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Honeybee Plants of South Florida

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Honeybee Plants of South Florida MORTON: HONEYBEE PLANTS 415 HONEYBEE PLANTS OF SOUTH FLORIDA Julia F. Morton which kills the bees before they can make honey. Examples are non-Floridian locoweed (Astra Director, Morton Collectanea galus lentiginosus), buckeye (Aesculus calif or- University of Miami nica), death camass (Zygadenus venenosus), Veratrum calif omicum, some species of Vemonia, Coral Gables and one Florida and tropical American pest, dodder (Cuscuta americana), if its nectar is Of the great and varied plant resources of gathered in quantity. 2. Those having nectar Florida, perhaps least consciously appreciated by harmless to bees but which yield honey more or the majority of residents are those which furnish less toxic to humans. Notorious plants of this nectar and pollen for honeybees (Apis mellifera nature are oleander (Nerium oleander); jimson L.). In 1963, Florida marketed a record 20.9 weed, angel's trumpet and other species of Da million pounds of honey valued at $3,841,000 and tura, which occasion frequent deaths in Mexico; beeswax valued at $138,000, and, as a honey state, mountain laurel (Kalmia spp.); Carolina yellow continues to stand third in the nation (14). jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens), reportedly While most of the food for the bees and the fatal to young bees also; snow-on-the-mountain surplus honey comes from native and naturalized (Euphorbia marginata); and the potent Ser- wild plants, some is derived from cultivated orna jania lethalis of Brazil. mentals and some from hives placed in agricul The very suggestion of poisonous honey comes tural fields and fruit groves for necessary polli as a surprise to many, but there are some classic nation. Many colonies are required for this work records of honey poisoning. In The Anabasis, and they are moved from crop to crop. After translated from the Greek, it is related that three months of pollinating, the colonies are weak Xenophon's army in 401 B.C. reached the Black from insecticides and are put out on wild sources Sea and found many beehives. The men ate the to recover (21). honey (derived from Rhododendron ponticum) There are more than 200 known beekeepers in and thereafter suffered various degrees of vomit Dade County alone and many others who main ing, diarrhea, delirium and stupefaction depend tain only a hive or two. At the request of the ing on the amount consumed, but all recovered in members of the Subtropical Beekeepers Asso 24 hours despite some inaccurate translations to ciation, I have compiled from honey-plant litera the contrary. Pliny and Dioscorides also wrote of ture, from interviews with beekeepers, and my intoxicating honey in that same region (35). own observations, the following information on However, recent work in Scotland has shown plants worked by honeybees in South Florida— that some species of Rhododendron yield perfect that is, roughly, south of Palm Beach on the east ly safe honey (E. Oertel). coast and Sarasota on the west. 3. Other poisonous plants have nectar ap Some plants yield only nectar, some only parently harmless to bees and provide excellent pollen; many provide both. Certain plants having honey. In this category, we find poison ivy (Rhus no nectar in their flowers may supply it from toxicodendron), poison wood (Metopium toxi- extra-floral nectaries on their leaves or at their ferum), manchineel (Hippomane mancinella), leaf-bases or on the flower-stalk, or they may physic nut (Jatropha curcas), sea myrtle (Bac- have sweet sap or be hosts to insects producing charis halimifolia) and others which are of value honeydew which bees gather. According to Van- in our honey flora. The castor bean (Ridnus sell, honey from this exudate of aphids, leaf- communis) is an important source of pollen. hoppers, scale and gall insects is usually dark and unpleasant in flavor (33), especially when There is a rapid change of flora in South sooty mold has formed on the sweet excretion, as Florida attributable to the effects of droughts, it often does on the leaves of mango and citrus floods, hurricanes, fires, drainage, cattle-grazing, trees (8). the increasing use of weedicides, and develop Some plants are unsafe sources of nectar or ment of land for agricultural, residential or pollen. It is interesting to observe, in this con industrial purposes. nection, that toxic plants fall into three cate Ralph Wadlow, a veteran beekeeper of Im- gories: 1. Those with poisonous nectar or pollen mokalee, says that certain muckland plants will 416 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1964 produce no nectar when growing in sand; also dominantly white from palmetto and (in mid that great expanses of "custard apple muck,"* summer and fall) from Melaleuca (8). Willow which is favorable for nectar production, are now is the chief pollen source in winter. in cultivation "sawgrass muck" gives a poor A relatively short distance causes the flower nectar yield and much is now planted to sugar ing season to vary. Around Immokalee, bees can cane (34). make Citrus honey as early as February. At Jack Little of the Everglades Experiment Sebring, not until March. Willow blooming at Station states that the orange tree and various Immokalee is two months ahead of that at Okee- other plants that furnish honey on sand have chobee, 60 miles away (34). It is important to little or no nectar on some muck soils; there is note that the nectar flow of different species no orange honey gleaned at Belle Glade. Ac takes place at different times of day. That of cording to Wadlow, the honey from Citrus trees thistle occurs very early in the morning; that of on muck around Immokalee is one-fifth the volume avocado about 9:00 A.M., that of jambolan, all of Citrus honey on the Ridge and is dark and low day. Some plants yield nectar in the sun; others in quality. He says there is no surplus of Citrus in the shade (31). Where an assortment of honey on flatwoods land, but if the water table nectar plants are in bloom, as in old, ungrazed can be lowered below 4 feet there will be a pastures, bees will work only one species at a greater honey crop as the trees grow older. time, in order of preference (21, 22, 34). Bees Citrus trees on muck in the Davie area yield well do not collect nectars containing less than 20% and, in favorable weather, R. P. Meyer obtains sugar (Penfold & Willis, The Eucalypts). 100 lbs. per hive (21). The Loop Road, Miami Among the hazards of beekeeping, are wild and Coral Gables areas are said to be poor bears (numerous in Collier County) that raid grounds for bees and this might be due to the the hives for the young bees and the honey; soil types (34). There are many instances of dragonflies (locally known as mosquito hawks) certain species yielding nectar in one area and that kill the bees in flight (34); and skunks and not in another (E. Oertel). marine toads which devour all bees within their reach (21). In the winter, bees usually don't make a sur plus of honey (unless they have access to willow) Common names by which South Florida bee but use honey for increasing the amount of brood keepers know their honey plants may not appear (38). Nectar is scarce during the rainy season. in botanical reference works or honey-plant The honey flow diminishes about mid-April and literature of other areas or, if they do, may be ap plied to unrelated species. To aid in recognition, resumes in October. Bees may be found dying from lack of nectar in summer (8). For this the following 250 plants are grouped as WILD reason, some beekeepers have asked me for lists PLANTS, FIELD CROPS, CULTIVATED of ornamental plants that may help tide bees over FRUITS, and CULTIVATED ORNAMENTALS, lean periods. Some of these, such as the nectar- with subgroupings—Trees, Palms, Shrubs, Vines, rich garden flower, Cleome spinosa, and the Herbs and Grasses, and Cacti, where appropriate. handsome yellow poinciana tree (Peltophorum Of course, some plants such as the seagrape and the pigeon plum, while primarily wild plants are inerme) which blooms from May through August, also cultivated as ornamentals, and introduced might be very helpful. The latter could well be species such as Caesar bur (Urena lobata) and more commonly planted not only around the home Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) have but along streets and parkways and in public escaped from cultivation and occur as weeds. parks in place of the non-productive and often Under each wild species, the general habitat is troublesome Ficus trees. G. H. Vansell wrote, briefly noted, but space does not permit de in 1929, "The State Highway Commission [of Cali scriptions. fornia] is increasing the nectar flow by using suitable species along our highways." This idea should be encouraged here in Florida. Wild Plants There is no shortage of pollen in South Flor ida throughout the year (17). In spring, the pol Trees len is noticeably yellow from Citrus; later may Acer rubrum, RED MAPLE. Low hammocks. be copper-yellow from Mexican poppy, or pre- Season: late Dec. and Jan. (1); same time as willow. Nectar: none on muck (17) ; abundant ♦Typical soil supporting thickets of the custard, or pond elsewhere. Pollen: much. Honey: no surplus apple (Annona glabra L.). MORTON: HONEYBEE PLANTS 417 (34); important for brood-rearing; one of first but bees gather from edge of corolla, calyx and sources of food at start of year (1). next buds to open (27). Avicennia nitida. BLACK MANGROVE. Diospyros virginiana var. mosieri. PERSIM Coasts and brackish marshes. Season: Apr. to MON. Hammocks and pinelands. Season: May Aug.
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