Chapter 11 Master Plan
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Proefschrift Mario 12/11/02 10:45 Page 225
proefschrift mario 12/11/02 10:45 Page 225 6 Reconstruction and development in the twilight of civil war 6.1 The critical turning point in the counterinsurgency struggle By 1993 rebel forces had suffered crippling political and military setbacks to such a degree that the Shining Path seemed in the final stages of collapse. The tide had turned at last. Though Sendero Luminoso would endure into the new millennium— in part a testament to the stubborn resilience of its few remaining members—it seems unlikely that it could ever recover the strategic initiative it once enjoyed at the height of its power in 1990. With the capitulation of the Senderista stronghold of Sello de Oro in October 1993, there descended in the province of La Mar and in the Apurímac River Valley a period of relative calm that had not been felt in the region for almost a decade. Once guerrilla attacks were no longer imminent in Tambo and adjacent dis- tricts, local populations were finally free to concentrate on the daunting tasks of rebuilding their broken lives, their dispersed households, and their shattered commu- nities. The critical reversal in Sendero’s fortunes was not isolated to just this region, however. Although guerrilla forced continued to mount military strikes, the power and influence that Shining Path had previously enjoyed over large parts of the coun- try now seemed to be crumbling as their remaining forces were increasingly being contained, eradicated, or driven back to their few remaining strongholds in such remote areas as the Upper Huallaga Valley. By the end of the third year of Alberto Fujimori’s first term in presidential office, it was sufficiently clear that the threat of a revolutionary takeover of the Peruvian state—seemingly imminent in the final months of the García government—had been conclusively averted. -
A Reassessment on the Lithic Artefacts from the Earliest Human Occupations at Puente Rock Shelter, Ayacucho Valley, Peru
Archaeological Discovery, 2021, 9, 91-112 https://www.scirp.org/journal/ad ISSN Online: 2331-1967 ISSN Print: 2331-1959 A Reassessment on the Lithic Artefacts from the Earliest Human Occupations at Puente Rock Shelter, Ayacucho Valley, Peru Juan Yataco Capcha1, Hugo G. Nami2, Wilmer Huiza1 1Archaeological and Anthropological of San Marcos University Museum, Lima, Perú 2Department of Geological Sciences, Laboratory of Geophysics “Daniel A. Valencio”, CONICET-IGEBA, FCEN, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina How to cite this paper: Capcha, J. Y., Abstract Nami, H. G., & Huiza, W. (2021). A Reas- sessment on the Lithic Artefacts from the Richard “Scotty” MacNeish, between 1969 and 1972, led an international Earliest Human Occupations at Puente Rock team of archaeologists on the Ayacucho Archaeological-Botanical—Project in Shelter, Ayacucho Valley, Peru. Archaeo- the south-central highlands of Peru. Among several important archaeological logical Discovery, 9, 91-112. https://doi.org/10.4236/ad.2021.92005 sites identified there, MacNeish and his team excavated the Puente rock shel- ter. As a part of an ongoing research program aimed to reassess the lithic re- Received: February 14, 2021 mains from this endeavor, we re-studied a sample by making diverse kinds of Accepted: March 22, 2021 morpho-technological analysis. The remains studied come from the lower Published: March 25, 2021 strata at Puente, where a radiocarbon assay from layer XIIA yielded a cali- Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and brated date of 10,190 to 9555 years BP that the present study identifies, vari- Scientific Research Publishing Inc. ous activities were carried out at the site, mainly related to manufacturing and This work is licensed under the Creative repairing unifacial and bifacial tools. -
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Case Log October 2000 - April 2002
Description of document: Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Case Log October 2000 - April 2002 Requested date: 2002 Release date: 2003 Posted date: 08-February-2021 Source of document: Information and Privacy Coordinator Central Intelligence Agency Washington, DC 20505 Fax: 703-613-3007 Filing a FOIA Records Request Online The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is a First Amendment free speech web site and is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website. 1 O ct 2000_30 April 2002 Creation Date Requester Last Name Case Subject 36802.28679 STRANEY TECHNOLOGICAL GROWTH OF INDIA; HONG KONG; CHINA AND WTO 36802.2992 CRAWFORD EIGHT DIFFERENT REQUESTS FOR REPORTS REGARDING CIA EMPLOYEES OR AGENTS 36802.43927 MONTAN EDWARD GRADY PARTIN 36802.44378 TAVAKOLI-NOURI STEPHEN FLACK GUNTHER 36810.54721 BISHOP SCIENCE OF IDENTITY FOUNDATION 36810.55028 KHEMANEY TI LEAF PRODUCTIONS, LTD. -
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Vol. 9, No. 2, Winter 2012, 1-34 www.ncsu.edu/acontracorriente Murió comiendo rata: Power Relations in Pre-Sendero Ayacucho, Peru, 1940-1983 Miguel de la Serna University of North Carolina—Chapel Hill While taking my first shuttle to the Ayacuchan community of Chuschi in 2007, I went over my archival notes with my research assistant, Alberto.1 I told Alberto about Humberto Azcarza, a mestizo power holder who had been abusing Chuschi’s indigenous peasantry non-stop between 1935 and 1975. Moments later, Alberto showed me an obscure text that he had come across, about the neighboring town of Quispillaccta. I leafed through the pages and began reciting a passage about a bloody battle that erupted between the peasants of Chuschi and Quispillaccta in 1960. The authors of the text, all of them Quispillacctinos, claimed that the 1 An earlier version of this essay appeared under the title: “Local Power Relations in Ayacucho, Peru, 1940-1983” (Paper presented at the CLAH-AHA 2008 Meeting, Washington, D.C., 3-6 January 2008). I thank Christine Hunefeldt, Nancy Postero, Susan E. Ramírez, Eric Van Young, and especially my anonymous peer reviewer, for their thoughtful comments on previous drafts of this essay. I owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to Alberto Tucno and Julian Berrocal Flores for their invaluable assistance during my field research in Chuschi and Ayacucho City. Finally, I thank the Ford, Fulbright, and Guggenheim Foundations for providing me with the financial support necessary to complete this project. La Serna 2 Chuschinos had been led by Azcarza and another mestizo named Ernesto Jaime. -
WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE 15 SEPTEMBER 1995 ● 70Th YEAR 70E ANNÉE ● 15 SEPTEMBRE 1995
WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD, No. 37, 15 SEPTEMBER 1995 • RELEVÉ ÉPIDÉMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE, No 37, 15 SEPTEMBRE 1995 1995, 70, 261-268 No. 37 World Health Organization, Geneva Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Genève WEEKLY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RECORD RELEVE EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE HEBDOMADAIRE 15 SEPTEMBER 1995 c 70th YEAR 70e ANNÉE c 15 SEPTEMBRE 1995 CONTENTS SOMMAIRE Expanded Programme on Immunization – Programme élargi de vaccination – Lot Quality Assurance Evaluation de la couverture vaccinale par la méthode dite de Lot survey to assess immunization coverage, Quality Assurance (échantillonnage par lots pour l'assurance de la qualité), Burkina Faso 261 Burkina Faso 261 Human rabies in the Americas 264 La rage humaine dans les Amériques 264 Influenza 266 Grippe 266 List of infected areas 266 Liste des zones infectées 266 Diseases subject to the Regulations 268 Maladies soumises au Règlement 268 Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) Programme élargi de vaccination (PEV) Lot Quality Assurance survey to assess immunization coverage Evaluation de la couverture vaccinale par la méthode dite de Lot Quality Assurance (échantillonnage par lots pour l'assurance de la qualité) Burkina Faso. In January 1994, national and provincial Burkina Faso. En janvier 1994, les autorités nationales et provin- public health authorities, in collaboration with WHO, con- ciales de santé publique, en collaboration avec l’OMS, ont mené ducted a field survey to evaluate immunization coverage une étude sur le terrain pour évaluer la couverture vaccinale des for children 12-23 months of age in the city of Bobo enfants de 12 à 23 mois dans la ville de Bobo Dioulasso. L’étude a Dioulasso. The survey was carried out using the method of utilisé la méthode dite de Lot Quality Assurance (LQA) plutôt que Lot Quality Assurance (LQA) rather than the 30-cluster la méthode des 30 grappes plus couramment utilisée par les pro- survey method which has traditionally been used by immu- grammes de vaccination. -
Partnering to Improve Access to Irrigation in Rural Peru a Case Study of CARE’S Financing Water Irrigation System Pilot Activity
FIELD BRIEF No. 8 Partnering to Improve Access to Irrigation in Rural Peru A Case Study of CARE’s Financing Water Irrigation System Pilot Activity for action to rapidly improve environmental This “FIELD Brief” is the eighth in a series produced practices that would sustain the planet.2 by the Financial Integration, Economic Leveraging and Broad-Based Dissemination (FIELD)-Support In Peru, continued drought, influenced by Program, and discusses the experience of CARE global climate change and inefficient use of testing a partnership approach with MFIs, irrigation irrigated water, has lead to soil loss by erosion technology specialists, local government and small and substantial declines in agricultural producers to improve water usage in rural Peru. productivity. To address some of these issues, FIELD-Support partner CARE began Managed by AED, FIELD-Support represents a implementing the Financing Water for consortium of leading organizations committed to Productive Use pilot activity in Peru to test a advancing the state-of-the-practice of microfinance partnership approach that would bring and microenterprise development through innovation, together microfinance institutions, irrigation learning and exploration. FIELD Briefs support this technology companies, local government objective by sharing what we have learned and offices, and small producers and traders to fostering dialogue on key issues. This brief was improve water usage, increase local farmer written by Alejandro Rojas Sarapura and Julio income and demonstrate opportunities for the Nishikawa Menacho of CARE Peru with contributions local government to implement similar from Christian Pennotti and Sybil Chidiac of CARE scalable initiatives. USA through the Financing Water for Productive Use pilot activity. -
Anfasep Memory Museum «So It Does Not Happen Again»
ANFASEP MEMORY MUSEUM «SO IT DOES NOT HAPPEN AGAIN» MUSEUM TOUR GUIDE ANFASEP MEMORY MUSEUM «SO IT DOES NOT HAPPEN AGAIN» MUSEUM TOUR GUIDE ANFASEP Memory Museum «So it does not happen again» Museum Tour Guide © Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú Instituto de Democracia y Derechos Humanos de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2020 Tomas Ramsey 925, Lima 17 - Peru Telephone: (51 1) 626-2000, annexes: 7500 / 7501 [email protected] http://idehpucp.pucp.edu.pe/ © Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú Dirección Académica de Responsabilidad Social de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2020 Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32 - Peru Telephone: (51 1) 626-2000, annexes: 2142 [email protected] http://dars.pucp.edu.pe/ © Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Fondo Editorial de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2020 Av. German Amezaga 375, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01 - Peru Telephone: (51 1) 619-7000, annexes 7529 / 7530 [email protected] https://fondoeditorial.unmsm.edu.pe/ © Asociación Nacional de Familiares de Secuestrados, Detenidos y Desaparecidos del Perú (ANFASEP), 2020 Libertad 1365, Ayacucho 05000 - Peru Telephone: (066) 31-7170 [email protected] http://anfasep.org.pe/ Project «Memory of the past, memory of the future. Strengthening the pedagogical work of the ANFASEP memory museum» 2019 winning project of the Teaching Competition Fund organized by the Academic Direction of Social Re- sponsibility of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Teacher in charge: Iris Jave. Assistants: Grace Mendoza, Tessy Palacios. Volunteer students: Francesca Raffo, Giannella Levice, Karina Rivas, María Guadalupe Salazar, Sergio Rojas. ANFASEP Memory Museum «So it does not happen again». -
The Archaeology of Wak'as: Explorations of the Sacred in the Pre
The Archaeology of Wak’as The of Archaeology Wak’as Explorations of the Sacred in the Pre-Columbian Andes edited by Tamara L. Bray UNIVERSITY PRESS OF COLORADO Boulder © 2015 by University Press of Colorado Published by University Press of Colorado 5589 Arapahoe Avenue, Suite 206C Boulder, Colorado 80303 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America The University Press of Colorado is a proud member of Association of American University Presses. The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State University, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Regis University, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, Utah State University, and Western State Colorado University. ∞ This paper meets the requirements of the ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). ISBN: 978-1-60732-317-4 ISBN: 978-1-60732-318-1 (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The archaeology of wak’as : explorations of the sacred in the pre-Columbian Andes / Tamara L. Bray, editor. pages cm Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-60732-317-4 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-60732-318-1 (ebook) 1. Indians of South America—Andes—Antiquities. 2. Huacas. 3. Andes—Antiquities. 4. Indians of South America—Peru—Antiquities. 5. Peru—Antiquities. I. Bray, Tamara L. F2229.A82 2014 985'.01—dc23 2014005436 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cover illustration: Drawing by Martin de Murúa, from Códice Galvin (2004 [1590]:98r). For Frank Salomon, whose work has been foundational, insightful, and inspirational And Chaupi Ñamca said: “Only this man, alone among all the other huacas, is a real man. -
Proefschrift Mario 12/11/02 10:45 Page 153
proefschrift mario 12/11/02 10:45 Page 153 5From Selva to Sierra The reaction has two ways to crush guerrillas: (1) to win the masses, (2) to liquidate the leadership, because as long as it remains, it will return....1 Partido Comunista del Perú-Sendero Luminoso 5.1 The Comandos Especiales In September 1991, DECAS militiamen were once again in the district of Tambo. In the twenty-four and a half months since they first came to the district during Operation Halcón, civil defence organisation in most of Tambo’s rural communities had yet again disintegrated. Back in August 1989, Tambo’s rural communities appar- ently exhibited a common determination to oppose Shining Path. In spite of this, however, strong guerrilla presence in the district persisted, chipping away at, and so demoralising, the peoples’ will to resist Shining Path. The periodic armed incursions; the frequent levies from rural villages of provisions and recruits (including children) to replenish rebel ranks; the chilling execution of “enemies” and “traitors” immedi- ately following a “people’s trial” (juicio popular)—all these served as constant, vio- lent reminders to the peasants of the terrifying hold that Shining Path had on their daily lives. By mid-1991, most of the villages that had previously reorganised them- selves with the help of the DECAS during Operation Halcón had once again deacti- vated their self-defence committees. It had become apparent to them that their comités de autodefensa not only attracted cruel reprisals from the rebels, but also were quite incapable of realistically deterring rebel attacks, particularly given their pitiful weaponry and lack of support from the army at the time. -
PERU @Human Rights During the Government of President Alberto Fujimori
£PERU @Human rights during the government of President Alberto Fujimori 1. Summary Despite repeated statements by President Alberto Fujimori and representatives of his administration that human rights standards are to be fully respected, and the issuing of directives and the implementation of reforms designed to reverse the pattern of abuses extending back to January 1983, Amnesty International has continued to document gross human rights violations throughout the Republic of Peru1. Widespread "disappearances" and extrajudicial executions by the security forces (see Appendix 1, Tables 1 and 2), as well as torture continued to be the organization's principal concerns in Peru. The vast majority of victims were peasants suspected of sympathizing or collaborating with armed opposition groups and living in areas declared under a state of emergency. Amnesty International is also concerned about repeated death threats, attacks and killings of independent and official human rights defenders. Among the victims were journalists, members of independent human rights organizations and representatives of the Public Ministry. Amnesty International is further concerned about the apparently arbitrary detention of at least 50 people shortly before or in the wake of an announcement by President Alberto Fujimori on 5 April 1992 immediately dissolving Congress and establishing an executive-led transitional Government of Emergency and National Reconstruction. The detainees included ministers under the government of former president Alan García Pérez, politicians, -
Type of Vehicle Circulating in National Road PE-32S Transit of Vehicles
Type of Vehicle Circulating in National Road Transit of Vehicles Interrupted near Area of PE-32S Works Bus service in national road PE 32-A (Cangallo-Huancapi) is In departmental roads passage is frequently interrupted by works, conducted by microbuses and cargo goes in the superior part of the road is narrow and there is no shoulders, large vehicles have vehicles) difficult to pass 5.3.3 Existing Road Net and Conditions of Development Paved roads account for about 5% of the existing roads in Ayacucho Region. The remaining 95% are unpaved of which the conditions are largely influenced by maintenance, rainfall and, topography and altitude. (1) National Roads Presently PROVIAS NACIONAL is responsible for the National Road Network, being assigned to the VIII Zone of Ayacucho Region, and is in charge of the regular maintenance. Regular maintenance works in Ayacucho Region is carried out by local microenterprises (MYPES), and considered in the budget of the 4-Years Plan “Proyecto Perú” that started in FY 2009. Table 5.3.9 Paved Sections by Direct Administration Section Approved Budget for 2009 (S/.) Longitude (km) DV Pisco PTA - Pejerrey - San Clemente- Choclococha Bridge 900,000.00 201 Choclococha Bridge – Ayacucho and 03S Junction – Quinua 800,000.00 200 Izcuchaca - Huancavelica 350,000.00 75 Total 2,050,000.00 476 Source: PROVIAS NACIONAL, ORLANDO GALLARDO S., AYAC – HVCA, XIII Zone Table 5.3.10 Pictures of Works in Paved Roads, Libertadores Road Geological failure and Collapse of drainage Treatment of Fissure landslide Supaymayo Sector Km. 322+000 Apacheta Km. 231+000 Ccarhuapampa Km. -
The Study on the Program of Rural Development For
Strengthening in Central Highlands, Republic of Peru The Study on the Program of Rural Development for Poor Peasants and Local Capacity MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE REGIONALMINISTRY OF GOVERNMENT AGRICULTURE OF AYACUCHO REGIONAL GOVERNMENT OF AYACUCHO THE STUDY THE ONSTUDY THE PROGRAM OF RURALON DEVELOPMENT FOR POORTHE PEASANTS PROGRAM AND OF LOCAL RURAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT STRENGTHENING FOR POOR PEASANTS AND LOCALIN CAPACITY STRENGTHENING CENTRAL INHIGHLANDS CENTRAL HIGHLANDS REPUBLIC OF PERU REPUBLIC OF PERU FINAL REPORT FINAL REPORT AUGUST 2010 Final Report AUGUST 2010 August 2010 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. KRINIPPON INTERNATIONAL KOEI CO., LTD. CORP. NIPPON KOEIKRI LATIN INTERNATIONAL AMERICA-CARIBBEAN CORP. CO., LTD. NIPPON KOEI LATIN AMERICA-CARIBBEAN CO., LTD. 㪩㪛㩷 㪩㪛㩷㪡㪩㩷 㪈㪇㪄㪇㪋㪎㩷㪡㪩㩷 RD 㪈㪇㪄㪇㪋㪎㩷JR 10 - 047 Strengthening in Central Highlands, Republic of Peru The Study on the Program of Rural Development for Poor Peasants and Local Capacity MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE REGIONALMINISTRY OF GOVERNMENT AGRICULTURE OF AYACUCHO REGIONAL GOVERNMENT OF AYACUCHO THE STUDY THE ONSTUDY THE PROGRAM OF RURALON DEVELOPMENT FOR POORTHE PEASANTS PROGRAM AND OF LOCAL RURAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT STRENGTHENING FOR POOR PEASANTS AND LOCALIN CAPACITY STRENGTHENING CENTRAL INHIGHLANDS CENTRAL HIGHLANDS REPUBLIC OF PERU REPUBLIC OF PERU FINAL REPORT FINAL REPORT AUGUST 2010 Final Report AUGUST 2010 August 2010 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY NIPPON