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Aeolianite and Barrier Dune Construction Spanning the Last Two Glacial-Interglacial Cycles from the Southern Cape Coast, South Africa

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Aeolianite and Barrier Dune Construction Spanning the Last Two Glacial-Interglacial Cycles from the Southern Cape Coast, South Africa This is a repository copy of Aeolianite and barrier dune construction spanning the last two glacial-interglacial cycles from the southern Cape coast, South Africa . White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/1067/ Article: Bateman, M.D., Holmes, P.J., Carr, A.S. et al. (2 more authors) (2004) Aeolianite and barrier dune construction spanning the last two glacial-interglacial cycles from the southern Cape coast, South Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23 (14-15). pp. 1681-1698. ISSN 0277-3791 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.02.001 Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Bateman et al. (2004) as published in Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 1681–1698 Aeolianite and barrier dune construction spanning the last two glacialinterglacial cycles from the southern Cape coast, South Africa Mark D. Batemana,*, Peter J. Holmesb, Andrew S. Carra, Benjamin P. Hortonc, Manoj K. Jaiswald a Geography Department, Sheffield Centre for International Drylands Research, University of Sheffield, Winter Street, Sheffield S10 TN, UK b Department of Geography, University of the Free State, P.O. (o) 339, (loemfontein 9300, South Africa c Department of .arth and .nvironmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 1910401311, USA d Planetary and Geosciences Division, Physical Research 2aboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, India * Corresponding author. Tel.: +4451145222579297 fa93 4445114527957912, E5mail address3 m.d.bateman;sheffield.ac.uk (M.D. Bateman). 2his is an author produced version of a paper which was subsequently published in Quaternary Science Reviews. 2his paper has been peer5reviewed but does not contain final published proof5corrections or /ournal pa1ination. Abstract 2he southern .ape re1ion of South Africa has e9tensive coastal aeolianites and barrier dunes. Whilst previously reported, limited knowled1e of their a1e has precluded an understandin1 of their relationship with the climatic and sea5level fluctuations that have taken place durin1 the Late Quaternary. Sedimentolo1ical and 1eomorpholo1ical studies combined with an optical datin1 pro1ramme reveal aeolianite development and barrier dune construction spannin1 at least the last two 1lacial"inter1lacial cycles. Aeolianite deposition has occurred on the southern .ape coast at ca 7"80, 88"90, 104"128, 1 0"189 and ?200 ka before the present. Usin1 this and other published data coupled with a better understandin1 of Late Quaternary sea5level fluctuations and palaeocoastline confi1urations, it is concluded that these depositional phases appear to be controlled by inter1lacial and subsequent interstadial sea5level hi1h stands. 2hese marine trans1ressions and re1ressions allowed onshore carbonate5rich sediment movement and subsequent aeolian reworkin1 to occur at similar points in the landscape on a number of occasions. 2he lack of carbonates in more recent dunes (A9y1en Isotope Sta1es 1C2 and 4C5) is attributed not to leachin1 but to chan1es to carbonate production in the sediment source area caused by increased terri1enous material andCor chan1es in the balance between the warm A1ulhas and nutrient5rich Ben1uela ocean currents. 1. Introduction temperatures are also particularly sensitive to chan1es in upwellin1 re1imes on the eastern A1ulhas 2he aeolianites found on the tectonically stable Bank (.ohen and 2yson, 1995). 2his is due to the southern and eastern coasts of South Africa represent southern .ape bein1 at the conver1ence of the the lar1est Southern Hemisphere continental record of Ben1uela and A1ulhas ocean currents and its location this type of deposit outside Australia (Brooke, 2001). ad/acent to the e9tensive but currently submer1ed 2hey offer the potential to add to our knowled1e of A1ulhas plateau. Past chan1es in the stren1th and palaeoenvironments in a re1ion particularly sensitive position (which will be affected by relative sea5level to past shifts in climate and ocean currents and of chan1e) of the A1ulhas current coupled with variability special interest in relation to the evolution of in wind directionC stren1th will have had a si1nificant anatomically modern 4omo s. sapiens. 2he southern influence on moisture supply to coastal terrestrial .ape re1ion of South Africa is at the current interface environments. of the southern African winter and summer rainfall 2he southern .ape area has a relatively rich Eones (WRF and SRF, respectively). Whilst the palaeoenvironmental record from archaeolo1ical cave western winter rainfall Eone, centered on .ape 2own, sites such as Die 0elders (2ankard and receives its rainfall almost entirely from westerly SchweitEer,197 7 Avery et al., 1997), Boomplaas frontal systems areas further east, includin1 the (Deacon et al., 1984), Blombos (Henshilwood et al., southern .ape, e9perience a year5round or bimodal 2001, 2002) and 0lasies River (Deacon and Deacon, rainfall re1ime. 2here is recent evidence that this 1999). 2hese have not only provided early evidence hetero1eneity within the WRF also e9isted durin1 the for anatomically modern 4omo s. sapiens, but or1anic Quaternary (e.1. .owlin1 et al., 19997 Meadows and remains and sediments have allowed some Ba9ter, 19997 Barrable et al., 2002). 2he southern reconstruction of local past environments. 2hese .ape climate and immediate sea5surface Bateman et al. (2004) as published in Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 1 81"1 98 records contain chan1es in archaeolo1ical visibility, palaeowind direction, which was predominantly which Deacon (1995) ascribes to chan1in1 levels of westerly. 2he Wilderness embayment, formin1 aridity. 2he southern .ape coastline therefore is a palaeoseacliffs, is cut into late Precambrian 1ranites re1ion that not only will have been very sensitive to and quartEitic sediments and is possibly of 2ertiary climatic shifts durin1 the Pleistocene, but also in which a1e (Pot1ieter, 19507 Illenber1er, 199 ). Within this elucidatin1 re1ional palaeoenvironmental conditions embayment are situated older deposits, a series of durin1 the last 2004 ka BP has important implications lakes, and the fossil dunes which make up in terms of understandin1 our ori1ins. Illenber1erIs (199 ) seaward, middle and landward dune cordons. A further element reco1nised by 2he southern .ape coastline has a spatially Illenber1er (199 ) is the trailin1 arms of a youn1er e9tensive and diverse ran1e of Pleistocene aeolian sequence of parabolic, ascendin1 dunes (2inley, deposits from which re1ional palaeoenvironmental 1985). conditions can be deduced. 2hese ran1e from e9tensive coastal dune fields (e.1., Ale9andria coastal Recent lar1e5scale sand quarryin1 operations dune field near Port EliEabeth7 Illenber1er and at 33o59I57JS and 22o41I01JE on the N2 hi1hway Gerha1en, 1990), barrier dunes (e.1., Wilderness between Wilderness and Sed1efield have e9posed a cordons7 Illenber1er, 199 ) and the aeolianites of the hitherto inaccessible sedimentary sequence in the Waenhuiskrans Formation (Malan, 1987) to discrete landward flank of the seaward cordon, allowin1 aeolian units found within coastal cave strati1raphies access to the core of the dune (Fi1s. 1 and 2). Here, (e.1., Blombos cave7 Henshilwood et al., 2002) and the seaward dune cordon is situated L1.5 km inland pan frin1in1 lunette dunes. However, as the review of and orientated parallel to the coastline. It reaches a Brooke (2001, p. 141) illustrated, the temporal control hei1ht of L100 m above5sea5level, which is L50m less on African aeolianites is e9tremely poor. Whilst than the ma9imum hei1ht attained by the seaward preliminary a1e estimates from the Wilderness cordon to the east of Sed1efield (Fi1. 1). 2he seaward o cordons are reported in a field 1uide of the area flank of the cordon has a mean slope an1le of L25 (Lewis, 1999), the details of this work have to the which is considerably less than the ma9imum an1le of authors knowled1e never been properly published. repose of ve1etated sand (L34o) attained on the 2he aims of this paper are two5fold. First, to e9tend northern flank of the seaward cordon (Illenber1er, the work of Illenber1er (199 ) and other authors on 199 ). the development of the southern .ape coastal deposits with hi1h5resolution, site5specific studies on 2.2. Aeolianites the Wilderness seaward cordon dune and aeolianite sites from the .ape A1ulhas area. 2his paper reports Perhaps less impressive but more spatially e9tensive on their sedimentolo1ical properties and, throu1h a are the aeolianites found on the southern .ape coast, new optically stimulated luminescence (ASL) datin1 which include the Pleistocene aeolian5derived pro1ramme, provides a temporal framework of their Waenhuiskrans Formation of the .ainoEoic deposition. Secondly, on the
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