WOMEN's STUDIES a Reader

WOMEN'S STUDIES A Reader

Edited by Stevi Jackson, Karen Atkinson, Deirdre Beddoe, Teh Brewer, Sue Faulkner, Anthea Hucklesby, Rose Pearson, Helen Power, Jane Prince, Michele Ryan and Pauline Young

New York London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore CONTENTS

Introduction: About the Reader xv

Feminist Social Theory I Edited and Introduced by Stevi Jackson Introduction 3 1 Shulamith Firestone The Dialectic of Sex 7 2 Juliet Mitchell Psychoanalysis and Feminism 9 3 Michele Barrett Women's Oppression Today 11 4 Heidi Hartmann The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism 13 5 Christine Delphy Sex Classes 16 6 Sylvia Walby Forms and Degrees of Patriarchy 18 7 Parveen Adams, Rosaline Coward and Elizabeth Cowie Editorial, m// 1 19 8 Jane Flax Postmodernism and Gender Relations in Feminist Theory 20 9 Luce Irigaray Women: equal or different 21 10 Monique Wittig One is not born a woman 22 I I Hazel Carby White Women Listen! 25 12 Denise Riley Am I That Name? 26 13 Tania Modleski Feminism Without Women 27 14 Liz Stanley Recovering 'Women' in History from Historical Deconstructionism 28 1.15 Avtar Brah Questions of Difference and International Feminism 29 Further Reading 34 Contents Women's Minds: psychological and psychoanalytic theory 37 Edited and Introduced by Jane Prince

Introduction 39 2.1 Jean Grimshaw Autonomy and Identity in Feminist Thinking 42 2.2 Wendy Hollway Male Mind and Female Nature 45 2.3 Corinne Squire Significant Differences: feminism in psychology 50 2.4 Valerie Walkerdine Femininity as Performance 53 2.5 Nancy Chodorow Family Structure and Feminine Personality 58 2.6 Kate Millett Sexual Politics 60 2.7 Juliet Mitchell Psychoanalysis and Feminism 64 2.8 Jacqueline Rose 'Introduction 1Г to Feminine Sexuality: Jacques Lacan and the Ecole Freudienne 67 2.9 David Macey Lacan in Contexts 71 Further Reading 72

Cross-cultural Perspectives on Women's Lives 75 Ed/ted and Introduced by Ten Brewer

Introduction 77 3.1 Margaret Mead Human Fatherhood is a Social Invention 79 3.2 Edward Evans-Pritchard The Position of Women in Primitive Societies and in Our Own 80 3.3 Sherry Ortner Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture? 82 3.4 Carol McCormack Nature, Culture and Gender: a critique 84 3.5 Peggy Reeves Sanday Female Power and Male Dominance: on the origins of sexual inequality 86 3.6 Michelle Rosaldo The Use and Abuse of Anthropology: reflections on feminism and cross- cultural understanding 90 Contents vii

3.7 Henrietta Moore Feminism and Anthropology 93 3.8 Akemi Kikumura Childhood (1904-1922) 96 3.9 Barbara Myerhoff Jewish comes up in you from the roots 99 3.10 Lila Abu-Lughod The Romance of Resistance: tracing transformations of power through Bedouin women 102 Further Reading 103

Historical Perspectives on Women's Lives 105 Edited and Introduced by Deirdre Beddoe

Introduction 107

4.1 Ivy Pinchbeck Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850 109 4.2 Catherine Hall Gender Divisions and Class Formations in the Birmingham Middle Class, 1780-1850 112 4.3 Sheila Rowbotham Hidden from History: three hundred years of women's oppression and the fight against it 114 4.4 Angela V. John By the Sweat of their Brow: women workers at Victorian coal mines 115 4.5 Anna Davin 'Mind that you do as you are told': reading books for Board School girls, 1870-1902 116 4.6 Margery Spring Rice Working-Class Wives 118 4.7 Jane Lewis The Politics of Motherhood: child and maternal welfare in England, 1900-1939 121 4.8 Deirdre Beddoe Back to Home and Duty: women between the wars 1918-1939 122 4.9 Ray Strachey The Cause 124 4.10 Sylvia Pankhurst The Suffragette Movement 127 4.11 Sheila Jeffreys The Spinster and Her Enemies: feminism and sexuality 1880-1930 127 Further Reading 128 viii Contents Women, Education and Work 131 Edited and Introduced by Jane Prince

Introduction 133

5.1 Veronica Beechey Unequal Work 136 5.2 Michele Barrett Women's Oppression Today 139 5.3 Lindsay German Sex, Class and Socialism 141 5.4 Geoffrey de Ste Croix The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World 146 5.5 Valerie Walkerdine The Mastery of Reason 148 5.6 Robert Hodge and Günther Kress Social Semiotics 151 5.7 John McCauley Academics 155 5.8 Judi Marshall Women Managers: travellers in a male world 160 5.9 Nigel Fielding Joining Forces 163 5.10 Marny Hall Private Experiences in the Public Domain: lesbians in organizations 167 5.11 Heidi Mirza Young, Female and Black 173 Further Reading 178

Marriage and Motherhood 179 Ed/ted and Introduced by Sue Faulkner and Stevi Jackson

Introduction 181

6.1 Sallie Westwood Domestic labourers, or stand by your man - while he sits down and has a cup of tea 184 6.2 Sylvia Walby The Elements of the Patriarchal Mode of Production 187 6.3 Nickie Charles and Marion Kerr Women, Food and Families 188 6.4 Penny Mansfield and Jean Collard Solving Problems and Airing Feelings 191 6.5 Haleh Afshar Gender Roles and the 'Moral Economy of Kin' among Pakistani Women in West Yorkshire 195 Contents ix

6.6 Michele Bograd What are feminist perspectives on wife abuse? 197 6.7 Ann Oakley Becoming a Mother 198 6.8 Ann Oakley Taking It Like a Woman 202 6.9 Sheila Rowbotham To be or not to be: the dilemmas of mothering 204 6.10 Julia Brannen and Peter Moss Managing Mothers 207 6.11 Ann Phoenix Narrow Definitions of Culture: the case of early motherhood 211 6.12 Julia Berryman Perspectives on Later Motherhood 214 6.13 Anne Wollett and Ann Phoenix Issues Related to Motherhood 216 6.14 Lynne Harne Lesbian Custody and the New Myth of the Father 217 6.15 Gemma Tang Nain Black Women, Sexism and Racism 220 Further Reading 222

7 Sexuality 223 Edited and Introduced by Stevi Jackson Introduction 225 7.1 Sandra Bartky Foucault, Femininity and the Modernisation of Patriarchal Power 227 7.2 Luce Irigaray This Sex Which Is Not One 231 7.3 Diane Richardson The Challenge of AIDS 231 7.4 Diane Scully Understanding Sexual Violence 234 7.5 Patricia Collins Black Feminist Thought 236 7.6 Rosemary Pringle Bureaucracy, Rationality and Sexuality 238 7.7 Susan Ardill and Sue O'Sullivan Difference, Desire and Sadomasochism 241 7.8 Sheila Jeffreys Anticlimax 243 7.9 bell hooks Ending Female Sexual Oppression 245 7.10 Deborah Cameron Ten Years On: 'compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence' 246 Further Reading 247 Contents Women and the Law 249 Edited and Introduced by Helen Power

Introduction 251

8.1 Albie Sachs and Joan Hoff Wilson Sexism and the Law 254 8.2 Susan Edwards Female Sexuality and the Law 265 8.3 Katherine O'Donovan Sexual Divisions in Law 269 8.4 Catharine MacKinnon On Collaboration 276 8.5 Wendy Moore There should be a law against it ... shouldn't there? 283 8.6 Gillian Rodgerson and Elizabeth Wilson Pornography and Feminism: the case against censorship 288 8.7 Carol Smart Feminism and the Power of Law 291 Further Reading 303

Women, Crime and Deviance 305 Ed/ted and Introduced by Anthea Hucklesby

Introduction 307

9.1 Frances Heidensohn Crime and Society 309 9.2 Frances Heidensohn Women and Crime 312 9.3 Pat Carlen Women, Crime, Feminism and Realism 314 9.4 Jeanne Gregory Sex, Class and Crime 316 9.5 Pat Carlen Criminal Women and Criminal Justice: the limits to, and potential of, feminist and left realist perspectives 317 9.6 Jeanne Gregory Sex, Class and Crime 319 9.7 Kathryn Chadwick and Catherine Little The Criminalization of Women 321 9.8 Frances Heidensohn Women and Crime 330 9.9 Pat Carlen Criminal Women and Criminal Justice: the limits to, and potential of, feminist and left realist perspectives 333 9.10 Jeanne Gregory Sex, Class and Crime 336 Further Reading 338 Contents xi Public/Private: women, politics and the state 339 Edited and Introduced by Rose Pearson

Introduction 341

10.1 Margaret Stacey and Marion Price Given the odds, a great advance 344 10.2 Susan Edwards Policing: the under-representation of women's interests 346 10.3 Margery Wolf The Birth Limitation Program: family vs state 348 10.4 Peter Squires Policing the Family 349 10.5 Jill Evans, Clare Hudson and Penny Smith Women and the Strike: it's a whole way of life 351 10.6 Alison Young Body/Politics: our bodies triumphed 354 Further Reading 359

Science, Medicine and Reproductive Technology 361 Edited and Introduced by Stevi Jackson, Jane Prince and Pauline Young

Introduction 363

1 Anne Fausto-Sterling Life in the XY Corral 368 2 Ruth Herschberger Society Writes Biology 371 3 Ludmilla Jordanova Natural Facts: an historical perspective on science and sexuality 374 4 Elaine Showalter Managing Female Minds 378 5 Emily Martin The Women in the Body 380 6 Sophie Laws Who Needs PMT? 385 7 Frances Evans Managers and Labourers: women's attitudes to reproductive technology 388 8 Gena Corea The Reproductive Brothel 389 9 Jana Sawicki Disciplining Mothers: feminism and the new reproductive technologies 394 11.10 Christine Delphy New Reproductive Technologies 396 Further Reading 399 Contents Language and Gender 401 Edited and Introduced by Karen Atkinson

Introduction 403

12.1 Dale Spender Language and Reality: who made the world? 407 12.2 Susan Ehrlich and Ruth King Gender-based Language Reform and the Social Construction of Meaning 410 12.3 Robin Lakoff Language and Woman's Place 416 12.4 Nancy M. Henley and Cheris Kramarae Gender, Power and Miscommunication 418 12.5 Deborah Cameron, Fiona McAlinden and Kathy O'Leary Lakoff in Context: the social and linguistic functions of tag questions 421 12.6 Jennifer Coates Gossip Revisited 426 Further Reading 428

Feminist Literary Criticism 431

Edited and Introduced by Pauline Young

Introduction 433

13.1 Simone de Beauvoir The Second Sex 438 13.2 Kate Millett Sexual Politics 439 13.3 Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar The Madwoman in the Attic 441 13.4 Adrienne Rich On Lies, Secrets and Silences 445 13.5 Tillie Olsen Silences 447 13.6 Elaine Showalter A Literature of Their Own 448 13.7 Annis Pratt Archetypal Patterns in Women's Fiction 450 13.8 Ann Rosalind Jones Writing the Body: towards an understanding of I'ecriture feminine 454 13.9 Barbara Smith Toward a Black Feminist Criticism 458 13.10 Maggie Humm Feminist Criticism 462 13.1 I Patricia Waugh Feminine Fictions: revisiting the postmodern 464 Further Reading 469 Contents xiii 14 Representations of Women in the Media 471 Edited and Introduced by Michele Ryan Introduction 473 14.1 E. Deidre Pribram Female Spectators 475 14.2 Janice Radway Reading the Romance 480 14.3 Susanne Kappeier The Pornography of Representation 483 14.4 Annette Kuhn The Power of the Image 484 14.5 Jeanette Murphy 'A Question of Silence' 486 14.6 Anne Ross Muir The Status of Women Working in Film and Television 489 14.7 Dorothy Hobson Women Audiences and the Workplace 490 14.8 Gillian Dyer Women and Television: an overview 492 14.9 Christine Geraghty Women and Soap Opera 494