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The Best of the Oll THE BEST OF THE OLL #44 “The English Bill of Rights” (1689) <oll.libertyfund.org/title/2544> “That it may be declared and enacted, That all and singular the rights and liberties asserted and claimed in the said declaration are the true, ancient, and indubitable rights and liberties of the people of this kingdom.” Bill of Rights (1689) The Best of the Online Library of Liberty <oll.libertyfund.org/title/2465> The Best of Bastiat <oll.libertyfund.org/title/2477> [July, 2013] 1 Editor’s Introduction “(1.) That the pretended power of After a period of 46 years (1642-1688) during which time civil war, revolution, the execution of a suspending of laws, or the execution of monarch, the rise of Parliament, the rise of a dictator, the restoration of the monarchy, and a virtual coup laws, by regal authority, without d'état which brought another monarch to throne, consent of Parliament, is illegal. wracked British politics, a settlement was finally reached which placed limits on the power of the crown (4.) That levying money for or to the use and asserted the primacy of Parliament. This was of the Crown by pretence of codified in the English Bill of Rights which was passed by Parliament on 16 December, 1689. Prince William prerogative, without grant of and Princess Mary of Orange (Netherlands) were proclaimed King and Queen of England, France, and Parliament, for longer time or in other Ireland on certain conditions which were clearly manner than the same is or shall be spelled out in the Bill, which had as its subtitle "An Act for declaring the rights and liberties of the Subject, and granted, is illegal. settling the succession of the Crown." (5.) That it is the right of the subjects to The Bill of Rights was significant for bringing to an end a period of enormous turmoil in Britain, petition the King, and all commitments asserting the primacy of Parliament in the British system of government, introducing legal limits on the and prosecutions for such petitioning power of the government over the citizens, and in are illegal. providing a model for similar American bills of rights in the 18th century. Among some of the more (6.) That the raising or keeping a important clauses are those that reserve the power to standing army within the kingdom in enact or suspend the law to Parliament, that taxes cannot be levied without Parliament's consent, that time of peace, unless it be with consent Parliament will decide whether or not to maintain a standing army, that individuals have the right to bear of Parliament, is against law. arms, and that the freedom of speech should not be (7.) That the subjects which are interfered with without Parliament's consent. What is striking to the modern reader is the Protestants may have arms for their considerable hostility expressed towards Catholics in defence suitable to their conditions, the document and that only Protestants can serve as king or queen in Britain. and as allowed by law. It should be noted that this Bill is part of a series of (9.) That the freedom of speech, and legal statements about the rights of Englishmen which were proclaimed during the 17th century. Others debates or proceedings in Parliament, include the Petition of Right (1628), the Agreement of the People (1647, 1648), and the Habeas Corpus Act ought not to be impeached or (1679). questioned in any court or place out of Parliament.” 2 The English Bill of Rights (16 (6.) By causing several good subjects, being Protestants, to be disarmed, at the same time when 1 December, 1689) Papists were both armed and employed contrary to law. (7.) By violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament. AN ACT FOR DECLARING THE (8.) By prosecutions in the Court of King’s Bench RIGHTS AND LIBERTIES OF THE for matters and causes cognizable only in Parliament; SUBJECT, AND SETTLING THE and by divers other arbitrary and illegal causes. SUCCESSION OF THE CROWN. (9.) And whereas of late years, partial, corrupt, and unqualified persons have been returned, and Whereas the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and served on juries in trials, and particularly diverse jurors Commons, assembled at Westminster, lawfully, fully, in trials for high treason, which were not freeholders. and freely representing all the estates of the people of (10.) And excessive bail hath been required of this realm, did upon the Thirteenth day of February, in persons committed in criminal cases, to elude the the year of our Lord One Thousand Six Hundred benefit of the laws made for the liberty of the subjects. Eighty-eight, present unto their Majesties, then called (11.) And excessive fines have been imposed; and and known by the names and style of William and illegal and cruel punishments inflicted. Mary, Prince and Princess of Orange, being present in (12.) And several grants and promises made of their proper persons, a certain Declaration in writing, fines and forfeitures, before any conviction or judgment made by the said Lords and Commons, in the words against the persons upon whom the same were to be following, viz.: levied. — All which are utterly and directly contrary to the “Whereas the late King James II., by the assistance known laws and statutes, and freedom of this realm. of divers evil counsellors, judges, and ministers employed by him, did endeavour to subvert and “the late King James II., by the extirpate the Protestant religion, and the laws and assistance of divers evil counsellors, liberties of this kingdom: — judges, and ministers employed by (1.) By assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws, and the him, did endeavour to subvert and execution of laws, without consent of Parliament. extirpate the Protestant religion, and (2.) By committing and prosecuting divers worthy prelates, for humbly petitioning to be excused from the laws and liberties of this kingdom” concurring to the said assumed power. (3.) By issuing and causing to be executed a And whereas the said late King James II, having commission under the Great Seal for erecting a court, abdicated the government, and the throne being called the Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical thereby vacant, his Highness the Prince of Orange Causes. (whom it hath pleased Almighty God to make the (4.) By levying money for and to the use of the glorious instrument of delivering this kingdom from Crown by pretence of prerogative, for other time and Popery and arbitrary power) did (by the advice of the in other manner than the same was granted by Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and diverse principal Parliament. persons of the Commons) cause letters to be written to (5.) By raising and keeping a standing army within the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, being Protestants, this kingdom in time of peace, without consent of and other letters to the several counties, cities, Parliament, and quartering soldiers contrary to law. universities, boroughs, and cinque ports, for the 1 James McClellan, Liberty, Order, and Justice: An Introduction to the Constitutional Principles of American Government (3rd ed.) (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2000). Chapter: APPENDIX C: The English Bill of Rights (1689). <oll.libertyfund.org/title/679/68363>. 3 choosing of such persons to represent them, as were of (11.) That jurors ought to be duly impanelled and right to be sent to Parliament, to meet and sit at returned, and jurors which pass upon men in trials for Westminster upon the two-and-twentieth day of high treason ought to be freeholders. January, in this year one thousand six hundred eighty (12.) That all grants and promises of fines and and eight, in order to such an establishment, as that forfeitures of particular persons before conviction are their religion, laws, and liberties might not again be in illegal and void. danger of being subverted; upon which letters elections (13.) And that for redress of all grievances, and for have been accordingly made. the amending, strengthening, and preserving of the And thereupon the said Lords Spiritual and laws, Parliament ought to be held frequently. Temporal, and Commons, pursuant to their respective letters and elections, being now assembled in a full and “1.) That the pretended power of free representation of this nation, taking into their most serious consideration the best means for attaining the suspending of laws, or the execution of ends aforesaid, do in the first place (as their ancestors laws, by regal authority, without in like case have usually done), for the vindicating and asserting their ancient rights and liberties, declare: consent of Parliament, is illegal... — (4.) That levying money for or to the use (1.) That the pretended power of suspending of laws, or the execution of laws, by regal authority, of the Crown by pretence of without consent of Parliament, is illegal. (2.) That the pretended power of dispensing with prerogative, without grant of laws, or the execution of laws by regal authority, as it Parliament, for longer time or in other hath assumed and exercised of late, is illegal. (3.) That the commission for erecting the late manner than the same is or shall be Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical causes, and granted, is illegal... all other commissions and courts of like nature, are illegal and pernicious. (6.) That the raising or keeping a (4.) That levying money for or to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative, without grant of standing army within the kingdom in Parliament, for longer time or in other manner than time of peace, unless it be with consent the same is or shall be granted, is illegal.
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