Bangladesh's Participation in UN Peacekeeping Mission: An

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Bangladesh’s Participation in UN Peacekeeping Mission: An Assessment of Its Socio-economic Implications for Participating Troops

M.Phil. Thesis

MD. TANVEER ISLAM M.Phil. Researcher Registration Number: 119 Session: 2014-2015

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA, DHAKA, BANGLADESH

June, 2020 Bangladesh’s Participation in UN Peacekeeping Mission: An Assessment of Its Socio-economic Implications for Participating Troops

Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Master of Philosophy

University of Dhaka Dhaka, Bangladesh

MD. TANVEER ISLAM Registration Number: 119/2014-2015

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA, DHAKA, BANGLADESH

Dedicated to

My Parents

Shahida Akther Khanam Md. Amirul Islam

Abstract

This research focuses on the participation of Bangladeshi Troops in UN Peacekeeping Missions and the way that affects their socio-economic status. Bangladesh is participating in the UN Peacekeeping Mission since 1988. Since then, they actively participated in 54 UN Peacekeeping Missions and became one of the highest Troops contributing countries in UN Peacekeeping Mission in the world. This brought great honor and economic benefits for the country. The troops of Bangladesh Armed Forces contributed and sacrificed a lot to make each mission successful and to prove the potentiality of Bangladeshi Peacekeepers in the world arena. Unfortunately, no particular study was conducted on the Bangladeshi UN Peacekeepers in terms of the socio- economic implications of their participation in UN Peacekeeping Mission. However, it is essential to critically assess these socio-economic implications, which could be a guideline for the present and future peacekeepers, how they can be benefited from their participation in such missions. Moreover, this study will bring forth the urge of utilizing the social capitals gained by the troops during the UN Peacekeeping Missions in the forms of experience, confidence and communication skill in their post mission lives. Nevertheless, the unique experiences of the troops gained only by participating in UN Peacekeeping Missions can be of immense value during any national security threat or to manage disasters.

This research incorporates primary and cross-sectional data for analysis because both the outcomes of the research work and the subsequent policy implications rely on the quality of data and methodology. In the present study, 200 respondents (including 20 female respondents) aged between 25 and 50 years were selected as the target group, some of whom served in mission twice (between 2010 and 2015). This target group facilitated to generate quantitative data on the operation of the household economy to an in depth enquiry. While collecting the data and related information on respondents’ identity and location, primarily a semi structured questionnaire has been used. Extensive interviews were taken to get detailed information on assets like land, crop, common asset, valuable asset, savings, various sources of income and expenditure were collected. Besides, information on loan and daily food intake of the respondents were included.

However, it is argued in this research that participation in UN Peacekeeping Missions is largely making a major contribution to the participating troops of Bangladesh to strengthen and improve their own living standards, social status and economic security and solvency. Nevertheless, if Bangladesh government and Bangladesh Armed Forces authority can provide them proper guidelines about the ways they should be spending their earnings; it will help them a great deal to enhance their socio-economic status to a greater extent by participating in UN Peacekeeping Missions.

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Acknowledgements

It is of immense pleasure and a great privilege for me to express my deepest sense of gratitude to my respected supervisor Dr. Sabbir Ahmed, Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Dhaka for suggesting me this challenging topic, constant encouragement paired with sympathetic consideration throughout the course of the research work without which the works would have been impossible.

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude and special thanks to Lieutenant Colonel Kamrul Hasan, psc, E Bengal, Commanding Officer, 56 East Bengal, Bangladesh Army; Major A K M Humayun Kabir, E Bengal, Instructor, BIPSOT (Bangladesh Institute of Peacekeeping Support Operation Training); Brigadier General A K M Akhtaruzzaman, ndc, psc, Defense Advisor, Permanent Mission of Bangladesh to the UN; Lieutenant Colonel Kazi Nadir Hossain, psc, G+, Artillery, GSO-1, ARTDOC HQ, Bangladesh Army; Lieutenant Colonel Ashraful Quader psc, E Bengal, Directing Staff, DSCSC (Defense Services Command & Staff College), Bangladesh Armed Forces; Lieutenant Colonel Md Mahmudur Rahman, psc, Engineers, Chief Grade-1, Sector East HQ, United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Mission in Mali (MINUSMA); SP Abdullah Al Jahir, Bangladesh Police; Dr. Dilruba Chowdhury, Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Uttara University; Dr. Mamun Ahmed, Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka; Dr. Mahmud Hossain, Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka; Dr. Nurul Amin Bepari, Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Dhaka; Dr. Galib Ahsan Khan, Retired Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of Dhaka; Mrs. Rashida Khan, Retired Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of Dhaka. They all deserve my very special thanks and gratefulness for their valuable technical assistance in the preparation of the thesis.

My beloved younger sister Afroza Akther, M.Phil. Researcher, Department of Political Science, University of Dhaka was a great inspiration for my research work. Her contribution and cooperation regarding my research work was highly appreciated and unforgettable. Thanks are due to my younger brother Nasif Ahmed, Finance Graduate, North South University for helping me in the preparation of the thesis.

Mr. Abdul Mannan, Senior Administrative Officer, Department of Political Science, University of Dhaka; Sergeant Clerk Sultan, 56 East Bengal, Bangladesh Army; Mr. iv

Mahbub Alam, Research Officer, BIMSTEC Secretariat; Ms Shaila Haque, Lecturer, Dept. of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Barishal; Mr. Faysal Ahmed, Senior Manager (Export), Partex Star Group assisted me a lot during my research work.

I must not forget to acknowledge with due respect the valuable inspiration of Lieutenant Colonel Raju Ahmed, GSO-1 (Joint Operation), Armed Forces Division, Bangladesh Armed Forces; Brigadier General Shah Noor Jilani ndc, psc, Deputy Commandant, East Bengal Regimental Center, Bangladesh Army and Ms Sabiha Ferdousi, Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Lalmatia Girls College. Their blessings also worked on me a lot.

I would like to extend my thanks to my wife, Jesmin Islam, for sharing enthusiasm for this study and for keeping me free from most of the family commitments during the work. It also gives me a great pleasure to express my gratitude, love and respect to my relatives, especially Mr. Saifullah Al Murtaza, Farhan Abid, Junan and Ananya.

All thanks and praises are due to Almighty ALLAH, my glorious lord, the only Controller and Sustainer of the whole universe on whose command all help were made available to me for the successful completion of this research work.

Declaration

I have the pleasure to declare that this dissertation entitled “Bangladesh’s Participation in UN Peacekeeping Mission: An Assessment of Its Socio-economic Implications for Participating Troops” has been submitted to the department of Political Science, Dhaka University, for the degree of M.Phil., in Political Science is the outcome of my research.

I, hereby, also affirm that this piece of research has neither in part nor in full been submitted to any other university or institution for the award of any degree at tertiary level or for serving any other similar purposes.

Date: Md. Tanveer Islam

Certification

This is to certify that this dissertation entitled “Bangladesh’s Participation in UN Peacekeeping Mission: An Assessment of Its Socio-economic Implications for Participating Troops” has been submitted to the department of Political Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh, for the partial fulfillment of the award of degree of M.Phil. in the department of Political Science is the original research output of the research of Md. Tanveer Islam, under my supervision.

To the best of my knowledge, this piece of research has neither in part nor in full been submitted to any other university or institution for the award of any tertiary level degree or for serving any other similar purposes.

In addition, I confirm that the submission of the M.Phil. thesis has been made after checking through plagiarism software. Finally, the submission has been made after a thorough review of the final draft.

Dr. Sabbir Ahmed Supervisor Professor Department of Political Science University of Dhaka

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List of Tables

Table Title Page No No 2.1 Ranking of Military and Police Contributions to UN Operations 21 2.2 Types and numbers of Bangladeshi Contingents (Unit/Subunit) 23 participated in UN Peacekeeping Mission (up to March 2017) 2.3 List of UN Peacekeeping Mission Bangladesh Participated (up to March 24-25 2017) 2.4 UN Reimbursement of Money (As of July 2010) 26 2.5 UN Reimbursement of Money (From 2001-02 to 2009-10) 27 2.6 UN Reimbursement of Money (From 2010-11 to 2016-17) 28 3.1 Different systems of rank for commissioned officers of the Bangladesh 36 Army, Navy and Air Force 3.2 Different systems of rank for the Junior Commissioned Officers (JCO), 37 Non Commissioned Officers (NCO) and Privates of the Bangladesh Army, Navy and Air Force 3.3 Frequency of respondents 40 3.4 Rank-wise Distribution of the Respondents 46 3.5 Distribution of Household by Basic Assets and Facilities 47 3.6 Distribution of Respondents (Rank Wise) by Salary, Other Benefits and a 52 Comparison between Basic Pay and Other Benefits 4.1 Rank Wise Earning Comparison (Regular vs UN Peacekeeping Mission) 56 of the Respondents from Bangladesh Army 4.2 Rank Wise Earning Comparison (Regular vs UN Peacekeeping Mission) 57 of the Respondents from Bangladesh Police 4.3 Distribution of Respondents by Growth in Fixed Asset after Mission 59 4.4 Loss in Share Market 65 4.5 Loan Unrecovered 65

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List of Figures

Figures Title Page No No 2.1 United Nations (UN) Organogram – 1 9 2.2 United Nations (UN) Organogram – 2 10 2.3 Organogram of UN Peacekeeping Mission 20 2.4 Bangladeshi Uniformed Personnel in UN Peacekeeping Operation 25 (1990-2015) 3.1 Analytical Framework 32 3.2 Age Range Distributions of the Respondents 48 3.3 Educational Status of the Respondents 50 3.4 Family Size of the Respondents 51 4.1 Distribution of the respondents by mission duration (in Months) 58 4.2 Distribution of the respondents by the expenditure of mission earned 63 money 4.3 Distribution of Respondents’ Total Earned Amount (from UN Mission) 64 as per Investment/Expenditure 4.4 Distribution of Female Respondents by Investing Their Mission Earned 67 Money

Abbreviations

ACC Army Clerical Corps AEC Army Education Corps AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AMC Army Medical Corps Armd Armoured Arty Artillery ASC Army Service Corps ASI Assistant Sub Inspector ASP Assistant Superintendent of Police BAF Bangladesh Air Force BANAIR Bangladesh Air Force Contingent BANARTY Bangladesh Artillery BANBATT Bangladesh Battalion BANENGR Bangladesh Engineers BANFRC Bangladesh Force Reserve Company BANMED Bangladesh Medical BANMP Bangladesh Military Police BANSIG Bangladesh Signals BANTPT Bangladesh Transport BDR Bangladesh Rifles BIPSOT Bangladesh Institute of Peacekeeping Support Operational Training BN Bangladesh Navy Brig Gen Brigadier General Cantt Cantonment Capt Captain Clk Clerk COE Country Owned Equipment Cpl Corporal DFID Department for International Development DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations x

ECOSOC Economic and Social Council EME Electrical & Mechanical Engineers Engr Engineers FPU Formed Police Units GDP Gross Domestic Product GPS Global Positioning System HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia JCO Junior-Commissioned Officer Lcpl Lance Corporal Lt Lieutenant Lt Col Lieutenant Colonel MILOB Military Observer Maj Major MoU Memorandum of Understanding MP Military Police MWO Master Warrant Officer NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCO Non-Commissioned Officer Offr Officer OOD Overseas Operation Directorate Ord Ordnance OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe PDT Pre Deployment Traning Pvt Private Sig Signals Snk Sainik Sgt Sergeant SRSG Special Representative of the Secretary General SWO Senior Warrant Officer TCC Troops Contributing Country UN United Nations xi

UNAMID United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur UNMIK United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo UNTAET United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor UNTAG UN Transition Assistance Group UNPOL United Nations Police US United States VDP Village Defense Party WO Warrant Officer WW World War 2Lt Second Lieutenant

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Contents

Contents Page No Abstract iii Acknowledgments iv-v Declaration vi Certification vii List of Tables viii List of Figures ix Abbreviations x-xii Contents xiii Chapter One: Introduction 1-8 Chapter Two: UN and the Peacekeeping Mission: Structure, Functions 9-29 and Bangladesh Chapter Three: Analytical Framework of the Study and Research Methods 30-53 Chapter Four: UN Peacekeeping and Its Social and Economic Impact on 54-70 the Bangladeshi Participating Troops Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendations 71-79 References 80-81 Annexures 82-107

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Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Background The history of mankind is shaped by war and destruction–from the prehistoric Neanderthals to the modern human civilization. But perhaps nothing shook the core of humanity more catastrophic than the World Wars in the 20th century. The World War- I took 10 million military and 7 million civilian lives. The war finally ended in 1918 but the world felt the economic aftershock; it was time for a shift towards unity and peace. In 1920, in order to bring that shift, League of Nations was formed which was a brainchild of the 28th US president Woodrow Wilson but ironically the US did not join the League of Nations. Consequently, the League of Nations failed miserably and the world had to endure the devastating the World War II within the next two decades once again proving the Latin saying, “Silent enim legēs inter arma’’ – in times of war, the law falls silent. When the war was finally over in 1945, it had wiped out 3% of the total population of the Earth. The gruesome atrocities of the Holocaust, The Nanking Massacre and The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki demonstrated that we are more than capable of exterminating the human race unless we are unified; unless we bring peace.

Against the context of the experiences of the two World Wars, the world leaders underscored the necessity for having a world organization which would be dedicated to establish peace and harmony in the world. In this regard, US President Franklin Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Roosevelt aide Harry Hopkins drafted the “Declaration by United Nations" on 29 December, 1941. The draft took Soviet suggestions into considerations. In 1945, representatives of 50 countries drew up the United Nations Charter, which was signed on 26 June 1945 in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization. Poland, which was not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 Member States and the United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945. From that date onward the UN has been working towards maintaining international peace and security, protecting

1 human rights, delivering humanitarian aids, promoting sustainable development and upholding international law.

Since its establishment, the UN has 5 organs named as the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the Secretariat, and the International Court of Justice. The UN Peacekeeping operations are led by the Department of International Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), which is a part of Security Council and aims at bringing peace in places that are torn apart by the brutality of war. With the help of military, police and civilian personnel the peacekeeping operations have been delivering security, political and early peace building support to the war-torn or conflict-ridden countries in many parts of the world.

Although Bangladesh became an independent state in 1971 from the control of the rule of (West) Pakistan, the country joined the United Nations (UN) on 17 September, 1974. However, the country first participated in the UN-led peacekeeping operations in 1988. UNIMOG in Iraq and UNTAG in Namibia were the first two peacekeeping operations that Bangladesh took part in. Ever since the first participation, Bangladesh has so far participated in 54 missions in 40 countries. Bangladesh justified its participation in all these missions in the following manner. First, participation in UN peace operations fulfils the country's constitutional and international obligations. Second, involvement with such missions allows the troops and officers of the armed forces to interact with members of foreign armed forces and improve their professional skills. Such multinational exposure helps them gain operational expertise and first-hand knowledge of the latest doctrines and military equipments. Third, financial rewards represent a powerful incentive for Bangladesh to take part in the UN missions. The UN payments allow the armed forces to purchase and maintain military equipments which it would not be able to obtain under normal circumstances and to reward its personnel. In other words, peace operations help subsidize Bangladesh's armed forces.

It should be mentioned here that Bangladesh does not face any significant external security threats. Of course, there are some internal security challenges but they are not severe enough to hamper the deployment of the armed forces to the UN peacekeeping missions.

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem There are both risks and gains in the participation of Bangladeshi troops in UN Peacekeeping missions. By participating UN missions, Bangladesh gains prestige and image in the world as a peace loving country. By contrast, the economic gains are enormous. The earning of cash contributes to the economic solvency of the troops, and their livelihood improves. Besides, they earn experience, confidence and enhance their skills through participation in UN Peacekeeping missions.

Their risk factors in UN Peacekeeping mission are also not negligible. The troops risk their lives when deployed in a hostile environment and unknown terrain. Till December 2016, 128 Bangladeshi peacekeepers lost their lives while serving in UN Peacekeeping mission (Source: Overseas Operations Directorate, GS Branch, Bangladesh Army Headquarters). Moreover, there are threats of fatal diseases like HIV, Cerebral Malaria etc, resulting in more deaths of the Bangladeshi Peacekeepers. Apart from economic benefits, participation in UN missions arguably enhances professionalism to the Bangladesh Armed Forces and last but not the least, the participation in UN missions enhances the experience and confidence of the troops.

The UN compensation rates for peacekeeping operations are attractive to Bangladeshi troops. This is obviously higher compared to local wages. Financial considerations have greatly encouraged Bangladeshi troops to participate in UN missions.

The financial rewards for Air Force members are particularly high. One Air Force officer who flew UN aircraft in peacekeeping operations pointed out that he earned $3,000 per flying hour and that this was in addition to other perks and benefits (Ref: BANAIR-13, Congo, in 2016). It should be pointed out that the amount is not credited directly to the individual officer's account. Rather Government of Bangladesh (GoB) receives the money. Individual Bangladesh Air Force officers receive a monthly salary and flying allowances as per the sliding rate fixed by GoB.

During data collection for this research, most of the interviewees of the peacekeepers pointed out the importance of financial incentives as one of the underlying importance of participating in UN Peacekeeping missions. The financial benefits a peacekeeper gets in 3 one year by participating in a UN mission is much higher than his/her regular earning. This adds solvency, comfort and strengthen the socio-economic conditions of an individual peacekeeper. This is more applicable for the non-commissioned officers and soldiers, whose earning is much lower than the commissioned and junior-commissioned officers. Unfortunately, many of the non-commissioned officers and soldiers lack the required skills to take advantage of the financial benefits (they get from UN mission) as they fail to utilize the money in a proper way. Moreover, the experience of working in an international arena with the troops, private sectors of different countries and international NGOs under one umbrella gives huge mental confidence to the Bangladeshi Peacekeeper and sharpens their professional skills.

Bangladesh is a lower middle-income country with a per capita income of $ 1,906 (Nominal) in 2019.While the country enjoyed economic growth over the last two decades and has made impressive achievements in terms of attaining the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), it is a small country with a very high population density and limited economic resources. Given the limited nature of the domestic tax revenue base, the government is eager to take advantage of any economic opportunities that may come from Bangladesh's involvement in UN peacekeeping missions. Banerjee (2014) points out that the financial benefits accrued by the Bangladeshi forces play an important role in supporting the economy.

Krishnasamy (2015) argues that UN reimbursement benefits the country's foreign exchange coffers and thus plays a positive role in the economy. Indeed, official sources indicate that from 2001 to 2010, the Government of Bangladesh received a total of $1.28 billion from the UN in funding provided for troop contributions, contingent-owned equipment and other forms of compensation.

Zaman & Biswas (2014) identified the participation of the Bangladeshi armed forces in UN peacekeeping has produced positive benefits for civil–military relations. This may have a profound impact upon Bangladeshi politics whereby the chances of military intervention in domestic politics will lessen.

Fewer studies are available on peacekeeping mission’s success, performance review and difficulties faced in mission areas. Not a single study is focused on the socio-economic benefits of peacekeeping missions. No scientific research has ever been produced how troops are using their hard-earned income. Whether that income has contributed to creating sources of their sustainable earning. How this income has accrued social benefits to the troops. Finally, it is important to explain the misuse of money earned by the troops participating in UN missions.

1.3 Research Question What impacts have been made on the Bangladeshi Peacekeepers’ livelihood through participation in the UN Peacekeeping missions?

1.4 Rationale of the Study There are two dimensions of socio-economic benefits of the peacekeeping mission: national and individual. This study aims to shed light on the socio-economic implications of Bangladeshi soldiers’ participation in UN Peacekeeping missions at the individual level. From the individuals’ pattern of investment, one can gauge the national pattern of benefits.

The outcome of this study will provide information to the teachers, students, future researchers and policy makers, helping them to a great extent.

The present study may be useful in showing that Bangladeshi UN Peacekeeping missions can be a way of women empowerment in our country. A new era started in Bangladeshi Peace Keeping force as the female army officers have been started participating in UN Mission since 2010. Therefore, the findings of the present study may show further light for women empowerment through UN Peacekeeping mission.

Hopefully, this study will give a guideline to the future UN Peacekeepers to utilize their income smartly, which will add value to their socio-economic life. Similarly, this will help the Armed Forces authority to give a meaningful plan and guidance to the troops, who are not always apt in managing large sums of money, to utilize their income properly. Thus,

5 their hard-earned income from UN Peacekeeping Mission will have a significant impact on their future lives.

1.5 Scope of the Study The study has been conducted on the Bangladeshi Peacekeepers who participated in UN Peacekeeping Mission between the years 2010-2015. The study has been conducted mainly on Bangladesh Army, as this organization contributes to the majority of the UN Peacekeepers from Bangladesh (approximately 72%). In addition, some members of Bangladesh Navy, Bangladesh Air Force, and Bangladesh Police are included in this study including the lady officers from all these organizations.

The work has been done at the micro-level with cross-sectional data which is then analyzed to find out different fields of utilization of the money that Bangladeshi Troops earned from UN Peacekeeping Mission.

1.6 Objectives of the Research The main objective of the study is to critically understand the socio-economic impacts of the income earned by Bangladeshi troops’ participation in UN Peacekeeping missions. The following specific objectives are mentioned below.  To examine the economic impacts of Peacekeeping missions on Bangladeshi Peacekeepers in enhancing income and in improving livelihood.  To find out the social benefits that these peace missions offer to the Bangladeshi UN Peacekeepers.

1.7 Research Hypothesis The present study hypothesizes that “The higher the participation in UN mission, the higher the livelihood outcomes will be to the Bangladeshi Peacekeepers”.

1.8 Research Methods This study has followed a mixed method. A total of 200 respondents (including 20 female) have been interviewed with a semi-structured questionnaire. Out of these 200 respondents, 180 are male and rest 20 female. The detail of methodology has been discussed in a separate chapter (see chapter three). As the study focuses on the measurement of impact of 6 the income accrued from participation in UN Peacekeeping missions, so the quantity and quality of impacts are necessary to figure out.

1.9 Organization of the Thesis This research has been presented in five chapters.

Chapter one discusses the subject matter and the statement of the problem. It contains the background of the study, objectives of the study, hypothesis, significance and scope of the study.

Chapter two presents structure and functions of the UN. It also includes how peacekeeping mission is connected with the UN. In addition, an analysis has been done on the historical trajectory of Bangladesh’s participation in UN Peacekeeping missions.

Chapter three contains conceptual and Research Method and Analytical Framework of the study. It will also include a selection of the study area and rationale of the selection, determination of sample size and distribution of sample, profile of the study area and identity of the respondents, data collection sources, data collection instruments, data management and efficiency of the data of the study.

Chapter Four has analyzed the socio-economic impacts of UN Peacekeeping Missions on the livelihood of Bangladeshi UN Peacekeepers.

The Fifth Chapter includes a conclusion and the recommendations that are made based on this study.

1.10 Conclusion In conclusion, we may say that Bangladesh has been participating in UN Peacekeeping missions out of its commitment to peace couched through its constitution and international obligations. This participation brings tangible and intangible benefits to Bangladesh. Alongside, a good image of a peace loving country worldwide, participation in UN missions bring economic benefits for the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and to the lives of the participating troops. Therefore, this study aims to prove the hypothesis that 7 the more the troops participate in UN missions, the more it earns for themselves and for the country. The findings of the research has been presented dividing the thesis into five chapters.

Chapter Two

UN and the Peacekeeping Mission: Structure, Functions and Bangladesh

2.1 Introduction This chapter introduces the readers with different structures constituting the UN along with their functions. Afterwards, this chapter unfolds the linkages of the UN peacekeeping mission with the UN structures. Besides, the discussion will include when and how Bangladesh started participating in UN missions. The evolution of Bangladesh’s participation in UN Peacekeeping will be covered in this chapter.

2.2 The Organogram of UN In the first chapter, I have briefly mentioned the origin and growth of the UN. In this chapter, I would like to avoid the repetition. This chapter presents organogram of the UN, showing its various organs. Since its creation, the United Nations is now considerably larger, encompassing numerous specialized organizations and agencies, programs and funds, training and research bodies as well as other service providers. There are also numerous subsidiary bodies, including committees, commissions, boards, councils, panels, and working groups. The United nations have five principal organs (earlier it was six) each of which has its own identity and responsibilities.

Figure 2.1: United Nations (UN) Organogram – 1

Figure 2.2: United Nations (UN) Organogram – 2

2.3 The General Assembly With 193 member states, the largest organ of the UN is certainly the General Assembly, in which member states have an equal representation here. Apart from appointing non- permanent members of the Security Council and receiving reports from other parts of the UN, they mostly implement the goals of the UN as well as oversee the budget of the UN. The general assembly makes recommendations too, in the form of General Assembly Resolutions. There is a wide range of subsidiary organs of the General Assembly. They are as follows:  Main and other sessional committees  Disarmament commission  Human rights council  International law commission  Standing committees and ad hoc bodies

Some other entities of the General Assembly are as follows  Joint UN program on HIV/AIDS  UN International strategy for disaster reduction  UN office for project services

2.4 The Security Council One of the most important organ is the Security Council and there are 5 permanent members of this council each of these five members has the power of veto. Moreover, there are 10 non-permanent members elected for 2 year terms. Bangladesh, as non- permanent member, served in the Security Council for two 2-year terms, first in 1979 and then again in 2000. The Security Council mostly acts as a decision maker. It is responsible for the maintenance of the global peace and security, and may adopt compulsory resolutions. The Security Council has a few subsidiary bodies as follows:  Counterterrorism committees  International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)  International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)  Military Staff Committee  Peacekeeping Operations and Political Missions  Sanctions Committees (ad hoc)  Standing committees and ad hoc bodies

United Nations Peace building Commission, an advisory subsidiary body of the General assembly, also plays the same role in the Security Council.

2.5 The Economic and Social Council The UN Economic and Social council work for global economic and social affairs and actively manages all the programs as well as the research and training institutes and their funding operated by the General Assembly. The UN Economic and Social Council has its functional and regional commissions and some other bodies. The functional commissions are as follows:  Crime prevention and criminal justice  Narcotic drugs  Population and development  Science and technology for development  Social development  Statistics  Status of women

 Sustainable development  United nations forum on forests

2.6 The Secretariat The Secretariat is an administrative organ of the UN, which supports the other UN bodies administratively (for example, in the organization of conferences, the writing of reports and studies and the preparation of the budget);its chairperson – the UN Secretary General – is elected by the General Assembly for a five-years mandate and is the UN's foremost representative. It plays an important role in the regional commissions of the Economic and Social Council.

2.7 The International Court of Justice It is the Universal court of international law which decides disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction; issues, legal opinions; renders judgment by relative majority. Its fifteen judges are elected by the UN General Assembly for nine-year terms.

2.8 The Trusteeship Council (Inactivated since 1994) It worked for administering trust territories was originally designed to manage colonial possessions that were former League of Nations mandates; has been inactive since 1994, when Palau, the last trust territory, attained independence.

2.9 UN Peacekeeping ‘Peacekeeping’ or ‘Peace Support’ by the United Nations is a role played by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations under the Security Council as a unique and dynamic instrument developed by the organization as a way to help countries torn by conflict to create the conditions for lasting peace. UN Peacekeeping helps countries navigate the difficult path from conflict to peace. UN Peacekeeping Missions have unique strengths, including legitimacy and ability to deploy troops and police from around the globe, integrating them with civilian peacekeepers to address a range of mandates set by the UN Security Council and General Assembly. UN Peacekeeping (in broader context, we should mention it as ‘UN Peace Support’) includes:

 Peacekeeping: The main function of peacekeeping is to facilitate the transition from a state of conflict to a state of peace. Peacekeeping rests on three principles: maintain the consent of the host state(s) and immediate parties to the dispute; act impartially; and behave in a non-vicious and non-threatening manner.

 Peace Building: Peace building is a new concept of which the UN first took note in 1992. It is now a widely accepted part of most UN missions. There are two basic types of peace building: it aims either to reinforce preventative diplomacy (remedying the root causes of conflict, such as environmental degradation, underdevelopment, and threats to the human security of individuals), or to buttress diplomatic peacemaking (by institutionalizing peace after a conflict).Peace building involves democratic institution building, the design and monitoring of elections, training of security institutions (the police and military), and reconciliation and human rights initiatives. Since the late 1980s, military peacekeepers and a growing number of civilian peace builders have been deployed inside states to try to maintain order, help implement agreements, and build peace. Peacekeepers and peace builders are inseparable partners in complex operations.

 Peacemaking: Peacemaking is practical conflict transformation focused upon establishing equitable power relationships robust enough to forestall future conflict, often including the establishment of means of agreeing on ethical decisions within a community, or among parties, that had previously engaged in inappropriate (i.e. violent) responses to conflict. Peacemaking seeks to achieve full reconciliation among adversaries and new mutual understanding among parties and stakeholders. When applied in criminal justice matters, peacemaking is usually called restorative justice, but sometimes also transformative justice, a term coined by the late Canadian justice theorist and activist Ruth Morris. One popular example of peacemaking is the several types of mediation, usually between two parties and involving a third, a facilitator or mediator. Peacemaking mandate is provided by Article 33 of the Chartered of United Nations.

 Peace Enforcement: Peace enforcement is the use of military force to compel peace in a conflict, generally against the will of those combatants. To do this, it generally requires more military force than peacekeeping operations. The United Nations, through its Security Council per Chapter VII of its charter, has the ability to authorize force to enforce its resolutions and cease-fires already created. Peace enforcement differs from peacekeeping as peace enforcement activities are generally used to create a peace from a broken ceasefire or to enforce a peace demanded by the United Nations. Compared to peacekeeping, peace enforcement requires more military force and is thereby best done by heavily armed forces. However, it is generally unable to create lasting peace, as it does nothing to deal with the underlying problems which caused the conflict itself.

All of the above activities are mutually reinforcing and the overlap between them is frequent in practice. That is why all these four are jointly termed as ‘UN Peace Support’. UN Peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas and assist ex-combatants in implementing the peace agreements they may have signed. Such assistance comes in many forms, including confidence-building measures, power-sharing arrangements, electoral support, strengthening the rule of law, and economic and social development. Accordingly, UN can include soldiers, police officers, and civilian personnel.

The United Nations Charter gives Security Council the power and responsibility to take collective action to maintain international peace and security. For this reason, the international community usually looks to the Security Council to authorize peacekeeping operations through Chapter VII authorizations. Most of these operations are established and implemented by the United Nations itself, with troops serving under UN operational control. In these cases, peacekeepers remain members of their respective armed forces, and do not constitute an independent "UN army", as the UN does not have such a force. In cases where direct UN involvement is not considered appropriate or feasible, the Council authorizes regional organizations such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), or coalitions of willing countries to undertake peacekeeping or peace-enforcement tasks.

‘UN Peacekeeping Mandate’ is the premier legal document for Peace Support Operations which is approved by the Security Council through a Security Council Resolution. This dictates the major tasks & roles to be accomplished by a mission engaging in ground to achieve the desired and end result.

There are no simplified ‘vision, mission and objectives’ in general for UN Peacekeeping Mission, as the ‘mission, vision and objectives’ of each UN Peacekeeping Mission differs from one another and depends on the types of conflict and challenges. When situation, region and the urgency of action is taken into consideration, the nature of these categories changes. Hence, the ‘vision, mission and objectives’ of each UN Peacekeeping Mission has its own uniqueness and inimitability. Moreover, a UN Peacekeeping Mission has versatile branches and many organizations working together. The ‘vision, mission and objectives’ of UN Peace Support Operations are not dictated by anybody, nor it is pre- defined rather these philosophies derive from the nature of the conflict and the willingness to bring peace. For example: the mission of the Troops (peacekeepers with arms) is to ensure the security and prevent the conflict in the mission area. On the other hand, the mission of the UNPOL (UN Police) is to establish law and order situation of the mission area. The mission of UNHCR (UN High Commission for Refugee) in a particular Peacekeeping Mission can be to control the refugee movements, enlist them, and provide them the basic needs. Again the mission of the WHO (World Health Organization) can be to create awareness among the people about HIV and teach them the preventive methods. Therefore, it is only logical to consider a range within which each of the wings of UN can operate in order to achieve the specific goals for a mission.

2.10 Five Generations of UN PKO (Peacekeeping Operations) The UN peacekeeping mission is perhaps the most well-known of the activities of the UN and these operations now constitute the core of collective security. UN Peacekeeping helps countries navigate the difficult path from conflict to peace. The Peacekeeping Missions have unique strengths, including legitimacy, burden sharing and an ability to deploy troops and police from around the world, integrating them with civilian peacekeepers to address a range of mandates set by the UN Security Council and General Assembly. The conflict resolution (VI, VII, and VIII) of the UN charter gives an implicit legal basis of these missions. However, these operations have changed profoundly since the modern inception

15 in 1948 to the present as a result of the shifts in the political and global landscape – globalization and medialization. The UN PKO is traced through five analytical generations each of which brought concrete changes in mandates and tasks, but the evolution centered around three following factors:  The level of force used by operations’ military pillar.  The type and depth of tasks conducted by its civilian pillar.  In the case of the latest generation, increased UN load-sharing with regional organizations.

2.10.1 First-generation peace operations: traditional peacekeeping  First-generation forces possessed a mandate under Chapter VI of the UN Charter. They typically were not heavily armed, and operated under strictly limiting rules of engagement.  The consent of the host nation(s).  Impartiality (equal treatment without discrimination) between the conflict factions.  The non-use of force by United Nations troops.

2.10.2 Second-generation peace operations: civilian tasks  The second-generation missions took place within a context of ongoing violence.  The second-generation missions took place in a context of internal conflicts.  The second-generation missions took on new civilian tasks.  The second-generation missions interacted with an increasing number of humanitarian actors in complex emergencies.  The second-generation missions often experienced creeping shifts in their mandates.  Suffer from a considerable gap in the relationship between their means and ends.  Preventive diplomacy is action to prevent disputes from arising between parties, to prevent existing disputes from escalating into conflicts and to limit the spread of the latter when they occur.  Peacemaking is action to bring hostile parties to agreement, essentially through such peaceful means as those foreseen in Chapter VI of the Charter of the United Nations.

 Peacekeeping is the deployment of United Nations presence in the field, hitherto, with the consent of all the parties concerned, normally involving United Nations military and/or police personnel and frequently civilians as well.

2.10.3 Third-generation peace operations: peace enforcement  Third-generation peace operations had increased permission to use force to impose the aims of a mission’s mandate, without significant departure in the nature of that mandate from the classic transitional tasks of second-generation mandates.  The authority to use force increased significantly as oppressive governments’ right to use sovereignty as a shield against intervention came under scrutiny. During the Rwandan genocide, for example, the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda was not permitted to use force to take preventive action even in the face of glaringly obvious mass killings.  Third-generation missions often possess a temporally limited mandate aimed at restoring a peaceful context in which the UN can carry out its civilian tasks. The first intervention to claim purely or even predominantly humanitarian motivation was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) action against Yugoslavia over the conflict in Kosovo in 1999.

2.10.4 Fourth-generation peace operations: peace building  The fourth generation of peace operations enjoyed elevated permission to use force with enhanced civilian tasks that are more intrusive in terms of their effect on local autonomy.  In the fourth generation we have also seen a different type of peace building in the form of a transitional administration, wherein the exercise of sovereignty over a given territory is effectively transferred to a UN peace operation and all executive, legislative, and judicial authority temporarily rests with the head of the UN mission. For instance, the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET).

 We have also seen a significant increase in the number of organizations and other actors involved in full-scale peace building operations - NATO and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), UN specialized agencies, international NGOs and international financial institutions were among others.

2.10.5 An incipient fifth generation: hybrid missions Finally, there is empirical evidence of the emergence of a fifth generation of peace operations. What sets this type of mission apart is its hybrid character – these missions deploy troops and police personnel under mixed command, with both the United Nations and various regional organizations deploying troops to the same missions under separate chains of command and distinct forms of mandate. Different from a Chapter VIII mission and high-use of force mandates, hybrid missions involve the simultaneous deployment of UN troops and those of a regional organization. These missions reflect a growing shift in the division of labor in the global system of peace operations. Central to this shift is the changing attitude of Western powers towards international intervention. Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, NATO powers focused their attention on the missions in Iraq and Afghanistan. As a result, the composition of UN troops shifted, resulting in the emergence of the global South as the predominant source of blue helmet troops. Scandinavian troops, for example, dropped from supplying 25% of UN troops to 5%. Concomitantly, at certain points in time during the 2000s, over 40% of UN troops came from the Indian subcontinent.

Essentially, several regional organizations, particularly in Europe and in Africa, have become involved in hybrid missions. NATO, through the Kosovo Protection Force (KFOR), was charged – under a separate chain of command – with the security aspects of the hybrid international mission in Kosovo, while the OSCE dealt with institution-building aspects. Several Western states have individually supported UN peace operations with robust contingents, such as Great Britain in Sierra Leone in 1999 and France in Côte d’Ivoire in 2010. In keeping with the UN’s commitment to seek “African solutions for African problems,” the African Union has also taken on an increased military role in conflict resolution, deploying

contingents with the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), as well as on its own, though as part of an internationally coordinated effort, in Somalia through the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS).

Peace operations are sure to remain a central theme in international security in the future as they become increasingly ambitious and, arguably, effective (or at least stronger in their effects on their target populations). As this brief presentation has shown, these missions merit attention not only when they fail, but on those occasions where, as so often in the past, they quietly prevent and contain the emergence of far worse conflicts and humanitarian disasters than might have occurred in their absence (Ref: UN Peacekeeping Official Website: www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/2016).

2.11 Organogram of Department of Peacekeeping Operations United Nations department of peacekeeping operations has a multi-layered hierarchy but broadly put the most relevant position to the peacekeeping operation starts from the Special Representative of the Secretary General (SRSG) who is appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations as a representative. The SRSG has two Deputy Special representative of the Secretary General. While one DSRSG makes sure that the UN peacekeeping operations are maintaing the rule of law through justice, police and jail in the deployed regions, the other act as a humanitarian coordinator. The latter is resposible for all activities of the following: a. UN High Commission for Refugees b. World Health Organization c. World Food Program d. Food and Agriculture Organization e. UN International Children’s Emergency Fund f. UN Department of Safety and Security g. International Non- government Organizations h. Non-government Organizations

In terms of the missions front-line, the Force Commander takes the lead with the help of the Police Commissioner and the Director of Mission support each of whom report to the SRGS. The Force commander works directly with the Troops contributing countries such 19 as Bangladesh and the UN Military experts on the mission. The TCC (Troops Contributing Country) provides both armed and civilian personnels. For example, in the case of Bangladesh the troops may include Army Battalion (BANBATT), Engineers Subunit (BANENGR), Medical officers (BANMED) and so on. Similarly, UN Military experts on the mission include military observers (Army, Navy, Air force and Police), military liaison officer, military advisor and arms monitor.

Figure 2.3: Organogram of UN Peacekeeping Mission

2.12 Bangladesh’s Participation in the UN Peacekeeping Missions From the point of view of maintenance of peace and security, the position of all countries is not the same. Protection of a country’s security and sovereignty is difficult. When Bangladesh gained independence in 1971, it started working for peace immediately both at home and abroad. Bangladesh joined the UN on 17September, 1974 and since then despite tremendous economic restrains it has been one of the highest contributors of uniformed personnel to the UN peacekeeping operations. UNIIMOG in Iraq and UNTAG in Namibia were the first two peacekeeping operations that Bangladesh took part in 1988 only with 15 military observers. It was a turbulent time and the task in hand seemed baffling for a least developed country like Bangladesh. But since then Bangladesh has sent its troops to at

20 least 54 UNPKO’s with around140,000 personnel of Bangladesh (As on 31 March 2017: 122,600 members of Bangladesh Armed Forces, including 200 female members & 17,116 members of Bangladesh Police, including 946 female police) having served in those missions and covering as many as forty countries including Namibia, Cambodia, Somalia, Uganda, Rwanda, Mozambique, former Yugoslavia, Liberia, Haiti, Tajikistan, Western Sahara, Sierra Leone, Georgia, Congo, and Côte d'Ivoire (Source: Overseas Directorate, Bangladesh Army Headquarters & Bangladesh Police Headquarters).

Table 2.1: Ranking of Military and Police Contributions to UN Operations

Date: 31 March, 2017 Country Male Female Total 1. Ethiopia 7,740 600 8,340 2. India 7,637 41 7,678 3. Pakistan 7,113 19 7,132 4. Bangladesh 6,703 201 6,904 5. Rwanda 5,892 257 6,149 6. Nepal 5,058 173 5,231 7. Burkina Faso 2,877 94 2,971 8. Egypt 2,900 4 2,904 9. Senegal 2,760 80 2,840 10. Ghana 2,515 258 2,773

(Ref: UN Peacekeeping Official Website:www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2017)

The most important benefit of Bangladeshi’s participation in UN missions has been in the diplomatic front. Firstly, her exemplary performance in all the missions has contributed immensely to the prestige and good image of the country. In spite of internal problems of the country, Bangladesh forces are out in the world solving world problems with exceptional skill and professionalism. Secondly, having willingly participated in those missions, Bangladesh has not only earned good friends around the globe, but it also had its impact on the economic front.

In turn, the UN has continued to be a major pillar of Bangladesh's foreign policy ever since it became a part of the World Body. Because of the outstanding performance and commitment, Bangladesh emerged as the leader of the least developed countries securing important positions in the UN such as the President of the General Assembly, Chairman of the various Commissions and Committees, and Executive Member of a number of UN bodies and specialized agencies. Bangladesh's efforts have been primarily focused on Arab-Israeli conflict, decolonization and economic problems. Bangladesh has been elected twice for two-year tenure in the Security Council, which is a major diplomatic achievement. This was partly possible due to the soft power the country yields through the peacekeeping operations.

From 1979 to 1980 was Bangladesh’s first term in the Security Council and it along with other non-aligned member-nations unsuccessfully tried to prevent the Soviet vetoes on Vietnamese invasion of Kampuchea and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. It, however, was successful in case of circumventing the dismantling of Jewish settlements in occupied Arab territories. In the same period Bangladesh supervised on behalf of the UN the elections in Rhodesia leading to its independence as Zimbabwe. As a result, Bangladesh was elected as the Chairman of the Security Council's Committee on Arms Embargo in South Africa. The second term (2000-2001) was equally noteworthy. But undoubtedly the biggest contribution the country made to the UN is through the peacekeeping missions. Bangladeshi army Generals had led the peacekeeping missions in Mozambique and Georgia. Many of our brave soldiers paid with their life for world peace. A 2016 study shows that total of128 brave members were lost for the cause of world peace, security and humanity. Bangladesh not only deployed its troops, but also provided three Bell-22 helicopters, a Frigate, an Offshore Patrol Vessel, one MI-17 helicopter and one C-130 transport aircraft to the UN peacekeeping missions. Bangladeshi women police and air force officers enthusiastically joined the peacekeeping missions when they went to Haiti in 2010 for humanitarian activities such as providing primary education, primary healthcare, protection on violence against women, prevention of HIV, AIDS training, and so on. People around the globe knows Bangladesh for its role in peacekeeping while the uniformed personnel became a lantern of hope for those surviving in war struck regions who have nothing to offer but unequivocal love and respect for this nation (Source: Overseas Operation Director, GS Branch, Bangladesh Army Headquarters). 22

2.13 Summary of Bangladesh’s Participation in UN Peacekeeping Mission (from 1988 till March 2017)  Mission Participated: 54  Countries: 40  Number of Personnel Participated: 139,716  Deceased: 128  Injured: 207  Bangladeshi Contingents:

Table 2.2: Types and numbers of Bangladeshi Contingents (Unit/Subunit) participated in UN Peacekeeping Mission (up to March 2017) Type of Contingent (Unit/Sub-unit) Number of Contingent BANBATT (Bangladesh Battalion) - A fully strengthen and equipped Unit, 98 Infantry is the Core Element of this unit. BAN ARTY (Bangladesh Artillery Regiment) 13 BANENGR (Bangladesh Engineers), Company Strength/Subunit 65 BANSIG (Bangladesh Signals) Company Strength/Subunit 19 Logistics Company (Subunit) 14 BANMED (Bangladesh Medical, Level 2 Hospital) 35 BANMED (Bangladesh Medical, Level 1 Hospital) 8 BANMP (Bangladesh Military Police), Subunit 16 BANMP (Bangladesh Military Police), Detachment 14 BANFRC (Bangladesh Force Reserve Company, Special Force), Subunit 14 Engineer Multirole Company, Subunit 13 Headquarter & Support Signal Company, Subunit 26 BANTPT (Bangladesh Transport), Company Strength/Subunit 12 MILOB (Military Observers) – This includes the officers of the Bangladesh Individual Army, Bangladesh Navy & Bangladesh Air Force. Participant BANFPU (Bangladesh Fiend Police Unit) 7 UNPOL (UN Police) Individual Participant Bangladesh Navy (Sub Unit) 10 BANAIR (Bangladesh Air Force), Sub Unit 12 (Source: Overseas Operation Directorate, GS Branch, Bangladesh Army Headquarters; Bangladesh Navy Headquarters; Bangladesh Air Force Headquarters; Bangladesh Police Headquarters) 23

Countries and missions where Bangladeshi troops deployed as UN Peacekeeper are listed in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3: List of UN Peacekeeping Mission Bangladesh Participated (up to March 2017) Sl No Mission Name Deployed Country Continent Remarks UNPROFOR, 1 Bosnia Herzegovina Europe UNMOP 2 UNTAES Croatia / East Slovenia Europe 3 UNOMIG Georgia Europe 4 UNMIK Kosovo Europe 5 UNPREDEP Macedonia Europe 6 UNFICYP Cyprus Europe On Going 7 UNOMIL, UNMIL Liberia Africa 8 ONUMOZ Mozambique Africa 9 UNTAG Namibia Africa 10 UNAMIR Rwanda Africa 11 UNAMSIL, UNIOSIL Sierra Leone Africa 12 UNOSOM, AMISON Somalia Africa MONUSCO On 13 MONUC, MONUSCO Congo Africa Going 14 UNOMUR Uganda / Rwanda Africa 15 UNMEE Ethiopia / Eretria Africa 16 MINURSO Western Sahara Africa On Going 17 UNMISS South Sudan Africa On Going 18 MINURCAT Chad Africa 19 UNOWA Western Africa Africa 20 UNSOA Somalia Africa 21 MINUSMA Mali Africa On Going UNMIS, UNAMID, UNAMID On 22 Sudan Africa UNISFA Going MINUCI, ONUCI, 23 Ivory Coast Africa UNOCI 24 UNAVEM Angola Africa

Sl No Mission Name Deployed Country Continent Remarks 25 BINUB Burundi Africa 26 MINUSCA Central African Republic Africa On Going 27 UNAMA Afghanistan Asia UNSMA, 28 Afghanistan / Pakistan Asia UNGOMAP UNAMET, UNTAET, 29 East Timor Asia UNMISET 30 UNGCI, UNMOVIC Iraq Asia 31 UNIIMOG Iran / Iraq Asia 32 UNMOT Tajikistan Asia 33 UNIFIL Lebanon Asia 34 UNIKOM, OKP Kuwait Asia OKP On Going 35 UNSMIS Syria Asia 36 UNTAC Cambodia Asia UNMIH, MNF, MINUSTHA 37 Haiti America MINUSTHA On Going 38 UNDPKO UNO On Going

(Source: Overseas Operation Directorate, GS Branch, Bangladesh Army Headquarters; Bangladesh Navy Headquarters; Bangladesh Air Force Headquarters; Bangladesh Police Headquarters)

Figure 2.4: Bangladeshi Uniformed Personnel in UN Peacekeeping Operation (1990-2015)

(Source: Overseas Operation Directorate, GS Branch, Bangladesh Army Headquarters; Bangladesh Navy Headquarters; Bangladesh Air Force Headquarters; Bangladesh Police Headquarters) 25

2.14 Financial Benefits of Bangladesh from UN Peacekeeping Bangladesh has gained large financial benefits by participating in the UN peacekeeping operations. Every country has a different system and scales for allocating pay and allowances to own peacekeeping troops. Since the UN cannot be troubled with such intricacies, UN DPKO (Department of Peacekeeping Operation) has standardized the pay scale for all the UN peacekeepers, paying USD 1,410 to the TCC - Troops Contributing Country - for each peacekeeper on a monthly basis. Not only the troops but the TCC is reimbursed by UN DPKO for following accessories also.

Table 2.4: UN Reimbursement of Money (As of July 2010) Sl Particulars Unit Amount No (USD) 1 Troops Salary Per Contingent Member (Per Month) $ 1,410 2 Personal Clothing, Gear Against Per Contingent Member (Per $ 68 & Equipment Allowance Month) 3 Personal Weaponry & Against Per Contingent Member (Per $ 5 Training Ammunition Month) 4 Specialist Allowance 25% of Total Strength of Logistic Unit (Per $ 303 Month) 5 Specialist Allowance 10% of Total Strength of Infantry $ 303 Battalion, Formed Police Unit, Force HQ & Sector HQ (Per Month) (Ref: UN COE Manual-2014, Chapter 9, Annex A)

Reimbursement Structure for UNMEM (UN Military Experts on Mission), which includes the Military Observers, varies from mission to mission. For example, military observers of MONUSCO (Congo) receive USD 164 per day while their counterparts at MINUSMA (Mali) receive USD 131.

Between 1988 and 1996, Bangladeshi troops earned an upwards of 163.5 million US dollars in pay and allowances alone. Out of that amount, the Bangladesh Government has profited approximately 30 Million US dollars. During the same time span, rough estimation indicates that the amount received by the military observers will be a little more 26 than 18 million US dollars. Bangladesh also claimed, as per the UN regulations, a million dollar or so as compensation for the death, injury and disability of their peacekeepers. Of that amount, however, they only managed to receive 245,000 US dollars so far. The rest is pending. For the reimbursement of the country-owned equipment, Bangladesh’s total claim adds up to about 30 million US Dollars. So far, a little over 3 million US Dollars has been paid till 7 July 1996, and more than USD 27 million still remains unpaid. The Government takes cut from the pay of the troops in numerous ways. To illustrate, from the observers, the Government takes 10% of the pay and from the daily subsistence allowance (DSA) to the peacekeeper the Government takes 25%. The Government also keeps the full amount of the maintenance allowances which is about 70% per month per person.

The financial package offered for UN peacekeeping is an attractive incentive for a developing country like Bangladesh. From 2001 to 2010, UN compensation approximately amounted to a total of $1.28 billion, 67% of which is accounted for troop costs with the rest as equipment cost reimbursement.

Table 2.5: UN Reimbursement of Money (From 2001-02 to 2009-10) Year E (Equipment) USD C (Contingent) USD C+E (USD) 2001–02 $ 16,118,800 $ 81,639,026 $ 97,757,826 2002–03 $ 37,432,740 $ 67,051,154 $ 104,483,894 2003–04 $ 44,296,416 $ 46,713,064 $ 91,009,480 2004–05 $ 31,606,099 $ 93,794,400 $ 125,400,499 2005–06 $ 84,182,738 $ 161,861,802 $ 246,044,540 2006–07 $ 79,046,617 $ 136,366,902 $ 215,413,520 2007–08 $ 49,200,697 $ 105,686,967 $ 154,887,665 2008–09 $ 27,844,530 $ 95,053,666 $ 122,898,196 2009–10 $ 48,936,327 $ 80,945,156 $ 129,881,483 Total $ 418,664,969 $ 869,112,138 $ 1,287,777,107

(Source: Bangladesh Bank, Foreign Exchange Policy Department).

If we study the statistics of the previous 7 years, it will become evident that the earning of Bangladesh from UN peacekeeping mission (a total amount of $ 1.28 billion, 69% of 27 which is accounted for troop costs with the rest as equipment cost reimbursement) as seen below, a remarkable contribution to the country’s economy.

Table 2.6: UN Reimbursement of Money (From 2010-11 to 2016-17) Year E (Equipment) USD C (Contingent) USD C+E (USD) 2010-11 $ 37,215,952 $ 86,837,221 $ 124,053,172 2011-12 $ 52,408,102 $ 122,285,571 $ 174,693,673 2012-13 $ 85,849,335 $ 191,084,004 $ 276,933,338 2013-14 $ 63,592,925 $ 141,545,542 $ 205,138,467 2014-15 $ 50,464,002 $ 107,236,003 $ 157,700,005 2015-16 $ 63,598,585 $ 135,146,993 $ 198,745,577 2016-17 $ 46,578,252 $ 98,978,786 $ 145,557,038 Total $ 399,707,152 $ 883,114,120 $ 1,282,821,272

(Source: Bangladesh Bank, Foreign Exchange Policy Department).

The earning comparison of Bangladesh (from UN Peacekeeping mission) between last decade and this decade depicts that the earning of 10 years in the last decade is almost equal to the earning of 7 years of this decade, that also indicates an income growth of 28%.

2.15 Conclusion From the beginning of its journey, UN played a vital role to maintain and ensure world peace. Whenever a crisis or conflict broke out in different parts of the world, UN took the initiative to solve those. The Peacekeeping missions carried out by UNDPKO became successful in almost every cases, conflicts were controlled and stopped, peace were established and solutions were made. The result is, since 1945, till today the world never witnessed another world war. On the other hand, Bangladesh’s participation in UN peacekeeping gave the country a dignified position in world forum. By the Bangladeshi Peacekeepers’ dedication and contribution to world peace, professionalism in peacekeeping operations ensured neutrality, they earned name, fame & financial benefits for their country. Besides, Bangladeshi troops achieved more professionalism, confidence,

28 operational and administrative skills, practical training and also added financial benefits for themselves.

Chapter Three

Analytical Framework of the Study and Research Methods

3.1 Introduction Methodology forms the core of any research work. Before taking up any research work, it is imperative to follow some form of methods to accomplish successful outcome. The methodology adopted for this study to achieve the goal fruitfully has been discussed in this chapter. Primary and cross-sectional data have been collected for analysis because not only the outcomes of the research work, but also the subsequent policy implications rely on the quality of data and methodology. Without reliable data, all outcomes or findings will not be acknowledged.

This chapter also explains the demographic profiles of the peacekeepers based on the characteristics like age, sex, family size, education, occupation and marital status as well as socio-economic characteristics like household assets and livelihood activities, etc. An overview on the background of the respondents can be presented by these characteristics. Besides, it helps to give a summary about the suitability of the study population later.

3.2 Analytical Framework The figure 3.1 represents the analytical framework of the study showing how Bangladeshi UN Peacekeepers can assist themselves to come out of poverty. In addition, the research methods have been discussed in detail. The analytical framework consists of two parts, such as the first part depicts the livelihood assets and the second part deals with livelihood outcomes. Participation in the UN Missions allows troops to elevate their livelihood outcomes. However, people are the crucial component in the livelihoods approach and to attain the self-defined targets, people want a series of goods where any asset donation is not enough to get the preferred results by itself. According to Ellis (2000), there are 5 livelihood goods which are available to people and which offer them different livelihood options as mentioned below: 30

a. Natural Capital: It refers to common land, common water bodies, etc., which are used by people to produce means of existence. b. Social Capital: It includes networks, members of groups, relationship of trust and access to the wider institution of society. c. Human Capital: The skills, knowledge, ability to labor and good health are considered in this category. d. Physical Capital: This group includes transport, homestead, roads, fuel, electricity, which aids people to lead their livelihoods. e. Financial Capital: It refers to access to income level, credit facility and savings.

The following figure further explains the analytical framework.

Livelihood Assets

UN Peacekeeping

Wellbeing, quality and standard of living

Income in cash and in kind

Social benefit

Access to credit

Direct and

Indirect Engage in different defense economic associations benefits

Social bondage

Livelihood Outcome Livelihood Improved health, skill and education

Poverty Alleviation

Figure 3.1: Analytical Framework (Source: Adapted from DFID Report 2005, modified by the researcher in the context of this research)

By adopting a series of decisions like which goods to use, when, where, how etc, livelihood goods to make a livelihood more secure. These things combined form a term called livelihood strategy of the household. From their livelihood activities members of a house bring wages in cash or kind to save or invest, to pay for children higher education or expenditure, etc. Wages can be utilized to buy goods and services necessary for a household. The essential feature contributing to the livelihood strategies of all communities in the urban or rural community is the technological surroundings. The attainments of livelihood strategies are livelihood outcomes pointed out below: . More income – It refers to money. . Increased well-being – It states non-material goods, like self-respect, fitness, access to services, and sense of insertion. . Reduced vulnerability – It means better flexibility through increasing asset position. . Improved food security – It indicates increasing economical assets in order to buy food. . More sustainable use of natural resources – It refers to proper property rights.

The income from UN Mission influences the economic status of the Bangladeshi Peacekeepers considerably. The members of Bangladesh Armed Forces have a very limited source of income. Though they are provided with the accommodation and ration facilities, their salary structure is far inferior compared to those of many other troops contributing nations. With that limited salary, they can neither lead a standard life nor can they have any savings for the future. They sometimes cannot even afford to provide good education to their children or have a house or apartment of their own. The extra money that they get by participating in UN Mission opens a new window for them to attain those facilities and the solvency in life to all ranks of the members of Bangladesh Armed Forces. In our country, the social status has a direct relation and proportion with the economic condition. Nowadays, educational qualifications and aristocratic family background has also become a contributing factor while determining one’s social status. So, to have a reputed social position, the income from the UN Missions play a vital role. To exemplify, after completing the first UN Peacekeeping Mission, almost all officers can afford to have a private car and after the second mission, they can afford to have an apartment in the

33 capital. Similarly, the soldiers can have a piece of land for cultivation or a pond for fisheries at their native villages and get the desired social recognition in their localities.

The troops, having good motivation, spend a portion of the money for the standard and higher education for their children. They consider this as one of the best investments for future.

The interests of deposited money in the bank and non-bank financial institutions are the sources of secondary income. In addition, lending purchased land for rent and crop cultivation.

Some of them spend a large portion of the money in social events. To fulfill their moral and family obligation the elder members of the armed forces, having children eligible for marriage, spend the money especially in the marriage ceremony of their daughters whereas the young eligible officers spend a large sum of their income from UN Missions in their own marriage.

Research Methods Detailed

3.3 Selection of the Study Area Under the Bangladesh Ministry of Defense, there are three separate forces: Bangladesh Army, Bangladesh Navy and Bangladesh Air Force. But, the Bangladesh Army is the land force branch and the largest of the three defense services of the Bangladesh Armed Forces. The current strength of Bangladesh Army is estimated to be more than 152,000 personnel, while Bangladesh Navy consists of more than 18,000 personnel and Bangladesh Air Force with 14,000 personnel (Source: Bangladesh Armed Forces - Wikipedia).

The uniformed individuals of Bangladesh Army can get transferred from one unit to another unit (accordingly one cantonment to another cantonment) or the whole unit (battalion) is shifted from one cantonment to another cantonment after a certain duration. After returning from a mission, the battalion or contingent (BANBATT) is split and troops get posted in different units and cantonments.

The figure of Bangladeshi UN Peacekeepers in the whole armed force population depends on the basis of demand of the UN. For each mission, the UN DPKO (Department of Peacekeeping Operation) prescribes a particular organogram sending it to the TCC (Troops Contributing Country), mentioned in the MoU (Memorandum of Understanding). According to that prescribed organogram, Units and/or Subunits are formed (organogram is determined) to send to the UN Peacekeeping mission. Bangladeshi Peacekeepers are selected for UN mission based on the ‘Selection Policy’ of Bangladesh Armed Forces. The selection process includes certain criteria. Mainly the rank, age, seniority as per service length, physical/medical fitness and soundness of disciplinary background are considered as basic criteria. There are many other criteria/sub-criteria which determine the qualification, priority and specialization of an individual/member of Bangladesh Armed Forces to be selected as a peacekeeper for UN Peacekeeping Mission. In order to obtain a representative picture of the conditions and nature of its variation in different cantonments around Bangladesh, it might have been worth to include the Armed Forces members from entire country within the present survey.

But financial constraints, limitation of time and certain technical difficulties might prolong the investigation to cover a wider area than the one selected purposively. There is, however, a dearth of satisfactory data and information to enable us to make regional stratification of the country for satisfactory classification. As a compromise, in consistent with the research objectives, Bangladesh armed forces have been selected for the present study. Selection of these areas has been done based on purposive sampling procedure in three stages. There are 32 cantonments in the country. But, because of the variation in the size of the cantonment, a few smaller cantonments were left out. The author decided to select 9 cantonments namely: a. Dhaka Cantonment b. Mirpur Cantonment c. Savar Cantonment d. Mymensingh Cantonment e. Majhira Cantonment (Bogra) f. Chittagong Cantonment g. Comilla Cantonment h. Jessore Cantonment i. Rangpur Cantonment

As a whole 9 cantonments from six divisions of Bangladesh were selected of which the following points are worth mentioning: a. Based on availability of the number of Troops. These study areas covered a large number of armed forces members including female members. So, there was a wide scope to study the livelihood of armed forces members who participated in the UN peace mission. b. Selection was purposive, making sure that each Arms and Ranks are represented.

3.4 Survey Method and Determination of Sample Size There are three different systems of ranks for commissioned officers of the Bangladesh Army, Bangladesh Navy and Bangladesh Air Force. Bangladesh Army is headed by the Chief of Army Staff in the rank of four-star General. Under the command of Army Headquarters, Bangladesh Army has 9 division-sized regional commands and one Army Training and Doctrine Command (ARTDOC). The Army Training and Doctrine Command (ARTDOC) is headed by a General Officer Commanding (GOC) in the rank of Lieutenant General. Each regional command and respective division is spearheaded by a GOC in the rank of Major General. Besides, there are four independent brigades commanded by a brigade commander in the rank of General.

Table 3.1: Different systems of rank for commissioned officers of the Bangladesh Army, Navy and Air Force Army Navy Air Force Remarks

General (Gen) Admiral Air Chief Marshal -

Lieutenant General (Lt Gen) Vice Admiral Air Marshal -

Major General (Maj Gen) Rear Admiral Air Vice Marshal -

Brigadier General (Brig Gen) Commodore Air Commodore -

Colonel (Col) Captain Group Captain -

Lieutenant Colonel (Lt Col) Commander Wing Commander -

Major (Maj) Lieutenant Commander Squadron Leader -

Captain (Capt) Lieutenant Flight Lieutenant -

Lieutenant (Lt) Sub Lieutenant Flying Officer -

Second Lieutenant (2Lt) Midshipman Pilot Officer -

Table 3.2: Different systems of rank for the Junior Commissioned Officers (JCO), Non Commissioned Officers (NCO) and Privates of the Bangladesh Army, Navy and Air Force: Army Navy Air Force Remarks Master Warrant Master Chief Petty Master Warrant JCO Officer (MWO) Officer Officer (MWO) Senior Warrant Senior Chief Petty Senior Warrant JCO Officer (SWO) Officer Officer (SWO) Warrant Officer Warrant Officer Chief Petty Officer JCO (WO) (WO) Sergeant (Sgt) Petty Officer Sergeant NCO Corporal (Cpl) Leading Seaman Corporal NCO Lance Corporal Leading Private/Sainik Able Seaman (LCpl) Aircraftman (Pvt/Snk) Private/Sainik Private/Sainik Ordinary Seaman Aircraftman (Pvt/Snk) (Pvt/Snk)

Bangladeshi soldiers, who have participated in the missions, are of different ranks and positions. In every Contingent (Unit or Subunit) there are Troops of all ranks (Officers, JCOs, NCOs, and Privates). But, in case of Military Observers (MILOB), none but officers are selected. Therefore, the information must be collected from each rank so that the study covers the troops of low, moderate and higher income background.

The troops (arms/weapon holder peacekeepers) participate in the UN Peacekeeping Mission either as a part of Unit (generally equivalent of Battalion strength, having 850 troops) or as a part of Sub-unit (generally equivalent of Company strength or less). They might also participate as an appointment holder in the Sector Headquarter or Force Headquarter.

In a UN Peacekeeping mission, there are a number of sectors under a Force Headquarters just like there are a range of Units and Sub-units under a sector. These numbers and strengths depend on the nature of the mission, the geographical size of the country as well

37 as the required strength of troops for ensuring peacekeeping, peace building or peace enforcement.

At present, Bangladesh Armed Forces are sending the following Units and Subunits (as per the requirement/demand of the UNDPKO for a Particular Mission) in the UN Peacekeeping missions in different countries: a. BANBATT (Bangladesh Battalion) – A fully strengthen and equipped Unit; having a strength of 850 troops. b. BANARTY (Bangladesh Artillery) – Artillery Regiment c. BANENGR (Bangladesh Engineer) – A Sub-unit. d. BANSIG (Bangladesh Signals) – A Sub-unit. e. BANTPT (Bangladesh Transport) – Mainly logistics based Sub-unit. f. BANFRC (Bangladesh Force Reserve Company) – A Sub-unit. g. BANMED (Bangladesh Medical) – A Sub-unit for Medical Support and Field Treatment. h. BANMP (Bangladesh Military Police) – A Sub-unit. i. BANAIR (Bangladesh Air Force) – A Sub-unit (of squadron strength; provide troops and goods carrying helicopters). j. MILOB (Military Observers): They are not included in ‘Troops’. They are the individuals work directly under the Force Headquarters in a role of Observer. They do not carry arms. Only officers of Bangladesh Armed Forces participate as MILOB in UN Peacekeeping Missions.

On the other hand, Bangladesh Police is sending the following Units/Sub-units (as per the requirement/demand of the UNDPKO for a Particular Mission) in the UN Peacekeeping missions in different countries: a. FPU (Formed Police Unit) – A Unit (Strength of 140 - 150 persons, depends on the requirement of a particular Peacekeeping Mission in a particular country). b. UNPOL (UN Police) – Individuals work directly under the Force Headquarter. c. Secondment

Considering the latest statistics (of the year 2017), the yearly participation of Bangladeshi Troops in UN Peacekeeping mission is as below:

Services Army Navy Air Force Police Total Strength 5,599 503 500 1,152 7,751 Percentage 72% 6.5% 6.5% 15% 100%

The troops, most of Bangladesh Army, participating in UN Peacekeeping Mission, will be assumed as the universe or population for this research. Bangladesh Army is selected as population because their participation is the highest in the UN Peacekeeping mission from Bangladesh in comparison to other Forces (Navy, Air Force, Police and so on). Then the members of Bangladesh Army, who participated as 'Troops' in the UN Mission (those carrying arms in the mission area, comprises the largest body of a UN mission and performs the main task of peacekeeping), have been selected randomly. Finally, some of the officers and non-officers have been selected randomly as per available data of 9 cantonments.

However, a few participants from Military Observers (MILOB) of Bangladesh Army, UN Peacekeepers from Bangladesh Navy, Air Force and Police (including UNPOL) have been included in the sample to ensure the participation of all Arms and Services.

Bangladeshi troops participate in UN Peacekeeping mission mostly under one Unit (BANBATT), which includes the majority of the total participants of Bangladeshi Troops in each year. Hence, in this study, the organizational structure of a BANBATT is considered while determining the participating ratio of different ranks in the UN Peacekeeping mission from Bangladesh Armed Forces.

A total of 180 male peacekeepers are selected for interview from different forces and ranks by ‘Purposive Stratified Sampling’ basing on the ratio of their rank and participation strength/number in UN Peacekeeping Mission. In addition, 20 of their female counterparts are selected (not as per participation ratio) for being a noteworthy encouragement for further participation of female peacekeepers in UN Peacekeeping Operations.

Table 3.3: Frequency of respondents

Sl No. Contingent Officer JCO NCO Pvt Total

BANBATT 45 45 250 510 850 1 % 5.20 5.29 29.41 60.10 100 Sample Size 9 9 54 108 180 2 % 5.20 5.29 29.41 60.10 100

The following flowchart is showing sampling technique:

UN peacekeeping Mission

Bangladesh

Cantonment

Armed Force

Army, Navy, Air force,

Police

Officer, JCO (Junior Commissioned Officer),

NCO (Non Commissioned

Officer), Private (Sainik)

Numerous tools of methodologies have been used in this study. Various techniques (both quantitative and qualitative) were employed to explore the situation of peacekeepers in Bangladesh. This research has used a purposive sampling. In consonance with the conceptual framework an in-depth interview schedule was constructed to collect the data from the primary sources. But, personal interviews were the most effective tools to collect primary data from the participants and get real insights.

As there is a large number of peacekeepers (in service or retired) scattered around Bangladesh, the researcher tried to make a selection through Stratified sampling of plausible representatives. A total of 200 respondents (including 20 female respondents) were selected who completed their mission from 2010 to 2015. The respondents were males and females from armed forces and were between 25 and 50 years of age.

In the work initially a preliminary survey was conducted on the basis of information and particulars collected from these troops while trying to know about the characteristics of these missions. The sample numbers were intelligently drawn -firstly, to make it more manageable to the author to handle the sample size within the fixed time schedule and secondly, it would be acceptable from a statistical point of view. Besides, the selection of total troops in the respective cantonments “assessment lists’’ were found useful. Overseas Operation Directorate (OOD) of the Bangladesh Army Headquarters and BIPSOT (Bangladesh Institute of Peacekeeping Support Operational Training) maintained a register for the peacekeepers. Names and addresses of the heads of all the troops were recorded and kept more or less up to date for each year. Moreover, OOD (Overseas Operation Directorate) kind-heartedly provided with the necessary data for 2010-2015. While preparing the lists, the number of total troops and the number of the peacekeepers were taken into consideration.

3.5 Designing and Preparing the Schedule Survey questions were Piloted and pretested to ensure that they operate well; piloting has also helps checking that the research instrument as a whole function well. According to Bryman and Bell, Pilot studies may be crucial about research based on self-completion questionnaires. A suitably designed draft schedules/questionnaires was prepared towards the end of 5th April 2016 and put into pre-testing to make them more useful and effective 41 for the purpose and realization of the objectives set. Pre-testing was duly conducted by the author. This research pilot study was conducted with the co-operation of 50 randomly selected troops. The pilot study was used to test the questionnaire items, regarding clarity, layout, and length before distribution. The draft schedules were modified or changed where necessary in the light of experience gained from the field. The schedules were initially prepared in English and later translated into Bengali for the convenience and easy understanding of the sample group.

3.6 Techniques of Data Collection A set of questionnaires was prepared for data. The schedule included primarily closed- ended questions and in some cases open-ended questions aiming to get Data and information on troops identity and the respondents’ location. Detailed information on assets like land, crop, common asset, valuable asset, savings, various sources of income and expenditure was collected. Information on loan and daily food intake of the respondents were included as well.

3.7 Staffing and Fieldwork Strategy The data were collected using “Standardized Interview Schedule” which was based on face-to-face in-depth interview technique. The final version of the interview schedule was adopted for the purpose. To gather the necessary information, the author along with the research assistants performed the fieldwork - preparing the sample frame and alternatives to sample frame, sampling and data collection from the eligible respondents (units of observation) of the sampled households (units of analysis). The author also collected information from the troops who had connection with the related matters. Two Research Assistants were employed for a period of 8 months. One cantonment at a time was taken up for the survey. The purpose and objectives of study were explained to the troops through repeated visits to and contacts with the respondents. The author himself was solely responsible for collection of data. As battalion is the basic unit of cantonment, a unit of investigation in this study was the troop. Co-operation of the commander, operation officers were sought before the data collection started. When the respondents understood and were convinced that the purpose of the study was the collection of data for academic purpose only and aimed ultimately at serving their interest, they were found to co-operate in data collection and the actual data collection started from January 2016 and finished in

December, 2016 which took roughly one year or so. The data had been collected and edited in the field with appropriate cross-checking. Frequent secondary investigations were made to fill up the missing data and information gap after inspection and verification. The data were thus collected from the respondents by direct interview method. Attempts were made and due care was taken so that the respondents might be free to express their feelings and attitudes independently without any fear, bias and prejudice or threat for their jobs as armed force is restricted and autonomous entity inside the cantonment.

3.8 Focus Group Interview As the troops are economically and socially advantageous groups in our society, the author felt eager to know the problems in details through group discussion. The group members were asked to discuss their socio- economic conditions and the problems they were encountering in their daily lives and describe the possible ways and means for improving their conditions in the way they considered it better. The contents of the discussion were recorded by the author. This was done to supplement the information, data already collected and also to get a general understanding of the exact socio-economic implications for Participating Troops in peace mission.

Focus-group discussions were held, and Contingent Commander, Senior Operation Officer (SOO), the Military Observer (MILOB), Company Commander (Coy Comd) and Senior Logistic Officer (SLO) of different UN Missions were requested to provide additional input regarding their impressions of the potential and actual effects of Participating Troops in peace mission. Furthermore, case studies of these effects were developed, which required intensive analysis. For an understanding of Bangladesh’s participation in the UN Peacekeeping missions, the researcher has had discussions with some of the experts on Bangladesh’s Participation in UN Peacekeeping Mission, who gave some valuable information regarding this research.

For secondary data, the study relied on various published documents and unpublished notes from the Government of Bangladesh, Army Headquarters, Bangladesh Naval Headquarters, Bangladesh Air Force Headquarters and Bangladesh Police Headquarters. Following libraries were visited to study the related books, journals and papers for information: a. Bangladesh Army Library, Dhaka Cantonment, Dhaka. 43

b. BIPSOT Library, Rajendrapur Cantonment, Gazipur. c. BIISS Library, Iskaton, Dhaka

3.9 Problems Faced Undoubtedly, during the course of interviewing the respondents, a few problems were encountered. To begin with, Respondents were not always available for interviews delaying the progress of this report. Some respondents could not tell their exact figures of income and expenditure; they were probably reluctant to provide data on income, expenditure, price of their assets or could not recall in details of their income. The interviewer tried his best to find the exact answer by asking many related questions technically. Suspicion of the respondent about the purpose of interviewing was another unfortunate problem. For this reason, a few respondents had intentionally avoided responding to the interview. The main challenge was, most of them gave information under the condition of not disclosing their names and army numbers (identification number). This was because of their fear regarding sharing information without formal and prior permission of higher authority, as they may be accused for sharing information related to their service, benefits, income and experiences of UN Peacekeeping Missions. They were not spontaneous and comfortable to provide and share information by mentioning their names & army numbers.

3.10 Accuracy and Reliability of the Data Reliability of the result of social surveys based upon the interview method is often questioned. This is common to all countries, but the difficulties are particularly marked and more pronounced in an underdeveloped country like Bangladesh. In the matter of accuracy or otherwise of the data collected, all that I can say is that every possible attempt was made by the author and all available techniques were adopted to ensure accuracy and reliability of the data collected to arrive at desired results or conclusion. A good deal of attention was paid by the author to the schedule and the replies collected from the interviewees and attempts were made to explain the language of the schedule as clearly as possible to avoid confusion, doubt and misstatement as far as possible. Everywhere the author explained the purpose of the study to the respondents to incubate a sense of confidence and security in making a statement without fear. When the respondents understood and were convinced that the purpose of the study was a collection of data for 44 academic purposes then they became helpful to give correct information to the interviewer.

It may be noted, however, that some of the questions in the schedule referred to a long previous occurrences and as such these involved some dependence on the ability of the interviewees to recollect his past. This was unavoidable in the present survey.

Accurately capturing the calling patterns and behavior and finding the impact is a difficult task. During the data collection period, the Field investigators after checking and cross checking their questionnaires, has handed over their questionnaires to the Field Supervisors for checking the inconsistency and quality of data. During the data collection period the Field Supervisors of each team have assisted the Field Investigators to locate and visit the households. Regular field editing and spot checking for reliability of data has also been done by Field Supervisors. While making field visits, Research Associate did extensive reliability check. All interview schedules will meticulously be edited by trained editors under the supervision of the Researcher.

3.11 Tabulation, Compilation and Analysis After finishing checking of data collection and verifications of the entries in the schedules was done by hand for consistency, avoidance of confusion and correct recordings of the data and information supplied, categorize the individual information. Every individual schedule had been checked for skipping, legibility and range. These were done before starting the tabulation work. The data were calculated and tabulated with the help of a computer. Code plan and tabulation plan were prepared by the author. The author himself coded the data in the code sheet and verified the same for any missing datum or working entries as transferred to the code sheets. After checking inconsistent values all the edited data has been entered into the computer through a program. After data entry, it has cleaned further applying logical conditions using appropriate software.

3.12 Ethical Implications Relation to Social Policy Formulation: The Permanent Mission of Bangladesh started functioning in 1974, when Bangladesh became a Member of the United Nations. Since then, this Mission has participated actively in all areas of the UN. Through active 45 engagement and substantial contribution, the Permanent Mission of Bangladesh has earned its place of respect in the UN community. The proposed study will try to find out the issues to add or formulate newly with the strategic plan in Bangladesh.  The study did not have any invasive procedure.  All ethical issues related to the study were addressed according to the guidelines of research ethical review.  Before requesting to participate in the study and collecting data from respondents, the objectives of the study were explained in simple language to all individuals followed by taking verbal consent from each respondent.

3.13 Distribution of the Respondents Among the 180 respondents of the study, 9 were Officers (Lt Col, Maj & Capt), 9 were Junior Commissioned Officers (MWO, SWO & WO), 54 were Non Commissioned Officers (Sgt & Cpl) and 108 were Sainik/Private (LCpl & Snk/Pvt) (Table: 3.4).

In addition, 20 of their female counterparts, only officers, were also interviewed (not as per participation ratio) for being a noteworthy encouragement for further participation of female peacekeepers in UNPKO (United Nations Peace Keeping Operation).

Table 3.4: Rank-wise Distribution of the Respondents Rank Total Category Lieutenant Colonel (Lt. Col) 3 Major (Maj) 3 Officer Captain (Capt) 3 Master Warrant Officer (MWO) 1 Senior warrant Officer (SWO) 4 Junior Commissioned Officer (JCO) Warrant Officer (WO) 4 Sergeant (Sgt) 24 Non Commissioned Officer (NCO) Corporal (Cpl) 30 Lance Corporal (LCpl) 38 Sainik/Private Sainik (Snk) / Private (Pvt) 70 Total 180

3.14 Distribution of Households by Ownership of Basic Assets The fundamental requirements essential for the survival are known as ‘basic needs’. A strong community evolves with the necessary sign of individual independence, it is critical to have access to the basic needs of life including shelter, food and clothing. About 100% respondents had access to the basic assets such as homestead, supply of drinking water, permanent latrine, electricity, etc (Tab. 3.5). Cantonment is a uniquely styled home like assisted living community equipped with adequate health care, educational institutions, modern shopping center and bank to provide the proper care and wellness opportunities to the peacekeepers.

Table 3.5 Distribution of Household by Basic Assets and Facilities Frequency Ownership of Source of Latrine Electricity homestead drinking water facilities sources Number having 180 180 180 180 Basic Asset

3.15 Age Structure The prospect of the economically active population and their estimated income has been verified by their age to a large extent. This work reveals that age structure of peacekeeping force ranges between 25 years to 50 years.

To qualify as a peacekeeper, one individual should complete minimum 5 years of service. Anyone with less than that tenure will not be considered for the UN Peacekeeping Mission. On the other hand, for senior members, one should have minimum 15 months of remaining service till the date of retirement (15 months will be counted from the date of First Flight going to the Mission Area up to date of retirement). These are the essential criteria (related to the age and service length) for the selection of a peacekeeper for UN Mission from Bangladesh Armed Forces (Ref: Overseas Operations Directorate, GS Branch, Bangladesh Army Headquarters).

Figure 3.2: Age Range Distributions of the Respondents

3.16 Marital Status of the Respondents An important element to verify the degree of link with the social structure and the income by the peacekeepers is the marital status of the respondents. A stronger link and a greater responsibility prevail among the married respondents, especially with their wives and children than their unmarried counterparts.

Under this study, we found that 100% of the female respondents were married, whereas the percentage was 30% lower in the case of male respondents. The marital status of the respondents aged 25 years or more (at the time of the survey) indicates that the female population is getting married earlier than their male counterparts. As observed from the study, small portions (2.20%) of the respondents have been found widowed.

Here one thing must be mentioned, as per the marriage rules of Bangladesh Army, the minimum age of a Sainik/Private to get permission for marriage is: either 24 years or 4 years of service length (whichever comes first). On the other hand, the minimum age of officers to get permission for marriage is: either 26 years or 5 years of service length (whichever comes first). (Ref: PS Directorea & PA Directorate, AGs Branch, Bangladesh Army Headquarters).

3.17 Educational Status Education profile of the respondents provides opportunities for better earnings from an optimistic point of view. Keeping this view in mind, the education scenario of the respondents is elaborated in Fig. 3.3 and discussed subsequently.

For the better part of the past decade, a revolutionary development has been observed in Bangladesh Armed Forces, especially in Bangladesh Army. Ten years back, the newly commissioned officers were mostly graduate (Except the Officers joined in Army Medical Corp, who were usually Graduate Doctors and the officers joined in the Army Education Corp, who were usually Post Graduate in their own subject of education). Later they used to obtain different postgraduate degrees like MDS (Masters in Defense Studies) from Staff College and similar degrees from other Institutions like MIST (Military Institution of Science & Technology) and others. Recently, the newly commissioned officers have completed their course, while they are in the process of their Honors study, they complete their 4 years of Honors within the first year of their Commission. Hence, the new junior officers (Lt & Capt) are having an Honors Degree.

In this study, the Officers Respondents, 5 Post Graduate officers (3% of the total sample size, who mostly obtained their MDS from Staff College) and 4 Graduate Officers (2% of the total sample size) participated.

The most significant change/development was found among the Other Ranks (NCOs & Snk/Pvt). Before one decade, the minimum qualification for a recruit (for the position of Snk/Pvt) was SSC (Secondary School Certificate) qualified. Therefore, the basic education for the JCOs (MWO, SWO & WO), NCOs (Sgt & Cpl) and Sainik/Private (LCpl & Snk/Pvt) were SSC. Here one thing must be mentioned that, other than officers, the primary rank for the troops in 'Snk/Pvt’. They begin their career as Snk/Pvt and they can go up to MWO (the highest rank of a JCO) by getting promotions (basing on their qualification and vacancies). In the last one decade, Bangladesh Army has changed the minimum educational qualifications for the recruits of Sainik Rank. The minimum qualification was increased to HSC (Higher Secondary Certificate). Another option is kept for the candidates, that is, if they are SSC qualified, they will be initially recruited with the condition that within next one year, they will have to pass their HSC Exam. At the same 49 time, the old NCOs & Snk/Pvts were given the opportunity to get their next level of degree (from SSC to HSC) through different Educational Institutions like Bangladesh Open University (Unmukto Bisswobiddaloy). Thus, they obtained HSC qualification while in service. (Ref: PS Directorea & PA Directorate, AGs Branch, Bangladesh Army Headquarters)

Hence, in this research a sizable portion (76% of total sample size) were found having the HSC qualification while 35 of the subjects, mostly JCOs and some Senior NCOs (Sgt) were found having only the SSC Qualification (19% of the total sample size). Point to be noted that these subjects did not obtain the HSC degrees most of them are approaching the end of their army career and close to their retirement age.

Figure 3.3: Educational Status of the Respondents

3.18 Household Size and Composition of Family Size of the Respondents Regarding the composition of the households, this study found that almost all of the households (90%) consisted of 4-5 members. Only 10% of the households consisted of 1-3 members (Fig. 3.4). Most of their families are comprised of a wife/husband with one or two children. Very few families were found where the parents of the respondents are included. In case of the bachelor respondents, the family members include parents and siblings.

Figure 3.4: Family Size of the Respondents

3.19 Income Status of Household High level of consumption & good investments drives the economic progress and sustainable economic expansion. Viewed from this angle, the socio-economic condition of the household can be evaluated by income, savings and possession of durable goods, the amount of use for various items, costs and amount of taking loan/credit. Income manipulates, to a large extent, both theoretically and empirically the household economic and expenditure behavior.

The salary structure of the members of Bangladesh Armed Forces (Army, Navy & Air Force) is well structured as per the government policy (basing on the rank, duration of service, etc). Apart from their basic monthly salary, the members of Bangladesh Armed Forces (Army, Navy & Air Force) get different allowances & the benefits (on a monthly basis). They get ration (Food Staff) depending on the number of their family members (Spouse & Children), free treatment (including medicine) for their spouse, children, parents & parent-in-laws. They get either Quarter/Accommodation or House Rent. Apart from that, they get Kit Allowance, Servant Allowance, Qualification Pay (for their special qualification), Command & Staff Pay (when they work in a command or staff appointment), Disturbance Pay (not for all), Medical Allowance, Children Education

Allowance (basing on the number of children they have) etc. The members of Bangladesh Armed Forces also get yearly increment on their Basic Salary. Considering all these, despite having same the 'Rank', the gross monthly income of an individual of Bangladesh Armed Forces differs from the other. It differs basing on the length of service, appointment/position that the individual is holding, number of family members, nature of posting of the individual etc. Similar system is implemented in the case of the members of Bangladesh Police. The basic salary, other benefits and a comparison between salary and benefits are shown in Tab. 3.6.

Table 3.6: Distribution of Respondents (Rank Wise) by Salary, Other Benefits and a Comparison between Basic Pay and Other Benefits. Sl Rank Basic Other Ration Total Allowance No. Monthly Allowance (Per Monthly (%) of Total Salary Together Person) Income Income (BDT) (BDT) BDT (BDT) 1 Lieutenant 50,000 13,670 800 64,470 22% Colonel (Lt Col) 2 Major (Maj) 43,000 13,250 800 57,050 25% 3 Captain (Capt) 29,000 12,016 800 41,816 31% 4 Master Warrant 42,890 9,235 800 52,925 19% Officer (MWO) 5 Senior Warrant 22,500 9,135 800 32,435 31% Officer (SWO) 6 Warrant Officer 22,000 9,110 800 31,910 31% (WO) 7 Sergeant (Sgt) 12,500 7,400 800 20,700 40% 8 Corporal (Cpl) 11,000 6,000 800 17,800 38% 9 Lance Corporal 10,200 5,800 800 16,800 39% (LCpl) 10 Sainik/Private 9,000 5,000 800 14,800 39% (Snk/Pvt)

(Source: PS Directorate & PA Directorate, AGs Branch, Bangladesh Army Headquarters)

3.20 Conclusion Methodology has been detailed in this chapter in order to make the study more scientific. This research has followed mixed methods, with some qualitative questions opinion were collected through interviews. In the analysis of data, a simple descriptive statistical method was used. For the sake of transparency in the research procedure, all the steps in the research have been explained.

Chapter Four

UN Peacekeeping and Its Social and Economic Impacts on the Bangladeshi Participating Troops

4.1 Introduction In this chapter, the gains for livelihood by participating in UN Peacekeeping Missions will be discussed. Bangladesh has earned a huge socio-economic benefits by participating in UN Peacekeeping Missions. In here, I shall analyze socio-economic benefits of participation in UN Peacekeeping Missions.

In theoretical framework of the study, livelihood approach has been used. The livelihood approach is concerned first and foremost with people. So an accurate and realistic understanding of people’s strengths (here called “assets” or “capital”) is crucial to analyze how they endeavor to convert their assets into positive livelihood outcomes (Bebbington, 1999). People require a range of assets to achieve their self-defined goals, whereas no single capital endowment is sufficient to yield the desired outcomes on its own. The rural households often combine a number of livelihood activities to meet subsistence needs, such as agricultural crop production, wage labor, or forest product collection. Of course, the household’s access to different livelihood capitals and opportunities will shape the potential mix of activities (Ellis 1998; Bryceson 2002). The income from UN Mission has a vital influence on the socio-economic status of the Bangladeshi Peacekeepers to pursue their livelihood strategies and to make correct decisions through improving their access to assets.

4.2 Mission Earning Contribution to GDP Bangladesh has moved to low-middle income developing country club in July 2015 with a gross national income per capita of USD 1,314. Despite considerable economic progress over the last two and a half decades, Bangladesh still struggles to cope with a very high population density and limited economic resources. This encourages the government to look for economic opportunities abroad and explains why UN compensation rates for 54 peacekeepers are attractive to Bangladeshi soldiers and police. The financial benefits accrued by Bangladeshi peacekeepers thus play an important role in supporting the economy. Official sources indicate that during 2001-2010, the government received USD 1.28 billion from the UN as compensation for troop contributions, contingent-owned equipment, and other forms of compensation. In 2012-2013, the Bangladesh Armed Forces earned USD 72 million from its peacekeeping operations. The Bangladesh Police have reportedly earned BDT40 billion (USD 513 million) in the last two decades from the same sources.

4.3 Mission Earning and Regular Earning of Respondents Earning from UN mission is a significant opportunity for the peacekeepers to be benefited economically. The salary structure of the UN mission (as a peacekeeper) is much higher than that of the regular salary of the Bangladeshi troops. Moreover, during the mission, the peacekeepers get the regular salary and other regular allowances and benefits as well. Thus, their earning from mission becomes an added earning apart from their regular earning. Considering the comparison of earning shown in the Tab. 4.1 below it is clear that the peacekeepers earn an impressive 5 to 9 times higher (varies rank to rank) than their regular earning by participating in UN Peacekeeping Mission (basing on their rank). This is a highly motivating factor and a great economic benefit for the troops.

Here one thing must be mentioned that, as per the System of UNDPKO, the TCC (Troops Contribution Country) gets equal amount of money from UNDPKO for each troop/person (irrespective of ranks). The amounts USD 1,410/- per month for each troop (Ref: UN COE Manual-2014, Chapter 9, Annex A). According to this structure, UNDPKO pays the money to TCC. But Bangladesh Government made a more rational rank wise salary structure for the Bangladeshi UN peacekeepers taking all responsibilities and risks into consideration. The peacekeepers get their UN peacekeeping salary from the Bangladesh Government basing on that structure, which is mentioned in below (Tab. 4.1 & 4.2).

Table 4.1: Rank Wise Earning Comparison (Regular vs UN Peacekeeping Mission) of the Respondents from Bangladesh Army

Sl Rank Mission Mission Regular Mission Remarks No. Salary Salary Monthly Salary vs in USD in BDT Salary Regular (BDT) Salary Per Per Pay Scale (%) Month Month 2015 1 Lieutenant Mission Salary is 5 Colonel (Lt $ 2,998 239,840 50,000 21% Times of Regular Col) Salary (Approx.) 2 Major (Maj) Mission Salary is 5 $ 2,766 221,280 43,000 19% Times of Regular Salary (Approx.) 3 Captain Mission Salary is 7 (Capt) $ 2,532 202,560 29,000 14% Times of Regular Salary (Approx.) 4 Master Mission Salary is 3.5 Warrant $ 1,793 143,440 42,890 30% Times of Regular Officer Salary (Approx.) (MWO) 5 Senior Mission Salary is 5.5 Warrant $ 1,541 123,280 22,500 18% Times of Regular Officer Salary (Approx.) (SWO) 6 Warrant Mission Salary is 5 Officer (WO) $ 1,418 113,440 22,000 19% Times of Regular Salary (Approx.) 7 Sergeant Mission Salary is 8.5 (Sgt) $ 1,291 103,280 12,500 12% Times of Regular Salary (Approx.) 8 Corporal Mission Salary is 8.5 (Cpl) $ 1,164 93,120 11,000 12% Times of Regular Salary (Approx.) 9 Lance Mission Salary is 8.5 Corporal $ 1,037 82,960 10,200 12% Times of Regular (LCpl) Salary (Approx.) 10 Sainik/Private Mission Salary is 8.5 (Snk/Pvt) $ 975 78,000 9,000 12% Times of Regular Salary (Approx.) (Source: Overseas Operatons Directorate, GS Branch, Bangladesh Army Headquarters)

Table 4.2: Rank Wise Earning Comparison (Regular vs UN Peacekeeping Mission) of the Respondents from Bangladesh Police

Sl Rank Mission Mission Regularly Mission Remarks No Salary Salary Monthly Salary vs (USD) (in BDT) Salary Regular (BDT) Salary Per Per (Pay Scale (%) Month Month 2015) 1 SP $ 2,288 183,040 43,000 23% Mission Salary (Commander) is 4 Times of Regular Salary 2 Addl. SP $ 2,184 174,720 35,500 20% Mission Salary is 5 Times of Regular Salary 3 Sr. ASP $ 2,080 166,400 22,000 13% Mission Salary is 8 Times of Regular Salary 4 Doctor $ 2,080 166,400 22,000 13% Mission Salary is 8 Times of Regular Salary 5 ASP $ 1,872 149,760 22,000 15% Mission Salary is 6 Times of Regular Salary 6 Inspector $ 1,352 108,160 22,000 20% Mission Salary is 5 Times of Regular Salary 7 Sub-Inspector $ 1,040 83,200 16,000 19% Mission Salary is 5 Times of Regular Salary 8 Assistant Sub- $ 936 74,880 10,200 14% Mission Salary Inspector is 7 Times of Regular Salary 9 Naik $ 884 70,720 9,700 14% Mission Salary is 7 Times of Regular Salary 10 Constable $ 780 62,400 9,000 14% Mission Salary is 7 Times of Regular Salary

(Source: Bangladesh Police Headquarters) 57

4.4 Mission Duration of Troops The Fig. 4.1 gives a clear idea regarding the mission duration (in months) of Bangladeshi peacekeepers. This is considered centering on one particular mission participated by the peacekeepers. Figure mentioned below (basing on the mission duration of the respondents) clearly indicates that each rank of troops had completed their mission by an average of 12 months (one year).

Here one thing must be mentioned that, as per the System of UNDPKO, mission duration is considered as 6 months. But the Bangladesh Armed Forces made a system, where each peacekeeper can stay minimum one year in a mission at a time (which is equal to 2 mission tenure as per the calculation of UNDPKO). As per MOU (Memorandum of Understanding), the TCC (Troops Contributing Country) has the authority to decide how long a troop/peacekeeper of that particular country will stay in the mission area during the deployment of that country’s unit/sub unit in that particular mission (as per organogram). To give equal opportunity to all eligible troops of Bangladesh Armed Forces to participate in UN Peacekeeping Mission, Bangladesh determined 12 months’ duration (on an average) for each Bangladeshi peacekeepers to stay in the mission area at a time. After that, the troops are replaced by rotation.

Figure 4.1: Distribution of the respondents by mission duration (in Months)

4.5 Fixed Asset of the Respondents In Tab. 4.3, a comparison of fixed assets owned by the respondents before and after the mission is shown. According to the respondents, they have very limited scope to make or increase their fixed assets within their limited regular income.

Table 4.3: Distribution of Respondents by Growth in Fixed Asset after Mission Rank Frequency Fixed Asset Fixed Asset after Growth before Mission Mission in Fixed Freq. Amount Freq. Amount Asset After Mission (%) Lieutenant Colonel (Lt 3 2 350,000 3 1,150,000 329% Col) Major (Maj) 3 1 200,000 3 1,000,000 500% Captain (Capt) 3 0 0 3 972,000 100% Master Warrant 1 1 200,000 1 1,032,000 516% Officer (MWO) Senior Warrant Officer 4 2 792,857 4 865,000 109% (SWO) Warrant Officer (WO) 4 1 1,426,000 4 895,000 63% Sergeant (Sgt) 24 6 770,909 20 858,000 111% Corporal (Cpl) 30 6 5,625,000 24 700,000 12% Lance Corporal (LCpl) 38 10 1,037,500 23 650,000 63% Sainik/Private 70 7 500,000 56 610,000 122% (Snk/Pvt) Total 180 36 141

A considerable portion of their income is consumed in their regular and basic expenditures. In most of the cases, they try to make a savings from the rest portion of their income. In case of officers, who maintain a higher social status and a better lifestyle, it becomes very difficult even to make any savings. But, the large and significant amount, which they earn from the UN peacekeeping mission, helps them to increase their fixed assets to a large extent. This is reflected in the growth percentage shown in Tab. 4.3,

59 which gives a clear insight about the significance and economic benefits of the UN peacekeepers after the mission.

While most of the interviewees pointed out the importance of financial incentives as one of the underlying causes, one Army officer also drew attention to the fact that while UN peacekeeping missions were previously financially attractive to officers of the armed forces, the situation had changed. He believed that with the gradual strengthening of the Bangladeshi economy and the economic opportunities offered by the private sector, officers no longer considered UN missions to be as financially lucrative as they had been in the past. However, this does not appear to be the case for soldiers and non- commissioned officers who still view the economic opportunities offered by participation in UN missions in a positive light. (Researcher’s personal discussion with several army officers).

UN Peacekeeping Mission is an achievement for us in the field of foreign policy and international negotiations. In addition, by participating in UN Peacekeeping Mission, our troops get appropriate training in the combat situation. Individually, a Bangladeshi Troop gets quite a large amount in relation to their salaries at home. It is significantly a good opportunity for them to have savings for their future which may not be possible based on their salaries. This earning from UN Peacekeeping Mission offers them opportunity for safe investment in any existing money saving schemes or in the bank. It helps them to improve their living standard. Besides, this earning can meet their children’s education expenses. Above all, those earning provides them a better secured post retired life. Last but not the least, this can help in meeting any eventualities and medical treatment. He emphasizes that the most satisfying part for a peacekeeper is the ‘Pride as Peacekeeper’ as they get the opportunity to wear the prestigious ‘Blue Beret’, to become a part of the UN Peacekeeping Force and serve for the world peace. Another important factor is economic empowerment. When a soldier returns from UN Peacekeeping Mission, automatically, it is reflected in his social status and lifestyle. Again, participation in such mission enhances outlook and international exposure of the individual. Such unique opportunity to work together with the military of different countries and international NGOs assimilates huge experiences and self-confidences. This builds the confidence of man management and situation management, which helps the individual both in military career as well as after 60 retirement career (Interview with A K M Akhtaruzzaman on 01 May 2016, Dhaka Cantonment).

Bangladesh contributes directly in UN peacekeeping mission by providing Military, Police and Civilian personnel to the UN mission. Bangladesh Military and Police involves with 09 UN Peacekeeping Missions with more than 7000 Troops which recognizes Bangladesh as the leading contributor among the global peacekeeping atmosphere. Beside the immense reputation, they could also subsidize us with huge economic support from UN Mission. At present for only one infantry Contingent of 850 strength, our country receives roughly 13 million US dollars yearly, vis-à-vis for numerous heavy equipment, helicopter, ship and other special armaments of our forces our country receives foreign currency with premium. In the process, they bring this big amount of foreign currency in US dollars to the government fund and receive personal salary in Bangladeshi Currency (Taka). These contribute directly to strengthen country’s reserve. At the same time, soldiers invest this money to develop their living standard, amusements, service etc. and ultimately for community developments. On the other hand, our troops became quiet experienced in dealing with complex multidimensional difficult situations of the present UN Mission areas while doing developments works or solve the issues in military, political, economic, social and many other ways. In doing that, they become expert in dealing different socio- economic aspects and they utilized these skills in handling internal security and development issues of our country. For example, successes of Bangladesh Army in making national ID card, road networks, election duties, counter terrorism activities, rescue operation, handling big number of refugees like Rohinga etc. So, through UN Mission, our troops are not only benefitting the country financially but also socially and many other ways (Interview with A K M Humayun Kabir on 27 December 2016, Dhaka Cantonment).

From this interview extract reveal that by participation in UN peacekeeping missions Bangladesh not only got financial benefits, but it also earned good image, skill and international exposure. But on top of that cash income had been the central benefit, which later contributed to improving the socio-economic status of the Bangladeshi Troops. In what follows, I shall elaborate on socio-economic benefits based on primary data.

4.7 Socio-economic Benefits of Mission Earned Money The peacekeepers utilize their earnings for different purposes. As per the information obtained from the respondents, none of them spent the entire amount of their mission earned money in one particular sector. Rather, they used it to serve different purposes and spread the money in multi sectors.

It was observed that the majority of the respondents utilized their mission earned money for fixed assets. They intended towards having some asset which would give them a financial strength and mental comfort of proper utilization of their mission earned money. Out of 180 respondents, 124 individuals (69%) purchased land (either by the entire amount or a portion of mission earned money). Most of them have purchased agricultural land within their capacity in their native village; some of them purchased land for constructing houses in their native district town. A small minority (mostly officers) purchased plot in Dhaka City, which they afforded in installments, mostly paid by mission earned money.

73 of the total respondents (41%) spent their mission earned money in purchasing flat, either in the capital or in some divisional towns. They either added their previous deposit with their mission earned money and purchased the flat, or they purchased the flat in installment, the major portion of which is paid by mission earned money.

Among 180 respondents, 21 persons (12%) kept a portion of their mission earned money as Fixed Deposit in some banks. They did it for a safe deposit with a better return.

Some of them, 16 in number (9%), spent a significant portion of their mission earned money in their own wedding ceremony. This indicates that their participation in mission gave them the ability to arrange wedding ceremony, which in our culture comes with a social recognition and mental satisfaction.

Very few of the respondents (4 out of 180; 2% of the total) spent some portion of their mission earned money in the treatment of their parents or wives, who was suffering in some critical diseases for long. Though Combined Military Hospital (CMH) provides free

62 treatment to the family members of the Armed Forces, but sometimes the troops need to take their family members abroad for a better treatment for some critical situations.

A good number of respondents, 36 out of 180 (20%), paid off their previous loan (either taken from a bank or borrowed from someone else) by a part of their mission earned money. This indicated their consciousness of getting free from the loan liability.

Moreover, 4 officers spent a lion’s share of their money in purchasing a private vehicle, which indicates their intention of enhancing social status as well as increasing fixed assets.

Interestingly, 10 of total respondents (6%) invested a portion of their earning is Share Market. Knowing fully about the risks of our native share market investment, they intended to invest, there with a hope of good and short term profit without much effort.

Figure 4.2: Distribution of the respondents by the expenditure of mission earned money.

Significant and encouraging finding was, 18 persons (10%) out of total respondents, spend a good amount of their total mission earned money for higher education of their children. This indicates a very positive vision of the members of our Armed Forces towards the education and better future of their offspring. They opined that, this is the best investment of their earnings to them. Surprisingly, this respondent was found mostly from the Junior- 63

Commissioned Officers (MWO, SWO & WO) and senior Non-Commissioned Officers, who did not have the opportunity of obtaining higher education by themselves. The expenditure of the total amount of mission earned money of 180 respondents are shown in Fig. 4.3.

Figure 4.3: Distribution of Respondents’ Total Earned Amount (from UN Mission) as per Investment/Expenditure

4.8 Loss Occurred Nevertheless, though unfortunate, some of the respondents suffered some loss of their mission earned money. Due to some inexperienced and impractical decisions, they had to lose their outcome of such hard work. Luckily, none of them lost the entire portion of their mission earned money. But, they lost some portions, which is not negligible at all. Out of 180 respondents, 6 of them (3%) suffered major loss by investing in share market. The price of their stock suddenly dropped and they had to sell their shares with loss fearing the price will decrease even further.

On the other hand, 17 respondents (9%) suffered a loss by lending some portion of their mission earned money to some of their relatives and friends, which they could not recover from the borrowers.

These were very vital experiences for the troops, regarding improper and immature handling of their mission earned money, also an example for the future peacekeepers to ensure their proper utilization of mission earned money.

Table 4.4: Loss in Share Market Rank Frequency Amount (BDT) Major (Maj) 2 2,00,000 Senior Warrant Officer 2 1,00,000 (SWO) Sargent (Sgt) 2 1,00,000

Table 4.5: Loan Unrecovered Rank Frequency Amount (BDT) Captain (Capt) 1 1,00,000 Warrant Officer (WO) 1 1,00,000 Sargent (Sgt) 4 50,000 Corporal (Cpl) 3 40,000 Sainik (Snk)/Private (Pvt) 8 40,000

4.9 Women Empowerment Women were the members of Bangladesh Armed Forces since the beginning of these organizations. But the working arena for women in Bangladesh Armed Forces was constricted within Medical Corps only. Either they served as doctor or as nurse in Armed Forces Medical Corps. The recruitment of lady officers in regular corps/arms of Bangladesh Army began in 2001. The first batch of lady officers were commissioned (after 2 years training in the Bangladesh Military Academy) and joint in different corps/arms of Bangladesh Army in December 2002.At present, few hundred lady officers are serving in Bangladesh Army in different corps. They are posted not only in units & sub-units, but also in staff appointments of different headquarters and as instructor of 65 different army training institutions. Since 2015, Bangladesh Army started recruiting the female in the position of Sainik/Private (Snk/Pvt). Hence, the women are now working in Bangladesh Army in almost all rank structures. The picture is similar for Bangladesh Navy and Bangladesh Ari Force. On the other hand, Bangladesh Police is more ahead in offering jobs for the women in different ranks since the beginning of that organization.

Women members of Bangladesh Armed Forces are regarded as earning members in their family. They contribute financially to their families. The choices and views of women members of Bangladesh Armed Forces are valued by the head of the family for this situation. They can share their views about making decision in their family which has been stated by all the lady officers. The women members of Bangladesh Armed Forces can avail freedom of choices in certain levels such as visiting places, organizations or institutions, communicating with the people related to their work and buy entertaining amenities by themselves because of their income earning opportunities. Moreover, as a nature of military job, if they are posted in another station/cantonment (in other district), that is taken normally by their family members and they are allowed to go and live outstation (away from family) for performing their professional duties.

Again, the involvement of these women has been increased by this opportunity. Normally they can participate in the conversations related to education, health, economy, political situation, international current affairs, their own professional lives, etc. Furthermore, they opened accounts to save money from their earnings. The most significant factor is, as a serving member of the Armed Forces, the involvement of women has been treated positively by the society. Now the society is convinced that the women are able to work outside of their houses for making money and earn honor and dignity. Hence a notable source of revenue to uphold them in the society is the women empowerment.

Here one fact must be mentioned, in Bangladesh Armed Forces, the majority of the lady officers got married with their male colleagues (male officers) of the same force/service. This helped them a lot to have a good understanding with their husbands and got enormous support from their husbands in all aspects related to their career and profession. Those lady officers never had to explain anything about their nature of duties, busy schedule, outstation posting, lack of commitment/attention towards their own family 66 affairs, etc. Thus, they merely had any misunderstanding with their family members (husbands in particular) for their involvement in professional lives or the busy schedule. Also, they got the same support and encouragement from their parents-in-law. Last but not the least, in some of the cases, the lady officers got the opportunity to serve in UN peacekeeping mission together with their husbands.

As a part of the regular force of Bangladesh Armed Forces, the lady officers got selected and started participating in UN Peacekeeping Mission. They were found comfortable and well-performing in the mission area with confidence and professionalism.

In this study, 20 lady officers were interviewed to obtain information about their participation in UN Peacekeeping Mission and its socio-economic implication for them. Among female members of Bangladesh Army, only officers were selected for an interview, because the female Snk/Pvt are yet to participate in UN Peacekeeping Mission. As they (female Snk/Pvt) are newly recruited in Bangladesh Army since 2015, due to their short service length, they are yet to get the chance to participate in UN Peacekeeping Mission.

Figure 4.4: Distribution of Female Respondents by Investing Their Mission Earned Money

Among the female respondents, all 20 were married. As per the marriage rules of Bangladesh Army, the minimum age of lady officers to get permission for marriage is:

67 either 22 years or 4 years of service length (whichever comes first). The respondents informed that generally they do not delay to get married after reaching the age to get permission for marriage. This is because of their early establishment in career and job security. They do not have to wait for anything to start their married life. This is as advantage for the female officers of Bangladesh Armed Forces in comparison to the general women of Bangladesh (who are involved in higher studies and also pursuing for a job after completing their post-graduation).

As per the information given by the women respondents, they could enhance their income and decision making power in their families after completing a UN mission. Because of getting opportunities for making money, they are considered similarly as the male members in their family. The family members of these women have received their contribution warmly which they get from their work as well as from UN mission. The choices of these women in terms of purchasing lands, properties or other family accessories have been given more importance by the head of their family as they took part in money making for their family. The better and more satisfactory fact is, they played vital roles in decision making in their families and that is welcomed by all members of their families. Last but not the least, they earned lots of dignity and honor in the society by participating in UN Peacekeeping Mission, as it is a unique opportunity to serve in the international arena as a proud member of UN.

Out of 20, all of them answered the question on the contribution of participation in such missions were highly influenced for achieving livelihood outcomes. They take decision about shopping or exercising voting right, family planning, child health care/education, how to spend money large scale household purchases, selecting the place for spending vacations etc. They have access to and control over assets and security enough for physical movement.

The expenditure for purcasing an apartment stays at the highest level in case of all the groups as has been found in this study. While considering they spent on ornament purchase, expenditure of children’s education became the second and the third items respectively for female peacekeepers. For this category the lowest expenditure was incurred for parent’s treatment, while the second lowest expenditures were on deposit 68 money. In brief, it presumed that, by the earning from the UN peacekeeping mission, the female peacekeepers augmented their husbands’ effort to purchase fixed assets and ensure better education to their children, helped their parents, fulfilled their desire of own shopping and finally made a certain amount of savings.

4.10 Findings of the Expenditure of Mission Earned Money From above discussions, we get the following findings:  The mission earned money were spent/invested for multipurpose.  Earnings from UN Peacekeeping missions ware largely contributed to the increase of fixed assets. But the rate of increase varies rank to rank. 69% of the respondents did land purchase, while 41% did flat/apartment purchase. On the other hand, 12% kept a portion of their earning as bank deposit  A good number of respondents spent on improving their social status. 20% of the respondents paid back their previous loan (either borrowed from bank or from someone else) and thus got rid of liability. On the other hand, 9% spent a good portion of their mission earned money in their wedding ceremony to enjoy a good social position.  A good number of respondents tried to utilize their missioned earned money in terms of investment. 6% invested portion of their earning in share market to get a better return with profit. Likewise, 10% invested portion of their earning in their children’s education to get a better return from their off springs in future.  Very few miscellaneous expenditures took place (approximately 2%) like spending for better treatment of family members.  Nevertheless, some loss occurred of the mission earned money of few Peacekeepers who suffered from loss by investing in share market (3%) and from unrecovered loans (9%).

4.11 Conclusion In this chapter the research reached the findings basing on data analysis and the objectives set for the research along with livelihood outcomes of the respondents. The details are discussed throughout, which indicates various socio-economic implications of participating in UN Peacekeeping Missions by Bangladeshi UN Peacekeepers. 69

Additionally, women empowerment, economic contribution to GDP by the earnings of Bangladeshi UN Peacekeeping troops are also highlighted here.

Chapter Five

Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 To start this research, the following question was set for the scientific inquiry. The central research question of this thesis is: “What impacts have been made on the Bangladeshi Peacekeepers’ livelihood through participation in the UN Peacekeeping missions?” The hypothetical answer of this question was assumed the following: “The higher the participation in UN mission, the higher the livelihood outcomes will be to the Bangladeshi Peacekeepers”. In order to prove this hypothesis, this study has followed mixed methods for data collection. A total of 200 respondents have been interviewed with a semi-structured questionnaire. As the study focused on the measurement of impact of the income accrued from participation in UN Peacekeeping missions, so the quantity and quality of impacts were necessary to figure out. In analyzing data, a simple descriptive statistics were used.

As we mentioned earlier, Bangladesh has so far participated in 54 UN Missions. In the Chapter two of this thesis, it is mentioned that earning of Bangladeshi troops from UN Peacekeeping mission starting from 2001 to 2017 has been increased over the years. This income has brought socio-economic benefits down to the life of an individual troop. Nevertheless, variations of socio-economic benefits are evident in the lives of the troops. From the findings, we find a pattern of expenditure. The expenditures were carried out for multipurpose. Troops/Officers spent their money mostly on increasing fixed assets. 69% of the respondents purchased land, while 41% bought apartment. 12% kept a portion of their earning deposited in the bank.

A good number of respondents spent on improving their social status. 20% of the respondents paid back their previous loan (either borrowed from bank or from someone else) and thus got rid of liability. By contrast, 9% spent a good portion of their mission earned money in their wedding ceremony to enjoy a good social position.

A notable percentage of respondents tried to utilize their missioned earned money in terms of investment. 6% invested portion of their income in share market to get a better return with profit. Likewise, 10% invested in their children’s education to get a better return from their off-springs in future. Approximately 2% spent money for better treatment of family members. Nonetheless, some loss occurred of the mission earned money of few Peacekeepers who suffered from loss by investing in the share market (3%) and from unrecovered loans (9%). We may say that in light of the findings, this research largely proves the hypothesis. The variation that we see does not hamper this conclusion as this deviation is subject to the natural errors of human judgment.

5.2 Challenges to Bangladeshi Troops Participating in UN Peacekeeping Missions Bangladeshi participants in UN Peacekeeping Missions have been facing some problems while deployed in mission area. One vital problem is language problem for JCOs, NCOs and Privates, as they are not skillful and fluent in English. Apart from this, other problems Banglaseshi Peacekeepers facing are, insecurity and vulnarability due to unrest condition in mission area, different and unknown cultural and work environment, direct involvement with civil community, different ethnic groups and insurgent groups. Health hazard is another major issue in mission area, specially in Africa continent. Some incurable and some vulnerable diseases like HIV, Yellow Fever, Lasa Fever, Certebral Melariah,etc. often ocaused huge sufferings and even deaths to the peacekeepers. Another factor is‘Inexperience in Peacekeeping’, as most of the troops go and get deployed in the mission area without any prior and direct experience of peacekeeping.

5.3 Prospects for Peacekeeping UN peacekeeping also produced other indirect economic benefits through facilitating contracts in new markets for Bangladeshi businesses, especially in the pharmaceutical and agricultural sectors. One example is Bangladeshi entrepreneurs leasing land in African countries to establish farms to help meet the food requirements of both Bangladesh and the host countries is an example of that trend.

To create a market of domestic products in overseas countries, it is essential to get ideas and information about the population, their habitation, religious belief, food habit, income standard, environment of that region, etc. Our UN peacekeepers have the opportunity to 72 provide this information and plausible feedbacks about the countries where they get deployed. Thus, this information can help our business community to have a good idea to create markets of their products in those countries. One excellent example is, Bangladeshi UN Peacekeepers purchased handsome amount of apparels and household items from Bangladesh and carried those with them in the mission area, as they were going there for one year. The Bangladeshi Battalion (BANBATT) established a canteen/shop in their deployed area and started selling those products, mainly for their own troops. Interestingly, the local people of that country purchased those goods and showed their interest about those goods. Thus, a demand of those Bangladeshi goods were created in that country and later Bangladeshi exporters started exporting those goods in large scale to that country. This is a pragmatic fact, whereby the Bangladeshi Peacekeepers contributed in opening overseas markets for their native goods.

Participation of female troops in UN Missions is a prospective area which could strengthen Bangladesh’s standing in UN Peacekeeping Missions. More participation of female participation in UN Missions could lead to women empowerment in the country.

5.4 Conclusion To conclude the thesis, we want to say that this study started with the assumption that participation of Bangladeshi troops in the UN Peacekeeping Missions has been economically beneficial for the country. This study focused on a research gap that how does the earning from UN Missions shape the participating troops’ socio-economic status? This research has proved that this earning in most cases troops spent or invested for their sustainable livelihood. Minor losses have occurred due to miscomprehension of uncertainty in the investment return (for example, investment in the Share Market). If proper guidelines are suggested, the troops will be able to utilize their hard-earned money. In addition, if the proper policies are devised to handle with the above-mentioned challenges, Bangladesh would be able to gain more economic benefits, thus contributing more to the upliftment of lives of the troops. More opportunities for participation of female peacekeepers in UN Missions are important for women empowerment.

5.5 Recommendations 1. Bangladesh is the largest Troops Contributing Country in UN Peacekeeping Mission. Unfortunately, very few Bangladeshi could ascend (in the history of UN) to the top positions in UNDPKO or UN Security Council. Bangladeshis are not found in policy making role or in a position to head a Peacekeeping Mission, like SRSG (Special Representative of the Secretary General), Humanitarian Coordinator or Director of Mission Support (DMS). Also, it is found that in most of the UN Peacekeeping Missions, the Mission Heads, his/her deputies, different sub-department heads & expertise are hired/appointed from those countries who have very small or no contribution of troops in UN Peacekeeping Missions. Thus, Bangladesh having biggest & vast pragmatic & ground level experience, could have contributed least number of Mission Heads & Expertise, who could lead a mission or could work in a prestigious position of DPKO or other Branch of UN. Therefore, the elites should get encouraged to get involved in these sectors to work in the UN. Bangladesh Government should play a vital role to motivate the elites, experienced bureaucrats and scholars to choose the UN Jobs as their career. Moreover, the Bangladeshi Troops want to be led in UN Peacekeeping Missions by their native commanders.

2. Civil society groups and academics in Bangladesh have not focused much attention on matters related to UN peacekeeping. Only a few articles have raised questions about the potential influence of such missions on Bangladesh’s politics, especially with regard to civil - military relations. There should have been more studies in different aspects on the participation of Bangladeshi Troops in UN Peacekeeping Missions. Besides, such studies will give better guidelines to the participating troops in mission areas and their post-mission socio-economic lives.

3. Bangladesh Ansar and Village Defense Party – being a robust paramilitary force of Bangladesh deserve an opportunity to participate in UN peacekeeping missions. As of now, none of the members of this force have participated in

UN missions. Although, the government of Bangladesh is keen to make a space for them in UN, so far no progress been made.

4. Bangladeshi peacekeepers earned a lot of fame by contributing in UN Peacekeeping Missions. They used to perform with dedication and sincerity. But a big handicap for the Troops (for JCOs, NCOs and Privates/Sainiks) is the communication. They are not fluent in the English language which creates problems in communicating with troops and officials of other nations as well as native people of the host nation. Hence, as a part of regular peacetime training (which the Bangladesh Armed Forces members undergo regularly), English language course should be a part of the syllabus. Thus, troops will be more apt at communicating with other nations in mission areas.

5. Bangladeshi troops have earned huge experiences by participating in different UN Peacekeeping Missions since 1988. They worked in different terrains of different countries of the continents. They faced and tackled different situations while peacekeeping, peace building and peace enforcements. Also, they learned and earned experiences by working with multinational forces and different international civil organizations. These experiences can be a source of enormous knowledge and guidance for the future peacekeepers. Hence, this study strongly recommends that there should be an arrangement by the Overseas Operation Directorate of Bangladesh Army (and similar branches/wings of Bangladesh Navy, Bangladesh Air Force and Bangladesh Police) to make arrangements so that their experiences can be accumulated for future reference. Nature of arrangements may include questionnaire, case studies, war diaries, personal notebooks preservation and so on. Later on, experiences which are kept on the shelf may be utilized for formulating different policies, and can also be made must-read guidelines in pre- deployment training of troops.

6. As the experiences are stored together, at times, these may be printed in different military journals and publications so that these act as a beacon for future peacekeepers. Other stakeholders – policy makers, law formulating 75

bodies as well as personnel involved in military strategy formulating bodies may derive great tools out of these.

7. The mission experiences and pre-mission history (source and cause of turmoil) of the deployed countries (where the UN Peacekeeping Missions took place) are very helpful for Bangladesh itself. Bangladesh government, policy makers and armed forces can take lessons and measures to avoid any such conflict at home. Hence, experiences and messages of the UN Peacekeepers must be accumulated, analyzed and utilized.

8. Peacekeepers earn handsome amount of money when they return from mission areas. As soon as they receive the amount, they try to invest in different sectors. Sometimes, they also lend money to their friends and relatives. Due to their lack of knowledge in investment sectors, often they put their hard earned money at risk. At times, their relatives deny returning their debt. Thus they suffer huge loss in terms of post-mission investment. Hence, considering the previous experiences of the peacekeepers (who suffered such loss), the military authority should arrange some motivational sessions in unit/sub-unit level for the peacekeepers just after they return from the UN Peacekeeping Mission. They should be briefed, not only how they can utilize their money in the best possible ways, but also the case studies of the previous losses by the peacekeepers should be shared with them. This will help to prevent the misuse and loss of a huge amount of mission earned money of the peacekeepers.

9. For the members of Bangladesh Armed Forces, participation in UN missions also seems to be more lucrative than serving on any other assignment of the organization. Besides, officers often leave or retire early after completing one or two UN missions. Similar intentions are also prevalent in the case of the JCOs, NCOs and Privates/Sainiks. In their case, just after completing one UN Peacekeeping Mission, they express their disagreement to obtain the next promotion and intend to retire early. The psychology, which drives them is the nature of military life; hardship, physical robustness and lack of freedom. Therefore, after getting a handsome amount of money in hand (earned from 76

mission), a good number of troops want to leave this job to live their life independently (business or other investment related work) or switch over to private sectors. Hence, this has two negative impacts. Firstly, the organization loses well trained and experienced members behind whom the nation spends a good amount of money to train them up. Secondly, often the individuals who leave jobs cannot establish themselves in a desirable position outside the Army. Not only that, often they suffer loses by investing in wrong places. Hence, this study recommends a strong and positive motivation of the troops by their organizations regarding not leaving the job so early. This motivation should be a continuous and regular process among the armed forces. The troops must be given with an idea what can be the negative consequences of taking a pre- mature retirement.

10. UN Peacekeeping Missions offer vast options of building up social networks, trusted relationships and strategic alliances in the international arena. Among Bangladeshi peacekeepers, the JCOs, NCOs and Privates/Sainiks are lacking behind to avail this opportunity during the mission. This is because of their educational level, poor English communication skill and comparatively less self-confidence. Hence, they should be adequately mentored before the mission, especially during pre-deployment training so that they can fully utilize the option to develop these networks and relationships with their international colleagues in the mission area.

11. To accomplish a successful peacekeeping mission, training is the most essential element for the peacekeepers before they participate in such missions. Bangladesh has one unique institution BIPSOT (Bangladesh Institute of Peacekeeping Support Operational Training) at Rajendrapur. But one training center is not sufficient enough to train all the peacekeepers of the highest Troops Contributing Country in UN Peacekeeping Mission. Hence, it is recommended to establish more such training institutions in Bangladesh so that all the troops can get adequate and proper pre-deployment training before they step into the mission area.

12. While the existing technical capability of the Bangladesh Armed Forces is not outdated, it is not adequately equipped to face heavily armed opponents in extremely demanding missions. Technology, according to the 2015 High Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations (HIPPO) report, remains a key challenge for the major contributors of the peace missions. Hence, Bangladesh Armed Forces should be continuously equipped and trained with sophisticated armed and equipment as part of regular process.

13. As peacekeeping missions increasingly seem to be leaning toward anti-terror operations in parts of Africa, it will be interesting to see how Bangladesh adapts to such robust missions. This will cause good experiences to the participating troops to deal with similar terrorism in the native country if needed. Hence, it is recommended that the anti-terrorism and counter-terrorism training should be included as a part of peacetime regular training and basic training for the members of Bangladesh Armed Forces.

14. UN Peacekeeping Mission has a tradition of performing nation building roles in the deployed county. This includes conducting elections, negotiations between conflicted groups, road and culvert construction, construction of air fields, make the people health conscious, help them in sanitation, and train the youth and unemployed people of the deployed country for self-employment and technical jobs. Thus peacekeepers become expert in these tasks and they gain their skills in performing these tasks. Hence, this study recommends that government should utilize these skills of the troops of Bangladesh Armed Forces as and when required for the domestic purpose of our country.

15. This study strongly recommends further study & in-depth analysis on the utilization/spending of the Mission Earned Money of the Junior Level Troops of BD Army (JCOs, NCOs & Privates). Because: a) They are the largest participants in UN Peacekeeping Mission from Bangladesh.

78 b) Due to their poor educational background, often they cannot utilize their Mission Earned Money properly. Often they misuse this big amount of money & get deprived of getting benefits/opportunities from it. c) Hence, they should get some guidelines (basing on the past experience & analysis) how to get best benefit out of their income/earning from UN Peacekeeping Mission.

A well-trained, professional Bangladesh Armed Forces that is eager to participate is a significant capability in UN peacekeeping, must be nourished properly, encouraged to contribute more in world forum and considered as an asset for the nation.

References

Book:

UN COE Manual-2014, Chapter 9, Annex A.

Articles:

Ali, T. A. Zearat (1998), “Bangladesh in United Nations Peacekeeping Operation”, BIISS Papers, number-16, July 1998, pp. 33.

Banerjee, “South Asia” (see n.19 above), p.195; see also Krishnasamy, “Bangladesh and UN Peacekeeping” (n.10 above), p.37.

Banerjee. Dipankar. (2008), “South Asia: Contributors of Global Significance”, in Donald C. F. Daniel, Patricia Taft and Sharon Wiharta (eds.), Peace Operations, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

Boutros-Ghali, B. (1992), “An agenda for peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peacekeeping”, International Relations, 11(3), 201-218, p.50.

Krishnasamy, Kabilan (2015), “Civil Community-Peacekeeper Relations in UN Peacebuilding: The Case of South Asian Peacekeepers”, Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, vol.3 no.2, pp. 189- 213.

Zaman, Rashed and Biswas, Niloy Ranjan (2014), Bangladesh's Participation in UN Peacekeeping Missions and Challenges for Civil-Military Relations: A Case for Concordance Theory, pp 324-344.

Zaman, Rashed and Biswas, Niloy Ranjan (2014), International Peacekeeping vol. 21, Iss. 3.

Documents and Source of Information:

Bangladesh Air Force Headquarters.

Bangladesh Bank, Foreign Exchange Policy Department.

Bangladesh Navy Headquarters.

Bangladesh Police Headquarters.

DFID Report 2005.

Overseas Operatons Directorate, GS Branch, Bangladesh Army Headquarters.

PS Directorate & PA Directorate, AGs Branch, Bangladesh Army Headquarters.

Websites: http://www.dailyasianage.com/news/39719/bangladeshs-role-in-intl-peacekeeping/01 December 2016. http://www.data.worldbank.org/country/bangladesh (accessed on May 8, 2012). http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-05-16&nid=10477. http://www.police.gov.bd/AtAGlanceDeployment.php?id=134. http://www.thedailystar.net/round-tables/bangladesh-and-un-peacekeeping-challenges- prospects1412455/ 12:00 AM, May 29, 2017 / LAST MODIFIED: 01:48 AM, May 29, 2017. http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Bangladesh-troops-replace-Kenyans-pulled-from-South- http://www.Sudan/2558-3474836-nuvb7wz/index.html). Sunday, December 4, 2016. http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2013/nov13_1.pdf. https://en.n.wikipedia.org

UN Peacekeeping Official Website: www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/2016.

UN Peacekeeping Official Website: www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2017

Annexure

ANNEX A QUESTIONNAIRE DATE: 01 JAN 2016

Interview / Data Collection Format (ইন্টারভিউ ফরমেট) Serial:

Interviewer: Md. Tanveer Islam, M.Phil. Fellow, Department of Political Science, Date (তারিখ): University of Dhaka. Place of Interview (ইন্টারভিউ এর Time of Interview (সময়): Interview Duration: স্থান): Name of Interviewee (নাম): Army Number/BA Number:

Rank (পদবী): Appointment (দায়িত্ব): Unit (ইউনিট): Arms (আর্মস):

Service Length (চাকুরীর বয়স):

Permanent Address (স্থায়ী ঠিকানা):

Mobile Number(মোবাইল নং):

Number of Family Members/Dependents (পরিবারের সদস্য সংখ্যা):

Present Monthly Gross Salary (বর্তমান মোট মাসিক বেতন):

Other Benefits (অন্যান্য সুবিধাদিিঃ রেশন, ভাতা, কোয়ার্টার ও অন্যান্য):

Defense Allowance (প্রতিরক্ষা ভাতা)

Kit Allowance(পোষাক ভাতা)

Servant Allowance (ভৃত্য ভাতা)

Disturbance Pay (মহার্ঘ্য ভাতা)

Qualification Pay (দক্ষতা ভাতা)

Command & Staff Pay(কমান্ড ও

স্টাফ ভাতা)

Medical Allowance (চিকিৎসা ভাতা)

Ration (রেশন)

House Rent or Accommodation (বাড়ি ভাড়া) Any Other (অন্যান্য সু্বিধাদি)

Mission Name & Country (মিশনের নাম ও দেশ):

Mission Duration (মিশনের স্থায়িত্বকাল): From (হতে) To (পর্যন্ত) Total Months & Days (মোট মাস ও দিন):

Is It First Mission (এটা কি আপনার প্রথম মিশন)? How Many Missions you did? (মোট কতগুলি মিশন করেছেন) :

Total Amount Earned from First Mission (In BDT) মিশন থেকে আয়কৃত মোট টাকার পরিমাণ:

Any Other Information (অন্য কোন তথ্য, যদি উল্লেখ করতে চান):

1. How Invested / Utilized / What was done with the Money Earned from Mission (In Brief) মিশন থেকে আয়েৃ ত টাো/অে থ মেভাকে েযয় েকেকেন ো মে মে োকে লামিকয়কেন?:

2. Fixed Asset: What Fixed Assets you have/had? আপনাে স্থায়ী সম্পমিে মেেেণ Before Mission (মিশকনে আকি): After Mission (মিশকনে পকে): ( Mention the Asset Type with Approx. Value ; সম্পমিে প্রোে ও আনুিামনে িূলয উকেখ ে쇁ন )

3. Have you purchased any Land? আপমন থোন েমি ক্রয় েকেকেন মে? Before Mission (মিশকনে আকি): After Mission (মিশকনে পকে): What Type of Land? Approx. Value ; মে ধেকণে েমি, আনুিামনে িূলয?

4. Have you purchased any Flat or House? আপমন মে থোন োমি ো ফ্ল্যাট ক্রয় েকেকেন? Before Mission (মিশকনে আকি): After Mission (মিশকনে পকে): (Approx. Value আনুিামনে িূলয)

5. Do you have any fixed deposit? আপনাে থোন মিক্সড মডকপাজেট আকে?

Before Mission (মিশকনে আকি): After Mission (মিশকনে পকে): (Approx. Amount ; আনুিামনে অকে থে পমেিাণ) (Approx. Amount ; আনুিামনে অকে থে পমেিাণ)

6. Have you invested in Share Market? আপমন মে থশয়াে িাকেথকট থোন মেমনকয়াি েকেকেন? Before Mission (মিশকনে আকি): After Mission (মিশকনে পকে): (Approx. Amount ; আনুিামনে মেমনকয়াকিে পমেিাণ) (Approx. Amount ; আনুিামনে মেমনকয়াকিে পমেিাণ)

7. Have you invested in any other Business? আপমন মে থোন েযেসায় মেমনকয়াি েকেকেন? Before Mission (মিশকনে আকি): After Mission (মিশকনে পকে): (Approx. Amount ; আনুিামনে মেমনকয়াকিে পমেিাণ) (Approx. Amount ; আনুিামনে মেমনকয়াকিে পমেিাণ)

8. Have you spent Mission Earned Money in any Pleasure Trip/Entertainment? How Much it Cost? (আপমন মে মিশকনে আয়েৃ ত অে থমিকয় থোন মেকিশ ভ্রিণ েকেকেন? আনুিামনে েত টাো েযয় েকেকেন?

9. Have you spent your Mission Earned Money in any Social Event? (Marriage or Other Events). What type of Event? How Much was Spent? আপমন মে মিশকনে আয়েৃ ত অে থআপনাে ো আপনাে পমেোকেে থোন সিকসযে সািাজেে অনুষ্ঠাকন (মেোহ ো অনয থোন অনুষ্ঠান) েযয় েকেকেন? আনুিামনে েযয় এে পমেিাণ?

10. Have you spent your Mission Earned Money in any Political Activities? If Yes: What type of Activities? What was the Amount Spent? আপমন মে মিশন থেকে আয়েৃ ত অে থোন থ োেননমতে োকে েযয় েকেকেন (মনে থাচকন অংশগ্রহণ ো অনয থোন ইকভন্ট)? আনুিামনে েযয় এে পমেিাণ?

11. Have you given any Loan to anyone from your Mission Earned Money? To Whom? Why? আপমন মে আপনাে মিশন থেকে আয়েৃ ত অে থোউকে ধাে/ ের্ থমিকয়কেন? আনুিামনে ধাে এে পমেিাণ?

12. Have you adjusted your previous Loan (or OD) from your Mission Earned Money? How Much? আপমন মে মিশন থেকে আয়েৃ ত অে থমিকয়পূকে থে থোন ধাে/থিনা (ওমড) পমেকশাধ েকেকেন? আনুিামনে েত টাো?

13. Did you suffer any loss of your Mission Earned Money? If yes: How? How much was the Amount? আপমন মে মিশকনে আয়েৃ ত অে থথোনভাকে হাতোিা ো লস েকেকেন? মেভাকে? আনুিামনে েত টাো?

14. Do you think your Standard of Living & Family Maintenance Changed after Mission? (Yes/No)? How much it Changed? From which Point of View? আপমন মে িকন েকেন থর্ মিশকনে পে আপনাে েযজিিত ও পামেোমেে েীেনর্াত্রাে িান পমেেমতথত হকয়কে? থোন আমিকে? মে ধেকণে?

15. Do you think your Social Status Changed after Mission? (Yes/No)? How much it Changed? What particular Changes you felt? শামি মিশকন অংশগ্রহণ আপনাে সািাজেে ির্ থািাে মে ধেকণে পমেেতথন (ইমতোচে ো থনমতোচে) সামধত েকেকে ো েেকত সাহার্য েকেকে?

16. Do you think your Confidence & Professional Skill Changed/Improved after Mission? (Yes/No)? How much it Changed? শামি মিশকন অংশগ্রহণ আপনাে েযজিিত উৎের্ থতা ও থপশািত িক্ষ্ তায় মে ধেকণে উন্নমত সামধত েকেকে ো েেকত সাহার্য েকেকে?

17. Any Big Amount You Spent for your Children's Education? How Much? What Type of Education? আপমন মে আপনাে সিাকনে মশক্ষা ো উমশক্ষায় মিশন থেকে আয়েৃ ত অে থেযয় েকেকেন? আনুিামনে েত টাো?

18. Do you feel Economically Solvent/Secured After the Mission? From which point of view? আপমন মে িকন েকেন থর্ মিশন েোে িকল আপমন অে থননমতে মনোপিা ও স্বলতা লাভ েেকত থপকেকেন? থোন আমিে থেকে?

19. In Case of Participating More than One Mission (মিতীয় মিশকনে থক্ষকত্র):

a Name of the Second Mission & Country (মিশকনে নাি ও থিশ):

b Mission Duration (মিশকনে স্থাময়ত্বোল): From To Total Months & Days (থিাট িাস ও মিন): c Total Amount Earned from 2nd Mission (In BDT) মিতীয় মিশন থেকে আয়েৃ ত থিাট অকে থে পমেিাণ (টাোয়):

d Income Difference between 1st & 2nd Mission (In BDT) প্রেি ও মিতীয় মিশকনে আয়েৃ ত অকে থে পমেিাকণে পাে থেয (টাোয়):

What Change Came in Economic Status/Condition After 2nd Mission (Positive or Negative) মিতীয় মিশকনে e পে আপনাে আমে থে অেস্থাে মে পমেেতথন হকয়কে (ইমতোচে ো থনমতোচে)?

(1) In Term of Fixed Asset স্থায়ী সম্পকিে থক্ষকত্র: (With Approx. Value ; আনুিামনে িূলয)

(2) In Term of Investment (Fixed Deposit/Business/Any Other) মেমনকয়াি (মিক্সড মডকপাজেট/েযেসায় মেমনকয়াি/অনযানয): Mention Approx. Amount (আনুিামনে পমেিাণ উকেখ ে쇁ন).

(3) In Term of Solvency/Recovery from Any Previous Loss (পূকে থে ক্ষমত োটটকয় উঠা/থিনা পমেকশাধ/স্বলতা লাভেমনত): Mention Approx. Amount (আনুিামনে অকে থে পমেিাণ).

91 f What Social Change has come in your Individual/Family Life After 2nd Mission? মিতীয় মিশকন অংশগ্রহণ আপনাে েযজিিত ও পামেোমেেভাকে মে ধেকণে সািাজেেপমেেতথন (ইমতোচে ো থনমতোচে) সামধত েকেকে ো েেকত সাহার্য েকেকে?

g What Change has come in Children's Education/Establishment After 2nd Mission? মিতীয় মিশকনে পে আপনাে সিানকিে মশক্ষা ো অনযানয থক্ষকত্র মে অেিান োখকত থপকেকেন?

20. Do you have any impact of natural capital for enhancing your livelihood outcomes?

1= Yes 2= No

21. Do you have any impact of physical capital for enhancing your livelihood outcomes?

1= Yes 2= No 22. 20. Do you have any impact of human capital for enhancing your livelihood outcomes?

1= Yes 2= No 23. Do you have any impact of social capital for enhancing your livelihood outcomes?

1= Yes 2= No

24. Do you have any impact of financial capital for enhancing your livelihood outcomes?

1= Yes 2= No ………………………………………………….

Signature of the Interviewee (সাক্ষাতোে িাতাে সাক্ষে)

ANNEX B INTERVIEW DATE: 01 MAY 2016

Summary of Interview of Brigadier General A K M Akhtaruzzamanndc, pcs

1. Date of Interview: 01 May 2016 (Sunday)

2. Place of Interview: Dhaka Cantonment (At Residence of the Interviewee)

3. Short Description of Interviewer: Brigadier General A K M Akhtaruzzamanndc, pcs was commissioned in Bangladesh Army in 21 December 1984 with 11th BMA Long Course. He was commissioned in the corp of Infantry. In his gorgeous military career, he served in different important position and appointment of Bangladesh Army. His dynamic command and remarkable contribution enriched Bangladesh Army a lot.

He obtained his Post Graduation Degree on Defense Studies from Defense Services Command & Staff College (DSCSC) of Bangladesh and his NDC Degree from National Defense College (NDC) of Bangladesh.

He participated in UN Peacekeeping Mission twice: a. UNOSOM-II (in Somalia) in the year 1993 b. MONUC (in Congo) in the year 2004-2005

At present he is holding one of the most prestigious position for Bangladesh Army in UN Headquarters, New York. He is posted there as ‘Defense Advisor, Permanent Mission of Bangladesh to the UN’ since 01 November 2013.

4. Summary of Interview: During his interview, Brigadier General A K M Akhtaruzzamanndc, psc gave the following insights about Bangladesh’s Participation in UN Peacekeeping Mission and Its Socio-economic Implications for Participating Troops:

a. Justification of Participation of Bangladeshi Troops in UN Peacekeeping Mission: We, the members of Bangladesh Armed Forces, are obliged by our constitution to stand firm and render all possible support for the cause of peace and security in any troubled spot of the world. As the responsible member nation of the UN,

our participation enhances partnership with UN and other international organizations. Moreover, it enhances our image at the international arena. Hence, whenever Bangladesh received the call for participating in any mission for world peace, we responded to it.

Another important factor is, our Armed Forces are engaged in combat and we have peaceful neighbors. Since our independence in 1971, we didn’t have to fight any battle. But, we are always in training are prepared to defend the sovereignty of our motherland. As we are well trained, organized and equipped, by participating in UN Peacekeeping Mission our huge standing armed forces thus can be utilized in their professional fields.

Furthermore, participation in UN Peacekeeping Mission is an achievement for us in the field of foreign policy and international negotiations. In addition, by participating in UN Peacekeeping Mission, our troops get appropriate training in the combat situation. b. Economic Benefits: The amount of money each individual of Bangladeshi Troops gets as the UN Peacekeeper is quite large in relation to their salaries at home. This is a good opportunity for them to have savings. This earning from UN Peacekeeping Mission offers them opportunity for safe investment in any existing money saving schemes or in the bank. It helps them to improve their living standard. Besides, this earning can meet their children education expenses. Above all, this earning provides them a better secured post retired life with family members. Last but not the least, this can help in meeting any eventualities and medical treatment. c. Social Benefits: The most satisfactory part for a peacekeeper is the ‘Pride as Peacekeeper’. He/she gets the opportunity to wear the prestigious ‘Blue Beret’, to become a part of UN Peacekeeping Force and serve for the world peace.

Another important factor is, economic empowerment also raises social status. When a soldier earns a good amount of money by participating in UN Peacekeeping Mission, automatically it reflects in his social status and lifestyle.

Again, participation in such mission enhances outlook and international exposure or the individual. Such unique opportunity to work together with the military of different countries and international NGOs assimilates huge experiences and self-confidences. This builds the confidence of man 95

management and situation management, which helps the individual both in military career as well as after retirement career. d. Benefits of Army/Armed Forces: By participating in UN Peacekeeping Mission, our Armed Forces quipped with more modern gadgets. Because, while participating in UN Peacekeeping mission, the peacekeepers need to be well equipped and trained in handling those arms and equipment, as per the requirement of UNDPKO.

This participation also ensured exposure to combat experience of its members. Furthermore, it was a pragmatic and fruitful training for the troops and the organization in the operational environment.

Participation in UN Peacekeeping Mission enhanced the image of our Armed Forces at international arena. This built up better relationship with friendly countries and their Armed Forces. This explored the opportunities to exchange of knowledge and experiences with the troops of other countries.

Nevertheless, this enhanced image of Army within the country across the people, as our Armed Forces gained name and fame for the country across the world.

Finally, it helped us in improving professionalism and capacity building as an organization. e. Benefit of the Country Participation in UN Peacekeeping Mission gave enormous benefits to our motherland. Firstly, Image of the country as one of the leading contributor of peacekeepers even cannot be equated with significant achievements. Such image could erase some of the wrong perception of outer world about our country (poor, natural disaster prone etc)

This has given new political heights to our nation at many international forums where Bangladesh as a country stood out clear for her outstanding contribution in the arena of PKO (Peace Keeping Operation).

Huge earnings from UN Peacekeeping missions added economic benefits of the country.

Notably, the Armed Forces of the country became more equipped, trained and experienced, which is an asset for the country and a strong defensive power for the safety and sovereignty.

f. General Points: During mission, individual peacekeepers interact with a diverse group of people and gains huge experience. It also adds to their credentials and enrich their possibilities of second employment in UN or similar international institutions. Usually, the officers of Bangladesh Armed Forces are appointed and perform in high value appointments in UN Peacekeeping Mission and many a times they work independently. This adds a huge confidence to them. This also helps them in sharpen their communication skills and decision making skills in critical period.

Summary of Interview of Maj A K M Humayun Kabir, E Bengal

1. Date of Interview: 27 December 2016 (Tuesday)

2. Place of Interview: Dhaka Cantonment (At Residence of the Interviewee)

3. Short Description of Interviewer:

Major A K M Humayun Kabir was commissioned in Bangladesh Army on 9 June 1992 with 26th BMA Long Course in the corp of Infantry. He started his career in an Infantry Battalion (East Bengal). In his gorgeous career of 25 years, he served in different important and prestigious positions/appointments of Bangladesh Army. He served as an Instructor in Bangladesh Military Academy (BMA) for 6 years.

At present he is serving as an Instructor of Bangladesh Institute of Peacekeeping Support Operation Training (BIPSOT) for last 4 years 6 months. While serving is this position, he conducted 40 Pre Deployment Trainings for the Bangladeshi UN Peacekeepers. He trained approximately 2500 Bangladeshi Army Officers, around 4000 Bangladeshi Army Soldiers, members of Bangladesh Navy & Bangladesh Air Force who all undertook training on UN Peacekeeping and Peace Support before going to the mission. Moreover, Major Humayun trained 6-7 hundreds International Military Officers and Officer Cadets of different countries, university teachers & students of University of Dhaka, Jahangirnagar University and BRAC University. Also the members of Bangladesh Civil Svc (BCS) and Bangladesh Police has undergone different trainings under him.

Major Humayun successfully completed different courses and trainings in home and abroad, including “Peace Keeping Operation Instructors’ Course (PKOIC) - Indonesia”. 97

He participated in UN Peacekeeping Mission twice: a. 2001-2002- Iraq-Kuwait Border- UNIKOM b. 2011-2012-South Sudan (UNMIS/UNMISS)

Moreover, he performed as instructor in abroad as well and imparted his knowledge to the peacekeepers in following counters: a. At Mongolia: Peace Keeping Operational Instructors’ Course (PKOIC) b. At Malaysia UN Logistic Officers’ Course (UNLOG)

Major Humayun is considered as an icon of training and UN Peacekeeping Mission expert of Bangladesh Armed Forces. His vast knowledge, skill and experience in UN Peacekeeping Operation and Training is an asset for our Bangladesh Armed Forces. He also conducted/participated the following events in his gorgeous career: a. Directly Conducted 10 BIPSOT Mega Demonstration in front of National & International VIPs. b. Involved in minimum 5X UN Group Research works & GSTP Preparation works. c. Worked as facilitator/advisor for at least 10 individual MPhil/Fellowship courses on peace & conflict issues from different organization. d. Conducted/Involved in at least 10-15 seminar, workshops on peace issues. e. Conducted three mega International Exercises on peace issues as a trainer. f. Involved in four mega conference of International Global Peace Operation Organization.

4. Summary of Interview: During his interview, Major A K M Humayun Kabir, E Bengal gave the following insights about Bangladesh’s Participation in UN Peacekeeping Mission and Its Socio-economic Implications for Participating Troops:

a. How Bangladesh contributes in UN Peacekeeping mission? Bangladesh contributes directly in UN peacekeeping mission by providing Military, Police and Civilian to the UN mission atmosphere. Among these three components Military at present contributed more. Police also contributed with even female contingent and civilians are in a step of moving forward.

b. How successfully Bangladesh could keep her steps in UN Mission atmosphere? Bangladesh Military and Police are involving now in 09 UN Peacekeeping Missions with more than 7000 Troops and Experts/Staffs because of their successful peace support operation they are leading as a top contributing country of the global peacekeeping atmosphere. 98

c. How the Troops of Bangladesh (who participated in UN Mission) are getting benefitted Financially/Economically. Beside the immense reputation they could also subsidize us with huge economical support from UN Mission. At present for only one infantry Contingent of 850 persons, our country receives roughly 13 million US dollars yearly, vis-à-vis for many heavy equipment, helicopter, ship and other special armaments of our forces, country receives huge multiplied times more amount of foreign currency.

In the process they bring this big amount of foreign currency in US dollars to the government fund and receive personal salary /reimbursement in Bangladeshi Currency (Taka), these contribute directly to strengthen country’s reserve. Parallelly, soldiers invest this money to develop their living standard, amusements, service etc and ultimately for community developments. d. How they are benefitting our society? Our troops became quiet experience in dealing complex multidimensional difficult situations of the present UN Mission areas while doing developments works or solve the issues in military, political, economical, social and many other ways. In doing that, they become expert in dealing different socio- economic aspects and they utilized these skills in handling internal security and development issues of our country. For example, successes of Bangladesh Army in making national ID card, road networks, election duties, counter terrorism activities, rescue operation, handling big number of refugees like Rohinga etc. So through UN Mission, our troops are not only benefitting the country financially but also socially and many other ways. e. Any Negative side/impact due to participating in UN Mission (for Troops – Individually). As we know, UN Mission helps our troops to improve themselves professionally, economically and socially, but it was seen that some derailed soldiers can not coop up with this lifted atmosphere, so they choose the wrong track of double marriages, extra marital affairs or even opt for early retirement. In view of that to control the attitude, army needs to act strongly to keep the discipline in the organization. So some of the troops get penalty including exemplary punishments, which are the negative impact of UN Mission. Good news is that this negative attitude of our soldiers are decreasing day by day as army is matured enough now to handle the matter by both positive and negative counselling and instilling professionalism.

99 f. How Army can be benefited more for the country through UN Mission? Army can integrate three components like Military, Police and most importantly Civilians in the same UN Mission umbrella. In doing that they can share their expertise and experience with other two components, especially with civilian. Joint research works and joint efforts to have better foot hold in UN atmosphere can bring better dividends for the country and her society. g. Was there any steps from Army side to make this combined effort? Army is working round the clock to integrate all the major stake holders of our country to make a joint effort. Army Headquarters, BIPSOT (Bangladesh Institute of Peace Support Operation Training) and other military organizations are working hard to integrate all related organizations through MOU, organizing seminar, workshop, joint exercise, Instructor exchange programs, imparting training etc. Again these efforts are not enough now to reach the goal, so to do that, it has to be a combined approach by all three components together with an effective master plan supported from the top most authority with priority.

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ANNEX C LIST OF INTERVIEWEES DATE: 28 DECEMBER 2016

Ser. Category Rank Arms/ Date of Location Remarks Service Interview 1 Officer Brig Gen 01 May 2016 Dhaka Cantt 2 Officer Lt Col Inf 04 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 3 Officer Lt Col Arty 18 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 4 Officer Lt Col Engr 28 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 5 Officer Maj Inf 27 Dec 2016 Dhaka Cantt 6 Officer Maj Arty 18 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt MILOB 7 Officer Maj Armd 17 Mar 2016 Savar Cantt 8 Officer Senior ASP Police 18 Jan 2016 Police HQ, Dhaka UNPOL 9 Officer Capt Sig 31 Jul 2016 Majhira Cantt, Bogura 10 Officer Capt AMC 14 Feb 2016 CMH, Dhaka Cantt 11 JCO MWO Inf 04 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 12 JCO SWO Inf 26 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 13 JCO SWO AEC 04 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 14 JCO SWO Arty 18 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 15 JCO SWO Engr 28 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 16 JCO WO Inf 26 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 17 JCO WO Sig 31 Jul 2016 Majhira Cantt, Bogura 18 JCO WO Arty 18 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 19 JCO WO Engr 28 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 20 NCO Sgt Inf 04 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 21 NCO Sgt Inf 04 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 22 NCO Sgt Inf 26 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 23 NCO Sgt Inf 26 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 24 NCO Sgt Arty 18 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 25 NCO Sgt Engr 28 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 16 NCO Sgt Sig 31 Jul 2016 Majhira Cantt, Bogura 27 NCO Sgt EME 17 Mar 2016 Savar Cantt 28 NCO Sgt EME 17 Mar 2016 Savar Cantt 29 NCO Sgt ASC 17 Mar 2016 Savar Cantt 30 NCO Sgt ASC 17 Mar 2016 Savar Cantt 31 NCO Sgt MP 17 Mar 2016 Savar Cantt

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Ser. Category Rank Arms/ Date of Location Remarks Service Interview 32 NCO Petty BN 21 Jan 2016 Dhaka Cantt Officer 33 NCO Petty BN 21 Jan 2016 Dhaka Cantt Officer 34 NCO Petty BN 21 Jan 2016 Dhaka Cantt Officer 35 NCO Petty BN 21 Jan 2016 Dhaka Cantt Officer 36 NCO Sgt BAF 28 Jan 2016 Dhaka Cantt 37 NCO Sgt BAF 28 Jan 2016 Dhaka Cantt 38 NCO Sgt BAF 28 Jan 2016 Dhaka Cantt 39 NCO Sgt BAF 28 Jan 2016 Dhaka Cantt 40 NCO ASI Police 18 Jan 2016 Police HQ, Dhaka FPU 41 NCO ASI Police 18 Jan 2016 Police HQ, Dhaka FPU 42 NCO ASI Police 18 Jan 2016 Police HQ, Dhaka FPU 43 NCO ASI Police 18 Jan 2016 Police HQ, Dhaka FPU 44 NCO Cpl Inf 04 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 45 NCO Cpl Inf 04 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 46 NCO Cpl Inf 04 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 47 NCO Cpl Inf 04 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 48 NCO Cpl Inf 26 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 49 NCO Cpl Inf 26 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 50 NCO Cpl Inf 26 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 51 NCO Cpl Inf 26 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 52 NCO Cpl Inf 28 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 53 NCO Cpl Inf 28 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 54 NCO Cpl Inf 28 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 55 NCO Cpl Arty 18 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 56 NCO Cpl Arty 18 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 57 NCO Cpl Arty 18 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 58 NCO Cpl Arty 18 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 59 NCO Cpl Arty 18 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 60 NCO Cpl Engr 29 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 61 NCO Cpl Engr 29 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 62 NCO Cpl Engr 29 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 63 NCO Cpl Engr 29 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 64 NCO Cpl Sig 31 Jul 2016 Majhira Cantt, Bogura

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Ser. Category Rank Arms/ Date of Location Remarks Service Interview 65 NCO Cpl Sig 31 Jul 2016 Majhira Cantt, Bogura 66 NCO Cpl Sig 31 Jul 2016 Majhira Cantt, Bogura 67 NCO Cpl Ord 14 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 68 NCO Cpl Ord 14 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 69 NCO Cpl AMC 17 Mar 2016 CMH, Savar Cantt 70 NCO Cpl AMC 17 Mar 2016 CMH, Savar Cantt 71 NCO Cpl ACC 11 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 72 NCO Cpl ACC 11 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 73 NCO Cpl MP 11 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 74 Pvt Lcpl Inf 04 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 75 Pvt Lcpl Inf 04 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 76 Pvt Lcpl Inf 04 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 77 Pvt Lcpl Inf 04 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 78 Pvt Lcpl Inf 27 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 79 Pvt Lcpl Inf 27 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 80 Pvt Lcpl Inf 27 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 81 Pvt Lcpl Inf 06 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 82 Pvt Lcpl Inf 06 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 83 Pvt Lcpl Inf 27 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 84 Pvt Lcpl Inf 27 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 85 Pvt Lcpl Inf 27 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 86 Pvt Lcpl Inf 28 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 87 Pvt Lcpl Inf 28 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 88 Pvt Lcpl Inf 28 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 89 Pvt Lcpl Inf 29 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 90 Pvt Lcpl Inf 29 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 91 Pvt Lcpl Inf 29 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 92 Pvt Lcpl Inf 29 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 93 Pvt Lcpl Inf 29 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 94 Pvt Lcpl Inf 29 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 95 Pvt Lcpl Arty 20 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 96 Pvt Lcpl Arty 20 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 97 Pvt Lcpl Arty 20 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 98 Pvt Lcpl Arty 20 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 99 Pvt Lcpl Arty 20 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt

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Ser. Category Rank Arms/ Date of Location Remarks Service Interview 100 Pvt Lcpl Arty 20 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 101 Pvt Lcpl Arty 20 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 102 Pvt Lcpl Arty 20 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 103 Pvt Lcpl Arty 20 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 104 Pvt Lcpl Engr 29 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 105 Pvt Lcpl Engr 29 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 106 Pvt Lcpl Engr 29 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 107 Pvt Lcpl Engr 29 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 108 Pvt Lcpl Engr 29 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 109 Pvt Lcpl Engr 29 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 110 Pvt Lcpl Sig 06 Aug 2016 Mymensingh Cantt 111 Pvt Lcpl Sig 06 Aug 2016 Mymensingh Cantt 112 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 06 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 113 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 06 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 114 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 06 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 115 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 06 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 116 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 06 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 117 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 06 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 118 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 06 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 119 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 06 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 120 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 11 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 121 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 11 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 122 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 11 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 123 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 11 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 124 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 11 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 125 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 11 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 126 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 11 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 127 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 11 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 128 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 11 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt 129 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 27 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 130 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 27 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 131 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 27 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 132 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 27 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 133 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 27 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 134 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 27 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong

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Ser. Category Rank Arms/ Date of Location Remarks Service Interview 135 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 27 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 136 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 27 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 137 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 27 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 138 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 28 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 139 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 28 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 140 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 28 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 141 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 28 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 142 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 28 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 143 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 28 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 144 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 28 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 145 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 28 May 2016 Ramu Cantt, Chittagong 146 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 29 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 147 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 29 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 148 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 29 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 149 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 29 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 150 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 29 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 151 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 29 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 152 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 29 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 153 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 29 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 154 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 29 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 155 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 29 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 156 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 30 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 157 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 30 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 158 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 30 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 159 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 30 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 160 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 30 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 161 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 30 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 162 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 30 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 163 Pvt Pvt / Snk Inf 30 Jul 2016 Rangpur Cantt 164 Pvt Pvt / Snk Arty 25 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt

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Ser. Category Rank Arms/ Date of Location Remarks Service Interview 165 Pvt Pvt / Snk Arty 25 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 166 Pvt Pvt / Snk Arty 25 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 167 Pvt Pvt / Snk Arty 25 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 168 Pvt Pvt / Snk Arty 25 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 169 Pvt Pvt / Snk Arty 25 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 170 Pvt Pvt / Snk Arty 25 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 171 Pvt Pvt / Snk Arty 25 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 172 Pvt Pvt / Snk Arty 25 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 173 Pvt Pvt / Snk Arty 25 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 174 Pvt Pvt / Snk Arty 25 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 175 Pvt Pvt / Snk Arty 25 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt 176 Pvt Pvt / Snk Engr 30 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 177 Pvt Pvt / Snk Engr 30 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 178 Pvt Pvt / Snk Engr 30 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 179 Pvt Pvt / Snk Engr 30 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 180 Pvt Pvt / Snk Engr 30 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 181 Pvt Pvt / Snk Engr 30 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt 182 Lady Lt Col AMC 14 Feb 2016 CMH, Dhaka Cantt Offr 183 Lady Lt Col AMC 14 Feb 2016 CMH, Dhaka Cantt Offr 184 Lady Maj AMC 14 Feb 2016 CMH, Dhaka Cantt Offr 185 Lady Maj AMC 14 Feb 2016 CMH, Dhaka Cantt Offr 186 Lady Maj Arty 27 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt Offr 187 Lady Maj Arty 27 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt Offr 188 Lady Maj Arty 27 Feb 2016 Mirpur Cantt Offr 189 Lady Maj Engr 28 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt Offr 190 Lady Maj Engr 28 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt Offr 191 Lady Maj Engr 28 Apr 2016 Jessore Cantt Offr 192 Lady Maj Engr 31 Jul 2016 Majhira Cantt, Bogura Offr 193 Lady Maj Engr 31 Jul 2016 Majhira Cantt, Bogura Offr

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Ser. Category Rank Arms/ Date of Location Remarks Service Interview 194 Lady Maj Sig 31 Jul 2016 Majhira Cantt, Bogura Offr 195 Lady Maj Sig 06 Aug 2016 Mymensingh Cantt Offr 196 Lady Maj Sig 06 Aug 2016 Mymensingh Cantt Offr 197 Lady Maj Sig 20 Aug 2016 Comilla Cantt Offr 198 Lady Maj Sig 20 Aug 2016 Comilla Cantt Offr 199 Lady Maj Ord 14 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt Offr 200 Lady Maj Ord 14 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt Offr 201 Lady Maj Ord 14 Feb 2016 Dhaka Cantt Offr

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