Law and Religious Cultural Heritage in Europe

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Law and Religious Cultural Heritage in Europe Theodosios Tsivolas Law and Religious Cultural Heritage in Europe Foreword by Professor Norman Doe Law and Religious Cultural Heritage in Europe ThiS is a FM Blank Page Theodosios Tsivolas Law and Religious Cultural Heritage in Europe Foreword by Professor Norman Doe Theodosios Tsivolas Athens Greece ISBN 978-3-319-07931-8 ISBN 978-3-319-07932-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-07932-5 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014945550 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) To the love of my life, Ani ThiS is a FM Blank Page Foreword One of the most enduring images of Europe, which we conjure up in our mind’s eye, is the picture of landscapes, rural and urban, in which more often than not, somewhere, appears a religious edifice, whether in the foreground or in the back- ground. These church buildings, and other religious sites, both manufactured and natural, as well as the items associated with them—from sacred books through sacred vessels to sacred relics—are precious not only to human life and memory but also to the archeological, architectural, and artistic patrimony of our various peoples. But these buildings and objects have often been the subject of division, dispute, and discord. For both reasons, they are the focus of complex bodies of law—the laws of the State as well as the laws and other norms of the religious traditions to which these entities also belong. Because of the value which they place on religious freedom as a fundamental right, all States in Europe have norms on the acquisition, administration, and disposal of religious property. All States address ways in which to enable religious organisations to enjoy juridical personality so as to exercise rights of ownership and control over that property. And all religious communities have norms on the construction, maintenance, and protection of their religious sites and objects, many of which norms may or may not be mirrored in those of the State. It is a rare scholar indeed who is able to guide us through the complexities of such norms on a European scale as well as bring to life the issues—political, economic, and cultural—which underlie these norms. In this volume, Theodosios Tsivolas has performed these tasks not only with authority but also with serious attention both to the minutiae of the rules involved and to the wider issues associated with them. It is the untidiness of the real world, which the norms of religion law and those of religious law address in matters of the religious cultural heritage in Europe. In this world of the fabric of religious buildings, protecting these and their objects for the enjoyment of future generations, and disputes about them, the laws of States perform a profoundly enabling role. And this feature is one which comes to the fore time and time again in the studies contained in this book. The author is not shy to tackle head on the substantive law with a critical appraisal of this on the basis of evaluation formed within the context of the theoretical vii viii Foreword frameworks in which these legal norms exist. The book’s treatment of current developments and political trends, its definition of the religious cultural heritage, its typology of protected elements, and its meticulous review of international and national norms in the field, is a model treatment of the subject. This is an excellent and most welcome book, which will rank among the classics in the field of law and religion and, I hope, find a place on the shelves of all involved in the religious cultural heritage in Europe. Norman Doe Centre for Law and Religion, The Law School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Acknowledgments Writing this book would not have been possible without the invaluable assistance of my dear friend and colleague Nikos Zannis (LL.M., UCL), as well as the erudite advice and guidance of Prof. Dr. Ioannis Konidaris (University of Athens). For his distinguished contribution to this book, I owe a debt of gratitude to Prof. Dr. Norman Doe (Cardiff University). I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Silvio Ferrari (University of Milan) for his interest in this study, Prof. Dr. Thomas Coomans (University of Leuven) for his helpful remarks, and Dr. Anne Fornerod (CNRS—Centre national de la recherche scientifique) for her thorough observa- tions. Last but not least, I extend my sincere appreciation to Ms. Anke Seyfried for her assistance in arranging this publication. ix ThiS is a FM Blank Page Contents 1 Introduction .......................................... 1 References ............................................ 4 2 Historical Background .................................. 5 References ............................................ 19 3 Current Developments and Political Trends .................. 21 3.1 The Principles of Pluralism and Neutrality . ............. 21 3.1.1 Religious Pluralism ........................... 21 3.1.2 Aspects of Neutrality . ......................... 24 3.2 European Policies on Religious Culture . ....... 29 3.2.1 European Union . ............................ 29 3.2.2 Council of Europe . 32 References ............................................ 37 4 Defining Religious Cultural Heritage in Europe ............... 39 4.1 Conceptual Basis .................................. 39 4.1.1 Religious Memory . ........................... 39 4.1.2 Religious Aesthetics . 43 4.1.3 Religious Beliefs . ........................... 45 4.2 Legal Dimensions . ............................... 49 4.2.1 European Union . ............................ 50 4.2.2 Council of Europe . 52 4.2.3 UNESCO . ............................... 56 References ............................................ 64 5 Typology of Protected Elements ........................... 67 5.1 Functional and Non-functional Elements . 67 5.1.1 Objects .................................... 69 5.1.2 Structures . ................................ 71 5.1.3 Sites . ..................................... 74 xi xii Contents 5.2 Tangible and Intangible Elements ...................... 79 5.2.1 Sacred Items . 80 5.2.2 Religious Music . ............................ 82 5.2.3 Rituals . ................................... 85 5.3 Elements of Public and Private Property . 86 References ............................................ 93 6 Criteria of Protection ................................... 95 References ............................................ 101 7 The Status of Res Mixtae ................................. 103 References ............................................ 110 8 European and International Legislation ..................... 113 8.1 European Union . .................................. 114 8.2 Council of Europe . ................. 117 8.3 UNESCO . 120 References ............................................ 123 9 Select National Legislations .............................. 125 9.1 Austria . ......................................... 126 9.2 Belgium . 129 9.3 Cyprus.......................................... 133 9.4 Denmark . 135 9.5 France .......................................... 137 9.6 Germany . 142 9.7 Greece . 148 9.8 Italy . ......................................... 152 9.9 The Netherlands ................................... 156 9.10 Spain . ...................................... 159 9.11 Sweden . 163 9.12 United Kingdom . ................................. 168 References ............................................ 172 10 Conclusion ........................................... 177 References ............................................ 180 Index ................................................... 181 Chapter 1 Introduction Remnants of things that have passed away, Fragments of stone, reared by creatures of clay The Siege of Corinth, 1816 Lord Byron
Recommended publications
  • Le Trésor De La Cathédrale D'angoulême Jean-Michel Othoniel
    Press kit, September 12, 2016 LE TRÉSOR DE LA CATHÉDRALe d’ANGOULÊME staged by JEAN-MICHEL OTHONIEL Revealed on September 30, 2016 A public commission from DRAC Aquitaine - Limousin - Poitou-Charentes 2008 - 2016 Press kit, September 12, 2016 SUMMARY Press release: Le Trésor de la cathédrale d’Angoulême p.3 Press kit : Le Trésor de la cathédrale d’Angoulême p.5 I - A unique restauration p.6 II - The public commission p.7 III - The invention of a Trésor p.10 IV - A singular period revisited p.13 V - Living treasures p.15 VI - The Trésor’s three stations p.21 The Lapidary room p.22 The Commitment p.23 The Supernatural p.25 VII - Purity on the inside, nobility on the outside p.31 VIII - Key moments p.32 IX - Key statistics p.38 X - Artist’s Biography p.39 XI - Architects of the project p.40 XII - Practical Information and Press Contacts p.42 XIII - Press Images p.43 2 Press release, August 29, 2016 LE TRÉSOR DE LA CATHÉDRALe d’ANGOULÊME staged by JEAN-MICHEL OTHONIEL revealed September 30, 2016 Jean-Michel Othoniel, Le Trésor de la cathédrale d’Angoulême (the large stained-glass window), 2016. ©Yann Calvez In 2007, the Regional Directorate of Cultural Affairs Aquitaine - Limousin - Poitou-Charentes decided to begin restoration of the Angoulême cathedral. Their ambitious project was to restore it to its neo-Romanesque state from the nineteenth century, when the cathedral was rebuilt by Paul Abadie, an architect from Angoulême who also designed the Sacré-Cœur in Paris. The DRAC and the clergy in charge of the project also agreed to assemble a selection from their collection of liturgical objects from this little-known art-historical period and put it on display to the public in the renovated building.
    [Show full text]
  • Croatia Departures from Spring 2021
    Croatia Departures from Spring 2021 Moving Encounters, Exploring the World Since 1992, 145 countries, 6 continents An industry leader for nearly 30 years, Classical Movements is happy to now offer additional tours for individuals and small groups, enabling lovers of the arts to travel around the world and experience the finest of local culture. Živjeli! The Balkan Peninsula is known around the world for its fascinating history and culture. Classical Movements has been hosting tours to Croatia since 1995, the first American tour company to do so. Balkan music, dance, and traditional food and costume have enchanted the world for centuries, and the migration of countless peoples through the region has left its mark. Experience the warmth and exceptional beauty of Croatia, from the renowned Plitvice Lakes, to the exquisite inland hills, to the almost-tropical beaches of the seemingly endless coast. Stop by lush vineyards, trek through ancient towns, and marvel at the incredible UNESCO World Heritage sites you will see on your tour. Home to movie sets and monasteries alike, the hospitality and luxurious climate of Croatia will leave you wanting more. PRICING, DATES, and INCLUSIONS (Subject to change) PRICE does not include airfare or airport transfers From $3,317.00 - $4,325.00 per person Prices are for small-group tours of 10-30 passengers. Bookings and pricing for individual groups of 2 or more passengers available on request. Prices subject to change based on fluctuations in the travel industry due to COVID-19. DATES May 25 - June 6, 2021 | July 5-17, 2021 | August 31 - September 12, 2021 or choose your own dates Date ranges indicate start of services to end of services and hotel nights provided.
    [Show full text]
  • Legacy of Iconoclasm Volume
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by St Andrews Research Repository The Legacy of Iconoclasm: Religious War and the Relic Landscape of Tours, Blois and Vendôme, 1550-1750 Eric Nelson St Andrews Studies in French History and Culture ST ANDREWS STUDIES IN FRENCH HISTORY AND CULTURE The history and historical culture of the French-speaking world is a major field of interest among English-speaking scholars. The purpose of this series is to publish a range of shorter monographs and studies, between 25,000 and 50,000 words long, which illuminate the history of this community of peoples between the later Middle Ages and the late twentieth century. The series covers the full span of historical themes relating to France: from political history, through military/naval, diplomatic, religious, social, financial, gender, cultural and intellectual history, art and architectural history, to historical literary culture. Titles in the series are rigorously peer-reviewed through the editorial board and external assessors, and are published as both e-books and paperbacks. Editorial Board Dr Guy Rowlands, University of St Andrews (Editor-in-Chief) Professor Andrew Pettegree, University of St Andrews Professor Andrew Williams, University of St Andrews Dr David Culpin, University of St Andrews Dr Sarah Easterby-Smith, University of St Andrews Dr David Evans, University of St Andrews Dr Justine Firnhaber-Baker, University of St Andrews Dr Linda Goddard, University of St Andrews Dr Bernhard Struck, University
    [Show full text]
  • Practicing Love of God in Medieval Jerusalem, Gaul and Saxony
    he collection of essays presented in “Devotional Cross-Roads: Practicing Love of God in Medieval Gaul, Jerusalem, and Saxony” investigates test case witnesses of TChristian devotion and patronage from Late Antiquity to the Late Middle Ages, set in and between the Eastern and Western Mediterranean, as well as Gaul and the regions north of the Alps. Devotional practice and love of God refer to people – mostly from the lay and religious elite –, ideas, copies of texts, images, and material objects, such as relics and reliquaries. The wide geographic borders and time span are used here to illustrate a broad picture composed around questions of worship, identity, reli- gious affiliation and gender. Among the diversity of cases, the studies presented in this volume exemplify recurring themes, which occupied the Christian believer, such as the veneration of the Cross, translation of architecture, pilgrimage and patronage, emergence of iconography and devotional patterns. These essays are representing the research results of the project “Practicing Love of God: Comparing Women’s and Men’s Practice in Medieval Saxony” guided by the art historian Galit Noga-Banai, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the histori- an Hedwig Röckelein, Georg-August-University Göttingen. This project was running from 2013 to 2018 within the Niedersachsen-Israeli Program and financed by the State of Lower Saxony. Devotional Cross-Roads Practicing Love of God in Medieval Jerusalem, Gaul and Saxony Edited by Hedwig Röckelein, Galit Noga-Banai, and Lotem Pinchover Röckelein/Noga-Banai/Pinchover Devotional Cross-Roads ISBN 978-3-86395-372-0 Universitätsverlag Göttingen Universitätsverlag Göttingen Hedwig Röckelein, Galit Noga-Banai, and Lotem Pinchover (Eds.) Devotional Cross-Roads This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
    [Show full text]
  • An Adriatic Journey: from Trieste to Dubrovnik – 2022
    An Adriatic Journey: from Trieste to Dubrovnik – 2022 18 SEP – 3 OCT 2022 Code: 22230 Tour Leaders Dr Christopher Gribbin, Martin Muhek Physical Ratings Enjoy Croatia’s Plitvice Lakes & one of the Mediterranean’s loveliest coasts with Dalmatia’s rich heritage of classical, medieval & Venetian monuments & towns incl. Hvar Island. Overview Dr Christopher Gribbin shows how Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Croat, Venetian, Austro-Hungarian and Turkish culture and trade travelled the sparkling Adriatic as you journey along Croatia's magnificent panoramic coastline. For the Croatian part of the tour, Chris will be accompanied by Martin Muhek, who brings a profound knowledge of the Balkan region to ASA tours. Visit 10 UNESCO World Heritage Cultural Sites: Ancient Roman and early Christian city of Aquileia: with brilliant mosaics in the 1000-year-old Patriarchal Basilica and an archaeological museum housing one of the most important collections of Roman artefacts in the world. Plitvice Lakes National Park: one of Europe's scenic wonders. Euphrasian Basilica, Porec: a masterpiece of the Byzantine world with mosaics to rival Ravenna. Historical centre of Trogir: a tiny island city, the Adriatic's best-preserved Romanesque-Gothic complex. Trogir Cathedral's portal sculptures are a particular delight. Old City of Dubrovnik: with spectacular city walls and a rich heritage as a great maritime power. Learn how this city-state avoided dominion by Venice and the Ottomans, and appreciate masterpieces of Venetian architecture in the city's churches and palaces. Diocletian's monumental palace at Split: the 4th-century Roman emperor's palace later transformed into a medieval fortified town and now forms the heart of the city of Split.
    [Show full text]
  • Croatian Regions, Cities-Communes, and Their Population in the Eastern Adriatic in the Travelogues of Medieval European Pilgrims
    359 Croatian Regions, Cities-Communes, and Their Population in the Eastern Adriatic in the Travelogues of Medieval European Pilgrims Zoran Ladić In this article, based on the information gathered from a dozen medieval pilgrim travelogues and itineraries,1 my aim has been to indicate the attitudes, impressions, and experiences noted down by sometimes barely educated and at other times very erudite clerical and lay pilgrims, who travelled to the Holy Land and Jerusalem as palmieri or palmarii2 ultra mare and wrote about the geographical features of the Eastern Adriatic coast, its ancient and medieval monuments, urban structures, visits to Istrian and Dalmatian communes, contacts with the local population, encounters with the secular and spiritual customs and the language, the everyday behaviour of the locals, and so on. Such information is contained, to a greater or lesser extent, in their travelogues and journals.3 To be sure, this type of sources, especially when written by people who were prone to analyse the differences between civilizations and cultural features, are filled with their subjective opinions: fascination with the landscapes and cities, sacral and secular buildings, kindness of the local population, ancient monuments in urban centres, the abundance of relics, and the quality of 1 According to the research results of French historian Aryeh Graboïs, there are 135 preserved pilgrim journals of Western European provenance dating from the period between 1327 and 1498. Cf. Aryeh Graboïs, Le pèlerin occidental en Terre sainte au Moyen Âge (Paris and Brussels: De Boeck Université, 1998), 212-214. However, their number seems to be much larger: some have been published after Graboïs’s list, some have been left out, and many others are preserved at various European archives and libraries.
    [Show full text]
  • Istria, Croatia Poreč, a Place Where All the Values of Traditional and Modern Mediterranean Come Together
    PorečIstria, Croatia Poreč, a place where all the values of traditional and modern Mediterranean come together. The charm of the old town with its mosaics and sights under the auspices of UNESCO, the tradition of wine and olives cultivation, local varieties and groceries, quiet coves, long coastline and green interior riches that we have inherited and preserved. But what specifically defines our past and builds our future is the art of providing a warm welcome since 1845, when Poreč was enlisted as tourist destination and when the first travel guide with a description of the town was printed. This town was preparing for more than 150 years for your arrival Poreč Istria, Croatia • mediterranean town, western coast of the Istrian peninsula, Croatia • tourism tradition since 1844 • Euphrasian Basilica – World Heritage Site with valuable mosaics, under the auspices of UNESCO • around 20,000 inhabitants • 37 kilometres of coastline • more than 3,850 sunshine hours per year • sea temperature during summer up to 28 degrees Celsius • the warmest month is August, 30 degrees Celsius • mild winters • 21 beaches awarded with Blue Flag, international symbol of preserved sea and coastline (20% of all Croatia’s Blue Flags!) SOME OF THE WORLD’S FAMOUS MOSAICS THAT ADORN OUR TOWN ARE ASSEMBLED IN THE 3RD CENTURY. AND SOME WILL BE ASSEM- Content Poreč, old town center 12 Activities 24 BLED UPON YOUR VISIT. Trips 42 Beaches and sea 48 Gourmet 52 Entertaiment 60 THOSE ARE MOSAICS 68 Accommodation THAT WERE CREATED BY EXPERIENCES, TILES WHICH WE COMPLE- MENT EACH DAY OVER AND OVER AGAIN WHILE EXPECTING YOU.
    [Show full text]
  • Gems of Istrian Coast
    Head office Slovenia Dunajska cesta 109, Ljubljana T: +386 1 232 11 71 E: [email protected] LIBERTY ADRIATIC Croatia offices Zagreb : Ilica 92/1; T: +385 91 761 08 85 www.liberty-adriatic.com Dubrovnik : Na Rivi 30a; T: +385 98 188 21 32 www.impact-tourism.net E: [email protected] Serbia office Terazije 45, Belgrade T: +381 11 334 13 48 E: [email protected] GEMS OF ISTRIAN COAST 3 days / 2 nights Discovering Slovenian coast and top sites of Croatian Istria TOUR HIGHLIGHTS • Visit Piran, Slovenian little Adriatic treasure • Get in touch with history in Porec, a UNESCO World Heritage Site • Enjoy Rovinj, one of the most “photogenic” towns in the Mediterranean GENERAL INFORMATION SLOVENIA The country of Slovenia lies in the heart of the enlarged Europe. It has a border with Italy, Austria, Hungary and Croatia. The capital Ljubljana is a modern, fresh, young, creative and surprising city. Slovenia, a green and diverse country between the Alps and the Mediterranean, boasts all the beauties of the Old World. When you want to experience Europe in one stroke, come to Slovenia. In just 20,273 square kilometres there are snow- covered mountains, a sea coast bathing in the Mediterranean sun, beautiful karst caves and thermal springs, narrow white-water canyons and wide slow moving rivers, high mountain lakes and lakes that disappear mysteriously underground at the start of summer, ancient villages and medieval cities, the antique castles and modern entertainment, countless vineyards with top quality wines, and the only primeval forest in Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • The Basis for Fire Safety Substantiating Fire Protection in Buildings
    The Basis for Fire Safety Substantiating fire protection in buildings Fire Safety Professorship René Hagen and Louis Witloks The Basis for Fire Safety Substantiating fire protection in buildings 1 Publication Details Authors René Hagen and Louis Witloks, Fire Safety professorship of the Instituut Fysieke Veiligheid, in close cooperation with various research groups of Brandweer Nederland, the organisation of Dutch fire services. Photographs Cover photo: Jan Beets Inside photos: René Hagen, Martin de Jongh, Rob Jastrzebski, Jeroen Schokker, Wikimedia and Instituut Fysieke Veiligheid Translation Esperanto WBT Support This publication was also made possible by Underwriters Laboratories and European Fire Safety Alliance (EuroFSA). The knowledge document entitled ‘The Basis for Fire Safety’ was originally written on the basis of the Dutch situation, but in practice, it was soon found to be applicable to situations outside the Netherlands as well. The approach to fire safety as described and elaborated in this document can be applied universally. It describes the backgrounds and provides a substantiation of fire protection measures and facilities. And they also apply internationally, since fire development and fire growth are not specific to just one country. When using this publication for situations outside the Netherlands, please remember that the statistical details stated only concern the Netherlands. Where regulations are referred to, as is specifically the case in chapter 6, this is Dutch legislation. However, the book is definitely suitable for international use as its main focus is on the backgrounds and substantiation of fire safety measures and facilities which are based on fire development, the spread of smoke, the behaviour of constructions and people's behaviour when fleeing a building, instead of on statutory requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • CNS National Report of the Netherlands
    Ministry of Economic Affairs Convention on Nuclear Safety (CNS) National Report of the Kingdom of the Netherlands for the Sixth Review Meeting in April 2014 July 2013 2/178 CONTENTS CONTENTS LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 17 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................... 23 PART I REGULAR CNS-TOPICS ....................................................................................... 23 Changes to legislative and regulatory framework ...................................................................... 23 Regulatory body ......................................................................................................................... 24 Recent regulatory and safety issues ........................................................................................... 24 Results of international peer review missions and implementation of their findings ................ 25 Drills, exercises and lessons learnt............................................................................................. 26 Actions on transparency and communication with the public ................................................... 26 Important issues identified in previous report and follow-up ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Catholic Choir School Models in the United States: Reinvigorating the Musico-Liturgical Life of the Church
    THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA Catholic Choir School Models in the United States: Reinvigorating the Musico-Liturgical Life of the Church A TREATISE Submitted to the Faculty of the Benjamin T. Rome School of Music Of The Catholic University of America In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Doctor of Musical Arts in Sacred Music © All Rights Reserved By Jennifer L. Seighman Washington, D.C. 2015 Catholic Choir School Models in the United States: Reinvigorating the Musico-Liturgical Life of the Church Jennifer L. Seighman, D.M.A. Director: Leo Nestor, D.M.A. Choir schools have been an intrinsic part of the Catholic Church since the fourth century. While the Holy See has instructed that such schools and training be diligently promoted, few programs exist, and even less is known about them. This paper provides much-needed research on Catholic choir school programs and the benefits they offer to the twenty-first-century Church, particularly in bringing the musico-liturgical goals of the Second Vatican Council to fruition. Using a multi-case-study approach, I investigate the only known Catholic institutions in the United States currently employing a traditional choir school education of rigorous daily instruction in choir and sung liturgy: St. Paul’s Choir School (Cambridge, MA), The Madeleine Choir School (Salt Lake City, UT), and The Atonement Academy (San Antonio, TX). To formulate the framework for this study, a survey of related literature was made encompassing musico-liturgical directives of the Second Vatican Council, Church documents calling for chorister formation, papal writings, scholarly sources addressing sacred music within the Catholic Church, and various sets of education standards.
    [Show full text]
  • Situation in the Netherlands
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) State immunity and cultural objects on loan van Woudenberg, N. Publication date 2011 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): van Woudenberg, N. (2011). State immunity and cultural objects on loan. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:26 Sep 2021 Chapter 8 Situation in the Netherlands 8.1 State immunity in the Netherlands1 The Netherlands has a rather interesting legislative system concerning immunity for States and their property. The combination of provisions contained in the Act on General Provisions of Kingdom Legislation, the Code of Civil Procedure and the Court Bailiffs Act gives a fairly overlapping protection, whereby it is of course always the judiciary has the last say when it comes to the judicial interpretation of these provisions.
    [Show full text]