 Energy units ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 2.7 The Triple Bottom Line ...................................................................................................................................... 13 2.8 Trias Energetica.................................................................................................................................................. 13 Chapter 3: Provinces and policies ................................................................................................................................ 14 3.1 Dutch provinces ................................................................................................................................................. 14 3.2 General roles and tasks ...................................................................................................................................... 15 3.3 Roles, tasks and objectives related to energy ................................................................................................... 15 3.4 Policy components ............................................................................................................................................
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