#88 2000

Inuktitut wk4tg5 scoµZ6 tt6bs?5g6 is a cultural magazine Inuktitut uqalimaagaq titiraqtauvaktuq W6fyoE9li r[Z6gwJu5 wk8i5 serving Canadian . The views piqqusilirilluni kiggaqtuijumit inunnit vNbusbi5. whm0JbsJ5 wkw5 expressed are not necessarily those Kanatamiutanit. Isumajjutaujut Inuit bW‰4nf8•8Ω8q5g5. gi3DbsymJ5 of the Inuit Tapirisat of . Tapiriiksakkunniinngaanngittut. ttCZ5, si4√5, Wys/5, x0π5 x7m Submissions of articles, stories, poetry, Tunirrutausimajut titiragat, unikkaat, tt6gZ5 g8zhxtbsK5. xro6hw•5, photographs and drawings are invited. pisiujat, ajjiit amma titiqtugat tunngasu- scoµZ6∫c5b3i6 x7ml n6rt- For rates paid, subscriptions and atitauvut. Akiliqsuiniit, uqalimaagaq- bsZClw5 cspQx3F{n6 sKz: advertising, contact: taaqattarniq ammalu saqqititaugaraluit qaujigiarvissat uvunga:

Inuktitut Magazine Inuktitut Magazine Inuktitut Magazine Inuit Tapirisat of Canada Inuit Tapirisat of Canada Inuit Tapirisat of Canada 510-170 Laurier Ave. W. 510-170 Laurier Ave. W. 510-170 Laurier Ave. W. Ottawa, ON K1P 5V5 Ottawa, ON K1P 5V5 Ottawa, ON K1P 5V5 sçMs5: (613) 238-8181 Phone: (613) 238-8181 Uqaalaut: (613) 238-8181 gxF6g6: (613) 234-1991 Fax: (613) 234-1991 Tuaviqtukkut: (613) 234-1991

2 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 Inuktitut #88 2000

wlø5 Table of Contents Iluliit tt6v5 3 Letters 3 Titiqqat 3 xzJç3u5 7 President's Greeting 7 Angajuqqaarmit 7 wkw5 w3iy4¥0Jyq5 10 Inuit midwifery 10 Inuit Irnisiksiijjusingit 10 w3iy4¥i3j5 scs¥5 22 Midwifery Terms 22 Irnisuksiinirmut Uqausiit 22

Ni9lA gCwMXw5 xqJ3Jx6 Finding the Giant Trilobite 23 Nanillugu Trilobite Angijurjuaq s/C8a6ymJ6 23 Ujarannguqsimajuq 23 Inukpasugjuk 30 wk4Xh[J4 30 Inukpasugjuk 30 E9-1956 32 NlNw4fb6 E(-!(%^ 32 Nalunaikkutaq E9-1956 32 A Look Back At Kimmirut 37 bw5hmi r7uD3u 37 Taitsumani Kimmirurmi 37 Fond Memories of My Aunt w6vsm9lA x5nZ ≈t c2l5yx6 Hattie Qablutsiaq Amitnaaq 43 Iqqaumallugu atsaga Hattie xu’ˆ6 43 Qablutsiaq Amitnaaq 43 An Inuk’s Letter from 1756 47 w˚2 ttCMs6bz Inuup Titiralauqtanga !&%^-at9lA 47 Royal Commission 56 1756-ngutillugu 47

Dx/9 vun8-4f5 56 Learn Inuktitut 57 Royal Commission-kkut 56 wk4t©Es6nD†5 57 Inuktituuriuqsarutiit 57

≈e4hwp: Editor: Aaqiqsuiji: y5i nr5 Sackett Sydney Sackett ≈e4hwi3j5 wvJ6g6: Advisory Editor: Aaqiqsuinirmut ikajuqtuq: ÷8 XN5 John Bennett John Bennett wk4t©o6t5tπ5: Inuktitut Translation: Inuktituuliqtittijiit: πM X9l6-xbAJ6 Jeela Palluq-Atagoyuk Jeela Palluq-Atagoyuk ÷N5 mACl Janet McGrath Janet McGrath CwQo e5hxo4 Rachel Qitsualik Rachel Qitsualik swÏt©o6t5tJ5: French Translation: Uiviitituuliqtittijut: /vø8 ∑SD Jacqueline April Jacqueline April kNKC84 gnsmt5tJoEp4f5, Nunafranc Communications, Nunafranc Communications, tEy tMSxb8p Therese de la Bourdonnaye Therese de la Bourdonnaye xuhos6t: Design: Amisuliuqti: ß5lx gn6goEπ5 EarthLore Communications EarthLore Communications

88 • 2000ISSN 0705-8527 © wkw5 bW‰4n5 INUKTITUT vNbu @))) © Inuit Tapirisat of Canada, 2000 3 tt6v5

LETTERS

TITIQQAT

≈6r4hwpj5, Dear Editor: Aaqqiksuijimut, /wWt k`Zs2 ttCMs6bz Gwkw5 Zebedee Nungak’s article (Experi- Zebedee Nunngaup titiralauqtanga cspn6bsiq8i, n6rbsJ5 *&- mental , Issue #87) left me (Inuit Qaujisaqtauninginni saqqitaujut ziH csp¿9oDtQMs6bC wkw5 somewhat disturbed as it made me 87-ngani) qaujivaallirutigilauqtara xgMs6bFiq8i bw{hmi !(^)- realize what we had to go through inuit atulauqtavininginni taissumani q8i. in order to do what was necessary 1960-nginni. scoµ6LA wLw9oDtQMs6bC for us in early 1960s. Uqalimaaq&ugu i&uillirutigilauqtara x3ÇAk5 #)-k5 w4WQym/8i n6rt5- Reading Zebedee’s article stirred arraagunut 30-nut ikpigisimajanni saq- tMs3m5. x7ml bµi c9lˆ5 kNz8i up personal feelings that I have buried qitittilaurmat. Ammalu tamaani qallu- kNc6Lz whmoDtQMs6LA xW6- for 30 years of my life. It also raised naat nunanganni nunaqaq&unga isuma- fti4, w˚yC bµi WD6niEMs6b8i questions for me as an Inuk who has lirutigilauq&ugu apiqqutinik, inuusira x0pQ`Q7mA. s?8i xWEMs6gz; remained in the South, living a dif- tamaani piruqsanirilauqtanni ajjiginngim- w˚y3u N¨8NmV wk1k5 wMQ/sKz ferent life and culture from the one magu. Uvanni apirilauqtunga: Inuusirmi s=?¬8•5 c9lˆk5 wMQ/sKzV in which I was raised. I’ve asked namiinnama? Inungnut ilagijauvunga N9ox1•4fm wlx3i6ns?V wkw5 myself: where do I belong in society? uvvaluunniit qallunaanut ilagijauvunga? sk6g5 bµi c9lˆi kNc6g5 Do I belong to Inuit society or Nalliangniikkuma iluarniqsauva? Inuit bm4fiz xW6ftcc5b6ƒ3mb. Qallunaat society? Where do I fit in unuqtut tamaani qallunaani nunaqaqtut x4g3ic3NE˜EMs6bC xq3Cuk5 best? I think a lot of Inuit living down tamakkuninga apiqqutiqaqattaqquurmata. st3m5 c9lˆ•{˙/Ms6Li, kNoz5 South ask ourselves these questions. Akturniqarnarilaarilauqtara angirra- xy`A6ymoMs3m5. bm8Nl scsbsM- The biggest thing that stood out minut utirmat qallunaaniissuujalauq&uni, s6ymNi. for me was that when he went home nunalingat asinnguqsimalilaurmat. ˙3l yif∫4gFitg5. yi1i3i to his community after years in the Ta mannalu uqautaulauqsimanani. ckgw8N6 csp`Qb3i4 WJc6gF- South, the community was changed. Suurlu sinikutaaktuvinititut. Siningni- is9li. bwmwymK5 xq3Cui emw- Nobody has said this before. rni qanutuinnaq qaujinngitarnik pijuqaq- /Exc6X4gF•5 wo8ixEx6Lt4. For me it is like one slept for many tuviniulluni. Taimaisimavut angirramini /wWts2 ttCMs6bq5 scoµM- years. While asleep, you missed a lot qimaijariaqaqpaktuviniit ilinniariaq&utik. s6LQ5 whmJz ˙3l xysymZm of things in the community during Zebedeup titiralauqtangit uqalimaa- wkw9l c9lˆ9l W6fyq5b etxi. your absence. It is like that with Inuit lauq&ugit isumajunga suurlu asiusima- wMK5 emQxcÇz5tA5 wo8ixEx3i- young adults who had to leave their gama inuillu qallunaallu piqqusingitta x3lb scs0/s?Ms`Q8N5b yKi4nK5 families for school. qitiani. Ilavut qimagiaqaraangattigut ckw5©ix3mΩ5. scs0/sgw8N6L b My thoughts as a result of ilinniariarniarluta uqaujjauvalaunngin- Wsy¿9oDt4nEZ5tA5, Zebedee’s article are that I feel I am natta sivuniksavut qanuittuuniarman- w6vNw/4ncD8N˜DtQZ5tA9l. lost somewhere between the Inuit gaat. uqaujjautuinnaq&uta piusivaal- w˜4, /wWts2 kbCs9li wMui4 and Qallunaat society. When we lirutiksarigattigut, iqqanaijaksaqarun- emwiEMs6ym/z Ws`Q5©iC`Q- had to leave our families for school nalaarutigigattigullu. bC. /wWt WJ8N6yym5tx3m5. wkw5 we were never told what kind of Ilaak, Zebedeup nutaraulluni ilaminik w˚yq8k5 wvÔtc6ym1m5, Wcbs9li future we would have. We were told qimainirilauqsimajanga piunngittuuni-

4 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 W7mEsJk5 ˙3l fXw4u wkw5 vg0- it was for our own good, to ensure we ranngitara. Zebedee pijunnaqsisimat- pctŒq8k5 x7ml mrF4f8k5. bmw8- would have jobs in the future, and tiarmat. Inuit inuusinginnut ikajuuti- i[l scsy3i xgD8N5tx6Li ttC- so on. qaqsimangmat, piqataulluni pimmariu- D8N5tx6Lil. I don’t deny that the way life was junut suurlu -mi Inuit katujjiqa- x7m5bs6 scDmJz wkw5 bw{- designed for Zebedee to leave his tigiinginnut ammalu Makivikkunnut. hmi W6fy3ui emwtbsMs6ymJ5 family as a young boy for a southern Ta mainniglu uqausirni aturunnattia- µ8Nso6g6 wk1k5 wvÔbso6g6 education, was for a good cause. q&uni titirarunnattiaq&unilu. bw4fx wkw5 WoExq5 wvÔtc7- Zebedee is a successful person; he Ammattauq uqarumajunga inuit tais- mE1mb, µ8N wkw5 WoEJ8N3i6ns- went on to contribute to Inuit soci- sumani piqqusirmini qimaititaulauqsi- o3mb w˚y3u u4~˚zJi4. ety, building important associations majut maannauliqtuq inungnut ikajuu- r4fgw8Nw5 x4hDN6g4ƒ6X1mb rN- such as the Quebec Inuit Association tauliqtuq taikkua inuit piliriangit ika- siq5 xy`AÇzb, w˚Zlx6Xb and then the . juutiqammaringmata, maanna inuit c9lˆaZlx6Xb¬8•5. ryxi vJyJ8- He is also excellent in both languages pilirijunnarniqsaulirmata inuusirmi N6gA5 cspJ8ND5b n`Œ0JtQ/5t8i and he is an excellent writer. miksaanuungajunik. w˚5txq8NCh[lbl. I will also say that the cultural Kikkutuinnait aksurunaqtukkuuq- /wWts2 WJ8N3iz sWQ?C m4f1- starvation suffered by young Inuit of pangmata kinauningit asinnguraangata, iEMs6bui s?5t8k5 scsycD8N3m5. the past was a real sacrifice, because inuugaluaqpata qallunaangugaluaq- scsyE/zl gryN5tx6g7mEs9li. it made them able to shape Inuit pataluunniit. Kisiani kajusijunnaqtugut x4h9o /wWt srs6b6gj5 stMs3m5, society for today’s world, and now qaujijunnarutta sanngiijjutigijattinni hoo s?A5 bµi c9lˆ5 kNz8- Inuit are able to take better control inuuttianginnarasuglutalu. •q8N6t9lb. of their lives. Zebedeup pijunnarninga upigivara /wWt d/QJm?C bmguz W6f- It is normal for humans to suffer makkungnirilauqtamini uvattinnut y5t8i xgD8•6tbsMs3i5b u4~k5 from emotional disturbance when uqausiqarunnarmat. Uqausirijangalu scsycD8NMs3m5, eg3z5b yKi4- anyone, whether Inuk or Qallunaaq, tukisinattiaqtummariulluni. Aksulli nq 8i whmoD5b bm8N whmQcys- loses their identity due to the loss Zebedee ukiuqtaqtumut utilaurmat, tJ8N3ixoC5tA5. of their own culture. However, we sulili uvagut tamaani qallunaat nunan- can still function if we recognize ganniinginnaqtilluta. s¬b A‰ our weaknesses, and continue to Zebedee qujagijumavara tamatu- ≈g¿u. live our lives. minga piqqusittinni aturunniiqti- I admire Zebedee’s courage to be taulaurnitta miksaanut uqausiqarun- able to tell the world what happened nalaurmat, qiturngatta sivuniksanginni xwzw, to his young adult life, and his ability isumalirutta tamanna isumagiqasiuti- scoµMs6bC scoµZ6 G*^H M¿9 to describe that experience so clearly. junnarnialirattigut. yM5gn3F[Jxzi fwXw4u, wo8ixCm At least Zebedee went back home w˚yoEi3i x0pŒ`Q5gi. to the North, unlike some of us Roda Grey ÙE{ul wo8ixMs6Lz wk4t©3i3u who continue to live in the South Ottawami x3ÇÅ1k4 m3Î1k4 fwXw4jxMs6t8Nz. now for many different reasons. ∫8N scoµMs6bC x4hxl4 wvJ3- I want to thank Zebedee for icMs6g6 wk4tg5 wo8ix3i8k5. opening the subject of cultural Aingai x7ml bmw8k5 wk4tg5, c9lˆtg5 starvation, so we can keep it in Uqalimaalauqtara uqalimaagaq (86) Laval swÏtg9l ttC6ym9li. mind when we think of our silattusarvigjuangani Quebecmi, ilin- children’s futures. niarama inuusilirinirni ajjigiinngittuni. Nf3¨4, Parismilu ilinnialauq&unga inukti- Mwttx S© Roda Grey tuurnirmi arraaguungnuk marruungnuk fwXw4 yt, fwXw4 Ottawa, Ontario Quebecmualauqtinnanga. Ta anna uqalimaalauqtara aksualuk ikajurniqalauqtuq Inuktitut ilinniar- sx, Hello, ninnut. Ammalu tamainnut Inuktitut, ra9o6Xs9li n6rtbsMs6g6 wk4- I read your magazine (#86) at Laval qallunaatitut uiviititullu titiraqsimalluni. tg5 scoµZi WsQ/7mExlZ. G*&H University in Quebec, where I am /wWts2 ttC6bFix WsJxl4. studying anthropology. Nakurmiik bm3uvn4 scoµMs6ymZ4f kNc6- I studied Inuktitut in for Laetitia Boudaud √6gk5 mun3ioEpk5 w6vNw/hz6- two years before moving to Quebec. Quebec City, Quebec

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 5 Lz, x4hxl4 xoxNwAh4gz n6rt- I found your magazine very Ua. bsMs3m5 x7ml xfiAh7mE4Lz interesting and helpful for practic- Kingulliqpaulluni saqqititaulauqtuq n6rtbs4v8i˜6gi4. ing Inuktitut, as it is written in Inuktitut uqalimaagani piugijammari- s6ge ≈y?4 Gm4W6gZq8i %*-u three languages: English, French aluga. (87) ^)-j5H xˆNm x/z, w3iC, ≈y?4 and Inuktitut. Zebedeup titiraqtavinia piujualuk. xtc6g6 swQMs6bzi4, w˚J8- Ta marmikasak uqalimaalauqsimagakku •Ms6ymJ6 yzwt9lz. xoxNw5 Nakurmik! (written in syllabics) nunaqaqqaaqtunut mamisarnilirijinut si4√q5 eg3z8k5 gnsm/st8ix6- Laetitia Boudaud iqqanaijasungaq&unga, aksualuk alia- b4v. d/8N¨7mExl4. Quebec City, Quebec naigusuktunga saqqititaulaurmat ammalu iFs?4 w8N5tx?7mExl4, Wsi6- akunigusummarik&unga saqqititauk- ÙacbsymJ6 bfym/8i. kannilaaqtunik. bl3Jx3usi w8N3i x0p`Axq8i Wow! Uqtuqi Aasivak (makpiqtuganginni bf4v8iDmAF5 sN cCns/tA5 bfQxD4: I really enjoyed the newest edition 58-mit 60-mut) anaanama ajanga, irni- http://www.polarnet.ca/~netsilik/ of Inuktitut Mag! (#87) ra, Aasivak atiqaqtuq uigilauqtanganik, calendar/index.html xˆNm xzz Zebedee’s piece was really good. inuujunniilauqsimajuq singaitillunga. NX5y x7ml xˆNm x/4v8iz ƒJ6 I had read most of it while employed Alianait unikkaangit qiturngannut tusau- x7ml xyq5 wMK5 bwv•5g5. at the Aboriginal Healing Foundation majautinniaqtakka. qujannammarialuk. Ws7mE4g5. and I’m really happy that it was pub- Niviuvak innattiavammarialuk, piu- lished, and look forward to reading niqpaanguqatausimajuq takusimajanni. Nd7¨4 more... Talurjuarmiuni innarni ajjinngu- W5ys˜6 Ootookie Ashevak (pg 58-60), is anginni takukkannirumaguvit una ≈g¿u. my great aunt; my son, Ashevak is qarasaujatigut takugiaruk: http://www. named after her husband, who passed polarnet.ca/~netsilik/calendar/index. away when I was pregnant. I look html. Anaanama anganga Napatsi forward to sharing her story with ammalu anaanama ajakkanninga Kuujuq my children! Thank you! ammalu asingit ilavut taikaniittut. Niveovak is one of the most beau- Piummariktut. tiful Elders I have ever seen. (I have seen three different spellings of her Nakurmiik first name, including Niviovak, and Pitseolak the way it was spelled in Inuktitut; Ottawami. Neeveeovak Marniq). If you’re interested in seeing more pictures of Elders from Taloyoak, hit this link: http://www.polarnet.ca/ ~netsilik/calendar/index.html. There are pictures of my great- uncle, Napachee, great-aunt, Hope, as well as other relatives...cool site.

Mat’na much! Pitseolak Ottawa, ON.

6 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 ≈6r4hwpj5, Dear Editor; Aaqqiksuijimut, bfMsCm gnsm4v8iDmi3k5 m4W6gZ6 I saw your request for information Takulaurama tusaumakkannirumanirnut #@-u wk4tg5 scoµZ{y8i G*^-uH. on Page 32 of Inuktitut Magazine makpiqtugaq 32-mi Inuktitut uqalimaa- x0p`Ax6 etx•5g5 p7 Kx9r, (Issue #86). gassinni (86-mi). koxz Xy w3iq5 Gnsuxi5 bo6- In the centre photo are Jim Ajjinnguaq qitianiittut Jim Wolkie, Wxk5H KÇ14, ~8t, KC5, x7ml FA{. Wolki, his wife Bessie, sons (from nulianga Bessie, irningit (saumianit x9o6Ù5 x0p`Ax5 Ç8b9 Srx6 left to right) Frank, Sandy, Fred and taliqpianut) Frank, Sandy, Fred, wMq5, x4ÈF1u kNco6√3if5. Figgures. ammalu Figgures. bw1Nl is3Dbs=Fs?4gFis9li The bottom photo is of the Alliqpaat ajjinnguat Randal Pokiak xu3i4. x∫bZ, SÎ5gÇ7 Srx6 Randal Pokiak family, the founders ilangit, Ak&aavingmi nunaqaliqqaar- w3abEMs6bz. of . Randal also traded nikut. Taingnalu niurrutauvviuvaktu- scoµZ6 x4hxl4 xoxNwQc5- goods for fur. My dad, Bertram viniulluni amirnik. Ataataga, Bertram b6bC scoµ6LA. Pokiak was his grandson. Pokiak irngutarilauqtanga. I enjoy your magazine very much. Uqalimaagaq aksualuk alianaigiqat- wM8N3i5, taqtara uqalimaaq&ugu. µAC5 F8b8u, Regards from, Ù∫k, „¥u Mrs. Margaret Fenton Ilannarnit, Baldonnel, B.C. Margaret Fenton Baldonnel, B.C.-mi

∫8N µAC5 F8b8 x7m ysC ≈8g3n8 !(%)-u g4©÷6gu. Margaret Fenton and Sarah Anderson, 1950s Tuktoyuktuk. Margaret Fenton amma Sarah Anderson, 1950-mi Tuktoyaktumi. N1990-003-0204 Mary Saich/NWT Archives N1979-004-0261 Fred C. Jackson/NWT Archives p7 Kx9r, koxz Xy w3iq5 Gnsuxi5 bo6Wxk5H KÇ14, ~8t, KC5, Ç8b9 Srx6 wMq5, x4ÈF1u kNco6√3if5. bw1Nl x7ml FA{. is3Dbs=Fs?4gFis9li xu3i4. Jim Wolkie, his wife Bessie, sons (from left to right) Frank, Sandy, Randal Pokiak family, the founders of Aklavik. He also traded goods Fred and Figgures. for fur. Jim Wolkie, nulianga Bessie, irningit (saumianit taliqpianut) Frank, Randal Pokiak ilangit, Ak&aavingmi nunaqaliqqaarnikut. Sandy, Fred, ammalu Figgures. Ta ingnalu niurrutauvviuvaktuviniulluni amirnik.

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 7 xzJ6√2 scsyq5

PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

ANGAJUQQAAP UQAUSINGIT

wk4tg5 scoµZ6 ttC6XoMs6ymK6 Inuktitut magazine started telling Inuit Inuktitut uqalimaagaq titiraqpalilauq- wkw5 si4√q8i ho wkw5 bW‰4- stories long before the creation of simavuq inuit unikkaanginni suli Inuit n4f5 WQxMs6√6t8NQ5, x7ml kN∫- the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada and Tapiriiksakkut pigialauqqaaqtinnagit, ChoMs6√6t8NQ5. yK9o3u n6rbsc5- the establishment of land claims ammalu nunataarasulilauqqaaqtinnagit. bMs6S6 wkoEpgc4f8k5 bw5hmi agreements. It was first published Sivullirmi saqqitauqattalauqpuq Inu- x3ÇAw5 $!, wkw5 w7u1k5 wo8i- by the Department of Indian and lirijituqakkunnut taitsumani arraaguit 41, x6t5t0Jbso6Li x7ml gnsm0Jb- Northern Affairs 41 years ago, as Inuit imminut ilinniaqtittijjutauliq&uni so6Li. a tool to help Inuit educate and ammalu tusaumajjutauliq&uni. gnsmt5ti6 xy`A6X9oxo6g6, communicate with each other. Tusaumatittiniq asinnguqpallialiqtuq, xq[o?9oxgw8N6L il, ho wk4tg5 As the media have evolved, be- angiglivalliatuinnaq&unilu, suli Inuk- scoµZ6 n6rt5t?4g6 wkw5 si4- coming more immediate, and even titut uqalimaagaq saqqitittivaktuq inuit √q8i wk4tg5 cos/6Xwtg5, c9- global, Inuktitut persists with its tra- unikkaanginni Inuktitut qaliujaqpaititut, lˆtg5, swÏtg9l. bm4fxl si4√5 ditional and historical stories in syl- qallunaatitut, uiviititullu. Tamakkualu x0p`Ax3i4 wMc6tbsZJ4Lt4. vN- labics and Roman orthography, as unikkaat ajjinnguarnik ilaqaqtitaugaju- boµu n6rtbs?4gi wk4tg5 tt- well as French and English, often k&utik. Kanatalimaami saqqititauvak- C6ymJgxacbsJ6 x7ml wkw5 complemented with rarely seen tuni Inuktitut titiraqsimajutuanguqa- bW‰4n4f5 bmgm Wsizi4 xy`A6- photos. It is one of the only publi- taujuq ammalu Inuit Tapiriiksakkut t5t5bwomix6Lt4. cations available in the language of tamatuma piuninganik asinnguqtittit- x3ÇA5 !))-w5 xg6t9lQ5 wk4- Canada’s Inuit, and the Inuit tailimaniaq&utik. tg4f5 n6rt5t4v8iMs6gA5 !(^&-u Tapirisat of Canada is committed to Arraagut 100-it atuqtillugit Inukti- n6rtbsMs6ymJu. wkw5 yKi4nu ensuring that the quality of this tukkut saqqitittikkannilauqtugut 1967- ckw5©ix3mΩb whmQ/q8i ttC- publication remains uncompromised. mi saqqititaulauqsimajumik. Inuit sivu- dp9lt4, wmwozJ6: During Canada’s centennial year, niksami qanuittuuniarmangaata isuma- in the Fall/Winter 1967 issue of gijanginni titiraqujillutik, imailingajuq: “sN xW6fts?M5tix6g6 ryxi Inuktitut magazine, the editorial ckgw8ˆl4 s?5t8i xW6hD8NC5b urged Inuit to think about their “Una apiqqutiuvalattiniaqtuq kisiani x3ÇAw5 !)) xg3ixo6t9lQ5. future in the modern age. It is qanutuinnaaluk uvattinni apiqsurun- w˚9lb s?5t8i xWEJ8NC5b reprinted here: naratta arraaguit 100 aturnialiqtillugit. yKi4nK5 whmQ9lA. yKi4v8iz- Inuulluta uvattinni apirijunnaratta k9l whm9lb. whm9lbl eg3zK5 “This editorial may sound like a sivuniksavut isumagillugu. sivunik- w3ab4nq9l ckw5©˜3mΩb. questionnaire — but there are a kanninganullu isumalluta. Isumallutalu wkdtK5 ck6 xy0p6tQ˜6X5V lot of questions that we can ask qiturngavut irngutaksangillu qanuit- ourselves as we begin the next tuulaarmangaata. Inuqutivut qanuq ck6 srsb6©2 Z?mzi hundred years. We Eskimos can asijjiqtigilaaqpat? wMstQix6WbV ask ourselves these questions and ck6 vNbs2 Z?mzi wMst- wonder about our future, but we Qanuq ukiuqtaqtuup gavaman- Qix6WbV can think even further ahead. We gani ilautiginiaqpita?

8 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 ra¿4nK5 ck6 sc9Mc5b˜6- can ask and wonder what our chil- Qanuq kanataup gavamangani X5V x∫bq5b scsyEMs6bzi4 dren and their grandchildren will ilautiginiaqpita? w6vsm˜6X5V Wzhi4 scsy3i4 be doing over the next century. Kinguvaaksavut qanuq uqallaqat- xgD8N˜6Wb, wk4tg5, c9lˆtg5, What changes can we see for all talaaqpat? Ataatangitta uqausirilauq- swÏtg9lV our people? tanganik iqqaumalaaqpat? Pingasu- si4√i4 ttCc5bD8N˜6Wb nik uqausirnik aturunnalaaqpita, x7ml kN3Jx3usk5 gnsm/slbV What part will we take in the inuktitut, qallunaatitut, uiviititullu? w[l3 Jxcso˜6Wb #))-i4 government of the North? Unikkaanik titiraqattarunnalaaq- wkcD8N6gi4, c9lˆ5 Wqtg5V What part will we take in the pita ammalu nunarjuarmiunut w[lK5 wmcD8N˜6X5, fFJ8N6- ? tusaumajauluta? gc˜6X5V What language will our descen- Iglurjuaqaulilaaqpita 300-nik srs6b6gj5 x6ftcs4v8io- dants speak? Will they remember inuqarunnaqtunik, qallunaat pingiti- ˜6XV yr©5 xg6bs?A8•˜6X5V the language of their fathers? Will tut? Igluvut imaqarunnalaaqpat, wkw5 czb˙D8N6y˜6X5, kN4ƒ- we be a trilingual people, using kuvijunnaqtuqalaaqpat? Dtco3lt[lV as well as English and Ukiuqtaqtumut aqqutiqaukkanni- xuoEi3u WoExco˜6WbV French? lilaaqpa? Sikituut atuqtauvagunni- ie4ni4 WD6¥?o˜6Wb csmJk5V Will we write stories and be ilaaqpat? b3E/stco˜6Wb ˆMstco3- able to tell the world about Inuit qangatasuurunnaqsilaaqpat, lblV ourselves? nunakkuurutiqalirlutiglu? ra¿4nK5 yM5gn3F[Jxk5 wo8- Will we have apartment build- Amilirinirmi piliriaqalilaaqpita? ixEx6Xo˜6X5 c9lˆ9l WoE- ings holding 300 or more families Niqiksanik piruqsiivalilaaqpita qau- xE?4bq8i Wcbso3lt4V like they do in the South? Will majunut? wkdtK5 c9lˆi sk3i6- our houses have hot and cold Ta rrijautiqalilaaqpita naalautiqa- nso˜6X5 srs6b6g¨5gi4V” water taps? lirlutalu? Will more roads cross the Kinguvaaksavut silattusarvigjuanut w˚yK5 ck6 xy0p6ymo3mΩ5 cs- North? Will the Skidoo be out ilinniariaqpalilaaqpat qallunaallu pQxMsv4b bwm`Zi4 !(^&-u. of date? piliriarivaktanginni piqataulirlutik? x3ÇAi4 #)-i4 Z?moEi3j5 Wcbs- Will Eskimos fly their own air- Inuqutivut qallunaani unurniq- o6t9lb ttCdpKz wk4tg4f8k5 planes and drive their own cars? saulilaaqpat ukiuqtaqtumiittunik?” Courtesy of Jose Kusugak wM8Ng√4: Ôy fhZ3l Ù2 swox7n8l, wkw5 u4~k5 vtm8ic6t9lQ5 @)))-u, bwvi xrxi ≈S†8, y4vM8u.

Old friends: Jose Kusugak and Bob Williamson, during the Inuit Studies Conference 2000, in Aberdeen, Scotland. Ilannatukaak: Josie Kusugarlu Bob Williamsonlu, Inuit miksaanut katimanniqaqtillugit 2000-mi, taikani akiani Aberdeen, Scotlandmi.

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 9 ∫4fkz xW6ftk5 rsAtsJi4 x7ml Will we have fur farms? Will Inuusivut qanuq asijjiqsimalimangaat x3ÇAw5 xiA~6g5 ckwo?9ox1- we grow food under cover with qaujigialaukakta taimanganik 1967-mi. mΩ5b ttC6ymJi4. ck6 xy0p6- artificial light? Arraagunik 30-nik gavamalirinirmut ymtQFb bm8N ttC6bsMs6ymt9lAV Will we have television and piqatauliqtilluta titiraqujivunga Inukti- ttC6g5 n6rtbs˜6S5 wk4tg5 radio stations? tukkunnut taakkununga apiqqutinut scoµZ3u4 n6rt5t4v8ioD5b. Will our descendants all go to kiugutiujunik ammalu arraaguit anigu- universities and do the same saaqtut qanuilivalliangmangaatta titi- d/8N¨4, Åts2 nw7˜y. work as white people? raqsimajunik. Qanuq asijjiqsimatigivita Ôy fhZ3u5, xzJ6√6 Will more of our people live tamanna titiraqtaulauqsimatillugu? wkw5 bW‰4n4f8i vNbu in the South than in the North?” Titiraqtut saqqititaulaaqput Inuktitut uqalimaagarmik saqqitittikkannilirutta. The editorial challenges us to reflect on how much life has changed for Qujannamiik, Inuit since 1967. As we prepare to Guutiup saimmaqtillaasi. celebrate 30 years of active Inuit Jose Kusugarmit, angajuqqaaq political life, I encourage everyone Inuit Tapiriiksakkunni Kanatami to write to Inuktitut magazine with their thoughts on how the recent past has unfolded. How much has really changed since this editorial was written? We will print some of the responses we receive in the next issue of Inuktitut.

Thank you and God Bless! Jose Kusugak, President Inuit Tapirisat of Canada

10 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 Cwro ß5g? xW6h6bsJ6 wkw5 w3iy4¥0Jyq8i4 u4~k5

INUIT MIDWIFERY

REGILEE OOTOVA APIQSUQTAUJUQ INUIT IRNISIKSIIJJUSINGINNIK MIKSAANUT

∫8N ÷N5 mfC Gbmo4H Cwro Janet McGrath (Tamalik) interviewed Taanna Janet McGrath (Tamalik) ß5g?u4 xW6hwMs3m5 wkw5 Regilee Ootova about traditional Regilee Ootovamik apiqsuilarmat Inuit w3iy4¥0JyE?Ms6bq5b u4~k5. midwifery. irnirsiksiijjusirivalauqtangitta miksaanut. bmo4: Cwro ß5g? xW6h3ixC4f. Tamalik: Kindly give us a brief Tamalik: Unikkaaraarjugungnaqpit si4√Ç3JA1N6W5 rNs1mΩ6W5 x7ml description of who you are and how kinaungmangaaqpit ammalu qanuq ck6 wo8ixDmo3i3icMs6ym1mΩ6W5 you became interested in learning ilinniarumalirnirniqalauqsimangman- w3iy4¥JoEis2 u4~k5. about midwifery. gaaqpit irnisiksiijuliriniup miksaanut.

Cwro: ∑5tx6. ∑ Cwro ß5g?sJz Regilee: Yes, I’d be glad to! I am Regilee: Iittiaq. Ii Regilee Ootovau- u5tmbo1uxbs9lz. bs?i kbCs9- Regilee Ootova and I am from junga Mittimatalingmiataullunga. Tau- lz w˜4 xˆNZ w3ih4t9lA wMs- Mittimatalik (). Back when vani nutaraullunga ilaak anaanaga irni- Ms6ym9lz bs?8z5 whmQ/gcEZ4f I was a child, and when my mother suktillugu ilaulauqsimallunga tauvan- bm8N w3iy4¥c5b3i6. m4f4Lz ho was in labour, I was involved in mid- ngat isumagijatuqarigakku tamanna bs?i #)-i4 srsc6Lz w3iy4- wifery. That’s when I got interested. irnisiksiiqattarniq. Makkuk&unga suli ¥c5byQxcbsc5boMs6ym9lz wo8- When I was about 30, I began to tauvani 30-nik ukiuqaq&unga irnisik- ix3FQ?9ox9lQ9l w3iy4¥c5b6g5, study midwifery, apprenticing with siiqattasigiaqatauqattalilauqsimallunga xg8qPLz bsggw8Nc5b6Lz. ry- others who practised it. I just observed ilinniarvigivalliallugillu irnisiksiiqat- xi4 dFxQ÷lQZ4f bm8N x7m wk4 at first — but soon I found that I taqtut, atunngi&&unga taututuinna- x3N6 bsg4LA w3ih4g6 w˚yoµzk5 got great pleasure out of assisting qattaq&unga. Kisianik quviagijaalugi- ˙3l xg6Li w3i/z wvJDm8NE?9- with births. It is a profound experi- gakku tamanna amma inuk arnaq tau- oxgw8N6LA xW6hc5boMs6ymZm ence that touches on a woman’s tuk&ugu irnisuktuq inuusilimaanganut xˆN5txzk5 s?z w3iy4¥psc5b3- whole life, and that motivated me. suurlu atuq&uni irnijanga ikajuruman- iMs6ym1u1m5. x7m xz1m koxz At first I asked my own grand- narivalliatuinnaq&ugu apiqsuqattali- w4Wx3J1uxb6 bw8N xW6hc5b6LA mother about it — she had been a lauqsimagama anaanattianganut uvanga

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 11 bm4fiz xW6h6X9ox9lz w7mv9M- irnisiksiijiuqattarnilauqsimangmingmat. ini4 w7mv9M4 ck6 w3iy4¥c5bM- Amma angangma nulianga Ikpiarjung- s6ym1mΩb bfJu8NE?9oxgw8NoM- miutaq tainna apiqsuqattaq&ugu tamak- sC4f bm8N. whm9lzl s9lu bm8N kuninga apiqsuqpalliallunga immakal- xgD1N5tx6bK5 wkw5 W0JyztA5 lanisanik immakallak qanuq irnisiksi- xhw˜4 wk1u4 w3iy4¥ctcc5boCm

Courtesy Regilee Ootova iqattalauqsimangmangaata takujumin- cspoMsC4f wkw5 w3iy4¥4√¬iq8- narivalliatuinnalilaurakku tamanna. i5. w4WQ/z w4WQ5tx6Lis4 ≈8i- Isumallungalu ullumi tamanna aturun- xc5b6X9oxc5b3iz wm8N w4WQ5t- gnattiaqtavut inuit pijjusingatigut asui- x6Lis4 xW6hX9oxc5b6Lis4 ck6 laak inungmik irnisiksiiqatiqaqattalirama ≈8ix6tQo3mΩ5 xhw˜4 w3i/Exr9- qaujililaurakku inuit irnisiksiikkaalu- MEo3m5 b=? cspnvbo6Li wuz uninginnit. Ikpigijanga ikpigittiaq&u- ci[o1mΩ5. m4fiz5 w4WAh5tx3i- niuk aanniaqattaqpalliaqattarninga q8i5 bf?9ox9lz m8N w3iy4¥i6 imanna ikpigittiaq&uniuk apiqsupalli- xys/Exc8q9M4∫6g6 xgExc6bK5 aqattaq&uniuk qanuq aanniaqtigilir- ho s9lu whmQoMsC4f SwAD1Nw- mangaat asuilaak irnijariakillarilirmat o9lAl bs?i5 !(*( moZos6t5- tavva qaujisakataliq&uni iminga qanig- tpk5 giy9lz ttCMs6ymZlx6gz CwQo ßg? lingmangaat. Makkuningat ikpigusut- w3iy4¥c5bExc9M4∫3i5t8i4 wkw5 Regilee Ootova tiarninginnit takuvalliallunga manna xq3Cq8i. w˚iq8i9l wkgcK5, irnisiksiiniq asiujariaqanngillaktaaqtuq bwm x0pŒ8q5gi4 wobcMsCm aturiaqaqtavut suli ullumi isumagililau- bw4fx5 wkw5 w3iy4¥c5b6t9lQ5 rakku puigurungnailillugulu tauvanit ckwc5bMs3mΩ5 wlx8q0Jtc6g- traditional midwife. I also consulted 1989 maligaliuqtittijinut tunisillunga w8Nsc5bMs8q7mb ˙cw7m bm8N my maternal uncle’s wife from titiralauqsimagaluaqtunga irnisiksiiqat- w3iy4¥i6 w3ih1i6 w˜4 ci7my- Ikpiarjuk ( Bay). These are tariaqallaktaarnittinnik inuit angirran- s8q4vlx3m5 wk4 x0pJ1•6bClxz the kinds of people I approached to ginni. Inuuninginnillu inutuqavut, taima N0poCu ryxio ci7mys8qPLi¬3m5 find out about the way that Inuit ajjigiinngittunik ilitaqalaurama taikkuat w˚2 ∫8N cspmizA5 w3ih4g6 handled birthing in the past. Then, inuit irnisiksiiqattaqtillugit qanuiqatta- w3iy4yxE/sJ1N5tx3m5. bw{hmil as I worked with a traditional Inuk laurmangaat iluanngijjutiqaqtuinnau- xˆN5txC w˚t9lA xW6hc5bC4f midwife, I discovered the high level qattalaunngimmata suuqaimma tamanna w˜4 iqsC ckxl[o w7mv9M4 w3i- of skill that the Inuit have in irnisiksiiniq irnisungniq ilaak qanim- c5bMs3mΩb. kN6X6ym9lt[¬8•[Å6 birthing. masiunngikkaluarmat inuk ajjijungni- w1ui4 w3iMs6ymJ5 Whw8N6Lt4 They would keep a very close iqtaraluanga najjilirami kisianili qan- b4Ùi kNu xhw˜Å6 w3ihoCu4 eye on the woman, and as her pain immasiunngi&&uniluurmat inuup gW6Lt4 w3iMs4v4Li xbsy3u[lrx6 and discomfort increased they asked taanna qaujimaningagut irnisuktuq s9lu4 k6vzMs4vgw8N6Lt4 Who4- her questions to monitor her pro- irnisiksiarijaujungnattiarmat. Taissu- v8i6Lt4 s=? w3iC∫6g6. x7m gn- gress. This, and regular checks of manilu anaanattiara inuutillugu apiq- c5b6ym1uZm ej4y6Lt[Å6 wMŒ5 whether the water was ready to suqattarakku ilaak ningiura qanualugli ej4y6Lt4 w3iho6gcÇz[Å6 b=? break, encouraged a short delivery. immakallak irniqattalaurmangaata. b1µ6Lt4 w[lFZos6gc6Li w3iM- As I saw how closely they followed Nunaqpaqsimallutigluunniigguuq ing- s√3Jgw8N6Lt4, wm8N whµlQ/s8q5- the birthing process I felt strongly minik irnilauqsimajut pisuinnaq&utik tx9M4∫6ym1m5 w3ih1i6 bm8N. cs- that Inuk midwifery should not be takpaani nunami asuilaaguuq irnisuli- pm/s5tx6Lil x0pŒ8q5gi[l w3i- lost — that it must be used in today’s ramik &utik irnilaukkak&uni a- y4¥0Jyc3mb wkw5. NX9lt4 i3CM[- life. This became constant in my tausirmiglukiaq ullumik nuqqangalauk- lt4 N9Mz9lt4 ckwoz9lt4 ∫8N mind, and I could never erase that katuinnaq&utik pisulikkanniq&utik xg6bsZJ1i6ÙaJFi6 NXiCw˙a- thought. Back in 1989 I wrote a paper uvva irnirataaqtuq. Amma tusaqattaq- Z5b wm8N ¥6fz9li tuz NX9li about how Inuit must have the simangmigama qimuksiq&utigguuq x7m i3CMziCw˙a1mb s?5tg5 opportunity to give birth in their own ilagiit qimuksiq&utik irnisuliqtuqa- ˙3l s9lu N9Mz5tx7mE4Lb w3i- homes, and I presented it to the NWT raangagguuq tavva tangmaaq&utik ˙ao3mb, w3ih1i3j5 xg6bsZJ6- legislative assembly. We should do igluvigaliuqtuqaq&uni irnilaukaarjutu- i6ns1m5 c9lˆi. bwm8Nl x7ml this while our elders are still alive. innaq&utik, imanna isumaalugijaunn- N9Mz9li niC4f5 gkusbc6Lt4 I have learned a lot of different gittiallaktaaqsimangmat irnisungniq gkx•5gc6Li wk1u4. w3ih4t9lQ5 procedures that were used in differ- tamanna. Qaujimajauttiaq&unilu ajji-

12 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 ent circumstances, but not all births giinngittuniglu irnisiksiijjusiqarmata had complications. Birthing and inuit. Napallutik nirralaglutik nallan- labour is not an illness. gallutik qanuilingallutik taanna atuq- An Inuk woman in labour can be taugajungniqpaangujuviniq napani- guided to give birth using Inuit raisuungugatta imanna siiqqungalluni knowledge alone. When my grand- timinga napalluni amma nirralangani- mother was still alive, I used to ask raisuungungmata uvattitut suurlu ullu- her how in the world people deliv- mi nallangattiammarik&uta irnisuun- ered babies in the old days. She said gulirmata, irnisungnirmut atuqtauga- women hiking inland with their juqniqsaungmat qallunaani. Taimannalu families would sometimes give birth. ammalu nallangalluni sanirakkut tun- A woman might go into labour after umiutaqaq&utik tunuaniittuqaq&uni walking all day. They’d pitch a , inungmik. Irnisuktillugit irnisiksiijigi- she’d have a quick labour, they’d jama taimanna uuktunngualauqsimang- wait only about a day — and then manga inuigguuq imanna irnisiksiiva- they’d be on their way, including lauqtut, irnisuktugguuq imanna pijau- this woman who had just given birth! valauqtuulangmanga asuilaak uuktuqu- I also heard of women going into lauqsimagakkut tununnuaq&uni tavva labour when families were travelling aniligaasikautigilluni imanna nuqqan- w3iy4¥pQ/m bwm8N ß4g8axMs6- by dog team. They would stop for gavviqarungniikautigilluni tavvalu aan- ym1mz wkw[Å6 wm8N w3iy4¥?M- the night and build an iglu, and the niasiuti qaingmat taanna tautuliramiuk s6g5, w3ih4g[Å6 wm8N W/s?Ms6- birth would take place with little taanna irnisiksiijijama irnisigungniikaal- ©M1mz xhw˜4 ß4gdMs6ymZ4f5 disruption. They didn’t consider lak&unga. Taimanna takuvalliallugit gk8kx6Li b=? xioÛyvstQ9li labour such a big deal back then. tamakkuat inuit irnisiksiijjusingit wm8N k6vz=FcD1•vstQ9li b=?l It is also well known that Inuit piugiliqpalliatuinnaqtakkat. Asiuqun- ≈8ixyst cw1m5 ∫8N bsgoCus4 have many different positions for ngillariktakkat taimanna apiqsuruma- ∫8N w3iy4¥p/m w3iyA1•√9M4Lz. birthing: an upright stance, lying on jjutigiluakkannililauqtara inungnut bwm8N bf?9ox9lQ5 bm4fx5 wkw5 the back, and lying stretched out in tamakkunungat irnisiksiiqattalauqtunik w3iy4¥0Jyq5 WsQo6X9oxgw8N6b4v5. various ways. They used the upright amma irniqattalauqtunullu luuktaaqan- xysd8q9ME4b4v5 bwm8N xW6hD- position most frequently — the ngitillugit. Amma qaujimajualuulaur- m0JtQlx4v8ioMs6bC wk1k5 bm4f- woman on her knees with her body mata ilaak qaujimajualuullaktarmata, kz5 w3iy4¥c5bMs6gi4 x7m w3i- upright. The lying-on-the-back paungalu aniligaaliraluarluni ikkuat c5bMs6gk9l ¬4∫c8qt9lQ5. x7m position is the same one the Qallu- niaqungit paaninngaasuungungmata, cspmJx¬Ms3mb w˜4 cspmJx¬9M4- naat often use today (supine position). kujjariaqaraluaq&utik kujjanngi&&u- b3mb, Xszl xioÛoClx3li w4fx5 They also had a sideways lying-down tik, aaqiktuqtauqattalauqsimangmijug- ixdq5 Ùi8Ω˙a1mb, f0/ExcC- position with someone pressing guuq saataununga titaullutik, suurlu lx6Lt4 f0/8qPLt4, ≈e4g6bsc5- against the back to support it. When qummut saangakpat taununga saatitaul- bMs6ym1uJ[Å6 bskz ~tbs9lt4, I gave birth, my own midwife dem- luni anivviginiaqtanganut. Amma ˙3l d7j5 ~z4X5 bskz ~tbs9li onstrated this to me, explaining that arraanga nipisimakpat kaujaullutik xi=FQix6bzk5. x7m x3Çz iWy- this was done in the past. I instruct- nipiisaqtauqattalaurmijugguuq taimanna. m4X5 vs/s9lt4 i„n6bsc5bMs3- ed her to go into that position with Ta manna nutaralaaq anitillugu nutara- uJ[Å6 bwm8N. bm8N kbC˜6 xi- me. My baby began to come imme- laaq aningmat mik&ianga manna t9lA kbC˜6 xi1m5 u4Oxz m8N diately, as there was no more force atuq&ugu taqqamunga anaanangata xg6LA b6vjz xˆNzb wlxk5 holding it back; but when the nurse iluanut kaujaulluni taanna irnisiksiijuq vs/s9li ∫8N w3iy4¥J6 vs9li came in and watched, my baby kaulluni suuqaimma arraanga tainna ˙cw7m x3Çz bw8N iWymJx¬1m5 stopped coming. nipisimajualuungmat kauqtiq&uniuk vs6t6Lis4 b6vjz. ryxisZlx6 As I witnessed and experienced taqqamunga. Kisianiugaluaq kukiijatti- f®/5txç3li x7m i„nw9li fr1u- Inuit birthing practices I began to aqaarluni amma nipiisailluni kuking- s8q5g4f5 vs6t6Lis4 w[oxz regard this knowledge with awe. I miunngittukkut kauqtiq&uniuk iglian- wlxA5 r5h4bwo5tx3lis4. wm8N don’t want it to be lost. This gives ga iluagut kitsuktailittiarluniuk. Imanna ckw0JtDJ1i4 xg8q4vlxCu4 bw- me strong impetus to collect infor- qanuijjutirujungnik atunngikkaluaramik m8N Wc5b6gFi5bs6. x7ml yrEy- mation from Inuit who have acted taimanna piqattaqtuvinittauq. Ammalu miC6bsc5b3u1mb sN xi=Fz as midwives and from women who sikirisimaniraqtauqattarmingmata una

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 13 mgym9li w[oxzk9lrx6 s=?lrx6 bore children before we had doc- anivvinga matusimalluni iglianganul- x3Çzk5 ∫8N gryym8q8N4f xW6- tors. They had detailed and expert lukiaq uvvalukiaq arraanganut taanna ftQ˜9M4∫6bC, bwm8NÅ6 xi=F4nz knowledge of what to do. tukisisimannginnakku apiqqutigilaal- Ni/s8q5bÇz5 yrEymJu4 bw/- Breech babies (those who begin laktaaqtara, taimannaguuq anivviksan- s˙a1m5. ke9M6bs9liÅ6 ˚ebs9- to come out feet first rather than ga nanijaunngittaraangat sikirisimaju- li Xsz ˆz bm8N d7j5, bwm8N head first) were manipulated to turn mik taijausuungungmat. Nuqillaqtaul- xi=F4nzkx6t5tc5b6ym1uJ[Å6. them around and face the correct luniguuq nuuqitaulluni paunga naanga s9lusJ6 ∫8N cspm/slx∂8q7m5 way. If the head was up, it was made tamanna qummut, taimanna anivvik- ¬4∫k5 ≈mw cspm/sJ4nsÔZlx6 to point down toward the birth canal. sanganuaqtittiqattaqsimangmijugguuq. w˜4 cspm/sNhQlxD1•6ym/C XiZ Also, if the placenta was stuck they Ullumiujuq taanna qaujimajauluaqu- bwmwoym9li w[oxzA5 b6v∆N had a method to release it. Once the unngimmat luuktaanut aamai qaujima- u6h6bs/ExcoMs6ym1m5. ∫8No infant was born, the cord was the jaujuksaujuugaluaq ilaak qaujimajauna- wkw5 cspm5tx3u/z bwmwozJ6 connection to the placenta inside. sugiluarungniiqsimajara paniga taimai- WsJ1•6t5tE8q4vlx6gz, cspm- The midwife followed the trail of lisimalluni igliangagut taqqamuuna miq- /sizi4 ∫8N scChgw8N6gz. rh4- the cord up into the womb. First suqtaujariaqalilauqsimangmat. Taannali bsrx6 w1N Wi3lZJlx3i8q5g5 she cut her fingernails very short. inuit qaujimattiarmijanga taimailinga- w7mv9M4 w3iy4¥c5b6gw5. xsˆlx- Then when she put her hand up juq piujungniiqtittirinngikkaluaqtunga, Çzb¬8•5 f0/ztbs9lt4 xsˆlx- inside to remove the stuck placenta, qaujimajauninganik taanna uqarasutu- D1•6tbsc5b3ifFi5 x7m wuZJ4- she did not use her fingers, so as to innaqtunga. Kisuktaukiaq ingna pinir- tbs9lt4 wu3u4 ßNJ4gu4 s=?¬8•5 avoid any chance of scratching the lugajuluarninngittut immakallak irni- i[oN6gu4 wu3u4. tuz w7u6tb- inside of the womb. They didn’t siksiiqattaqtuit. Aunaaluaraangataluun- sNh4Li. w3iC∫6t9lA, w3iymo6t9- have fancy interventions to work niit kujjangatitaullutik aunaaluarungni- lA xsˆlxÇzb. with, and so that’s how they did it. iqtitauqattarnikuvinit amma imigajuk- When the birth canal is blocked, titaullutik imirmik uunajuktumik uvva- bmo4: gnsmymF5 ckw5gi4 wu6- either by the womb or the placenta, luunniit niglinaqtumik imirmik. Timinga tbsc5bMs6ym1mΩb w3iho6t9lQ5 this is called sikirisimajuq. In this immiqtitaunasuk&uni. Irnirataaqtillugu, irnisimaliqtillugu aunaaluaraangata.

Tamalik: Tusaumasimavit qanuittunik imiqtitauqattalauqsimangmangaata irnisuliqtillugit uvvaluunniit nutaralaaq irnisimaliqtilluguluunniit?

Regilee: Tavvanili irnisullariktillugit quisuluaqtitauttaililuniluuqattalauqtuq quuq taanna irnisuktuq quisuluaqtitaut- tailimalluni quititaukkalainnaq&uni imigajungmangaaq tusaumanngittiaqtara suuqaimma irnisaaliniarmat taannaguuq quisukataktillugu nutaramut nuqqangaj- jutausuungunnirmat. Quigajuktitaulluni ammaluunniit najjililisaaqtillugu uqauj- jauqattalaurmijugguuq quisaaliqattaqu- jaulluni quisusuijaaluqattaqujaunngi&&u- tik irnisuliruni irnisusuija&&alaarmat irnisungniksanganut parnaktitauvagi- iqattalauqtut najjililisaarninginnilluun- niit amma najjitillugu quisusuijaaluqat- taqujaunngi&&utik amma irnisumma- rilirmat quikkalaktitaunasuk&uni aku- niuqujaunnginnikumut irnisuktillugu. Kisianili taima aungiqsisimarlakpat tt6gZw5: Bx©3 √7S9 Illustrations: Heather Campbell Titiqtugait: Heather Campbell irnisimaliqtillugu imirmik atuqattaqti-

14 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 case the midwife would push the tauqattaqtuvinit imigajuktitaulluni woman’s stomach upward, moving aunga ilasaaliniarmat. the infant into the correct position Paniga tainna luuktaami irnisuktil- to leave through the birth canal. In lugu alilauqsimangmat, taissumani today’s medicine I don’t think this aliqattaqtuvinirnik tusaumanngittiaq- manoeuver is known by doctors — tunga, aglaa aligajunngitullaaluquulau- perhaps it is, but my impression is rmata taanna anaanagijaujuq ikpigijaut- that it is not widely understood. I tiarmat qanuilinganilimaangagut. Suurlu have no wish to put down the ways aaqiktitausimattiaqsimanasuk&uni of medicine; I am emphasizing that timinga aliktitauttailimalluni taunuun- Inuit knew how to cope with that ga irnivingagut. Unuqtualuit qanuili- condition. And in times past there jariaqanngillaktaaqattaquulauqput simply were not very many compli- ilainnasungangiguuq kisianik aaqitti- cations for midwives to handle. When aqsimanngittaraangata irniliq&utik s=?¬8•5 kbC˜6 w3iymo6t9lA¬8•5V the woman bled too much just after ukpatinga avaniiluaqpat uvvaluunniit the birth, the midwife placed her miksingaluaqpat tamanna taimanna Cwro: b=?io w3ih9ME4t9lQ5 with the feet higher than the head aligutausuungungmat. Timingali tukil- dwhlx6tbs5bwoli¬c5bMs6g6 to slow the bleeding, and she gave iaqtitauttiarasuk&uni niungiglu aaqik- ∂6 ∫8N w3ih4g6 dwhlx6tbs5- her warm or cool water to drink, to simatitauttiarasuk&utik isigangilu bwom9li dwtbs4vMw8N6Li wuZ- rehydrate her body. She was given aaqiksimatitauttiarasuk&utik irnilirmat J1mΩ6 gnsm8q5tx6bC ˙cw7m broth as well to give her strength. anaananga ikpigijauttiaq&uni alikti- w3i~oix3m5 ∫8NÅ6 dwhvb4t9lA tauttailimalluni — piqattaqtuviniit. kbCj5 k6vz0Jbs˙a8i3m5. dwZ- Tamalik: Have you heard of any J4tbs9li x7m¬8•5 N0poo~6t9lA special drinks given either while in Tamalik: Uqaqqaugavit imiqtitauqat- scs0/sc5bMs3uJ[Å6 dw~oc5bd- labour or after giving birth? talaurmata aunaaluarniqaqtillugit irni- /s9li dwhhw÷lc5bd/s8qPLt4 anguaningmat nutaralaaq, asianiktauq w3ihoDi w3ihhw/PI˜3m5 w3ih1- Regilee: I have never heard whether tusaumavit aunaaqtillugit qanuq piqat- i4nzk5 X3N4tbs?Œc5bMs6g5 they were given any special drinks. talaurmangaata? N0poo~3iq8i9¬8•5 x7m N0pt9lA A woman in the transition phase dwhhw÷lc5bd/s8qPLt4 x7m w3i- of birth is encouraged to keep her Regilee: Tavvuunatuaq tusaumallugu. h7mEo3m5 dw4vM4tbsNh4Li xfi- bladder empty; a woman in labour Apiqsulirumali tukisikkannirumaaq- sd/s8q8ifj5 w3ih4t9lA. ryxio must not resist the urge to urinate. punga. Tainna irnisuk&uni aungiqsi- bwm xsq6yym3M4X5 w3iymo6t9lA To speed the delivery she must avoid lauqsimannirmat taimannaittuviniu- wu3u4 xgc5b6tbsc5b6gFi5 holding those muscles, which would lauqsimajuq sakingataguuq aunaalu- wuZJ4tbs9li xsz wM~oix3m5. slow the labour. Even at the begin- alirmat kujjangajaaqti&&uniuk ilaak XiZ bw8N ¬4∫u w3ih4t9lA ning of pregnancy women were taimannaiqattaqtuviniungmata ukpa- xoMs6ym1m5, bw{hmi xoc5b6gF- instructed always to urinate at the tinga ikurraqtuqtaulluni quvvasingniq- i3i4 gnsm8q5tx6gz, x[˜ xoZ- slightest urge in order to have a sauliq&uni timinganit, imiqtitauvak&uni. J8qg9˜l∂Ms3mb ∫8N xˆNQ/sJ6 short labour. Taannatuangungmat asiani timinga w4WQ/s5tx3m5 ckwozioµzA5. My daughter was giving birth — ilulijjaanngimmat, suurlu qajuqtuqtitau- ˙3l ≈e4tbsym5tx6ymNh4Li tuz with a doctor assisting — and she katak&uni sanngiktippaallirniarmat. xo4tbs5bwom9li bs˚z w3iF- tore; yet I never heard of people zA5. sk6gxlw5 ckwo/Exc8q9- tearing in the old days. I truly believe Tamalik: Angutiit ikajurajulauqpat M4∫c5b∂Ms6S5 wMw8NhzqÅ6 that it was not common at all, because irnisuktunik, uvvaluunniit ikajuraju- ryxi4 ≈e5tx6ym8q5bÇzb w3i- the women were monitored so closely launngittuit? o6Lt4 s4Xtz x?•lx6X5 s=?- every step of the way. Their bodies ¬8•5 u4yzlx6X5 bm8N bwm8N were handled and prepared with Regilee: Ikajurajulaunngittuugaluan- xoAbs˙a1m5. tuzo grox6tbs5- precision so as to avoid any tearing nguquuqtut kisianik, irnisiksiijuqaqatta- txCh4Li isq[l ≈e4ymtbs5txC- in the birth canal. The vast majority laurmijuqtauruuq nuliamingnik. Nuliar- h4Lt4 wyZql ≈e4ymtbs5txCh4Lt4 of births occurred without tearing, miniinna. Tavvanittauq pitaqarmijuq w3io3m5 xˆNz w4WQ/s5tx6Li and only a few had problems. If for nunattinnik irnisiksiiqattaqtuvinirmik xo4tbs5bwom9li — Wc5b6gF•5. example the buttocks were poorly nuliarminik. Qassiiqsimmarik&unikiaq positioned or uneven, tearing was migliiqpak&unigilluguuq irnisuksiari-

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 15 bmo4: sc6vsZF5 wu6tbsc5bM- more likely. The torso was made to vak&unilu imanna arnatituttauq. s3mb xsˆlx3ic6t9lQ5 w3ixa- be perfectly straight, and the legs xi1m5 kbC˜6, xyxi4bs6 gnsmF5 and feet were positioned just so. As Tamalik: Qaujimajaungmat amisut xsˆ6t9lQ5 ck6 Wc5bMs3mΩbV the woman gave birth the midwives irnisuqattalaurmata ilagiit tammaaqsi- monitored her closely, and tearing matillugit aullaqsimatillugiluunniit Cwro: b=Ngx6 gnsm9lA. xW6- was avoided. ammalu uqaqqaugavit taimanna, nuq- hoDmo gry4v8iDµ6Sz. bw8N w3i- qangajut makkuat tupirvingmiittut h4Li xsq6yMs6ym8i3m5 bwm8Nw5- Tamalik: Did men normally help igluqarvingttut qarmaqarvingmiittut gFisMs6ymJ6 nrzbÅ6 xsˆl- with birthing? aulaanngittut tamakkuat irnisuktuqaq- xo3m5 f0/z÷6tPLis4 w˜4 bwm8- tillugit qanuq parnaiqattalauqpat taanna Nwc5b6gFis1mb s4Xtz wf3C6- Regilee: I don’t think it was com- irnisungniaqtillugu. g6bs9li d=?y1i6nso6Li tu- mon for men to help with birthing, zi5, wu6tbs?4Li. ∫8Ngxa1m5 but they did help their wives when Regilee: Taimali tusaumallugu, iniliuq- xyxi tuz wlo0÷8q7m5, ˙3l they were in labour — just their own tauttiaq&uni taanna suqaimma tamaun- cJ6g6tbsvb4Li n8q4t2Ù9o3- wives. In our community there is a gatuinnaq irniqujaunngimmat piqutiqa- ix3m5. man who normally assisted his wife. luannginnamik, atuluanngittunik piqa- I’m not sure how many times he did luannginnamik, alliraksaqaqtitauvagi- bmo4: xa†5 wvJCJMs6X5 w3ih4- that, but he would cut their cords ik&uni taanna najjijuq asuilaak irnisu- gi4, s=?¬8•5 wvJCJMs8q5gw5V and coach his wife during labour just lirmat alliraksangani taima anaanangata- like the female midwives. luunniit uvvalu sakingata atuqtiliq&u- Cwro: wvJCJMs8q5©Zlx8a∂6g5 niuk, ammalu iniginiaqtanga aaqiksitti- ryxi4, w3iy4¥Jcc5bMs3uJ6bsÎ6 Tamalik: It is well known that babies aq&uniuk, taimanna piqattaqtuviniit. koxu1i4. kox3u•8N. b=?i5bs6 used to be born when families were Ii tamakkuninga parnaksimavagiiqat- Wbc3uJ6 kN5t8i4 w3iy4¥c5b6g- out travelling, and you mentioned taqtuviniit, asianik parnaksimajjutausi- Fi3u4 kox3ui4. c{¥6y7mE4Lirx6 this as well. What about those who majunik tusaumaluanngittunga. u[ø6X4LiQ9lÅ6 w3ih4yxE?4Lil were in a tent, iglu, or sod-house wm8N x3Ntg5bs6. camp — those who weren’t travel- Tamalik: Ammalu tusaumavit qisiit ling. When someone among them ak&unaat atuqtaugajulaurmangaata bmo4: cspm/s1m5 xuh5 w3ihc5- was going into labour, what prepa- ungirutaullutik, suurlu aksuruqtunut bMs3mb wMŒ5 b7µ6ymt9lQ5 xs9- rations were made? irnisaalinngittunut. M6ymt9lQ¬8•5 x7ml sc6vsZF5 bwm8N, k6vzJ5 m4fx5 gW3F1¨5g5 Regilee: Well, what I’ve heard was Regilee: Tusaumanngittiaq&unga taanna w[lc3F1¨5g5 c3mc3F1¨5g5 xs˜8- that the birthing place was meticu- allirarijauqattaqtuviniit tusaumagalu- q5g5 bm4fx5 w3ih4gc6t9lQ5 ck6 lously prepared, as women were not aq&unga. Taimali tusaumavik&unga X3Nwc5bMs6X5 ∫8N w3ih1ix6t9lA. permitted to give birth just anywhere. majuraijuviniqtaqaqattaqsimangming- People had few material items that mat paungangaaq nutaralaaq taanna Cwro: bwmo gnsm9lA, wios6b- were not of practical use. Getting puvangitta miksingaanganuangaaq&uni, s5tx6Li ∫8N hcw7m bmszgw8N6 the mattress ready was the main taimaliguuq irnisuliqtillugu irnijung- w3id/s8q7m5 Wdtclx8q8Nu4, preparation. Once the woman was nailiqqatillugu tunuani iqitausimalluni xglx8q5gi4 Wclx8q8Nu4, x9o- in labour, her mother or mother-in- taununga ajaktauvallialluniguuq suk- C4nc6tbs?Œ4Li ∫8N N0pJ6 xh- law would carefully prepare the kaittukulungmik taimanna irnititauqat- w˜4 w3iho3m5 x9oC4nzi bwm xˆ- place where she was to give birth. taqsimajuqarmijuq, majuraijumik tainna Nzb¬8•5 s=?l nrzb xg6to6- taijaulluni kanungangaaq anivviksanga- Lis4, x7ml wiQix6bz ≈e4- Tamalik: Have you heard of seal-skin anganuanngingaaq&uni qummungaa- y5tx6Lis4, bwm8N Wc5b6gF•5. straps being placed tightly around raaluk paunga puvangitta miksingaan- ∑ bm4fiz X3N4ym?Œc5b6gF•5, the woman’s body in the case of a ganut nuangaaqsimatillugu, immanna xyxi4 X3N4ym0JbsymJi4 gnsm- difficult and long labour? ak&unaarmut qilaktausimajumik tusau- lx8q5gz. manngittunga. Kisianili tunungaangani Regilee: I have never heard of that. iqimmijausimalluni taimanna talirmin- bmo4: x7ml gnsmF5 e¥5 x4Lˆ5 I did hear of a woman having a con- ut aggangminut naqittiujaq&uniuk xg6bsZJMs3mΩb sqDbs9lt4, dition called majuraijuq — when, naanga taununga ammut sukkaittuku- ˙3l x4hD6gk5 w3i~o8q5gk5. instead of heading down towards the lungmik taimannaguuq irnitittiijuqa- birth canal, the baby goes upwards qattaqsimangmijuq.

16 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 Cwro: gnsm8q5tx6Lz ∫8N x9o- toward the lungs. I have heard of a Tamalik: Atuqsimajarnik tusauma- CE/sc5b6gF•5 gnsmZlx6Lz. woman with this condition being jarniluunniit unikkaarumavit irnisiksi- bwmo gnsmF4Lz mJCwJFi6bc- embraced from behind, the person ijulirinirmik. c5b6ym1u1m5 XszΩ6 kbC˜6 ∫8N slowly pressing her stomach with S?q5b u4yΩzkxΩ6Li, bwm- her arms and hands to guide the Regilee: Ningauga tainna unikkausi- oÅ6 w3iho6t9lA w3iJ1Nwo6v- baby downwards to the birth canal. ripillaqqaugakku nunaqpaqsimallutiguuq t9lA gkxi websym9li bskz irnilauqsimangmat taimanna najjijualu x/4bs?9ox9liÅ6 h4vw5gfl1u4 Tamalik: Do you have anything irnituinnariaqaliqtuq nuqqangajjutaun- bwm8N w3itbsc5b6ymJc3uJ6, else to share with us about birthing ngittiaq&uni takpaunga pisuksimallutik mJCwJu4 bw8N bw/s9li vkzΩ6 practices? nunaqparniraqtauqattalaurmata aujau- xi=F4nΩzkx8qΩ6Li d7jΩÇl4 tillugu tuktuliaqsimajut takpaunga nuna- Xsz S?q5b u4yΩzk5 kxΩ6- Regilee: Earlier I briefly mentioned mut ungasikturulungmut pisuqatausi- ymt9lA, w7m8N x4Lˆ3j5 eM4bsym- about women giving birth while malluniguuq paniktaalauqsimajuq tak- Ju4 gnsm8q5gz. ryxio gkΩzi walking inland. This happened to a paani nunainnarmi, pisuk&utik taimanna we7u/sym9li bwm8N bo3uk5 x[Z1- relative of mine. She and her family irnisuliqtualuulirami, tupiq&utik irnil- uk5 Ne5ts/6Lis4 ˆz bskz x7j5 began the journey when she was luni irnilaukak&uni nuqqangalautuin- h4vw5gfl1u4 bwm8NÅ6 w3it5†Jc- almost ready to give birth — this naq&utik pisukkannilirillutik taimanna c5b6ym1uJ6. was never considered a reason for ajunngittuqutigillaktaaqsimagakkit being idle — walking inland to hunt sivullivut, imaalugijaunngittiaq&uni bmo4: xg6ym/3i4 gnsm/3i¬8•5 caribou in the summer. They went tamanna irnisungnivut. Amma tusau- si4√DmF5 w3iy4¥JoEi3u4. a long way away, and she was travel- mangmigama inutuattiangullutik irni- ling with them; and she gave birth qattaqsimajut, taanna ikajuqtaunngitti- Cwro: izsZ bw8N si4vsyEW9- to a baby girl, right on the tundra! aq&uni taanna inutuattiangulluni arnaq. M6vsZ4f kN6X6ym9ltÅ6 w3iMs6- They were walking along and she Imminiglu salummaq&uniuk imminiglu ym1m5 bwm8N N0pJxl w3igw8NE- felt her labour coming on. She imanna qanuinnilimaani atuq&unigit, xco6g6 k6vz0Jbs8q5tx6Li stopped to give birth, they took a kipilluniuglu tamanna mik&ianga, b4Xsz Wh4ym9lt4 kN6X3iC6bsc5- little break, and they were on their ajunngittullaktaarijakkat. Ikkuali ival- bMs3mb xs/st9lA g4gox6ymJ5 way again! I have such admiration ungmik aturajuluarmata, tamatumunga b4Xsz kNj5 szy4gDl1j5 Whc- for the way our ancestors used to mik&ianganut, qilaqaaq&ugu ivaluk bsym9liÅ6 Xi4∫Ms6ymJ6 b4Ùi do it. Labour was never a matter kipillugu. Tamakkuat ivaluit piuniqsal- kNw8N3u, Wh4Lt4 bwm8N w3iho6- of anxiety or concern for them. laktaaqtut, ullumi atuqtaujunit piuniq- gx¬oCu, gW6Lt4 w3i9li w3iM- I also heard of women giving saullaktaaqtut qaujimajakkat qilarutik- sv4Li k6vzMsgw8N6Lt4 Wh4v8i- birth all on their own, without any sait. Atuqattaqsimavungali tamakkunanik oE9lt4 bwm8N xJ8q5gdtQ9M4∫6- assistance from anyone. The woman sivullirmik mik&iiqsijariarniaq&unga, ymZ4r5 yK9oK5, wµlQ/s8q5tx6Li would wash the baby herself, and attangma irnisiksiiqatigiqattalaurmanga bm8N w3ih1iK5. x7m gnsm1uZm do all the necessary procedures, like atausianngi&&uninga iglugijaujumi wkgx5txa9lt4 w3ic5b6ymJ5, ∫8N cutting the cord herself. For tying irnisiksiillunuk paninga irnisuktillugu wvJ6bs8q5tx6Li ∫8N wkgx5t- the umbilical cord they used sinew uqautiliq&uninga tavva irnisukpuq xa9li x3N6. w7ui[l nl7m6Lis4 most often. They would first tie the mik&iiqsijariarniaramaguuq qilak&ugulu w7ui [l wm8N ckw8ioµi xg6L- cord and then cut it. Caribou sinew amma kipillugu, asuilaak nutaralaaq iQ5, rW9lis[l bm8N u4Oxz, is best. I find it better than anything anijualuungmat qilaqulirmagu qilaga- xJ8q5g9M4∫E/4v5. w4fxo w?l1u4 else used today. I used caribou sinew suliq&ugu pimut ivalumut sajukturu- xgCJlx3mb, bmgjz u4Oxzk5, for tying when I cut an umbilical luullunga sukattiarasuk&ugu sukat- eMç6LA w?l4 rW9lA. bm4fx5 w?- cord for the first time. My paternal tungnailiuqqalaukkammariktara sujungni- lw5 Wsi6n9M4∫6g5, s9lu xg6b- aunt assisted me in being a midwife kumut amma tavva agliruujara sujuktu- sJi5 Wsi6ns9M4∫6g5 cspm/4v5 several times for home births. When aluuliqtuq tisijualuuquuliqtuq taman- eMDt4nw5. xgc5b6ymKzo bm4f- my daughter was in labour, my aunt na, agliruujara aagakku piikaallak&uni, Ni4 yK9o3u4 u4Ø6y/Ex3ix6Lz, told me to tie and cut the cord. When sajuinnasijualuullunga taimailauqsi- x5b1m w3iy4¥ctQc5bMs3mz xbs- the baby came out, I fumbled with mannginnikumut sunauvva taimait- yx8qPLiz w[lQ/sJu w3iy4¥9lk4 the sinew and tried to tighten it but tungniilaaq&unga. Xiz w3ih4t9lA scsto6Liz I was too nervous. My jaw was b=? w3ih4S6 u4Ø6y/Ex3ixCmÅ6 shaking and the muscles were tight. Tamalik: Naukkut qilagiaqaqpat? eM4LAl x7m rW9lA, xhw˜4 kbC˜6 I opened my jaw to relax it and

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 17 Regilee: Tavvuuna qalasingata ungatit- tiangagut kigliluaraaluginngitangagut kigliluaraaluaguguuq kipisimallutik aunaajakatajammata ungasiginaaraar- jukuluk&ugu kilak&ugu sukaluaqtai- malinngillugu sukanninga naamma- giaq&ugu, taimanna qilak&ugu, kipisi- giarlugulu kilangningata ungasigikallaar- jungmijangagut. Paniqattarmata. Amma panilaunnginnirmini aaqittiaqsiman- ngikkutik aunaajajammat, aungiqsijju- tautuinnariaqarmingmat nutaralaaq — aaqiktauttiaqsimanasuqattarmijuttauq. Irniangusaaqtillugu tavva nutaralaaq aningmat qaninga qaujisaqtauqaaria- qarmat iluliqanngikkaluarmangaaq matuminga imirujuani sururujungmik qanirmiutaqanngikkaluarmangaaq, amma surlungik suruijaqtauttiarillutik “Birth”. Mary Pudlat 1989 lithograph, Courtesy of the West Baffin Eskimo Co-op “Birth”. Mary Pudlat 1989 lithograph, Courtesy of the West ilulingit imingnik qaujiqattaqsimajunga ilaak attaga irnisiksiiqatiginiqpaarisi- xiJx¬1m5 eMdo3mA eMZho6LA dropped the sinew, shaking the maqattalaurakku nutaralaaq aningmat Wj5 w?lj5 nJ4gD¬9lz hv5txC- whole time. This was because of kujjaqti&&uniuk patillaaraarjuk&uniuk h4LA hv5g1Nwos6vMs4v7mE4bC lack of experience. At the time I qiasijuguluungmat qanirmiutangit pii- hJ1ifj5 x7m b=? x[oÎ/C hJ4- was not aware that I would never jaq&utik amma muluktuingmagu sur- gx¬o6g6 tyJx¬∂o6g6 bm8N, have that problem again. lungani imanna isumaaluginngittia- x[oÎ/C ≈Z4f „√9M4Li, nJw8Ny- q&uniuk naqujarinngittiaq&uniuk. Jx¬9lz bwmwMs6ym8q8ifj5 Tamalik: Which part is tied? Suuqaimma taqqamani puvangangani- hNs=? bwmw5g1•˜6Lz . ittuqaqpat uvvaluunniit surlunganiit- Regilee: Just a little out from the tuqaqpat taqqamani nuvagajuglunilu- bmo4: Ns4f5 eMQxc6X5V base of the cord at the baby’s stomach. unniiguuq pigajarmat niuqtiksimani- If you tie it too close to the base, it raqtausuungungmata taimannailititaut- Cwro: b=N cMyzb szt5t- might bleed more. The tension on tailimalluni pisuut. Ii tamajja pijjusiru- xzA5 r[olxÇlQ8qbzA5 r[ol- the tie must be just right — not too luujallaktaangungmata, quviagillaktaa- xÇlxAÅ6 rWym9lt4 xsˆ/vb/7mb tight. You cut it just out from where q&ugulu amma ikpigijaunasusuun- szyQˆÇ3Jfl4LA rM4LA hvlx6bw- it is tied, as the flesh dries up. If it gungmingmata tisittiqattarninga silli- mo8q9lA hv8iz ˆ7mQx6LA, bwm8N is not tended to properly as it dries, maniraisuungugattali maani anijaria- eM4LA, rWyQx3lAl rM1izb szy- it could bleed and cause blood loss k&iliraangamik ikkuat tisiktisimajualu- Qv9˜3J1u/zA5. Xic5b3mb. x7m for the infant; so there are proce- usuungungmata, sillimaniraisuungung- XiMs8q8i3ui ≈e5tx6ym8q4ft4 dures for looking after the umbilical mata. Sillimakatangninga ikpigijaut- xsˆ//7m5, xsq6y0Jbsgw8NExc3- cord once it is tied and cut. tiarasusuungungmijuq, akulailiqpallia- u1m5 kbC˜6 — ≈e4bs5tx6ymN- When the baby came out, my aunt gaatanga taima irnijariak&immarikpuq, hc5b3uJ5bs6. w3ixa~6t9lA b=? would first turn it upside down and amma iminga qaujisatuinnariaqaliqpuq kbC˜6 xi1m5 ciz cspn6bsç- lightly pat it. Once it began to cry, imminik taanna qaujisarungnarmijuq Ex c3m5 wloc8q4vlx3mΩ6 mguz she checked the mouth and sucked inuk kisianik taikkuali irnisiksiiqatgil- wuDJxi hDDJ1u4 ci3usbc8q4- on the nose — she didn’t consider it lugu attaga irnisiksiiqatiginiqpaariqat- vlx3mΩ6, x7m h3lq4 hDw/6bs5- to be dirty — because if any fluids taqsimagakku qaujisaqattaq&unigit txE9lt4 wloq5 wu1i4 cspc5- remain in the lungs or nose the baby iminga asuilaak tavvarurmat qaatuin- b6ymJz w˜4 x5bZ w3iy4¥ctQi6- will have problems with catching colds narialik akturungnaqsingmagu qaaq- ÙEymc5bMsC4f kbC˜6 xi1m5 and being mucousy. The term used &uniuk tavali nutaralaaq anisikautig- f0/6tPLis4 Xt9˜Ç3J4Lis4 exy- to describe this procedure is niuqti. illuni atauttikkuuqatigiliq&uniuk qaat- JA¬1m5 ci3usbq5 „/6Lt4 x7m Yes, these are traditional practices, uarmat iminga. Imingaguuq akunilijju- jl4gw1mA h3lzi wm8N whµlQ8- and I get incredible pleasure from taungmat. Tavvali anisingmat taannalu

18 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 q5tx6Lis4 Nd/E8q5tx6Lis4. being a part of this. One would anaanagijaujuq timinga aaqittiaqsi- ˙cw7m b6vmi S?zz•5gc6X5 monitor and feel every tightening matinnasuk&ugu, niungik ununga s=?¬8•5 h3lz•5gc6X5 b6vmi of a woman’s stomach. In our region imanna aaqittiaqsimatiinnasuin- k?ZJ[li¬8•Å6 WZ/3m5 is6t4y- we call these birth contractions silli- naq&ugu sangungatittailimallugu miC6bs˙a1mb bwm8Nwotbs5b- maniq. The contractions are followed ammaluunniit ukpatingik qangattaqtit- wom9li W˙5. ∑ bm0/ W0JyD¬/9- in minute detail; a midwife would tailimallugik aaqittiaqsimatuinnara- M4∫a1mb, dFxQ9M4∫6LAl x7m feel everything as it progressed. suk&ugik qanuilinngittiarungnaqtuq w4WQ/sNh˙a1u1mb ty5tc5b3iz Contraction coming closer together taimanna. Amma kuuttiarniraqtausu- y9omiCw˙aZ5bo µi xi/Ex4O- indicates that birth is imminent, and ungungmingmata una kuuttinaanga oÇzu4 w4fx5 ty4tymJx¬˙a1mb, we would just watch for the water to surak&uni aaqittiaqsimanngittara- y9omiCw˙a1mb. y9omvb1iz w4W- come. The woman in labour could angamik atausianngittumik kuuttiaqsi- Q/s5txCh˙a1uJ6, xfMwo6X9ox- check for the water too, but my aunt’s majumik qaujisimajunga irnivingmi Ûbz bwm w3i/Ex4O7mE4S6, x7m normal practice was to keep check- irnillutik piringatitauluaraaluk&utik wuz cspngw8NExco6S6 w7ui4 ing for the water and then break it, anisilluni nutaralaaq kuuttinga surak- ∫8N cspnD1N3uJ6 wk4 ryxi4 as the membrane was low enough &uni naka&&uni. Ii anaanangata bw4fxo w3iy4¥c5Q9lA x5bZ w3i- to reach. Once the water broke, the aaqittiaqsimannginninganut. Anaa- y4¥ctQi6ÙEc5b6ymZ4f cspnc5- baby would be born immediately, nangalu aaqittiaqsimakpa taimannaili- b6LiQ5 wuz xhw˜4 b=?D3m5 along with the release of the amniot- gajanngittiaq&uni, suuqaimma taanna çgw8NExo4 x4gD1N6y1mA ç6Lis4 ic fluid. The water often holds the nutaralaaq angijualuungmaugaluaq b?o kbC˜6 xiyvstQ9li xbs5- process back. aniliqtuq tavvanngat timimit, aaqqit- t4ƒctQo6Lis4 çgx3m5 wuz. Once the actual birth begins the tiaqsimajjutigijariaqarutigiluaqtanga wuzÅ6 xfio0Jbs1m5. b=?o xi- midwife will tend carefully to the anaanagijaujuq taanna, tamarmik y1m5 ∫8Nl xˆNQ/sJ6 tuz woman. She makes sure that her qanuiqunagik, nutaralaarlu taanna ≈e5tx6ymt8Nh4LA, isq4 skz legs are not in a crooked position ammalu anaananga. Qanuinngittiaq- wm8N ≈e5tx6ym†8Nhw8N6LA na- and that her buttocks are not ele- tuinnauqullugik aaqittiaqtittisimana- zt5bwom9lA x7m¬8•5 s4Xtq4 vated — this ensures that she will susuungujut inuit. cz5b6t5bwom9lQ4 ≈e5tx6ymg- be well. The traditional term w8NCh4LQ4 ckwo8q5txD1N6g6 kuuttiaq refers to the woman’s hip Tamalik: Ta ikkuat arraangilli bwm8N. x7m ƒ5tx3iC6bs˙a1u1mb breaking. I am aware of more than sujauqattalauqpat? sN ƒ5tˆz hC4Li ≈e5tx6ym8q5- one case of broken hip bones when bÇzu4 xbsyx8q5gu4 ƒ5tx6y- women delivered in birthing cen- Regilee: Taissumanili imanna piqat- mJu4 cspymJz w3iF1u w3i9lt4 tres. I know it is from being bent to taqtuviniit nutaralaaq aningmat nap- WEztbslxÇl4Lt4 xiy9li kbC˜6 one side as the baby comes out — paq&uni miriaqsaqtitaulluni anikaal- ƒ5tz hC4Li NvPLi. ∑ xˆNzb from the mother’s body not being lak&uni, maannauliqturli qaujiqat- ≈e5tx6ym8q8izk5. xˆNzl straightened out. If the mother had taqsimavunga uvanga atuqsimajakkut ≈e5tx6ym4X bwm8NwoZ/8q5tx6- been straightened properly, then it singukkuqujaullunga taima aniliriiq&uni. Li, ˙cw7m ∫8N kbC˜6 xqJx- could have been avoided. In one Tavvuunatuaq qaujisimallugit miriaq- ¬1msZlx6 xio6g6 b=?8z5 case the baby was very large and saqtitauqattaqtuviniit ilaak iggianga tuu5, ≈6r5tx6ym0JtQ/ExcDtQ- then it is even more critical to have qaninga saujaulluni miriaqsaqtitaulluni, lx6bz xˆNQ/sJ6 ∫8N, bm3u4 the mother in a straight position — arraanga tainna aniqullugu. ckwdNQ4, kbC˜3l ∫8N x7ml for the mother’s sake and the baby’s xˆNz. ckw8q5tx6gw8Nsd9lQ4 as well. Tamalik: ammalu sujauqattalauq&utik ≈e5tx6t5tymNh˙aJ5 wkw5. arraangit imanna nutaralaangit kipijau- Tamalik: What was done with the raaniksimatillugit, arraangit igitautuin- bmo4: bw4fx5 x3Çq9o h/sc5- placenta after birth? naq&utik uvvalu qanuq? bMs6X5V Regilee: In the past, once the baby Regilee: Immakallagliguuq ukiukkut Cwro: bw{hmio wm8N Wc5b6gF•5 was born they placed the mother piluaqtumik ijiqtaujjuuminasuqatta- kbC˜6 xi1m5 N2X6Li uEx6n6t- upright and irritated the throat and lauqtugguuq qimminit nirijautitauttail- bs9li xi√9M4Li, µ8Nso6g3o inside of the mouth, causing her to imallutik uirinnikuulisuungunnirma- cspc5b6ymKz s?z xg6ym/4f5 vomit. This would expel the placen- taguuq qimmiit niriqattaraangamik ya4fd/s9lz bwm xio‰6Li. ta immediately. Today, as I have tamakkuningat. Imanna qattaarjuvinir- b=Ngx6 cspym9lQ5 uEx6n6t- experienced myself, we are asked mulluunniit puuq&ugu qungujukti&-

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 19 bsc5b6gF•5 w˜4 w[Qxz ciz to bear down (singukku) and then &ugu taanna qattaarjuk nirijaujjaiq- ns/s9li uEx6n6tbs9li, x3Çz it comes out. But in the past they ti&&ugu uvvaluunniit saullugu, sau- bw8N xid9lA. used the vomiting reflex. jauqattarniq&utik nunaup iluanut aujaugaangat. Taimanna pijauqattaqsi- bmo4: x7ml h/sc5bMs6Lt4 Tamalik: What was done with the mavut. Ningiunnilli tusaumallugu. x3Çq5 wm8N kbC˜q5 rW/sÇi4- afterbirth? Amma qaujimajaunasuqattainnaujaqtut ymt9lQ5, x3Çq5 wQbsgw8N6Lt4 arraanga aningmat ilakuunngikkaluar- s=?l ck6V Regilee: In the old days, particularly mangaaq qamunga qaujisaqtauttiaq&uni in winter, it would be carefully hid- ilakuunngittiaraluarmangaaq. Ullumiu- Cwro: w7mv9M[oÅ6 srs4f5 Wlx6- den from the dogs. It must never be jurli qaujiqattaqsimaliqtakkut arraangani gu4 wp6bs0ÔuNhc5bMs6g[Å6 eaten by dogs as they easily could anitittinasuktuq tainna piugijaalugisu- e7ui5 iE/stbs5bwom9lt4 swE8- develop a taste for human flesh. uringmijara luuktaap pijjusiraluanga iƒo˙a8i3mbÅ6 e7¨5 iEc5bÇzu4 Sometimes people would seal it in nutaralaaq aningmat arraanga aningni- bm4fiz5. wm8N c5∫3JFi3j9¬8•5 an old bucket so that it would not aqtillugu nutaralaaq qaamuaqtaulluni Í6LA daJ4tPLA ∫8N c5∫3J4 be eaten. In summer they would qaanganuaqtaulluni tavvalu arraangalu iE/s0/w6tPLA s=?¬8•5 ns9lA, bury it in the earth. I heard this aniliriiq&uni singulluqujaulluni pijar- ns/sc5b3i6Lt4 kNs2 wlxk5 from my grandmother. Also, they niqtukulusuut taimanna. Irnisiksiil- xs/sÛz5. bwm8N W/sc5b6ymK5. routinely inspected the afterbirth lungali piqattalaurmijunga arraangani iqs8i9o gnsm9lA. x7m cspm/s- very carefully to see if it was all anitittinasungniaraangama naanga aksa- Nhc5bw8Ns/6g5 x3Çz xi1m5 wM- there. They checked inside as well. lirujuijaq&ugu aksuruluanngi&&ugu ƒ8q4vlx3mΩ6 cjz cspn6bs5- I do like the doctors’ practice of aksalirujuallalauq&ugu uattiarun- tx6Li wMƒ8q5txClx3mΩ6. s9l- putting the newborn on the mother’s nguarjungmat sungukkugiaqugakkut usJ3o cspc5b6ymo6b4f5 x3Çzi stomach until the afterbirth is deliv- tavvalu arraanga aniliriiq&uni. Nipin- xit5tNh4g6 bw8N WsQ÷lQ˙E1u/C ered. The afterbirth comes out with ganngittaraangamik pijarniqtullaalu- ¬4∫2 W0JyClxz kbC˜6 xi1m5 more pushing. This is more effective. galuat anititarnirjuumijut. Nipingaju- x3Çz xi1ix6t9lA kbC˜6 çj- When I practise midwifery, I deliver mik suli qaujimalauqsimanngittunga x6bs9li çzkx6bs9li b=?l the afterbirth by making a gentle cir- irnisiksiiqatautillunga. Irnisiksiilluni x3Çzl xio‰6Li ya9ld/s9li cular motion on the woman’s stomach imanna quviagillattaattiarakku taiman- W/3i6gfl˙5 bwm8N. w3iy4¥9lzo for a short time; then I coach her to na irnisiksiiqattarumaluallattaarama Wc5bMs3uJz x3Çzi xit5tNh1- push, and the afterbirth is immedi- ullumiujuq angirraqsimatuinnarlutik irniqattalluattiaqattarmata taimali aullaramik maanili nunattinni 36-nik pinasuarusiqaliraangata aullaqtitauqat- tarmata. Taima 37, 38, 39-nilu ilangillu 40-nik imanna irnisuungungmata aku- nialu aullaqsimallutik irnijariituarma- talu qautuarmat tavvunngaqtaujualu- uliriiq&utik. Taanna utaqqijanga aku- nialuuq&uni angirramingnik irnisu- qattarutik utaqqiniqtaqaqattarajanngit- tiaqtut tainna taima irniniksatik utaq- qijatuarillunijjuk amma angirrarijauju- ni 8-ngiqsuqsimalirama irnisiksiiqa- tauqattaq&unga quviasuttiaqattarmata angirrarijaujuni taanna anaanagijaujuq irnilluni angirraqsimalluni suuqaimma irnisuktuqaliraangat nipiqariaqaqtuqa- suungunngimmat inuqariaqasuungun- ngimmata. Ataatagijaujurlu tavvani- irainuuk&uni nuliangata qanuippal- lianinganik qaujimalluni asuilaak irni- jariirmat nutarangit qaillutik quviasut- tiasuungungmata tainna kajjaarnam-

20 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 ixÇzm ˆz x4noDJw/6LA x4hDl- ately expelled. When it is not stick- mariktut tautuk&ugit. Taimaittuku- x8qPLA x4noDJx9MMs6LA sx5- ing to the inside, this method will luuqattarajarmata isumagiqattaqtara txD8ax3J1m5 ha4fQxdZ4f5 b=?l expel it very efficiently. I have never taanna angirrami irnijukuluuqattalir- x3Çz xio‰6Li. iWz8q5bÇzu4 yet experienced a stuck afterbirth. niqpata quviasuttiaqattarajaqtut ikpigi- W/3i6g9˜lZlx5 xitb3i3ÔuJ5. I enjoy being a midwife very jangillu ikpigijauttiarlutik. Pijaugajat- iWzJu4 ho cspmMs6ym8q5gz much — that was my motivation in tiaqtut taanna tautusuurijara. w3iy4¥cbst9lz. w3iy4¥9li wm8N becoming involved. I feel that women dFxQ9M5∫5txC4f bwm8N w3iy4¥c5- should have the option of giving Tamalik: Uqalimaaqtunut uqausik- bDmlx9M5∫Cm s9lusJ6 xq3C6- birth in their homes. Usually, from saqakkannirjukpit qanutuinnaq ymgw8N3lt4 w3ic5b9lx5txc5b3mb our community, women leave [to isumagijarnik tusaqtauqujarnik. bwmo xs9MCu4 µio kN5t8i #^- give birth in hospital in ] at i4 WNhxDycoÇzb xs9M6tbsc5- 36 weeks gestation, and they deliver Regilee: Iittiaq. Inuittauq nangminiq b3mb. bwm #&, #*, #(-il wM- at 37 to 40 weeks. They are gone ilisimajalialuungmata atuqsimajaqat- q9l $)-i4 wm8N w3i˙a1mb xf- for a long time, and then they go tiarmata tusaumajamingnik sivulingitta ixl xs9M6ym9lt4 w3i/‰gx3mbl home the day after delivering. That pijjusiriqattalauqtanginnik. Ullumik csgx3m5 b=K8z6bsJx¬o‰6Lt4. waiting period is far too long. If atuliqullaktaaqtakkat taikkuat taanna ∫8N sb6r/z xfix¬6Li xq3C- they were able to deliver at home, irnisiksiiniq iluanngijjutaugajuluan- u1i4 w3ihc5bDt4 sb6ri6bcc5b- they would have no waiting period ngimmat amma qautamaaqsiutigijaul- C/8q5tx6g5 bw8N bwm w3ii4nt4 at all. All they do is wait for the luni inungnik suurlu qautamaaqsiutitta sb6r/gxE9li0J4 x7m xq3CE/s- birth when they are away. ilagingmagu qanimmasiunngittiaq&u- Ji *-q6h6ymoCm w3iy4¥cbsc5- I have assisted in eight home niluurmat. Takukkannirumagijallak- b6Lz dFxh5txc5b3mb xq3CE/- deliveries, and they are very joyous taaqtarali inungnik aulatauliqtillugu sJi ∫8N xˆNQ/sJ6 w3i9li occasions. When the mother-to-be ilaak, luuktaallu aanniasiutiillu inuillu xq3C6ym9li ˙cw7m w3ih4gcoÇz5 is giving birth at home, there should atauttikkut piliriqatigiiglutik suurlu iWcExc6gc˙a8q7m5 wkcExc- be no distracting noise — and so no najjinilimaangani taanna najjijuq qau- ˙a8q7mb. x∫bQ/sJ3l b=?•Cw- one should be home. But the dear jisaqtauqattainnarluni aanniavingmi. ˚4Li koxzb ckw2X9oxizi4 father-to-be should be there, check- Qanuinngittiaqpat ilaak irnijung- cspm9li xhw˜4 w3i/‰3m5 kbCq5 ing her every step of the way; and naqsikpat tamaani nunagijamini irnil- cw9lt4 dFxh5tx˙a1mb bw8N v0- then when the delivery has taken luni luuktaallu aanniasiutiillu taakkual- ÷3N7mE4g5 bsg4LQ5. bwmw5gf¬c5- place, their other children should lu inuit ikajuqtigiittiarlutik piniqsaun- bC/3mb whmQc5b6bC ∫8N xq3Cu come back in and join them. It is a ngilutik nallia pinnginniqsaunngilutik w3iJf¬c5bo3i6Xb dFxh5txc5b- very heartwarming scene. I feel that tamatuminga takujumajaqattiaqtunga, C/6g5 w4WQ/q9l w4WQ/s5tx3lt4. with home births you get this kind suqquiqtaksarigaluaqpangma. Taanna W/sZ/5tx6g5 ∫8N bsg˙E/C. of emotional experience, and it is pijutuunngiluni tamarmik ingirraqa- shared with others. tigiiglutik irnisiksiiniq tamanna qauji- bmo4: scoµ6gk5 scsy4nc4v8i3- majauttiarma inungni amma ilittari- J4W5 ckgw8N6 whmQ/3i4 gn6b- Tamalik: Do you have anything aqallaktaaq&utigut makkungniqsauju- sd/3i4. you’d like to add? tigut qanuq irnisiksiisuungungmangaata inuit. Ii, pinasujjaanngikkutigut qauji- Cwro: ∑5tx6. wkw5bs6 N1ui6 Regilee: Yes, very much so. Inuit manngittualutuinnaujariaqaliqtugut woym/ox¬1mb xg6ym/c5tx3mb have knowledge that they have tusarasukpagluta ammalu ilittumaluta gnsm/u1i4 yKoq5b W0JyEc5b- acquired by much experience and pijariaqaqtugut arnauluta suuqaimma Ms6bq8i4. s9lu4 xgod9M4∫6b4v5 traditions passed on from their atuinnaujarattigut tamanna najjiniq bw4fx5 ∫8N w3iy4¥i6 wlx8q0- ancestors. In modern times I wish najjilijattuinnaaluugatta arnatigut, ilaak JbsZJlx8q7m5 x7m csbµ6yst- that it would be acknowledged that qiturngasuittuunngittaraangamik Q/s9li wk1i4 ˙3l csbµ6yst5b birthing is not a sickness, but is instead tamakkuat inuit najjiliijattuinnaungma- wMQ1mA ci7mys8q5tx6Li¬3m5. very much a part of everyday life. ta qaujimajaqariaqattiaqtuit. Ii amma bf4v8iDmQ/9M4∫6bCo wk1i4 xsM- I would love to see Inuit attending arnait nilliajjuumikkanniriaqallaktaara- bso6t9lA w˜4, ¬∫9l ≈8ixys†9l to births once again. Doctors and sugijakkat taassuminga irnisiksiiqatta- wkw9l xbs5t4f5 WoEctŒ[lt4 ˙3l nurses and Inuit could work together rumajariaqallaktaarasugijakkat, qauji- N0pioµzi ∫8N N0pJ6 cspn6b- throughout the woman’s pregnancy, majungaugaluaq inuit ajunngittualuu- sc5bw8N3li ≈8ixF1u. ckw8q5- and she could get regular checkups galuaq&utik uvanga pilaguulajungna- tx6X5 w˜4 w3iJ1N6y4X5 bµi at the nursing station. If the preg- luanngimmata kisianik qaujimaliqtun-

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 21 kNQ/ui w3i9li ¬4∫9l ≈8ixy- nancy is normal and she is cleared gali uvanga nangminiq qaujimaniqal- s†9l ∫4fx9l wkw5 wvJ6tŒ5tx3- to give birth in her community, the laktaaqtut qaujimaniqallaktaarmata lt4 Wi6ns8qlt4 N9ox W8q8- doctors and nurses and Inuit should inuit. Qaujimajallaktaaraaluanik iman- i6ns8qlt4 bmguz bfJm/c5t- work together as equals. That is my na ilinniarnirminiunngittuq atuqpallia- x6gz, h6fw6b4nEZlx6X1m. ∫8N vision. No one person would carry jamingnut amma tusaumajangit malik- WJ©8qli bm3u4 wq3CctŒ[lt4 it out on their own, but instead they &ugit atuq&unijjuk tukisilirivalliallu- w3iy4¥i6 bm8N cspm/s5tx3m all would move forward together. nijjuk. Tukisinaqtuksauvungaugaluaq. wk1i x7m wo5bExc9M4∫6LtA5 Inuit have extensive knowledge of Ii tavvali uqausirijumaluanngaaqtara m4f1i6nsJtA5 ck6 w3iy4¥˙a1- delivering babies, and there is much tamakkunanngallu apiqsukkanniqat- mΩb wkw5. ∑, WNh0÷8q4ftA5 for the younger generations to learn tarungnarajallaktaaqtagut innaujunik cspm8q5gxlgw8Ns/Exco6gA5 about the Inuit way of birthing. If irnisiksiiqattalauqtunik. Inuit inutuqavut gnCh4X[lb x7ml wo5gmlb W/E- we don’t try we will never gain that sukkalijualungmik inuujungniiqpallia- xc6gA5 x3Nslb ˙cw7m xgw8Ns- knowledge, and so we should listen lirmata arraaniulauqturluunniit tavva /C5tA5 bm8N N0pi6 N0po/5gw8- and be open to learning — especial- 1999-mi innavut 8-ngummariktut ˆ¬Z5b x3NtA5, w˜4 eg3zhw5- ly women, as pregnancy is a part of tamaani inuujungniilaurmata tusara- ©8q5bÇzu4 bm4fx5 wkw5 N0pø- nearly every woman’s life. As long sugiaqallaktaaliqtugut tamakkuningat /5gw8Ns1mb cspm/cExc5tx6gw5. as a woman is not infertile, she will qaujimajariaqaqtattinnik irnisungniin- ∑ x7m x3Nw5 i9ox0Ôu4v8iExc9M4- be experiencing birth and must naunngittumik qiturngaqarnirmiglu ∫ChQ/4v5 ∫{huz w3iy4¥c5bDm/- have the appropriate knowledge. qiturngaqausirmik uiqausirmik saki- Ex c9M4∫ChQ/4v5, cspmJzsZlx6 I think women must also be more qausirmik makunanik ilagiingnirmik wkw5 xJ8q5gx¬Zlx6Lt4 s?z vocal about giving birth in their com- nilliakkanniqujillaktaaliqtunga tamanna WMÅMJ1Nlx8q7mb ryxi4 cspm- munities. It used to be that they didn’t taakkuat atauttikkut ingirrajariaqallak- o6gzo s?z N1ui6 cspmic9M4- have the courage to say “Let me do taalirmata ullumiujuq nilliajaunngilu- ∫6g5 cspmic9M4∫3mb wkw5. cs- it,” but I myself have seen that Inuit alirmata ilaak nilliajauvalliajuugaluat pm/9M4∫Çlxi4 wm8N wo8ix3i3ui- have a profound understanding of nillialutigulu amma ilisaijjutigijaulutik s8q5g6 xg6X9ox/u1k5 x7m gn- birthing. Their knowledge does not pijaujariaqarasugillaktaaliqtakkat. Ii sm/q5 mo4LQ5 xg6Li0J4 gryoE- come from formal education, but tamajja uqausirijumaluaquulauqtakkat. ?9ox9li0J4. gryN6g4nsKzsZlx6. instead from gradually acquired ∑ b=?o scsyEJmlx8Ω6bC bm4- experience and by following wise Tamalik: Qujannamiigli. fN8z9l xW6h4v8ic5bD1NC/9M4∫6- advice. This is my main message. bA5 w8NsJi4 w3iy4¥c5bMs6gi4. I hope we get some more infor- Regilee: Ii, ivvilu ai. wkw5 wkgcK5 h4voJxl1u4 w˚J1- mation about midwifery from the •6X9oxo3mb x3ÇisMs6g3¬8•5 b=? interviews we are planning with elders. !(((-u w8NK5 *-a7mE4g5 bµi Our elders are dying off very quickly: w˚J1•Ms3mb gnChQxc9M4∫o6gA5 in 1999 alone we lost eight elders in bm4fiz5 cspm/Exc6b5t8i4 our community. We must reach out w3ih1•8Ns8q5gu4 eg3zc3i3u[l to our elders and listen to what they eg3zcsy3u4 swcsy3u4 nrcsy3u4 have to say — and not just about mfNi4 wMŒ1i3u4 i9ox4v8idp9M4∫- midwifery, but also about raising o6gz bm8N ∫4fx5 xbs5t4f5 wq3- children, principles of marriage, in- C/Exc9M4∫o3mb s9lusJ6 i9ox/- law kinship, and kinship in general. s8qlxo3mb w˜4 i9ox/s?9oxÔZ- These things all go hand-in-hand lx5 i9oxltAl x7m wonw0JtQ/- and we do not often hear about them. slt4 W/s/ExcChQ9M4∫o6b4v5. ∑ There is a trend to speak of these bm0/ scsyEJmlx∂Ms6b4v5. things, but they must be heard more and there must be instruction bmo4: d/8N¨[o. provided on these topics. These are the main things I wanted to share. Cwro: ∑, w=Fl xw. Tamalik: Thank you.

Regilee: Yes, you too.

22 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 w3iy4¥i3j5 scs¥5 Midwifery Terms Irnisiksiinirmut Uqausiit u4Ox6 umbilical cord mik&iaq ya9l4g6 bear down (with stomach muscles singulluktuq only, not diaphragm) ya4fd/sJ6 guided to bear down singukkuqujaujuq w[ox6\w9ox6 uterus igliaq/illiaq yrEymJ6 obstructed birth canal (by placenta sikirisimajuq or other) w3iy4¥p midwife/birth companion irnisiksiiji x3Ç placenta/afterbirth arraa mJCwi6 fetus tries to exit upwards majurainiq w?l caribou sinew (used to tie cord) ivalu NXJ6\N2XzJ6 birth postion: upright on knees napajuq/nappangajuq i3CMJ6 birth postion: supine nirralajuq N9MzJ6 niC4f5 birth postion: lying down on one side nallangajuq sanirakkut f0/Exo4 f0/z8q5g6 breech kujjarialik kujjanganngittuq vs6t6bsJ6 manual uterine sweep (to release kauqtiqtaujuq retained afterbirth) Also when two fingers are used to measure dilation xi=Fz birth canal anivvinga dw~od/sJ5 told not to hold urine back (keep quisaaliqujaujut bladder empty in order to keep muscles free of tension for easy delivery) w3iJ1Nwo6vJ6 labour stopped in progress irnijungnailiqqajuq hDw/6bsJ6 mucous removed from nostrils and suruijaqtaujuq mouth uEx6n6tbsJ6 vomit reflex used to expel afterbirth miriaqsaqtitaujuq (traditional only) w[J6v6 blood clot from womb igjuqqaq sd vernix uqu ∂6v6 vagina quuqqaq wk6g6 prematurely delivered inuqtuq szbs5tJ6 overdue ungatauttijuq d2W6DtJ6 crowning quppirutijuq W[o6∫6 soft spot of infant’s head (fontanelle) pigliqtaaq y9omJ6 contraction sillimajuq ¥6g6 heartburn siiqtuq d6h6tymJ6 jaundiced qusuqtisimajuq hz6 bile sungaq wu6 colostrum imiq w7j4 breast milk immuk wuz çExo4 break the amniotic fluid (by pinching) iminga qaarialik wuz c[o1mΩ6 checking for amniotic sack bulging iminga qaglingmangaaq wpx¬÷6g6 amniotic sack is bulging out (the ijialuujaaqtuq time when water either breaks or is broken by pinching) isZ6-\krzi cht5tJ6 to rub/massage niugaq-/nukingani qasutittijuq

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 23 Ni9lA gCwMXw5 GxqJ3Jx6 raa÷6g6 s=?l dmDxl4\dW3D6 s/C8a6ymJgc6H ttC6bz ACw/7 ÷1

FINDING THE GIANT TRILOBITE by Graham Young

NANILLUGU TURAILAPAIT (Angijurjuaq kingungujaaqtuq uvvalu qumarualuk/qupirruq ujarannguqsimajutuqaq) Titiraqtanga Graham Young

∫8N ACw/7 ÷1 WoEpsJ6 µi©Xu Dr. Graham Young is Associate Curator Taanna Graham Young pilirijiujuq bf/4nc3Fxl7u bf/4ni4 s/Cc6gi4 of Geology and Paleontology at the Manitobami Takujaksaqarvialummi ßmJFi6bc6gi[l s/C8a6ymJi4 Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature takujaksanik ujaraqaqtunik uumaju- bf/Z4nos6tscbs9li. viniqtaqaqtuniglu ujarannguqsimajunik In the summer of 1998 I was fortunate takujagaksaliuqtiuqataulluni. xs/st9lA !((*-u cspn6ti to be one of a group of scientists wMscbsZm d/oKz NiyZ5b that discovered a remarkable fossil Aujautillugu 1998-mi qaujisaqtini gCwMXw5tu4 s/C8a6gFi3u4 near Churchill, Manitoba (Kuugjuaq). ilauqataugama qujalivunga nanisigatta sW8N6gxl1u4 ƒ0Jx3u µi©Xu. It was a very large trilobite, an ancient turailapaittimik ujarannguqtuvinirmik gCwMXw5 xqJ3JxaJ6 Ni/K5, creature that lived in a tropical sea. upinnaqtualungmik Kuujjuarmi Mani- ßN6gusbs9li bEsMs6ymJu. In the distant past, before the tobami. Turailapait angijurjuangujuq bw5hmigc3Jx6, wkw5 yK9og- earliest ancestors of Inuit lived in nanijavut, uunaqtumiutaulluni tariu- c7mEq5 b=?st8NQ5, wkw5 kNQ/- the arctic, the land that is now the lauqsimajumi. gcq5 bm8N x0ps8q5g7mEsMs6- Inuit homeland was a very different Taitsumanituqarjuaq, Inuit sivullitu- ymK6. x?tz ßNJ1i6n7mEsMs6- place. The climate was much warmer qammaringit tavvautinnagit, Inuit nuna- ym1m5; x7m¬8•5 bw5hmiu5 WQx3- than today; in fact since the earliest gijatuqangit tamanna ajjiunngittumma- isMs6gu5 xuhw6b6Li xy0p6- times it has changed often, and the riulauqsimavuq. Avatinga uunajungniq- ymJcw8N6XMs3m5 x?tu, x7ml kN land itself has moved around over sammariulauqsimangmat; ammaluunniit ˚c5bMs6Lil yM3Jx2 çz•5g6 the earth’s surface. I have seen evi- taitsumanimit pigiarniulauqtumit ami- kN ˚2X4Li. s?z bm8N bfc5- dence of this every summer for the suiqtaq&uni asijjiqsimajuqainnaqpalaur- b6ym?C NlNw/sti4 bfc5b6Lz past few years while studying rocks mat avatimi, ammalu nuna nuuqatta- xs/4f5 cspnEx6g6ym9lz s/C1i4 and fossils near Churchill. At one lauq&unilu silarjuap qaanganiittuq nuna ƒ0Jx2 u4~i. bw5hmixl kN bm8N time this area lay far to the south, nuuppak&uni. Uvanga tamanna taku- sNix¬Ms6ym8i6S6 iQ6Xyxl7u, right on the equator. qattaqsimavara nalunaijautinik takuqat- ci˜acbsMs3i3m5 yei3j5. Our group started to work in the taq&unga aujakkut qaujisariaqtuqsimal- s?A5 WQxMs6SA5 ƒ0Jx3u bsg- Churchill area because there we could lunga ujarangnik Kuujjuap miksaani. A1NC5b bwvi g8˚/i4 s/C1i4 look at limestone that formed along an Ta itsumanialu nuna tamanna unanialu- W8a6tbsMs6gFi3i4 x3ÇAw5 $$% ancient tropical shore, about 445 mil- ulauqsimanniqpuq nigiqpasialummi, u9ox8aJi bw5hmi. bw5hmist9lA lion years ago. At the time a warm qanilaanguqataulaurnirmat siqinirmut.

24 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 sea extended from Qikiqtaaluk Uvagut pigialauqpugut Kuujjuarmi () south to New Mexico. tautugungnaratta taikani satugarnik These rocks are twice as old as the ujarangnik pinnguqtitaulauqtuvinirnik oldest dinosaur. We were studying arraaguit 445 millianngujuni taitsumani. them when we made our discovery: Taitsumaniutillugu uunajuktumik tari- a giant trilobite over 70 cm (28 inches) urjuaqtaqalaurmat pigiaqtumik Qikiq- long, about the size of a seal pup. It taalummit tiki&&unilu taununga is probably the largest example ever Amialikait aviktuqsimajunginnut New found of this group of fossils. Mexicuuniraqtaujumut. Ujarait tamak- Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature What is a trilobite? During the kuat marruulluarmik pituqauniqsauvut Paleozoic Era, about 545 to 250 mil- pituqaulaangujumit tainisuunguniraq- lion years ago, trilobites were common taujunit. Taakkuat ujarait qaujisaq&u- animals in the oceans. They were tigut upinnaqturjuarmi nalunaiqsivugut: arthropods (joint-legged animals turailapaittimik ujarannguqsimajumik without backbones), distantly related takitigijumik 70 santamitat ungataani to crabs and insects. They had a com- (suurlu 28 insas ungataani), suurlu plicated body design, with many legs, anginiqaq&uni nattiaqtitut. Taimait- and compound eyes similar to those tuujunit taanna angilaangunasugijauvuq sN gCwMXw5, Ni/sMs6S6 cspn6ti5 of modern flies. nanijaulauqsimajuni. ƒ0Jx2 cizi µN©Xu, x7ml xq˜aK6 Although all trilobites lived in the Tamakkuat qallunaatitut turailapait- Ni/sJi5 bwmw5gi5. ∫4fx5 ßm?Ms6S5 sea, there were many species, and they tinik taijaujut sunallariuvat? Taitsuma- bwi˙5 yK8i7mEslq8i. lived differently: some were free- nialu arraaguit 545 miliannit 250 mil- This trilobite, discovered by scientists near swimming predators, some scavenged iannut tariurmi taimaittuqauqatta- Churchill Manitoba, is the largest known for dead plant and animal material lauqpuq. Niuqaq&utik siiquqaq&utik example of these ancient creatures that lived in the bottom mud, and some floated kisianik qitiqajaaratik imannalu kujapi- long before dinosaurs. on the surface in the water, possibly gaqaratik, ilagijaugalaktut pujjuutinut Una turailapait, nanijaulauqpuq eating microscopic plankton. ammalu qumaruanullu (qupirrunut). qaujisaqtinit Kuujjuap qaningani Most trilobites are about one to Timingit aaqiumaniqattiaq&utik, Manitoba-mi, ammalu angilaanguvuq ten centimetres long (about one-half niuqauq&utiglu ammalu ijiqquqtuullu- nanijaujunit. Taakuat uumavalauqput inch to four inches), and will easily tik suurlu niviuvaktitut. dinosaur-it sivunimmarialunginni. fit into the palm of your hand; they Ta marmik taakkuat tariurmiutau- often look like perfect bugs that have lauqput, kisianik ajjigiinngittuqtaqa- been turned to stone. The trilobite we lauqput amisualungnik ammalu ajjigi- ßNJ4gu4 bEs3Jx6bcMs3m5 WQx6- found in Churchill is almost scarily inngittunik iliqqusiqaq&utik: ilangit gu4 er6∫l7u5 trPLil bskz big; at over 70 centimetres long puijjuraqpalauqput anguvak&utik xuxovw5 xF4g6ymJq8k5 is m4y- (28 inches), it looks as though it could uumajunik, ilangillu angujiugatik ƒiC6bsJj5. s/Cw5 bm4fx5 m3Î9l- bite off your hand if it were alive! The tuqungajunik piruqsiarnik uumajuvi- x3u4 Wgcsi6nsK5 Wgcs˜aJu5 biggest complete trilobites found nirnilu nirivalauqput tariup iqqanganit bwi˙aiC6bsJi5. ∫4fx5 s/Cw5 before measure about 40 to 45 centi- marrarmit, ilangillu puktatuinnaq&u- cspn6LtA5 sW8N6g3Jx3u NlNw6- metres (16 to 18 inches) in length. tik imaup qaangagut ammaluqai niri- yKA5: gCwMXw5tu4 s/C8a6ymJu4 Broken pieces of larger trilobites had vak&utik mikittukulungnik takuksaun- brtQJu4 &) n8bub5 sz∫i G˙3l suggested to scientists that the big- ngittunik piruqtunik. @* wn{ sz∫iH, ˙3l xqic6Li gest ones were about 70 centimetres Amisuuniqsangit anginiqalauqput 1 N5tx6tg5. bwmw5©Ji5 ∫8N xq- long, but no one had ever actually santamitamit 10 santamitanut (suurlu ˜aNhQ/sK6 Ni/sMs6ymJi. seen such a fossil before our discovery. insimik napparmik uvvalu sitamait bm4fx5 c9lˆtg5 gCwMXw5ti4 Our group in the Churchill area itsanut tikillugu), ammalu aggangmi bw/sJ5 hN9MEs?5V bw5hmixl was led by Dr. Bob Elias from the tigumiaqtaujungnaq&utik angigijau- x3ÇAw5 %$% uox8i5 @%) uox8k5 University of Manitoba, David Rudkin natik; takullugit qumaruakuluujaaqtut bEs3u bwmw5gcsc5bMs6S6. is- of the Royal Ontario Museum, and qupirrukuluujaaqtut imanna aaqiumat- c6Lt4 ¥dc6Lt4 ryxi4 etc÷Ct4 myself. Bob Elias and I had spent tiaq&utik kisianik ujarannguqsiman- wm8Nl f/WZcCt4, wMQ/sZM4g5 time working in this area in 1996, nikuutuinnaq&utik. Tainna nanilauq- S0Ôtk5 x7ml dmDxk9l GdW3Dk5H. focusing on the fabulous fossil corals tavut Kuujjuarmi kappianammariuvuq tuq5 ≈esmic5tx6Lt4, iscs6- that grew on and between large boul- angiluarninganut; 70 santamitanik

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 25 Lt[l x7ml wp6f6©9lt4 ˙3l ders in the warm, shallow water of takiniqsaulluni (28 insasnik), suurlulu- iFs?4tg5. the ancient sea. Dave Rudkin joined unniit uumagajaqpat aggangnik kiisitu- bm3u4 ∫4fx5 bEs3usbsMs6S5, us in 1998 to search for trilobites, in innariaqaruminarmat nakatsiluni! ryxi4 x0pŒ8q5g6bcMs6S5 xuh- which he is particularly interested. Sivuanili angilaarnik tamakkunanik xl1i4 x7ml x0pŒ8q5gi4 wo6- In the 1980s other scientists had dis- nanisilauqsimajuqarmat 40-mit 45-mut fyc6Lt4: wMq5 Sw0JC6XMs6S5 covered a very large trilobite (about santamitanik takitigijunik (suurlu 16-nit xa?4Lt4 ßmJi4, wMq9l xap- 43 cm long) in the area, and Dave 18-nut insasnik). Taimalu qaujisaqtit sZt4 gdzJi4 WD6yx3i4 ßmJF- hoped to find similar large fossils. nanisijuqalauraluaqput ilanngaqsimaju- i3il iE?Ms6S5 bEs2 w6vzi5 During the first two days at the nik ujarannguqsimajunik taimaittunik m3C3u5, wMq9l S4bgw8N6Lt4 wms2 site he found good trilobite specimens 70 santamitanik takiniqarajaqquuqtu- çzA5 x7mlcw iE?4Lt4 ur5gf- belonging to several species — the nik iluittuugajaqpata, kisianik iluittumik l1i4 bf4ns8q5gi4 WD6gi4. sort of useful material that can tell taimaittumik nanisisimajuqalaunngit- xu˙i6nq5 xqicMs6S5 ! us about what was going on here in tiarmat uvagut sivunittinni. n8bubu5 !) n8bubk5 G˙3l w8yu4 the distant past. Knowing the types Piliriqatigiilauqtugut Kuujjuarmi sivu- N2X3u4 s=?l ybmw5 w5n{k5 tr9lAH, of animals that lived in an area can liuqtiqaq&uta Bob Eliasmik silattuqsar- x7ml x[Z1u tAux6bsJ1N6Lt4 help us to understand the ancient vialummiutaq Manitobami, ammalu xqQ/sNt4; bf9lQ5 dmDxf¬÷6g5 environment, since each has its own David Rudkin taanna Ontariup taku- dW3Df¬÷6g5 wm7N ≈esm5tx6Lt4 kind of habitat and diet. jaksaqarvialunganni pilirijiujuq ammalu ryxi4 s/C8a6ym8iƒgw8N6Lt4. By the third day, Dave was rang- uvanga. Taanna Bob Elias 1996-ngutil- bw8N NiMs6bK5 ƒ0Jx3u v2WxN7- ing far from the rest of the group in lugu tamaani piliriaqalaurmijuq, qini- mEsK6 xqlx3izk5; &) n8bu- his search for trilobites. In the late q&uni piruqsiangujaaqtunik sitijuuqat- bi4 bri6ns9li G@* w8n{i4H, morning he returned, somewhat taqtunik ujaraktitut taikkuat imarmiu- ˙3l¬8•5 ßmZ/6X5 x[Z1i4 ®ygw8- breathless, to where the rest of us taujut (qallunaatitut coral-nguniraq- NExcDuN3m5 Nv5yli¡ yKxio xq- were working. “Do you want to see taujut), piruqattaqtuvinit ujarasugjung- ˜3i4 bm4fNi4 NiyMs6ymJc3m5 something amazing?” he asked. We ni ammalu ujarasugjuit akunninginni $)-u5 $%-j5 n8bubi4 brtQJi4 clambered across the boulder field tariurjuami ikkanirmi uunajuktuviniu- G˙3l !^-i5 !*-k5 w8n{i4H. bwml until we could see what he had found. lauqtumi taitsumanialuutillugu. David cspn6t5 NiyJcMsClx6S5 wM8- z6ymJi4 s/C8a6ymJi4 bwmw5- gi4 &) n8bubi4 bricC/6ƒ6gi4 wlw5©Z/6Xb, ryxi4 wlw5gu4 bwmw5gu4 NiyymJcMs8q5tx3m5 s?A5 yKi5t8i. WoEctŒMs6gA5 ƒ0Jx3u yKo- s6tc6Lb Ù2 wMw/{u4 yM5g6n3F- xl7usb6 µi©Xu, x7ml bw?5 C5r8 ∫8N x8tEs2 bf/4nc3Fxlz8i Wo- EpsJ6 x7ml s?z. ∫8N Ù2 wM- w/{ !((^-at9lA bµi WoExc- Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature Ms3uJ6, ei6Li WD6yxa÷6gi4 ytÔc5b6gi4 s/C4tg5 bw4fx5 wm3usbsJ5, WDc5b6gFi5 s/Ch[- J1i x7ml s/Ch[Jw5 xf8iq8i bEs3Jxu w4vi3u ßNJ4gFisMs6- gu bw5hmix¬t9lA. bw?5 C5t8 ∫8N wMQoMs6bK5 !((*-u ei- Dm9li bm4fNi4 gCwMXw5ti4 dW3- Dx¬÷6g5 raw5, bm4fNi4 cspn- c5bDm?4vu. !(*) xg6t9lQ5 cs- pn6t5 xyq5 NiyJcMs6ymZlx3mb xqJxl1u4bs6 GbrtQJu4 $# ∫8N nN/symJ6 bf4nst5tJ6 ck6 gCwMXw5 ßmZ/3mΩ6 bEs2 w6vzi. w8n{i4H bwvi5bs6, x7ml bw?5 This reconstruction shows how a trilobite is thought to have looked in its sea-bottom habitat. bwmw5gi4 xqJi4 eiChAmoMs3m5. Taanna sanajausimajuq takuksautittijuq qanuq turailapait uumagajarmangaaq tariup iqqangani.

26 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 Rudkin taanna ilagililauqtavut 1998- mi qinirumalluni tamakkunanik turai- lapaittinik qupirrualuujaaqtut kinguit, tamakkunanik qaujisaqattarumavakka- mi. 1980 atuqtillugit qaujisaqtit asingit nanisijuqalauqsimagaluarmata angijua- lungmiktauq (takitigijumik 43 insasnik) taikanittauq, ammalu David taimaittunik angijunik qinirasugumalilaurmat. Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature Ullunik sivullipaanik marruungnik taikani qinirvittinni, nanisilauqpuq piujualungnik ajjigiinngittunik — suurlu tukisijjutiginasugungnaqtavut qanuittuqalauqsimangmangaaq tamaani taitsumanialuutillugu. Suurlu qaujisar- nikkut qanuittunik uumajuqalauqsi- mangmangaaq tikisivaalliqtitaujung- ∫8N gCwMXw5tFi6 wMz so4bsymMs3m5 ngZ3j5 sC/1j5. naratta qanuittuulaurninganik avati A covering of limestone partially hid the trilobite. taitsumani, ajjigiinngittuit ajjigiinngit- Taanna turailapaittiviniq ilanga uliktausimalaurmat satugarmut ujarangmut. tunik uumaviqasuungungmata ammalu niqiqasuungullutik. Ullungani pingajuani, David tainna s9li4 yK9oÙi4 m3Î1i4 bwvi We scientists try to approach our ungasiktumuakkannilauqpuq qinirasu- ei3F5t8i, NiyMs6S6 WsJxl1i4 work in a careful and unemotional k&uni tamakkunanik turailapaittinik. x0pŒ8q5gi4 — ˙3l gry0JtQNh- way, but what we saw was over- Ullurumitarnauliqtinnagu utilauqpuq A1N6bK5 ckw5gcMs6ym1mΩ6 whelming: protruding from under a pilirivvittinnut ijjannguqquuq&uni bµi bw5hmix¬t9lA. ˙3l cspn3- limestone bed was a trilobite tail much apirillunitigut, ”Takujumavisi upinnaq- i4f5 ckw5gi4 ßmJcMs6ym1mΩ6 larger than any we had seen before. turjuarmik?”. Maliliqtavut taavunga try¿9o6tbsJ1NC5b ckw5©Ms3- When weather conditions per- ujaraqarnikkut takujaqtuq&uta izi4 x?t bw5hmi, x0pŒ8q5gw5 mitted, we began to excavate the sunaungmangaaq. x0pŒ8q5gi4 ßmFc˙a1mb x7ml specimen — heavy quarrying with Uvagut qaujisaqtiujutigut aksuruq- iec˙a9lt4. hammers, wedges, and pry bars. We pakpugut ujjiqtuttiarasuqattaq&uta s9lzi WzJxi, bw?5 bw8N slowly peeled away the covering lime- ammalu uimmaktailinasuqattaq&utalu, szy4gjx4v8iMs6S6 eiCh4Li stone to reveal the fossil: a huge, kisianik takujavut upinnaqturjuangu- bm4fNi4 gCwMXw5ti4. s9lDub3- nearly complete trilobite in much laurmat uimmagutigililauqpavut: nui- Nso6t8NA stMs6S6 WoE=F5t8k5 better condition than we could have tajuq ujarangmit taimaittumik turaila- w0/8a6ƒ6Li xWE9litA5, “bfJm- possibly hoped. paittiup pamiunga nuitajualu anginiq- Fy sW8N6g3Jx3u4V”. moo6bK5 This creature belongs to the genus sammariunniq&uni takulauqsimajat- ∫Kz s/Cc3i4f5 bf/6g6Lb Isotelus, and probably plowed through tinnit. hNs1mΩ6. the mud on the sea-bottom. Shaped Taima silattauniqsaulituarmat, piiq- s?A5 cspn6tsJtA5 x4hD6X4SA5 something like the blade of a skin- sigiarasulilauqpavut ujarait naka&&ugit s0p6g5txChc5b6Lb x7ml sw7m4- scraper, a good shape for movement kautarnut piiqsijjutinullu asinginnut. bwoNhc5b6Lbl, ryxi4 bf/K5 in sediment, its eyes protruded from Sukkai&&uta piiqpallialilauqtavut uja- sW8N6g3JxaMs3m5 sw7mAtQoMs6- the top of the head enabling it to see ranga qaarijanga taanna uumajuviniq XK5: kwbJ6 s/C1u5 bwmw5gu4 even when partly buried in mud. Also, tautungnaliq&uni: angijualuk turailapait- gCwMXw5ts2 Xusz kwbJxl we have found fossilized trackways at tiujuq ujarannguqsimattiaqtuq piuniq- xqi6n7mEs8i6Li bfMs6ym/5- this site indicating that similar trilo- sammariullunilu niriugilauqtattinnit. t8i5. bites were crawling across the mud. Taanna nanijavut ilagijauvuq Isotelus- bwm yM5bsi6nsogx3m5, „6yQ- It either scavenged, or ate sediment- nguniraqtaujunut, ammalu tariup iq- xChoMs6XK5 s/Cw5 NvPLQ5 vs- dwelling worms and shrimp. qangani marrakkuuqattaqtiuqquulauq- b3k5 „6y0Jtk9l xyq8k5. h4vwPLb During excavation the fossil broke puq. Kiliutaujaaqtitut saliguungujaaq- „6X9oxoMs6bK5 s/Cz çE/z under its own weight into four large tititut timiqaq&uni, ingirrattiarung- ∫8N ßmJFi6 bsg1No6Li: xqJ- pieces, along with dozens of smaller naq&uni marrakkut, ammalu ijiqar-

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 27 xl4 gCwMXw5tsJ6 s/C8a6ym5- tx6g6 Wsi6n7mEs9lil iEs- QMs6b5t8i5. ∫8N Ni/K5 wMQ/sK6 whbM{- aiC6bsJk5, x7ml bEs2 w6vzi m3C4ƒc5b6ts6ƒMs6S6. rosbs- ÷6tg5 noÅa÷6ttg5 tuc6Li, wq3C5txD1N6Li m3C4f5, x7ml wpc3i6Li kwzJ1N6gi4 m3C3u5. x7ml NiyymQKA5 bw4fx5 bwmw5- Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature gw5 ur8i6nq5b x6ftQ/Clxq8i4 m3C4f5. w7mç iEc5bMs6S5 NiJ1- N6bu1i4 s=?l m3C3usb3i4 fm1i4 ra1il iEc5bMs3i3mb. „6 yNh4t9lb sdmwizk5 ∫8N NvMs3m5 xF4g6ym9li ybmk5 xqi6nk5 x7ml xuhi4 ur5gi4 çE/Fizi4 xF4g6ymJflc6Li. sdmw5g7mEsJ5 x[/Ms6bK5 w8N6 „Ch4LA ∫8N gCwMXw5t vsb3j5 ©C˜3j9l. mJC6LA x7ml s/Cc3i4f5 Wh4Lb Excavating the trilobite with hammer and chisel. r˜ub N2Xzi bwfz kNystj5. Piirasuk&ugu taanna turailapait kautarmut tuuralaarmullu. ∫4fx5 xF4g6ymJ5 Í6bs5txMs6S5 t1u˙4f9l xs9M6tbs9lt4 swiX- w1j5, x7ml swiXw1u bf/4nc3F- pieces of shell. We carried each heavy niq&uni nuingajungnaqtunik marrarmit. xl7u ≈e4h6bsMs6S5 wlw5©4v8- piece up a scarp and over a half- Ammalu nanisisimagivugut taikkuat iod9lA. kilometre of rough ground to the taimaittuit mikinniqsangitta aqqutigi- ˙6 bm8N Niyym8iK5 W7mEs?V truck. The pieces were crated, trans- jaraluanginnik marrakkut. Immaqaa ∫8N W7mEQ/sK6 wMQ/s8i3m5 cs- ported to Winnipeg by air, and re- niriqattalauqput nanijungnaqtaming- pn6ti5 cspm/sMs8q5gi4, x7ml assembled at the Manitoba Museum nik uvvalu marrarmiutarnik kumang- n6rymizk5 yˆaMs6gFi3u s/- of Man and Nature. nik kingungnilu niriqattalaurnirmata. Cc3ic6gu Wgc3JxÇl1u. ˙3lÅ6 Why is this find significant? This Piiqsinasuktilluta uqumaininganut Ù7agw8N6Li wiQ?4bClx3ui k6- trilobite is important because it is a taanna nakalaurmat aviktuqsimalluni v6LilÅ6 gd1m5 xsMbsNil bw- member of a species previously sitamanut anginiqsanut ammalu amisunik mz i5 x3ÇAi4 $$% uox8i4. unknown to science, and because it mikittunik qaarijavininganik aviktuqsi- bwµ4 xqtQJ6 sW8NClx6S6 occurs at significant ancient rocky majukuluqaq&uni. Uqumaittummari- dmDx6tg5, dW3D6tg5 s=?l S0Ô- shoreline site. It was apparently in the ujut agjalauqtavut innaq majuraq&ugu ttg5 tuccbsZu whm8N3m5 ck6 same place where it had stopped crawl- ammalu ujaraqarnikkut pisuk&uta xqtQJ1N3iq5 ∫4fx5 tuq5. cs- ing and died 445 million years ago. kilaamita nappangani taikunga nuna- pmJw8NsKA5 wkw5 x0pŒ8q˙a1mb A trilobite of this size raises siutimut. Taakkuat aviktuqsimajut wMq5 xqi6ns9lt4 wMq9l ur- questions about the structural limits puuqtauttialauqput tingmisuukkullu i6ns9lt4. ryxi4 ˙3l bfZ/D5b of the general body design that it aullaqtitaullutik Winnipegmut, ammalu xqi6nu4 bfMs6ym8qb5t8i4, ˙3l shares with insects and crabs. We all Winnipegmi takujaksaqarvialummi aaqik- wk4Xh[ÔiC6bsJu4 si4√6bs?4gu4 know that people vary in size, with- suqtaulauqput iluittuukkanniliqullugu. bfZ/D5b whmZ/C5b wµ4: ckxl4 in a particular range. But if we were Suuq tamanna nanisisimannivut bwmw8NtQ WDD1N6XV ck6 wtZq5 to see someone much larger than pimmariuva? Taanna pimmarigijauvuq isq9l bwµtQ sdmwtQJj5 g8z- normal — someone the size of the ilagijaunnirmat qaujisaqtinit qaujima- FQ/sJ1N6X5 tuj5V ck6 ßmtz legendary giant Inukpasugjuk, for jaulaunngittunik, ammalu saqqisima- t[oD1N6X xs1u4 tuoµzkx6t5- example — we would ask: how is it ninganut sinaangulauqtuvinirmi ujara- tliV possible for him to grow that big? qarniqaqtumi pituqarjuaraalungmi. x7ml ∫8N ßm8i3m5 ßNJ4gu How do his feet and legs support Suurluguuq paanngutuinnaq&uni ini- kNu cii6nsJu yei3j5, bm4fx5 such a great weight? How does his givaktaraluarmini nuqqaq&uniluguuq xqi6nw5 w4®3N6gu kNcCJ1i6- heart pump blood to all parts of his tuqungmat aulataunanilu taimanganit ns˙at9lQ5. bwml ∫8N ßm8iMs6- huge body? arraagunik 445 miliannik.

28 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature

∫8N gCwMXw5t w¬8Nz bf4nst9lA, ryxi ho s/C1j5 iWymJ6. The trilobite uncovered, but still embedded in the rock. Taanna turailapaitti iluunnanga takuksautillugu, kisiani suli ujarangmut nipisimajuq.

S6 ßmJi4 gdCl4gc3Jx6√Ms6t8NA Also, this trilobite was a giant Taimaak angitigijuq upinnaraluaqpuq w˜4 yKi5txflz8i, bw5hmi bwm- that lived very near the equator, qumaruaqtitut, qupirruqtitut uvvalu w5gcMs6t9lA WF[JxacbsMs6S6 even though gigantic animals are pujjuutititut timiqaqataugami isuman- gdCl4gc3is?Ms6gi kN3Jx2 b[- more commonly associated with narmat qanuq angitigijungnarningit ?sioµzi. bw5hmist9lA bwmw5- colder climates. Finally, it lived a taakkuat timingit. Qaujimajuinnauvu- gc3izk5 bw4fxoµ5tx5 gCwMXw5- very short time before the Late gut inuit ajjigiinngisuungungmata tsJ5 gdJoµMs3mb bw4fx5 wMQ- Ordovician mass extinction, one of ilangit anginiqsaullutik ilangillu miki- /sJoµ5 ƒ[Jx3u bwmw5©Jk5, x7ml the biggest extinctions in geological niqsaullutik. Kisianik suurlu takuga- ßmJ5 xyq5bs6 xuh5 gdMs6Lt4. history. This catastrophe caused the jarutta anginiqsamik takulauqsimann- bw5hmist9lA ßmJoµvn5 f/WZc6- disappearance of all trilobites belong- gitattinnik, suurlu Inukpasugjuuniraq- ts8q5©Ms3mb Getc8qPLt4H x7ml ing to the same group as the Churchill taujumik unikkaaqtauvaktumik takuga- bEs3usbsJw8Nsvn4Lt4. xuh5 ka- giant, along with many other kinds jarutta isumagajaratta imaak: Qanualuk Ms6S5, xuh9l bm4fx5 WD˙5 s/Cs- of animals. Most animals at this time taimainnatigi pirurungnaqpa? Qanuq ÷6g5 fxC9-u4 bw/sJ5, x7ml were invertebrates (animals without itigangit niungillu taimaatigi uqumaiti- x[Zs/a÷6g5 u6fos÷6g9¬8•5, backbones) living in the sea. Many gijumut tunngavigijaujungnaqpat tim- w3D6©ts÷6g9l xyq9l ˙3l ka8- groups died out, including types of imut? Qanuq uumatinga tiglirungnaqpa i6Lt4. yf4f5 so4bsJ3JxMs3m5 corals, echinoderms (relatives of star- aungmik timilimaanganuaqtittiluni? ≈KEvs2 wMz ∫8N W0Jbs9li fish and sea urchins), sponges, etc. Ammalu taanna uumannirmat uuna- gdClMs6ym8iq8k5 bw4fx5 bw5- An ice age) on what is now the Sahara juktumi nunami qaniniqsaujumi siqinir- hmi. xsJw5g3Jxk5 bEs3Jx5 wmq5 Desert (that part of Africa then lay mut, tamakkuat anginiqsait ikkiirnaq- yf8a6tbslx6ym8iq8k5, bEs3Jx5 on the South Pole) probably caused tumi nunaqarajungniqsausuungutillugit.

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 29 wmr[oMs6ymK5. wmw9l w4v©Ms6- the extinction. The glaciers froze Taimalu taanna uumannilauqpuq uuma- ymJ5 kagw8NMs6Lt4, x7ml ßmJ5 so much of the world’s water that junik tuquraluktuqarjuaqqaalauqtinnagu w4v5gusbw5 bEs3usbw5 wm3usbw5 ocean levels dropped. Many shallow ilaak sivunittiakulunganni, taitsumani wmc3FcD1•6Lt4. seas dried up, and the animals had taimaittuqalauqtillugu pivigjuanguqa- ∫8N xqJ3Jx6 gCwMXw5 s/C4 nowhere to live. taulauqpuq tuquraluktuqarniuvalauq- bf/4nsK6 µi©Xs2 bf/4nc3Fx- The giant trilobite is now on tuni nunarjuap tagvaunilimaangani. lz8i swiXw1u. xs/s~6gul exhibit at the Manitoba Museum of Taitsumaniutillugu taimaittuqarninga- stC5b cspn4v8iEx6g6Lb ƒ0Jx3j5 Man and Nature in Winnipeg. This nut taikkualimaattiat turailapaittiujut N4nMs6SA5 ∫5hm x0p5txzi4 summer, when we returned to tuqujulimaalaurmata taikkuat ilagijau- nN/symJu4 em4LA bf/4nc3Fzi Churchill to continue our studies julimaat Kuujjuarmi taimaittuujunut, bwvi. ∫4fxtA5 iEs4SA5 r4fgw8- we brought a perfect, full-sized ammalu uumajut asingittauq amisut Nw5 csp¿9oD1N6S5 WMs6ymJi4 copy of the trilobite to the Eskimo tuqulauq&utik. Taitsumaniutillugu sW8N6gi4 bwvi bw5hmixl wk4- Museum. We hope that this will uumajulimaakasat kujapigaqaqtiunn- bcMs6t8NA. help people to appreciate some of gittuulaurmata (qitiqanngi&&utik) the amazing prehistory of the ammalu tariurmiutaujuinnaukasak&u- Hudson Bay region. tik. Amisut nungulauqput, amisullu tamakkuat pirusuut ujaraujaaqtut coral- mik taijaujut, ammalu aggaujangujaaq- tut miqquliujaaqtulluunniit, irruqtuu- tiujaaqtullu asingillu suurlu nungun- niq&utik. Sikukkut uliktaujurjualaurmat Afrikaup ilanga taanna pijjutaulluni tuquralulauqsimanninginnut taikkuat taitsumani. Aujuitturjuanut tariurjuat imangit sikunnguqtitauluaqsimanningin- nut, tariurjuat imakiglilauqsimavut. Imaillu ikkatuulauqsimajut nungutuin- nalauq&utik, ammalu uumajut ikkat- tumiutait tariurmiutait imarmiutait imaqarviqarungniiq&utik. Taanna angijurjuaq turailapait ujarak takujaksauvuq Manitobaup takujaksaqar- vialunganni Winnipegmi. Aujausaaq- tumilu utiratta qaujisakkanniriaq- tuq&uta Kuujjuarmut naksalauqpugut taatsuma ajjittianganik sanajausimaju- mik qimak&ugu takujaksaqarvingani taikani. Taakkuatigut niriukpugut kikkutuinnait qaujivaallirungnaqput pilauqsimajunik upinnaqtunik taikani taitsumanialu inuktaqalauqtinnagu.

30 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 wk4Xh[J4

INUKPASUGJUK

INUKPASUGJUK

bw5hmi wk4Xh4J4bcMs6ymK6. There was once a giant named Taitsumani inukpasukjuktaqalauqsima- xqJ7mEsZuo fmcMs6ymK6 xF8- Inukpasugjuk. He was so big that vuq. Angijummariugamili kumaqalauq- z6tg5 xqtQJi4. bEs3usb3i4 his lice were as large as lemmings. simavuq avinngaqtitut angitigijunik. wcl1i4 wcl4ysc5bMs6SÎ6 He used to fish for salmon (char) at Tariurmiutarnik iqalungnik iqaluksi- rt8a÷aiC6bsJu N5to1usbw5 Kitingijait, a wide and enormous uqattalauqpuruuq kitinngujaanguni- kNgcq8i. rt8a÷4fÅ6 ƒ4bc3m5 ravine in the Nattilik land. Through raqtaujumi Nattilingmiutait nunatu- wtJ7mEsJu4 b[?¬8•5 bsg4gc- the ravine runs a river that is so deep qanginni. Kitinngujaakkuguuq kuuk- Ms6ym8q5g6 N6vzk5. bwviÅ4 that no one can see the bottom. taqarmat itijummariujumik tagvaluun- wk4Xh[J4 wcl4ysc5bMs6S6 Nq6- There Inukpasugjuk used to catch niit tautuktuqalauqsimanngittuq naq- Li ƒ4 x2˜E9lis4. x[Z1uk[Å6 char, standing astride the ravine. qanganut. Taikaniguuq Inukpasugjuk wclw5 tA?Ms6bq5 s/Cs2 x∫- He took the char with his hands iqaluksiuqattalauqpuq nangiq&uni •PLt4, x7ml xqÔbsZlx6Lt4 when they lay under the stones, and kuuk aplaarilluniuk. Aggangminugguuq wclZsiC6XMs6bq5. although they were very big fish he iqaluit tiguvalauqtangit ujaraup ataa- w˜8i4f9l N5t6ysc5bMs6ymK6, called them salmon fry. nii&&utik, ammalu angijuutaugalu- xNsb3u4 tAux6Li bEs3ul wW- Sometimes he caught seals. He aq&utik iqalugauniraqpalauqtangit. Ç6Li. N5†5 Swgx3mb xNs9liQ5 waded out into the sea with a stick Ilaannikkullu nattiqsiuqattalauqsi- xNsb3j5. in his hand and killed the seals when mavuq, anautarmik tigumiaq&uni tari- xbsyx6LiÅ6 x3Fo[Jx3u wWÇ- they bobbed up out of the water, urmilu ipiraaq&uni. Nattiit puituarmata Clx3m5 bEszi bwvi N5tCh4Lil. striking them with his stick. anaullunigit anautarmut. s0pDh5txc5bMs6S6 wk1k5 x7ml Once he waded out at Arviligjuaq Atausiaq&uniguuq Arviligjuarmi ckwosDmNQ9l, tAc5bMs6bq5 as usual to catch seals. ipiraaraluarmat tariungani taikani nat- bw4fx5 yˆu kNc6gw5 k4t6LQ5 He was always very careful with tirasuk&unilu. Ujjirusuttiaqattalauqpuq er6bc6gj5 kNk5 S6gi6nk5. humans and always afraid of doing inungnut ammalu qanuiliurumanagillu, xbsyx6LiÅ6 Sw0JÇExcMs3m5 them harm, and therefore he used tiguqattalauqtangit taikkuat sinaami wm4f5 N5tCh4LiÅ6, ryxi4 m9oo- to move those that lived on the low, nunaqaqtuit nuktiq&ugit qikiqtaqaq- s3i6LiÅ6 wk1i[l bEs3j5 wµ6- flat shores up on the higher islands tumut nunanut puqtuniqsanut. Atau- t5t8i6Li. mo[Jx3u4 in the bay. For it happened once siaq&uniguuq puijjuraariaqalaurmat

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 31 that he had to swim a stroke in order to get at a seal, and it had made a wave so enormous that it washed people out into the fiord. That wave went far in over all the land in the vicinity and washed quantities of fish up onto the shore. It is those we now find as fossils and use as wick trimmers for our lamps. There are all kinds of small fish: kanajuqqat (small sea scorpions) ijituut, (small cod with large eyes) kinnguit (stickle- backs) iqalukkat (salmon fry), uuqaluit kNjx6gcMs3m9¬8•5 xqJ7mEsJu4 (cod) and many other kinds... wclcs6gi4 kNjx6bsJxlw5 imakkut nattirasuk&uniguuq, kisianik wclw5 ∫4fxl s9lu bsg4X4bK5 This extract from the story of malliliurniq&uniguuq inungniglu tari- s/C8a6ymJ5, x7ml d9o5b mi6- Inukpasugjuk comes from The urmut imaaqtittinniq&uni. Maligjuarmik bq8k5 Nvy0JtosDtQ?o6bK5. xu- Netsilik Eskimos: Social Life nunamuaqtuqalaurmalluunniit angi- hi4 x0pŒ8q5gi4 wclc6S6 xq- and Spiritual Culture by Knud jummariujumik iqaluqauqtunik nuna- lx8q5gi4, ˙3l vNJ4v5, wp©5 Rasmussen. GßZw5 wp6f6gJ5H, r8aw5, wcl4v5, muaqtaujualuit iqaluit taakkualu ullu- ßclw9l x7ml xyq8i4 xuhi4 mi tautukpaktavut ujarannguqsimajut, Wbc6S6... ammalu qullitta maniqtanginnut naka- sijjutiliurutigivaliqtavut. Amisunik bm8N si4√aymJ6 wk4Xh[J1u4 ajjigiinngittunik iqaluqaqpuq angiluan- scoµZ3u8Ω6ymJ6 ei6ts2 fk ngittunik, suurlu kanajukkat, ijituut Ç{jn8is2 ttC6bz8i bw/sJu (uugait ijiqquqtujut), kinnguit, iqalukkat, N5to1usbw5 wkw5: wo6fyq5 uuqaluillu ammalu asinginnik x7ml s4WE/gcq5. amisunik pitaqaqpuq...

Ta manna unikkaangusimajuq inukpasug- jungmik uqalimaagarminngaaqsimajuq qiniqtiup Kunuup (Knut Rasmusseniup) titiraqtanganni taijaujumi Nattiling- miutait Inuit: Iliqqusingit ammalu Ukpirijatuqangit.

tt6gZw5: Bx©3 √7S9 Illustrations: Heather Campbell Titiqtugait: Heather Campbell

32 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 NlNw4fb6 E9-1956 /wWt k8zs2 x9Mbq5

E9-1956 by Zebedee Nungak

NALUNAIKKUTAQ E9-1956 Jaipiti Nunngaup allatangit

whxE/sZt4 ˆ7mQ/sZt[l scsb- There has been much negative Isuarijaugatik naammagijaugatiglu uqau- sc5bym7mE2S5 x6ÇAi xiA6gi commentary over the years about tauqattasimammaripput aqraaguni ani- wkw5 s/uc6tbsAtQy/q5 NlN- the Eskimo identification disc num- guqtuni Inuit ujamiqaqtitaugutigisijan- w4fbc6tbsAtQ5hQ5 √Nbs2 v?m- bers system, which the federal gov- git nalunaikkutaqaqtitaugutigitsugit zk5 xg6bsymJ5 !($!-u5 !(&*- ernment applied to Inuit from 1941 Kanataup kavamanganut atuqtausima- j5. cex6yc5bymJ5 grc6tyc5b- to 1978. Its critics have characterized jut 1941-mit 1978-mut. Qaqiaqsiqat- ym7mb s/u8i4 hN5ndbs9lx8q5- ujamiit as one of the degrading instru- tasimajut tukiqaqtisiqattasimammata JysiC6hQ5 c9lˆk5 ~M6√E/sAti ments of colonial domination by ujaminnik sunatsaqutaulluanngitjusiu- wMQ/siC6hQ5 x5pQ/siCo6hQx9˜5 Qallunaat, equating E-numbers with niraqsugit Qallunaanut saalaqqaari- e7¨5 iFz∫q8k5 s=?¬8•5 dog-tags, or prisoners’ numbers. jaugutini ilagijauniraqsugit atjigijauni- tA/smJw5 ry5yAtq8k5. But I have never felt negative raliqsugiallaat qimmiit nivingataangin- s?zo bm4fx s/¨5 whwQlQ5 about these disc numbers. These nut uvvaluunniit tigujaumajuit kisitsi- w2WQMs6ym8qM4v yMt5ti5 W5ht4 were bestowed upon us from out- gutinginnut. s?5tkx6bsymÔZlx5. x5pc8qgu4 side, but are a unique feature of our Uvangali tamakkua ujamiit isuigilu- Ni¬8•5 NlNw6bsAt∫EymZ5tQ5 distinct identity as Inuit. What other git ippigilauqsimanngilakka silatittinit w˚i5ti4. N9oq5 w˚ctŒ5 N7ui9- collective of people has had such pitsutik uvattinuaqtausimajuugaluat. lgEix6bui4 NlNw4fb6∫tbsy- made-to-order icons of identity Atjiqanngitumik naniluunniit nalunaiq- m?5 ∫4fkz ryxi7mE4 wozix6- attached to them, and them only? taugutitaarisimagattigit inuunittinik. gi4V ej5¥5, cj†5, w[lFZw5, Certain symbols of our Inuit identity Nallingit inuuqatigiit namminilluturi- c/w9l NlNw4fbEZ5tQ5 w˚i5tk5 are immediately identifiable to out- niaqtaminik nalunaikkutaqtaatitausi- wobE/s5JtQ5hQ5 b=?wN6 gry- siders: qamutiks, igloos, qayait, and mavat taakkununga kisianimmarik ilin- /sA8Nt9lQ5 yMt5tiusk5. bm4fx government-issued disc numbers! ganiaqtunik? Qimutsiit, qamutiit, iglu- bwm wMQxD8NbK5 v?m4f5 gis- The first Qallunaat who were vigait, qajaillu nalunaikkutarigattigit cym/q8i4 s/u8i4¡ required by their purpose in the inuunittinut ilitarijautjutigitsugit tav- yK9o6XaymJ5 c9lˆ5 WNhxZ3u- arctic to record Inuit names spelled vainaq tukisijaugunnatillugit silatittini- ˚ozJu4 srs6bgu x9MQxc6Xg- them as they heard them. Their miunut. Tamakkua taima ilagiarunna- F•5 wkw5 xtq8i4 WsoxExco6- imperfect ear for Inuktitut steered tavut kavamakkut tuniuqasimajanginnik hQ9l x9MF5ncsti x9MXMs3id5 them in directions as diverse as ujaminnik! g~/ui4 g8zFc6ht4. wk4tg5 sc- their individual backgrounds. The Sivulliqpangusimajut Qallunaat pina- sy3u4 NMs5yyxD8N8q8iuk5 N9ox- fur trader, the clergyman, the suagarminuulingajumik ukiuqtatumi alla- kgw8N6 x0pŒo8qg7mExlMs6ym- policeman, the government agent giaqaqpatuviniit Inuit atinginnik piu- ?8id5 xgi5 Nius5n/si3uitA5 and the teacher were hampered by liariaqaliqsugillu allavitsaqautini alla- whxE/gw8Nu˚6bDtco6ht4. isF6- this and other realities. Their supe- palaurniqut tusaajaminik tunngaviqaq-

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 33 rior formal education was rendered sutik. Inuktitut uqausirmik nalautsisia- comically inexact in this exercise! runnannginniminut nallianutuinnaq One of these challenges was surely ajjigiilinngitummarialulauqsimavan- Hans Blohm the intricacies of the naming system niqut atunit nanimiutsajaunirminitigut among extended families. The sys- isuarijatuinnaminuuqtarutiqaliqsutik. tem of specific references to family Niuviqtiit, ajuqiqtuijiit (itsigarjuallu), relationships, tuqsurausiit, must have puliisiit, kavamakkut inulirijingit ilisai- been perplexing to a Qallunaaq. It jiillu pinngiluutitsaqaqpatuviniuvut must also have been confusing to tamakkuninga, asinginnilu pitjutinik. make sense of the Inuit tradition Ilinniavinni ilitsisimaniqsaunialugalu- of namesaking relatives, called in angit qungannatuinnatumik aglaat some dialects sauniq, atitsiaq, or atiq. nalautsigutigigunnasimanngimagit With usage of fathers’ or grand- tamatumingalirilutik. fathers’ names unheard of, it must Atiliriniup pijariakinngigutigilauqtu- have been a chore to keep track of sarimmagu atsituigusingit ilagiit inunni. all the Joanasies and Paulusies. Ilagiillu tuqsurausingit nalunaqtumari- Inuit names suffered butchery from aluulauqtusaviniutsutik Qallunaamut. the pens of Qallunaat who could never Tukisimagiamullu ajurnarutaukanniru- finesse the phonetics of the Inuktitut naviniutsuni Inuit piusituqarmigut †5, xJe6gwπ5 Gw5yZ3Jx9lH, Sø¥5, language. As a boy in Puvirnituq, I atiqtaatitsigusingit taijaujut uqausiqa- v?m4f5 wkoEpq5 wonwπ9l W8q- recall six or seven individuals who qatigiillutunngituni imaak “sauniq”, ¬t5nc6XgFisK5 bm4fiz, xyq8- were designated “POV” after their “atitsiaq”, ammaluuniit “atiq.” Ataata- il W5Jti4. wo8ixF8i wo5yymi6- first name, thereby seeming to be mittaluunniit ataatatsiarmitaluunniit nsixlZlxq5 dz8Ngw8Ngu4 x[˜5 of one family. Their own last names atinginnik atiriliutjisimaniq atuqtauga- NMs5yAtQA8Nym8qmQ5 bmguzoE- were “too hard” or “too long” to laajjanngimmat taitsumani. Tapanaqtu- lt4. write down properly. In such cases, viniugunaunngilaq nalulitjaisimagiaqar- xtoEis2 W/Exr8qAtQMs6gn- an individual’s E-number was a basic luni juanasigalangnik paulusigalangnilu. E7mA x5ygwAyq5 wMŒ5 wk8i. confusion-saver. Inuit atingit ulimmaatasimajuqtitut wMŒ9l g6hCsyq5 NlN6gmEx¬M- Some last names were also simply pivannimata Qallunaat allautinginnut. s6gnFis5ht4 c9lˆj5. grymQxj9l chopped off at the first syllable for Taakkua pivikkaluaqsutik uqatsiaqajaq- xJ3NDbsv8iDNFis5hi wkw5 Wsy- recording convenience. Qumaaluk tinnagit Inuit uqausinginnik. Surusiut- gc3uA5 xt6∫t5yAyq5 bw/sJ5 became Koom, Putuguk was Poot, sunga Puvirnitumi aulajijaqaqpunga 6- scsycctŒ9lg8qgi wµ4 “nsi6”, Sivuaraapik was Sheeg, Tulugaq Tool, nik 7-nigluunniit inunnik taijaugusiqaq- “xt5yx6”, x7m¬•5 “xt6.” x∫b- Tukalak Took, and so on. Many tunik “Piuvii”-mik atingata aipparijan- u5b¬8•5 x∫b5yx3ub¬8•5 xtq8i4 people originally from Qikiqtajuaq, ganiuk, ilagiigujaarutigiliqsuniuk. Atunit xtEos5pymi6 xg6bsZ˜0/8q7m5 listed on maps even today as Cape atituqangit nalunaluaqtusaunnimata bw5hmi. bXN6gFisANs8qM6 Smith Island, were slapped with the takiluaqsutilluunniit taitsumunga alla- Nlo5/wymQxc3li JxNyZM1i4 surname Smith by the Qallunaat. tumut nalautsijuliarigasuarlugit. Taimai- XslyZM1il. Most of these families returned to lingajuni inuup ujaminga nalunaijaigu- wkw5 xtq5 so7µbymJ6tg5 their original surroundings (to titsiatuusimavuq nalliaguninganik. W?8i mb c9lˆ5 x9Mstq8k5. ∫4fx Akulivik on the mainland) in the Ilangittauq atituqait naillitiqtaulauq- WF4vlx6ht4 sc5yxc/6t8NQ5 wkw5 1970s, having shed their Anglo- simavut nakasimajuliaritsugit pigiar- scsyq8i4. hDys5hz SF3igu xs- Saxon surnames. ninganit allataulutik isuarijaugumamut: Mp/c6Sz ^-i4 &-i[¬8•5 wk8i4 Imagine! Mr. Smith Eskimo goes Qumaaluk KOOM-nguliqsuni, Putu- bw/sAyc6gi4 “WsÏ”-u4 xtzb to Akulivik! guq POOT-ngutillugu, Sivuaraapik xw2XE/zis4, wMŒA÷DtQo6his4. Statistical specifics were not a SHEEG-gutsuni, Tulugaq TOOL, xgi5 xtgcq5 NlNlx6gns8imb particular preoccupation of Inuit. Tukalak TOOK, asingillu taimaak brlx6ht9¬8•5 bw5hjz x9Mgj5 Slack inaccuracy in records was the nakatiqtaulutik. Amisut Qikiqtajuarmiu- NMs5yJoxEZhx3lQ5. bwmwozJi norm, and Inuit were quite indiffer- viniit, nunannguami taijaijumi CAPE w˚2 s/uz NlNw/wAt5yx©ymK6 ent to such sloppiness. An Anglican SMITH qikiqtangani atsitaulauqsima- N9oxAizi4. priest registered my name as Jabedee givut SMITH-mik atituqaqtaatitautsutik wMq5bs6 xtgcw5 Nw9ot6bs- Noongoak, born at Kenoruak’s camp. Qallunaanut. Taakkua utiqtuinakasau- Ms6ymK5 NvymJoxE5hQ5 WQx3i- Putting Saputiligait under “where lauqsimavut nunagisimajatuqaminut

34 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 (Akulivimmut iluilirmiittumut) 1970-it arraagunginni atirivaliqtavinirminik Qallunaatituummariktumik kataisima- Hans Blohm liraluaqsutik. Isumanannguangillaa! MR. SMITH, Inuk, Akuliviliaqtuq. Inuulirviilu atiillu allasimaningit nalau- tsisiaqtumik allatausimagaluarmangaata isumaalugijaulluapalaunngilat inunnut. Suqutigijaulluaratik tammasimagaluar- mata piusituinnaqutauvalaurmata inuillu taimaak pitsiasimanngituugaluanik takuvallaqajalluaratik. Ajuqiqtuijimulli taima atira allavitsanuutaunnirmimat imailingatillugu: JABEDEE NOON- GOAK inuulirviqarniraqtausungalu imaak taijaujumi KENORUAK’S CAMP (Qinnuajuakkut nunanganni). Taqsiigiamik “Saputiligait”-lajumik “nani inuulirnimangaat”-lajup ataani Qinnua- juaplu atingani nalautsijuliuriamik pimmariujaalluarunaulaurningimmat taitsumunga ajuqiqtuijimut. Taimainniraluaqtiluguli upinnaigivara. Atilirijaunira atuutijuviniummat anga- juqaama illungani aputimi (igluvigarmi) Januari 2, 1952-mi. Aggaijalauqtusavi- niuvuq allautingatalu imanga quarniu- jaqitsuni, qimmiilu silami kajungilaaji- agutsutik ingirrasikkannirnisaminik akuniugusutsutik. Inuit kiugutigivatsimajangit Qallu- naanut apirijautsutik tamakkua inuulir- viit qangausimaningit pillugit aulajinaq- tumarialuuvut unikkaaqsimatsutillu pasigatsaunngittutitut uqatsiatuinna- qattasimammata sulijunik: “Qatsinik zi5 x9Mbslt4 whxE/sAmj5: born” and getting Qinnuajuaq’s ukiuqaqpit?” “Aatsuuli” “Qanga inu- dµl4 KOOM-ao6hi, SgA6 name right must not have seemed ulirniqit?” “Upirngaakut nirliit tiki- POOT-at9lA, yKxÇW4 SHEEG- important to the Reverend. uqaliqtillugit” uvvaluunniit “ukiatsami A5hi, glZ6 TOOL, gvM4 I do sympathize with him, however. ulluuk marruuk aniguqtillugik apigiar- TOOK, xyq9l bwµ4 Nvt6bs- The ceremony took place in my ngautimik qannituviniutillugu.” Takun- lt4. xuh5 er6bJx3usF•5, kN8- parent’s igloo on January 2, 1952; his nanguarnatuuvuq Qallunaamik allatumik axu bw/wJu CAPE SMITH hands must have been cold, the ink imailijuliuqsuni “ukiungit: 45 inuuliq- er6bzi x5ybsMs6ymQK5 freezing, and the dogs outside yelp- tuviniq: 1902-mi” qimiqruriatsialauka- SMITH-u4 xtgc6∫tbs5ht4 ing, anxious to get back on the trail. tuinnasuni inuulirvilirigasuaqtaminik.” c9lˆk5. ∫4fx st6gwNvnsMs6- Inuit responses to Qallunaat Kinali taimaa nalautsisiamajunik allasi- ymK5 kNQym/gcuk5 GxfoF7j5 questions about such statistics were majunik kinnguumatsisinnauniraluarmat? wlwo3¨5gj5H !(&)-w5 x3ÇAq8i classic and legendary in their inno- Inutuinnaq Kanataup silataanuurunnau- xtE?o6bFi3ui4 c9lˆt©7mE4gu4 cent honesty. “How old are you?” timik pilauqsimagiaqarniraluammalu- vbwymoClx6ht4. “I don’t know.” “When were you unniit pinasuanngiturniutinik (qikar- whmN8axq9˜¡ MR. SMITH, born?” “In the spring just as the geese niutinik) pijumalaarluni qinulauqsima- wk4, xfoFox6g6. were arriving.” — or “In the fall two niarniraluarmat?

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 35 w˚o3Ïl x†9l x9Mymiq5 NM- s5yyx6gu4 x9MbsymZlx3mΩb wh- µlQ/s9lxXMs8qM5 wk8k5. hdtQ/- s9lxCt4 b7mymZlx3mb Wsygw8Nd- Hans Blohm bs?Ms3mb wkw9l bwµ4 W5yxym8- q©Zlxi4 bf?9Mc/9lxCt4. xJ- e6gwpj9o bwm xtC x9MF5n˚b- s8i3um5 wmwozt9lA: JABEDEE NOONGOAK w˚o3Fc3iC6bs- hzl wµ4 bw/sJu KENO- RUAK’S CAMP Ge8kxJx4f5 kNz8iH. b6¥Qxu4 ‘nStoZw5”-MJu4 “Ni w˚o3imΩ5”-MJ2 x∫i e8kx- Jx2l xtzi NMs5yJosExu4 W7m- Es÷9lxDNsMs3iq7m5 bw5hjz xJ- e6gwpj5. bwmw8iClx6tlAo sW8NwQ?C. xtoE/siC x©tJFis7m5 xzJçm w9lzi xStu Gw[lFZ3uH /kxE @, !(%@-u. x[Zw/Ms6gnFisK6 x9Mstzbl wmz dx3is/e5hi, e7¨l yMu vJq˜pxA5ht4 wq3C- y4v8i3inui4 xfisAh5ht4. wkw5 rsAtQ?5ym/q5 c9lˆk5 xWE/s5ht4 bm4fx w˚o3Ï5 czs- ymiq5 W9lQ5 xsMpN6gmEx¬K5 si4√6ym5ht9l XyZ5ns8q5gtg5 sc5yxgw8Nc5bym7mb hoJi4: “c5- yi4 srsc6W5V” “≈5˙o” “cz w˚o3ie5V” “sW3Ωf5 i3ø5 trs- co6t9lQ5” s=?¬8•5 “srx5nu s9¬4 m3Î4 xiA6t9lQ4 xWQx3zs- tu4 c8igFist9lA.” bf8Nax3N- ©K6 c9lˆu4 x9Mgu4 wmwoJo- s6hi “srsq5: $% w˚o6gFi6: !()@-u” eu6DEx5yxMsvgw8Nhi w˚o3FoEZhx6bui4. rNo bwµ NMs5yyxmJi4 x9MymJi4 r8åm5- yy8NsiClx3m5V wkgw8N6 vNbs2 yM∫˚D8Nstu4 WMs6ymQxc3iClx7- m¬8•5 WNhx8qg3isti4 Gev3is- ti4H WJm˜3li ekMs6ymix3iC- days after the first snowfall.” One can Kavamakkut aulatsijingit tamatuma lx3m5V just see the recorder putting down aaqisimagutisanganik pinasuaqsutik v?m4f5 xsM5ypq5 bmgm ≈ey- “Age: 45, born 1902” by just taking uqaqattalauqtusaviniuvut imaak “tainna mAtnzi4 WNhx6ht4 scc5bMs6- another look at his subject. But nunalik pingasunik Pitaruusitaqarmat, gnFisK5 wµ4 “bw8N kNo4 Wz- then who needed accuracy? Would iluunnatik atiliqqiqanngitunik. Pulii- hi4 WbÎybc3m5, w¬8Nt4 xto6r- an Eskimo ever need a passport, or sikullu aqqusaalaujutsutik nunalimmik c8qgi4. Søyf9l x6f~MsJ5ht4 apply for employment insurance? tallimanik Luisatalimmik, maqruuk kNo7u4 b9omi4 lwnbo7u4, m6Î4 Government bureaucrats, wrestling atiliqiqaqsutik taatsumingatsainnaq.” xtoec6ht4 ∫5huz5nw8N6.” bmg- with this problem, most likely said Ta matuminga isumaksasiurutilimmari- uz whm4nysDto7mEx¬ZlxCu4 ho things such as: “That settlement has aluugaluaramik suli aaqisimatsiatunik ≈eym5yxgi4 NMs5yJi[l xtos- 3 Peteroosies, all without a last name. nalautsijuniglu atiliuqattariaqarnirmik c5bExc3i3u4 Wsy6∫D8Ni5/8q9M5. The RCMP passed through a camp piusiqtaarunnanitjanngillat. Asuilaali

36 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 xhw˜o wMz5 whm∫5yxo6gFisK6 which had 5 Louisas, two with the ilangat isumataatsialiqtuviniuvuq Inuit wkw5 s/u4∫tZ5nsiq8i4, bm4fxl same last name.” None of the deep ujamiktaatigatsauninginnik, tamakkualu xg6ym7mE2S5 trstlt4 wMŒ5 xt- thinking, of course, figured on how atuqsimammaripput tikiutilutik ilagiit cctŒo6ymiq5 x7ml s9luso6g6 to spell names accurately. Then, atiqaqatigiiliqsimaningit ammalu ullu- NlNw4fbZ~lw5 xuZ8qo3mb ryxi one of them got the bright idea of miuliqtuq nalunaikkutagasaaluit ami- xgD8Nwo6ym5ht5 s/¨5. Eskimo disc numbers — and the rest ganngilirmata kisiani aturunnailiqsimat- kNF7uo W/Exc7mEo6t9lA is history, until usage of family names sutit ujamiit. s9ldtcMs6ym8qMA5 xto6roE/- and piles of modern identification Nunavimmili pijariaqammariliqtil- sis2 x©ttbsMs6ymÔ2 kN5yxu wiped away their necessity. lugu ulluqutiqalauqsimanngilagut atiliq- x0pzi4 wMŒ5 xtcctŒo6tbsZh- In , there has never been qilirijauniup atuutititaulauqsimajuup x3iq8k5. s/uc6ymKA9o wk4ysti4 a forced day of reckoning similar Nunatsiami ajjinganik ilagiit atiqaqa- !(&* tr5hA bwml s/uc3is2 to Operation Surname, which took tigiiliqtitaugasuarninginnut. Ujami- wq3Ciz k6vwNs5/so3ihi v?mw5 place in Nunatsiaq to standardize qaqsimavugulli inuksiutinik 1978 tikit- whmZhxDtQMs6ym/Fiz bµzw8N6 family names. E-numbers existed sugu taimalu ujamiqarniup ingirraninga whotbs5hi. xgc5bixD8Nwiq5 here until 1978. Then the system nuqqainautjaulirnisuni kavamait isuma- NlNw6ym5yxg4f5 r9ocDbsymqM5 choked and sputtered to a demise gasuarutigilauqsimajavininga tamaan- W/‰3iq9l hoZhx5yxDbslt4 Nl- unworthy of a brilliant government gainnaq isulititautsuni. Atuqattania- Nw4fy6bsmZt4 wkw5 vmcbst9lQ5 idea. It was never officially retired, runnainingit nalunaiqsimatsiatukkut wob6ycbslt[l. bfAm5yxC/6Szo nor was its end duly marked by an killiqarutausimangilat pijariirningillu ttC6bs?5gFi3i4 W5JtysDbsQx3- appropriately solemn ceremony suligasuatsiarutaulutik nalunaikkusiq- zgFi3i4 v?m4f5 WbcExco3iC- presided over by Inuit. I would love taumagatik Inuit kamaqatautillugit ili- wAtFiq8i4 wkw5 s/uc3lt ryx- to see documents detailing the origin taqsiqataulutiglu. Takugumatsiarajaq- iso3iC6bsAtq8i. of why the government considered pungali titiraqtauvattuvinirnik pitjuti- s/uc3i6 W7mEx¬ym7m5 w˚y5- Eskimo disc numbers a necessity! siurutaugiarngatuvinirnik kavamakkut t8i, s9luso6g6 xuZ8qgi4 The disc number has a special pitaqariaqalirniraigutivininginnik Inuit xyq8i4 NlNw4fbi4 w2WxJ7uoCl- significance in our lives, even with ujamiqarluti kisianiulirniraqtaugutinginni. xC5b wkw5 w¬8N5yxt4 bwj8z6- the abundance of identifications Ujamiqarniq pimmarialuusimammat bwA8NymK5 s/u7ui4, hNoµk9l we carry today. Every Eskimo once inuusittinni, ullumiuliqtuq amiganngi- NlNw4fbc6ym5ht4 s/u8i4. xˆNs2 committed his or her E-number to tunik asinginnik nalunaikkutanik ippi- WixC5nq8i W7mEsi6XAcbsymK6 memory, a handy I.D. for all purposes. ajummiliraluaratta Inuit iluunnatsiatik Xw6yyx3i6 wMub s/uq8i4. hN- One of a mother’s great duties was taimunngaqtaigunnasimavut ujamim- oµ5 cEbs/4ƒoClx6 cspm/c6Sz keeping track of all her family’s minik, sunalimaanullu nalunaikkutaqaq- wkw5 xuh5 xg6Xmb ho s/uub E-numbers. Even in this age of simatsutik ujaminnik. Anaanaup pinia- ry5yAtzi4 NlNw4fbE5hA hv5gf5 e-mail-dot-com, I know many who ratsanginni pimmariuniqpaguqatausi- isFDtuk5, w9luk9¬8•5 ry5yÅtox- still use their ujamik numbers as a PIN mavuq paiqsisiarniq ilamita ujamingin- Eym5hA, WsoixZ3uk9l Wdtu8k for charge cards, a house number, or nik. Sunalimaat qaritaujakkuuliraluaq b6noxEym5hA. a label for their belongings. qaujimajaqaqpunga Inuit amisut atuq- xyspMs6ymZlxCmo s/uZi4 Losing my disc in early childhood pamata suli ujamimita kisitsigutinganik kbCs5hz, kat6ym8qyx6S6 has never erased the number that was nalunaikkutaritsugu sukattukut niuvi- s/um ry5yAtz wky3m WQx6- so much a part of my early life. I am rutiminut, illuminulluunniit kisitsiguu- X9oxioµzi xg3ic6ym7mE4vu. even now seeking the right govern- tiliarisimatsugu, piuliniagarminullu bZox9˜5 µ8N ho ei6Sz v?m4f5 ment agency to apply to to replace piqutiminnu taqsaliarisimatsugu. tudtz8i4 vmA8Ngu4 NfˆEAm5hz my lost disc number! Far from Asiujilauqsimagaluaramali ujamiganik xysp/Fi3m xy∫Dt4nz WZhxDm5hA¡ regarding it as a dog-tag, I would nutarautsunga, nungutiqsimanngisiaq- whmQ8q5yxC4fo e7us2 iFz∫- wear my ujamik, E9-1956, very puq ujamima kisitsigutinga inusirma zk5 x5pst9lA, sWQ5yxlAl ho proudly! pigiaqpallianilimaangani aturniqaqsi- xgC/C4f s/uZ E9-1956. mammarikkami. Tagaliallaat maanna suli qiniqpunga kavamakkut timiqutin- gannik kamagunnatumik nakunaarigu- matsunga asiujijavinirma asitaarutik- sanga pigasuarumatsugu! Isumagin- ngitsiarakkuli qimmiup nivingataan- ganut atjiutillugu, upigitsialugulu suli aturajarakku ujamiga E9-1956.

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 37 bw5hmi r7uD3u

A LOOK BACK AT KIMMIRUT

TAITSUMANI KIMMIRURMI

sfx x0p`Ax5 x0pos6bsMs6ymJ5 These photographs were taken in Ukua ajjinnguat ajjiliuqtaulauqsimajut r7uÎ2 ciQ/z8i. srs5 !(!@ the Kimmirut (Lake Harbour) area. Kimmiruup qanigijanganni. Ukiut !($% xf8iq8i. Nox1igw8N6 They date from 1912 to about 1945. 1912 1945 akunninginni. Naliangni- wonE/cDF5 wk4tg4f5 gn6t4r5. If you can identify any of the people tuinnaq ilisarijaqaruvit Inuktitukkut in them please contact Inuktitut. tusaqtikkit. N-1987-033-1102 Learmonth/NWT Archives

†g6g5, !(@)-q8i. Stopping for a “mug-up,” 1920s. Tiituqtut, 1920-nginni.

38 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 N-1987-33-1086 Learmonth/NWT Archives N-1987-033-1087 Learmonth/NWT Archives

rNs1mΩ6 Nl/sJ6 xa5, !(@)-q8i. rNs1mΩ6 Nl/sJ6 x3N6, !(@)-q8i. Unidentified man, 1920s. Unidentified woman, 1920s. Kinaungmangaaq nalujaujuq angut 1920-nginni. Kinaungmangaaq nalujaujuq arnaq, 1920-nginni. N-1979-050-0662 Fleming/NWT Archives N1987-033-0074 Learmonth/NWT Archives N-1987-033-0087 Learmonth/NWT Archives

sfx5 x0pos6bsMs6g5 !(@)-u, r7uÎ2 isF3Fzb yM∫i. tEZix2 xuq5 iFzJ5 yMu. xa5 yKix•5g6 x0posENh4g4nsJ6. These two photographs were taken in 1920, in front of the Kimmirut Hudson’s Bay Company post. Fox skins hang out to air in the summer sun. The man standing in front is probably taking a photograph. Ukua ajjiliuqtaulauqtut 1920-mi, Kimmiruup niuvirvingata silataani. Tiriganiap amingit nivingajut silami. Angut sivunianiittuq ajjiliurinasuktuksaujuq.

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 39 N1979-050-1345 Fleming/NWT archives

wkw5 ≈1ov4f5 g4yx3Fzi5 xi?9oxJ5. Inuit leaving the Anglican mission at Kimmirut, about 1944. Inuit Anglikakkut tuksiarvinganit anivalliajut.

wkw5 g4yx3Fs2 yM∫•5g5 !($$-q8i. r7uD5 s4W3ioEJi sXv6b3FsoMs3m5 !()^-at9lA ≈1ov4f5 bwfz ˚Ms6t9lQ5 ßmN3Jx3u5 X1i6©2 ciQ/zi.

Inuit outside the Anglican mission about 1944. Kimmirut became a centre of activity in 1906 when the Anglican Church moved its mission

there from its original site N-1979-050-0657 Fleming/NWT archives at Uumanaqjuaq (Blacklead Island), near Pangnirtung. Inuit tuksiarviup silataaniittut 1944-nginni. Kimmirut ukpirnilirijuni upakaqtarviulilaurmat 1906-ngutillugu Anglikakkut taikunga nuulauqtillugit Uumanarjuarmit Pangniqtuup qanigijangani.

40 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 N-1979-050-1311 Fleming/NWT archives N-1987-033-1082 Learmonth/NWT Archives

Wrs6g5, !(@)-q8i. m8i4n3lt5 ck6 cspJ8N6W5 w8k4ym1mΩb hC`Q9lAV wk4tg4f8k5 ttCE5 sc3lt5 cspm0JtQ?4b3i. w[¬2 wlxi r7uÎ2 ciQ/zi, !(@)-q8i. A harvest of fresh eggs, 1920s. When you gather eggs, how do you Inside a snowhouse near Kimmirut, 1920s. tell whether there is an embryo inside, without breaking the egg? Igluup iluani Kimmiruup qanigijangani, 1920-nginni. Write to Inuktitut and tell us how you do it. Pikiuqtut, 1920-nginni. Manniksarlutit qanuq qaujijunnaqpit innuksimangmangaata suranngillugu? Inuktitukkunnut titirarit uqarlutit qaujimajjutigivaktarni.

∫4fxoµ5 x0p`Ax¨5g5 !(@)-q8i x0pos6bF•5 r4ƒ1mΩb Nl/sJ5.

None of the people in this photo from the 1920s are identified. Taakkualimaat ajjinnguattut 1920-nginni ajjiliuqtaviniit

N-1987-033-1084 Learmonth/NWT Archives kikkuungmangaata nalujaujut.

xwFo1usbw5 yKos6tgcq5 cspm/s5tx6g6 xs9M3N6 isF3Fs2 sux3Jxz•PLi r7uD7u !(!@-u. x3F3ix6t5 x5tMs6bq5 ÷8 wx9u4 sWQ/c3iq8k5 Ù/6tu4 ÷8 wx9 no?8u4 xto1u4. xˆNz xtc6Li iFy8ˆ3u4, c9lˆi x5t6bsMs6Li ˙?Mwu4 GiFs?1u4 gro4H.

N1979-050-0665 The well known Aivilingmiut leader Aullarnaq on board an HBC ship at Kimmirut in 1912. Whalers who admired the heavyweight boxing champion John L. Sullivan gave him the English name John Ell. His mother was Nivisinaaq, also known as Shoofly. Aivilingmiutait sivuliuqtituqangit qaujimajauttiaqtuq Aullarnaq taanna niuvirviup umiarjuanganii&&uni Kimmirurmi 1912-mi. Arvirniaqtit attilauqtangit John Ell-mik upigijaqarninginnut paajaqtimik John L. Sullivanmik atilingmik. Anaananga atiqaq&uni Nivisinnaarmik, qallunaani attiqtaulauq&uni Shoofly-mik (niviuvangmik tukilik).

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 41 c/3j5 h4virnstJ5, !(!@.

Kayak race at Kimmirut, 1912. N-1979-050-0662 Fleming/NWT Archives Qajarmut sukkanikisautijut, 1912. N-1987-033-1105 Learmonth/NWT Archives

wkw5 sux6g6g5 r7uD3u !(@)-q8i.

Inuit in whaleboats at Kimmirut, 1920s. Inuit umiaqtuqtut Kimmirurmi 1920-nginni.

42 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 N-1987-033-0091 Learmonth/NWT Archives N-1987-033-0092 Learmonth/NWT Archives

iF xmstui4 srs6ystu4 xg6g6, !(!(-u. Neve wearing her winter amautiq, 1919. Nivi amautiminik ukiuqsiutimik atuqtuq, 1919-mi.

iF !(!(-at9lA. xmst5tx¿lz nXzo4 g4©2 rAtq8i5bs6 Wc3uJ6.

Neve, in 1919. Her beautiful beaded amautiq is also decorated with caribou teeth. Nivi 1919-ngutillugu. Amautittiavaalunga sapangalik tuktuup kigutinginnittauq piqarmijuq. N-1987-033-1085 Learmonth/NWT Archives

sN x0pos6bsMs6ymJ6 r7uD3u !(@)-q8i.

This man was photographed at Kimmirut in the 1920s. Una ajjiliuqtaulauqsimajuq Kimmirurmi 1920-nginni.

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 43 ≈t c2l5yx6 xu’ˆ6 w6vsm/siz ttC6g6 vgo4 sb’ˆ6

FOND MEMORIES OF MY AUNT HATTIE QABLUTSIAQ AMITNAAQ by Katolic Utatnaq

HATTIE QABLUTSIAQ AMI’NAAQ IQQAUMAJAUNINGA Titiraqtuq Katolic Uta’naaq

si4vDmJz w6vsmiE/8i4 x5n8i4 I would like to share some of my Unikkarumajunga iqqaumanirijannik ≈t c2l5yx6 xu’ˆu4, Xizi[l ¬y fond memories of my dear Aunt atsannik Hattie Qablutsiaq Ami’naarmik, kr1u4. Hattie Qablutsiaq Amitnaaq, and paninganiglu Lucy Nukingmik. ¬yl WD6nctŒMs6gA4 w9l‰4- her daughter, Lucy Nukik. Lucylu piruqsaqatigiilauqtuguk illu- vlx6Lk4 kv‰tg5 W9lk4. x5nZl Lucy and I grew up side by side, riikkaluaq&unuk nukariititut pillunuk. xˆNQgw8N6LA. x5bm wo8ix6tM- cousins as close as sisters, and Aunt Atsagalu anaanagituinnaq&ugu. Attama s6Ùz xˆNs2 Xi1uk5 wo8ix6t2- Hattie was like a mother to me. ilinniaqtilauqpaanga anaanaup paning- X4bq8i. ¬yl wo8ix6tbsMs6SA4 Aunt Hattie taught me things that minut ilinniaqtippaktanginni. Lucylu ˆ7 m4gi4, w8N5b cspmiq8i sWA- a daughter learns from her mother. ilinniaqtitaulauqpuguk naammaktunik, h1i3u, dFxh4t9lb kµh4t9lbl She taught Lucy and me right from innatta qaujimaninginni upigusungnir- Wbcw8NMs6g6, x7ml nWo6bwo- wrong, to value our elders’ wisdom mi, quviasuktilluta numaasuktillutalu and knowledge. She shared in our pitaqainnalauqtuq, ammalu sapiliqtai- times of happiness or sadness, and linirmi qaujimati&&unitiguk aksurur- she also taught us to never give up naqtukkuuliraluarutta. when our lives became challenging. Aunt Hattie loved to go during the spring at a place called Ingnirit Sanirat, a few hours ski-doo David Webster

The Northwest Company ride away from Baker Lake, where she lived for many years. We all went as a family when the days grew longer and the weather was warmer. We fol- lowed Aunt Hattie’s example, learning to build fires, how to hunt caribou and prepare the meat for cooking or dry- ing. We spent a lot of time enjoying ¬y kr4 our freedom out on the open tundra, ≈t c2l5yx6 Lucy Nukik telling legends and life stories over Hattie Qablutsiaq

44 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 fresh hot tea and bannock. I confided Ingnirit Saniranni aullaqsimajumain- my secrets to my aunt, and she always naqpalauqtuq atsaga, Qamani’tuarmi gave me sound, encouraging advice. qanittuq sikituukkut, taikani akuni As an adult, I had waited so long nunaqalauqsimajuq. Ilagiitigut taikun- to adopt a girl. I have four wonderful ngauvalauqtugut ulluqtusijaraangat boys, one of whom is adopted out, uqquusiliq&unilu. Atsatta piniagangit but I also wanted a daughter in my maligasukpaktavut, nunami iganiq, family. When at last I was told I would tuktugasungniq ammalu niqiliriniq be able to adopt a daughter, I chose to uutaksanik nikkuliaksaniglu. Nunain- name her for my Aunt Hattie Qablu- narmiippalauqpugut quviasuk&uta tsiaq. I asked my Atsatsiaq (dear aunt) isumaqsurnittinni, unikkaaq&uta unik- if I could name my daughter for her. kaaqtuanik atuqsimajattinnilu, tiituq&uta Aunt Hattie was pleased, and palaugaaqtuq&utalu. Asinnut tusauma- said how nice and thoughtful I was. jauqunngitannik atsaga uqautivalauq- vgos2 kvY s3hM xwbu4 xµ6g6. But she asked if she could chose my tara ammalu uqautivak&uninga tukisi- Katolic’s younger sister Ursula with Ida in daughter’s English name, because nattiaqtunik qanuiqungmangaarminga. her amautiq. she’d seen one in her Bible, but she Innauliq&unga, akunialuk utaqqi- Katoliup nukanga Ursula Idamik couldn’t remember it off the top of lauqtunga paningmi tiguarumallunga. amaaqtuq. her head. So we agreed that I would Tisamanik irniqarama atausiq tiguan- pick a name in English for now and gusimalluni, paniqarumalaurmigama. i3u cspmtPLitA4 x4hD3N6g4ƒoC- in the meantime Aunt Hattie would Attannik Hattie Qablutsiaq Ami’naarmik lxD5b. continue to search for the name she atiqaqulauqtara. Apirilauqtara attirun- w1iE5 niC8i xs9M6ymJmw8N6- liked in her spare time, and it would narmangaakku. XMs6g6 x5nZ, cmi’gx3u ci5g6 be passed to the next daughter in Alianaigusulauqtuq attiqsijumaninni. yr©4f5, bwvi xfi kNcMs6ymJ6. the family. Apirillunilu qallunaatut atiriniaqtanga- wMŒtA5 bwf`Zs?Ms6gA5 s9l6- My precious, adorable daughter nik imminik niruarunnarmangaarmini, gy/Çz5 s6ƒyo6Lil. x5n5b Wi- was born on February 18, 1999. I paippaaqutini tusaqsimajarmini kisiani xZq5 moZh4X4bK5, kNu wZi6, named her Ida, for my parent’s foster iqqaumajunnanngi&&uniuk. Uvanga g4gZh1i6 x7ml ieoEi6 ßb4ni4 child who passed away; Maria was the qallunaatut attilauqtara iqqaqsiarillugu i4fox4ni[l. kNw8N3¨2XMs6SA5 name my daughter was given when taiksuminga atirmik kingullirmilu dFxh4Lb whm6h3i5t8i, si4√6Lb she was baptized, and Qablutsiaq was, paniqaliruma attilaarniarniraq&ugu. si4√6gxi4 xg6ym/5t8il, †g6Lb of course, my Aunt Hattie’s Inuktitut Panittiavaaluga inuulauqtuq Viivuari XMsÛ6g6Lbl. xy8k5 gnsm/sd- name. My family and friends all 18, 1999-mi. Aitamik attilauqtara, anga- `Qb8i4 x5nZ scst?Ms6bC x7ml gathered for a feast to celebrate the juqqaama tiguarilauqtanganik attiq&ugu, scst?4Liz gryN5tx6gi4 ck- new addition to our family. inuujunniilauqtumik; Mariami attiq- wd1mΩ3uz. That summer, my Aunt Hattie taullunilu kuvvirijauningagut, Qablu- w8Nso6Lz, xfixl4 sb6rMs6- joined a large portion of our family tsiarmillu atsannik atiqaq&uni. Ilakkalu gz Xi1u tAxDm9lz. tnmi4 w3i- for a camping trip they had been katilauqsimajugut niritittilluta quviasuu- cCm xbsy6 tAxaym9li, XicD- planning for months, travelling first tigillutigut ilataasaakuluttinni. mMs3uZm. x5b8i4 ≈t c2l5yx6 by plane, and then by boat to a camp- Aujangani atsaga ilaulauqsimajuq xu’ˆ3u4 xtcdMs6bC. xWEMs6bC site near Rankin Inlet where Aunt ilagiitigut nunaliaqtilluta parnagutigi- x5tD8N3mΩ4f. Hattie had grown up. This trip was suujaqtattinni. Qangatasuukkut aul- xoxNwAhMs6g6 x5t6yJmi8i. a reunion of family members, some lalauq&uta umiakkut upalauqtavut xWE9l il c9lˆg5 xtEix6bzi4 of whom hadn’t seen each other for Kangiq&iniup qanigijanganiittuq, w7ui4 iDxD8N3mΩ3ui, Xw2Ùdti a very long time. atsama piruqsarvivinia. Tauvani ilagiit gn6ym/3ui ryxi w6vsmJ8N`QPL- Suddenly and sadly on July 9, 1999 katilauqtut, ilangit akunialuk imming- is4. s?z c9lˆg5 x5tMs6bC my Aunt Hattie was killed by a polar nik takuqattautinatik. w6v6yxE9lA bw4huz xt3u4 ra9- bear on the land where she grew up. Tauvani atsaga inuujunniilauqtuq o3ul XicoDm x5t˜3ix3iC6LA. In mourning my aunt, I was very nanurmut ugiaqtaulluni tauvani piruq- Xi5tx¿lZ w˚Ms6g6 Ï=KxE bothered by the fact that I would sarvivinirmini, Julai 9 1999-ngutillugu. !*, !(((-u. xwbu4 x5tMs6bC, now never know the English name Qiksaaq&unga isumalilauqpunga xzJ6√m tAxEMs6bzi4 x5t6LA, Aunt Hattie had liked so much in atsama niruarinialauqtanga atiq tusa- w˚J8•Ms6gu4; mExu x5t6bs9- her Bible. lauqsimaniarunniirninni.

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 45 lil f=FE/sizA5, c2l5yx3u9l x5n8i4 xtc6Li. wM4vl vtMs6- ymJA5 iEt5t9lb dFx˙tQ9ltA5 wM∫~fl5t8i. xs/zi x5nZ wMsMs6ymJ6 wMŒtA5 kNox6t9lb X3NAtQ˙/6- b5t8i. czb˙4f5 xs9MMs6Lb su- x4f5 sXMs6bK5 vq6Ois2 ciQ- /z•5g6, x5nm WD6n3FFix. bs- ?i wMŒ5 vtMs6g5, wMq5 xfi- xl4 w7u1i4 bfc5bstNt4. bs?i x5nZ w˚J8•Ms6g6 Nk3j5 sQx6bs9li bs?i WD6- n3FFi3ui, JMw ( !(((-at9lA. ∫8N Bxt ieos6g6 bwvi w1iE5 niC7u. e4~4Lz whmoMs6Sz x5nm Hattie cooking at Ingnirit Sanirat. iDxEixMs6bz xt6 gnMs6y- Taanna Hattie niqiliuqtuq taikani Ingnirit Sanirammi. mixD8•3i8i. b6r5 c{yx3Jw5 ˆt9lQ5, ho A few months went by, and I was Taqqit qassiarjuit naatillugit, suli e4~Ms6Sz w˚J8•3izi x7ml still saddened by Aunt Hattie’s tragic qiksaalauqpunga inuujunniirningani xt6 bw8N gnMs6ymNA. s8k4f5 death, particularly by the unresolved ammalu atiq tainna tusalauqsimanagu. yi1ixoCm g4yxMs6ymKz wvJ6- mystery name. One night, I went to Unnukkut siningnialirama tuksialauq- bsJm9lz gn6tbsJm9lz ∫{huz bed and prayed for guidance to find simavunga ikajuqtaujumallunga tusaq- xt3u4, x5t6y˜C5b x3Nfl1u4. this name so it could be given to titaujumallunga taassuminga atirmik, yioCm y8N4gMs6Sz x5n8i4 the next girl born in the family, as attiqsilaaratta arnakulungmik. w[l5t8•PLi czbJ6J6. dFxh4g6. my aunt had wished. Sinilirama sinnaktulauqpunga atsannik Xw2Ùdti tAux6bz bftPLizl That very night, I dreamt I was igluttinnii&&uni qangatajuq. Quviasuk- w4hb{ @.@! xt3l yÍM ttC6ymJ6 with Aunt Hattie, floating in mid-air tuq. Paippaaqutini tigumiaqtanga taku- n6r÷5tx6Li. scMs`Q5©Zlx6 in the house. Aunt Hattie was happy. ti&&uningalu Exodus 2.21 atirlu Sipuula gnoMs6XC b=? xt6 WsQMs6bz, She was holding the same Bible she titiraqsimajuq saqqijaattiaq&uni. Uqa- v2WxhdNizl b=?sq8Ns/3ixCu. had always used. She showed me laugittuugaluaq tusalilauqpara tavva atiq dFxho3ÔuMs6Sz. Exodus 2.21, where the name piugilauqtanga, kappiasuqunaningalu s9 ˜4f5 w6f7mCm XiflZ xwb “Sipporah” was in large bold print. tavvaunginnaujarniarami. Quviasulir- tAvstQMs6ym/C. yÍMu9l bw9lA Although I didn’t see her speak, I juumilauqpunga. xWEMs6bC ∫8N xt6 WsQ1mΩA. heard Aunt Hattie tell me this was Ullaakkut iqqummarama panikuluga XiflZ dz5tx6g7mEx¬Ms6g6. the name she liked, and she told me Aita tigukautigilauqsimajara. Sipuula- s9 ˜zi ¬y kr4 sçMFQMs6bC. not to worry, that she would always be millu taillugu apirilauqtara taanna atiq y8N4gE/8i4 xˆNzi4 si4vstJm9- there for me. I was comforted at last. piugingmangaagu. Panikuluga qungat- lA. ¬y g4yxEx6ymMs3m5 s8kzi When I woke up the next morning, tiaqtummarialuulauqtuq. sçMFQΩ3ixoMs6bC. I picked up my daughter Ida first Ullaangani Lucy Nukik uqaalavigi- g4yx3F1u ¬y Xw2Ùdtui tAu- thing. I called her Sipporah, asking lauqtara. Sinnakturijannik anaananga- x6Li yÍMu whmoMs6g6 W0Jt- her if she liked that name. My nik unikkautijumallugu. Lucy tuksiari- c6©÷Ci. daughter gave me the biggest smile. aqsimalaurmat unnungani uqaalavigin- s8k1 m5 ¬y sçMFQQx4v8ioMs6- That same morning, I called gaarnialilauqtara. bC. y8N4g8il scst9lA. scsto- Lucy Nukik, eager to tell her about Tuksiarvingmi Lucy paippaaqutimini Ms6∫z g4yxF1u ∫8N xt6 wh- the dream I’d had of her mother, but tigumiaq&uni Sipuulami isumalilauqtuq mQMs3i3ui4. bm8k4 ck6 sc3ix3- Lucy had gone to church, so I planned pijjutiqaqtuujaarani. mΩ8k 4 NloMs6gA4. to call her later that evening instead. Unnungmat Lucy uqaalavigigiakkan- x5nm xt6 WsQMs6bz csp- During the church service while nililauqtara. Sinnaktunnilu uqautillugu. no6LtA5 ¬y x3Nfl1u4 tAx3ix3- Lucy held her Bible, the name “Sip- Uqautililauqtaanga tuksiavingmi taanna i3ui scoMs6g6, yÍMu9l xtc6- porah” just popped into her head out atiq isumagilaurnirminik. Tamannuk t8ix3iC6Lis4. of nowhere, for no apparent reason. qanuq uqarniarmangaannuk Xiz w˚ymo6t9lA ˆMsti4 When evening came, I called Lucy nalulilauqtuguk. g~9li ¬y ˆMMs6g6 si4√vb4gi4 again, and told her about my dream. Atsama atiq piugilauqtanga qau-

46 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 jisaliq&utigut Lucy arnakulungmik tiguarniarnirmini uqalilauqtuq, Sipuu- lamillu atiqaqtinniarniraq&uniuk. Paninga inuusimaliqtillugu naalau- tinik tusaalluni Lucy naalalauqtuq unik- kakataktunik kamanaqtuvinirni. Lucyup uqaalavigilauqpaanga uqaqulluninga. Uqalukkama tamanna unikkarililauqtavuk naalautikkut. Naalautikkut uajanginni akaunngiliurutiqaq&utik tusaqsaujun- niiqtuviniujuguk uqallasigiaq&unuk. eJ4b6g5 bwvi w1iE5 niC7u. Qaujiliq&unuglu tusaqsaunngilau- Gathering firewood at Ingnirit Sanirat. kangnittinnik paniksakulua inuulaur- Qijuktaqtut taikani Ingnirit Sanirammi. nirmat anaanangatalu annirilirniq&- uniuk asianiglu attiq&uniuk qaujiman- vmN6gFi3i. ¬ys2 sçMFQMs6Ùz After hearing about my dream, Lucy nginnami atiksangani isumaqarnittinni. scd9liz. scl4vm bm8N si4v- told me about the name that just pop- Atsaga iqqaumainnarniaqtavut, inu- EoMs6bK4 ˆMst4f5. ˆMst4f5 ped into her head at church earlier that ujunniiraluaqtillugu tusaqtittilauqsi- sx/q8i xvs`QosDtc6Lt4 gn6n- morning. We were both speechless. maninga atirmik piugijaminik qaujitit- sJ8•6gFisJA4 sc9MyQx~6Lk4. Sometime after we’d discovered tililauqpuq, tamaaniittunniiraluaqtil- cspo6Lk[l gn6ns`QMsv1i5- Aunt Hattie’s desired English name, lugu pitaqainnaniaqtuq. Lucyluunniit t8i4 Xi4nflx w˚Ms3i3m5 xˆ- Lucy announced she was going to uvangaluunniit paniktaakkannilaaqtuk- Nzbl x8iEo3i6Lis4 xyxi[l adopt a baby girl herself, and would sauvuguk, atiqalaaq&unilu Sipuulamik. x5t6Lis4 cspm`Q8Nu xt4nzi name her Sipporah, as her mother whmc3i5t8i. had wished. x5nZ w6vsmw8N3ix6bK5, w˚J8- Shortly before this baby was born, •Clx6t9lA gn6t5tMs6ymiz Lucy was listening to a CBC radio xt3u4 WsQ/ui4 cspt5toMs6S6, program one afternoon. It was an bµ•5g8•Clx6t9lA Wbcw8Nix6- Inuktitut phone-in show about amaz- g6. ¬y¬8•5 s?z¬8•5 Xi4∫4v8- ing life experiences. Lucy called me, i˜6g4nsKA4, xtc˜6L il yÍMu4. saying we should tell the story of Sipporah on this program, so we called the station and were put on air to tell our story. The station had a technical problem of some kind, and the tele- phone lines went dead while we were still at the beginning of our story. We later found out that the baby Lucy was supposed to adopt was born at exactly that time. The birth mother of this daughter, however, decided to keep the baby at the very last minute. She didn’t know about our name search, and so the baby was given another name. We will always remember and miss Aunt Hattie, but the way in which we finally found the name she liked has shown us that although she isn’t with us physically anymore, she will always be with us spiritually in our time of need. Someday Lucy or I will have a daughter, and we will name her Sipporah.

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 47 w˚2 ttC6ym/z xJE6hwpj5, !&%^-at9lA

AN INUK’S LETTER FROM 1756

INUUP TITIRAQSIMAJANGA AJURIQSUIJIMUT, 1756-NGUTILLUGU

∫8N Ù9 A‰8˜8g3 xfr5gusbs9li Paul Greenlander was a Inuk Taanna Paul Greenlander w˚9li w˚o6ym9li !&)) born around the middle of the 18th Akukittumiutaulluni inuulluni inuuliqsi- x3ÇAq8i etxi. bw8Nl xJE6hwp century. The Danish missionary malluni 1700 arraagunginni qitiani. ∫8µrusb6 B≈8{ w5Qu4 xtc6g5, , first missionary to the Tainnalu ajuriqsuiji Denmarkimiutaq yK9o6ÙaMs6S6 xJE6hwpi Greenlanders, taught him about Hans Egede atiqaqtuq, sivulliqpaangu- xfr5gusbw5 kNq8kx6gi4, Ù9 Christianity, and how to read and lauqpuq ajuriqsuijini Akukittumiutait A‰8˜8g3u4 xJE6hwMs6S6 write. He became a Christian and also nunanginnuaqtunik, Paul Greenlandermik s4W6©i3u4 x7ml xJD1•6n6Lis4 became friends with Paul Egede, Hans ajuriqsuilauqpuq ukpiqtuunirmik ttC3i3u4 scoµ3i3u9l. Egede’s son. ammalu ajurungniiqsaq&uniuk s4W6©cbsoMs6S6 x7ml Paul Egede grew up among Green- titirarnirmik uqalimaarnirmillu. Wc8ˆc o6Lil B≈8{ w5Qs2 landers and spoke their language flu- Ukpiqtuuqataulilauqpuq ammalu w3izi4, Ù9 w5Qu4. ently. After he returned to Denmark piqannaaqaliq&unilu Hans Egede-up ∫8N Ù9 w5Q WD6niƒZu wkw5 he and Paul Greenlander stayed in irninganik, Paul Egedemik. xf8iq8i xfr5gusb6tg5 touch. In 1756, Greenlander wrote a Taanna Paul Ehgede piruqsanikuugami sc9MA8N5txMs6S6. b8µrj5 reply to a letter from Paul Egede and Inuit akunninginni Akukittumiutaqtitut st6ymo6t9lA ho sent it on a ship bound for . uqallagunnattialauqpuq. Denmarkimut gnsmgCstc5bMsÍ4 Ù9 A‰8˜8g3l. Greenlander’s letter impressed Paul utiqsimaliqtillugu suli tusaumaturau- !&%^-at9lA ∫8N wk4 A‰8˜8©3 Egede, and he kept it. He eventually tiqattalaupuuk Paul Greenlanderlu. ttCMs6S6 xJE6hwps2 w3izk5 translated it from Greenlandic to Danish 1756-ngutillugu taanna inuk rs9li tt6v6yxClxui4, sux3Jx4f5 and included it in his book Efterretninger Greenlander titiralauqpuq ajuriqsuijiup xs9M6tPLis4 ƒX8BxZ8j5. om Grønland (Accounts of Greenland), irninganut kiulluni titiqqaqsiaralu- sWA˙tc3izk5 tt6v6yx3ui4 published in 1788. An English version aminik, umiarjuakkut aullaqti&&uniuk xJE6hwps2 w3iz bw8N of the letter appeared about 100 years Copenhagenmut. Wymw8NMs6bz, raizA9l later in Eskimo Life, by the Norwegian Upigusuutiqarninganut b8µrusbw5 scsyq5tg5 ju4tE¿ explorer . titiqqaqsiarminik ajuriqsuijiup irninga n6rt5t9lis4 scoµZoxui !&**-u The letter is well known in Greenland. tainna pisimainnalauqtanga, bw/sJu4 "xfr5gu". c9lˆtg9l In the 1970s popular singer Juaaka kinguningagullu Denmarkimiutait ∫8N n6rbsMsEK6 x3ÇAw5 Lyberth wrote a song about it, and a uqausingittitut mumiktirivaa saqqitittil- !)) ryxi çq6ymo6t9lQ5 street in is named after Paul luniuk uqalimaagaliamini 1788-mi tai- Eskimo Life-u ttC6Lis4 ei6ts2 Greenlander. Here is his letter to jaujumik "Akukittumi". Qallunaatitullu KEg= ˆ8n8is2. Paul (Pauia or Pavia in Greenlandic) taanna saqqitaulaurivuq arraaguit 100 Egede. kisiani qaangiqsimaliqtillugit Eskimo-

48 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 tt6v6 ∫8N cspm/s5tx6g6 Amiable Pauia! Life-mi titiraq&uniuk qiniqtiup Fridtjof xfr5gusb3i. !(&)-w5 xg6t9lQ5 Nansenniup. w8qs6ts2 Ôvs2 MwSts2 You know how precious and agree- Titiqqaq taanna qaujimajauttiaqtuq w8qsyosMs6S6 si4√E9lis4, able your letter is to me; but how Akukittumiutarni. 1970-it atuqtillugit x7ml x6ftbc6S6 ˚1u xtc6gu4 appalled I was when I read of the inngiuqtiup Juaakka Ù9 A‰8˜8g3u4. b=? ∫8N destruction of such multitudes of Lyberth-iup inngiusiliulauqpuq unikkar- ttCMs6bFiz xJE6hwps2 people in the great earthquake (Egede illuniuk, ammalu aqqutitaqaqpuq w3izk5 Ù9 w5Qj5. had probably mentioned an earthquake Nuungmi atiqaqtumik Paul which had struck Lisbon) inconceivable Greenlander-mik. Tavva taanna titi- wM8NC Xsox¡ to us, which you say devoured in ralauqtavininga ajuriqsuijiup irninganut one moment more people than Paul Egede-mut. cspmKt5 ck6 tt6vw5 W8NtQ7- there are in all our country. I can- mΩ6 d/N6tQ7mΩ3l s?8k5; ryx- not tell you how this moved me, Ilannara Paulia! i4bs6 dx6~MsCm scsycClxCF5 or how frightened we were, so that wkQx4gxl1i4 gdJcMs3izk5 many fled from the place where they Qaujimavutit qanuq titiqqait pinnati- kN3Jx6 nJ4g3JxMs3izk5 Gw7mç lived to another, which was quite as gimmangaaq qujanaqtigimmangaarlu xJE6hwp si4√EMs3mA kN nJ4g6 unsafe, though it was on a rock; for uvannut; kisianiktauq quaqsaalaurama o{X8uH s?A5 NlNDtQ/K5, scs- we see even here that rocks have been uqausiqaraluaravit inugiaktualungnik ycClxCF5 wkQx4tQJi4 kN3Jxoµ5- split open from the top to the very tuqujuqalaurninganut nunarjuaq sajuk- t8i gdJcvstQMs3m5. scsyEJ1- depths, though when it happened turjualaurninganut (immaqaa ajuriqsuiji N8qbC bm8N ck6 w2WQ7mΩ4f, none of us know. Granite rocks, such unikkaarilaurmagu nuna sajuktuq as our land consists of, and sand-hills Lisbonmi) uvagut nalunarutigijavut, like your land, are equally easy for uqausiqaraluaravit inugiaktigijunik God to overthrow, in whose power nunarjualimaattinni tuqujuqakautigi- the whole world stands, and we poor laurmat. Uqausirijungnanngitara little animals are easily buried in the tamanna qanuq ippigimmangaakku, ruins. You give me to understand ammalu kappiasuliqtigigaluarattigut, that with you there have been neither amisut qimaajalauqsutik iglumingnit snow nor great cold this winter, and asianuaqsutik, attanatuinnaqtumut x7ml v2Wxho6tQZlxC5tA5, xuh5 conclude that it must have been all qimaanniqsutik, qaiqtumi tunngaviqar- eµ/Ms6ht4 w[lu1i5 xyxkx6ht4, the severer with us; but we, too, have aluaqtumut; qaujimagatta ujarait qupi- x5bNgw8N6gj5 eµ8i6ht4, cw6gu had an unusually mild winter. I hear simaniqasuungungmata iluanualu tau- g8zFcClx6gj5; cspmZ5b s/Cw5 that your learned men are of the nunga, qaujimannginniqsuta taimaili- dWymic˙a1mb wlxkxl bskz, opinion that this mild weather has uqtuqarniqpuq. Tamakkuat qaiqtuit, cspm8q8i6hb bwmwos6gc3i6S6. been caused by the warm vapours nunattinni qaiqtulialuugatta, ammalu bm4fx5 cw6gw5, kN5t8i cw6go- emanating from the earth at the time tamakkuat kinngait siuralit nunatsitut, x¬Z5b, x7ml bm4fx5 r8zw5 ys- of the earthquake, which have warmed guutiup ajaurijungnarmagit, pijung- Co5 kN5yg5, Åts2 x/sEJ1N3mQ5, the air and melted the snow-material. narnilimaarnik pitaqarninganut silar- WJ1N3ioµ3i4 Wbc3izk5 yM3Jxoµ- But if I had not heard that this was jualimaamut, ammalu uvagut sunaulu- j5, x7ml s?A5 hNslx8q5gf¬JA5 the opinion of the learned, I should anngittukuluujugut uumajuralaaqtitut ßmJC˜6tg5 WD/syvstQgw8ND1NC5b have thought that the warmth of pirujausikautigituinnarungnaratta tav- b=?wN5tx6. gryt4X1m xStcM- the earth would avail little to heat vainattiaq. Tukisitikpangma aputiqa- s8q5gy esc5bMs8q7m¬8•5 kN{- the height and breadth of the air — launngittusi qiuqattalaunngimmaluun- y8i srsu bmgmi, x7ml scCF5 as little as a man’s breath avails to niit nunassinni ukiumi tamatumani, yM5bs8q5gcChQ/s9lb; ryxi4 sr- warm a large house in which he ammalu uqaravit silattaunngittuqara- s5t8i bmgmi w4®3Nlxc5bMs8q7- simply breathes for a moment and sugijaulluta; kisianik ukiuttinni tama- mE4rK6. gnsmJz wo8ix6ymJdt{y then goes out again. The south winds, tumani ikkiirnaluaqattalaunngimma- whmo6S5 bm8N yM ßNJ4yc5bo3i6- which are always warm, and have rikkivuq. Tusaumajunga ilinniaqsima- ns1m5 ßNJ4gu4 xiJc3izk5 kNu5 blown all the year through with us, juqutissi isumaliqput tamanna sila uuna- kN nJMs6t9lA, SÔ6g6 bm8N yM- are the cause of the moderate cold juksiqattalirniqsaungmat uunajuktumik u4 ßN6yt5tym8i3m5 xStu[l xs4y- we have had; but why the south wind anijuqarninganut nunamit nuna saju- o6hi. ryxi4 gnsmMs8q4vlxDm blew I cannot tell, nor the learned lauqtillugu, pujuuqtuq tamanna silamik bmgmi wo8ix6ymJ3Jxi5, N7ui6 either, perhaps. Were these wretched uunaqsitittisimannirmat aputimiglu

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 49 kNoC˜6 ∫8N Ù9 A‰8˜8©3 w˚Ms6ymt9lA. tt6gZ6ymJ5 g„5 eysJ5 x7m c3mw5, sux9l, x7ml m3Î4 w[lw5 xfr5g- usbw5 w[lQ?Ms6ym/q5 brÔhaJ5. ∫4fx5 brÔZlx6Lt4 tt6gZ6ymÔ4 ∫4fx4 r2ÙE4©i6ns÷6Í4 brÔc5bMsClx6Lt4. nsu1¨5gu5 wy3F4bc6S6. bo6W1¨8i6n6 ∫8N tt6gZs/6- bsymK6 wlxi hNbc3mΩq8i4 bf/4nc8ax6Li. eg3z- ‰4g5 xF4g6ymJu4 xbsy3u4 wi4nc6XMs6S5 d9oc6Lt4, Xi6¥Fc6Lt4 x7ml w[o3u4. ∫8N bo6W1u5 WzJQ/sJ6 ƒ0/z8ax6g6 n8qn8ax∂Clx6S6 c/6g3i4nj5.

A village in Paul Greenlander’s time. The drawing shows skin , a (sodhouse), skin umiaqs, and two traditional Greenlandic longhouses. The longhouses appear more rectangular than they actually were. Protruding from the one on the left is the long entrance passage. The (Det gamle Grønlands ny Perlustration eller Naturel-Historie) (Det gamle Grønlands ny Perlustration eller Naturel-Historie) longhouse on the right has been drawn to show the interior. Each section houses a family, and has a qulliq (stone lamp), drying racks, and a qaaq (bed). The inverted figure in the Hans Egede section third from the right is probably a seal hunter doing allunaariaqataarneq, exercises for building the flexibility needed for qajaq-rolling. Nunaliralaaq taanna Paul Greenlander inuulauqsima- tillugu. Titiqtugaqsimajut tupiit qisiujut amma qarmait, umiallu, ammalu marruuk igluit Akukittumiutait iglu- givalauqsimajangit takijuusungujut. Taakkuat takijuu- galuaq&utik titiqtugaqsimajuuk taakkuak kippaarik- tuuniqsaujaaqpuuk takijuuqattalauraluaq&utik. Saumi- ngttumit isirviktaqaqpuq. Taliqpingnniqsaq taanna titiq- tugaujaqtausimavuq iluani sunataqarmangaanginnik takujaksaqannguaq&uni. Qiturngariiktut aviktuqsima- jumik atausirmik iniksaqaqpalauqput qulliqaq&utik, paniqsiiviqaq&utik ammalu ivilirmik. Taanna taliq- pingmit pingajugijaujuq kuujjangannguaqtuq sanngisannguaquuraluaqpuq qajaqturniksamut.

whmN/Ms6Sz kNs2 ßN3iz ßN6- people killed by the heat, or did the auksiliqsuni. Kisianik tusaumalaunngik- yt5tA8NC/8q4vlx6S6 x?toµ3Jxu4 earth swallow them up, or were they kaluaruma tamatumani ilinniaqsima- bwµ4 — ˙3l w˚2 xi6~3izk5 w[l shaken to death? Skipper B. thought jurjuanit, namminiq isumanajalauq- ßN6ytbsJ1N8q7m5, is6ygx3m5 that their own houses must have fallen punga nunaup uunarninga uunaqsitit- xi6~3lil rM7ufl4 b=?l x•6y- upon them and killed them. Your tigunnarajanngikkaluaqpuq avatili- Q9li. iQ3u5 ßNJ4gi4 xkÇ6gc- people do not seem to care very maarjuamik taimaak — suurlu inuup c5b6ymKA5 srsu bmgmi, x7ml much about it; for they are not only aniqsaarninganut iglu uunaqsititau- W0JtQ6ƒ6XK5 yM ßNÔo3izi4; cheerful and merry, but they relate jungnanngimmat, niuqsituarmat aniq- ryxi4 cspm8q5gz ˙6 iŒ8N3u5 that the two nations who come here saarlunilu kilammikuluk tavvalu anii- xkC6gc3i6ns1mΩ5t8i4, x7mlcw5 whale-fishing, not your country- qsigilluni. Nigirmit uunajuktunik anu- wo5tymJw5 bm4fx5 NlQ9lt4. bm4- men, but of the same faith as you, raaqtuqaqattaqsimavugut ukiumi tama- fxoµ5 ßN3i3j5 gdbs?5 s=?l are fighting with and shooting each tumani, ammalu pijjutigiqquuqpavut kNs2 ∑/Fiq9¬8•5, s=?l nJ4tb- other both by land and sea, hunting sila uunajuulirninganik; kisianik qauji- slx3i3j5 gd?5V bw8N Skipper B. each other as we hunt seals and rein- manngittunga suuq nigiinnarmit anu- whmJ6 w[lq5 vb8iq8k5 vb=FsN- deer, and stealing and taking away raqtuqarniqsaungmangaattinnik, amma- hQ/q5. wkdty w2WAhlx∂8q5g5; ships and goods from each other, luqait ilittisimajuit tamakkuat nalugil- dFx˙/gw8N6X4ht4, x7ml sc6ymK5 from people they have never seen lutik. Tamakkualimaat uunarnirmut kNusctQ8qby c9lˆcty bmsz or known, simply because their lord tuqutauvat uvvalu nunaup iijaviningil- x3F3ixEx6g˙5 s4W6©ctQ/y sN- and master will have it so. When I luunniit, uvvalu sajuktitauluarnirmut bc5bsto6S5 kN4f5 wm4f9l, ßmJ6- asked the skipper, through an inter- tuquvat? Tainna Skipper B. isumajuq

50 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 tg5 xac5bsto3i6S5 t[oc5bst9- preter, what could be the cause of iglungit katanninginnut katavviuna- lt4 sux3Jx3i9l hNil x6~c5bs- such inhumanity, he answered that sugijangit. Inuqutisi ippigusuluaquun- t9lt4, cspm8q5bu8k5 bfMs6ym8- it was all about a piece of land right ngittut; quviasuujatuinnaqpaksutik, qbu8k5 bwmwos6g5, wµ4 xbi6t4 opposite ours, so far away that it ammalu uqaqsimavut nunamiuqatigin- xzJçE/6t4 W0JtQ9lA. sux3Jx- could only be reached after three ngitasi qallunaaqatisi tamaunga arvir- oEp xWEZ4f g~pc6hz, ˙6 bw- months’ sailing. [He is probably talk- niariaqtusuut ukpiqtuuqatigijasi unata- mwlxÇlo3mΩb wk4t©8q5gu4, ing about the British and the French. qattautiliqput nunakkut imakkullu, uuma- rsMs6S6 hNs=? W0Jtc3i6S5 kNu4 Although there were no French whalers juqtitut anguqattautilirniqput tigliqat- xr5tx5t8•5gu4, szyQ/q8i4 wµ4 in Greenland, Britain and were tautillutik umiarjuarnillu sunanilu fighting the Seven Years’ War at the aqsaaqattautillutik, qaujimanngitta- time.] Then I thought that there minnut takulauqsimanngitaminnut must be great scarcity of land where taimailiuqtut, imaak ataniqtik anga- these people dwell; but he said no, juqaarijaqtik pijjutigillugu. Umiarjua- that it was only because of the great liriji apirigakku tusaajiqaqsunga, suuq lords’ greediness for more riches taimailuaraalulirmangaata inuktituun- and more people to rule over. I was ngittumik, kiulauqpuq sunauvva pijju- so astounded by this greediness, and tiqarniqput nunamik akittiattinniittu- so terrified lest it should fall upon mik, ungasigijanginnik imaak tingirrau- us too, that I was almost out of my talikkut tikivvigijungnaqtangit kisianik mind; but I presently took heart taqqit pingasunut. (Uqausiqaqquuqpuq again, you will scarcely guess why. Inglanmiunik Uivimiunillu. Uiviinik Ithought of our snow-clad country arvirniaqtiqaqattalaunngikkaluaqsutik, and its poor inhabitants, and said to taitsumanilluaq taakkuat Inglanmiullu myself: “Thank God! we are poor and uiviimiullu unatarniqalauqput kajusi- possess nothing which these greedy lauqsimajumik Arraagunik Saipanik.) Qallunaat can desire. What we have Isumaliqpungalu taakkuat nunakiluar- tq3Csbo4f5 tr=FQJ1N6bq5 ry- upon the earth they do not care to ninginnut taimailiuqput, kisianik nuna- xi4 b6r5 Wzhk5. Gscsyc6ƒ6S6 possess, what we require for food and kiluannginniraijangit, ataniqtigguuq w1M8usi4 swÏusi9l. swÏi4 clothing swims in the great sea; of x3F3ix6tcc5bMs8q4vlx6ht4, that they may take as much as they bw5hmi9lx6 ∫4fx5 w1M8us9l sw- can, there will always be enough for Guuti qujalijauli! Ïus9l sNb3icMs6S5 vJyMs6ym- us.” If only we have as much food Ajuqsaqturuluugatta Ju4 x3ÇAi4 &-i4.H whmo6Szl as we can eat, and skins enough to sunaqannginnattalu qallunaat ∫4fx5 kNrlx3iq8k5 bwmwos6S5, keep us from the cold, we are quite pijumanajaqtanginnit. ryxi4 kNrlx8q8iCw/q5, xbi6- contented; and you know very well t[Å6 WJmlxÇlo3mb hNi4 x7ml that we let tomorrow take care of WJ1N3icDm9lt4 wk1k5. bbuAh7mE- itself. Therefore we will not fight Ms6Sz bwµ4 d=?ExDmic3iq8k5, with anyone, even if we were strong pijumaluaraalulirmata sunanik ammalu v2Wxho6Szl bwmwos6bsN/Ex4- enough; although we can as justly pijungnarniqarumallutik inungnut. n5t8i, whmwDtvn7mEMs6Sz; ry- say that the sea belongs to us as the Tatamigusummarilauqpunga taimaak xi4 µ8N ßmt4f5 nwm3Ôu4v8io6Sz, believers in the East can say of the quvvariarumaniqarninginnut, kappia- NMsA8N8q7mE4b3i4 W0Jtc6hz. unbelievers in the West that they suliqpungalu taimailiuqtaunajariaksat- whmQMs6XC kNK5 xStoxl x7ml and their possessions belong to them. tinni, isumairutikasammarilauqpunga; wkDlq5 whmQ9lQ5, whmo6Szl: We can say it is our sea which sur- kisianik maanna uumatikkut saimarju- “Åt d/o/so¡ xJ6n6gD¬Z5b hN- rounds our land, and that the whales, umikkanniliqpunga, nalaugunnanngim- c8q8N5bl c9lˆ5 WJmN/6bq8i5. cachalots, grampuses, porpoises, nar- mariktarnik pijjutiqaqsunga. Isumagi- kN3Jxu Wym/K5 bm4fx5 WJm8q7- whals, white whales, seals, halibuts, lauqpara aputilialu ammalu mQ5, bm4fx5 ieQ/K5 x8kÇ4nE/K9l salmon, cod, and sea-scorpions which inurulungit isumagillugit, isumaliq- Sw0J˙a1mb bEs3JxÇl7u; x7ml swim in it belong to us too; but we pungalu: Guuti qujalijauli! Ajuqsaq- bm4fNi4 Wgw8ND1N6S5 WJm/u8i5, willingly allow others to take of this turuluugatta sunaqannginnattalu qallu- ˆ7 m4gcw8N3ixC5b.” ˆ7m5gu4 iE/4- great store as much as they please. naat pijumanajaqtanginnit. Nunarjuami ncgxD5b, x7ml xu3i4 es0/w4ft4- We are happy in that we have not pisimajavut tamakkuat pijumanngim- nc5txgxD5b, nw7mD1N6SA5; x7ml so great a natural covetousness as magit, tamakkuat niqigijavut annuraak-

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 51 cspmKt5 yKi4nj5 cs2X5 whµ¬- they. I have often wondered at the sarijavullu puijjusuungungmata tariur- ˙a8q8N5b. bwmwizk5 r4fgw8N3i4 Christians, and have not known juaraalummi; ammalu tamakkunanik sNbctc0÷8q5gA5, n8qic5txCl- what to think about them — they pituinnarungnaqput pijumajaminnit, xD5b¬8•5; i9oxJ1NClx6t9lb leave their own beautiful land, and naammaktuqainnarniaratta. Ii naam- bEs3Jx6 WQZ5tA5, ˙3l xrxi3u- suffer much hardship in our coun- mattumik nirijaksaqatuarutta, ammalu sb5 s4W6g5 sc˙am1b WQ/c3mb try, which is to them so rough and amirnik qiujjaikkutiksaqattiatuarutta, sx1N3usbw5 s4W6©8q5g5 Wdtx- disagreeable, simply for the sake saimmarungnaqpugut; ammalu qauji- lq 8i5. scD1N6SA5 bEs3Jx6 x?- of making us good people; but have mavutit sivuniksamut qauppat isumaa- lxmymJ6 kN5t8i WQ/K5 x7ml you ever heard such strange and luusuungunnginnatta. Taimaininganut x3Ï9l wclw5 cwDø9l Swπ9l ©Û- utterly senseless talk among us? kikkutuinnarnik unataqatiqajjaanngit- ø9l eNlZw9l, N5¥9l, N∫3Nw5, Their teachers instruct us how we tugut, sannginiqattiaraluaruttaluunniit; wcl4„5, ßZw5 cNJw9l bEs3usbw5 are to escape the devil, whom we nilliajungnaraluaqtilluta tariurjuaq pigi- bm4fx5bs6 N7uiEJuN3u/K5; ryxi4 never knew; and yet the roistering gattigut, suurlu akianirmiutat ukpiqtut ckw4n8q5tx6hb r4fgw8N3i4 WJm- sailors pray with the greatest earnest- uqasuungumata pigijaqarmata uangnar- /u8i5 Wtgw8Nc5b6XK5. dFxh4SA5 ness that the devil may take them, or miutait ukpiqtuunngittut piqutialun- ∫4fx5 wo6fyE/q5t©8q8N5b bwµ4. may split them. I daresay you remem- ginnit. Uqarungnaqpugut tariurjuaq bm4fx5 s4W6©iC6g5 Nlc5b6bCl- ber how I, in my youth, learned such avaluamasimajuq nunattinni pigijavut x4v5 — kN5yx?1ui5 emwK5, kN5- phrases from them to please them, ammalu arviillu iqaluit qairuliillu puiji- t8il x4hD5tx6ht4, kN5bsQ8q7mQ5 without knowing what they meant, illu tuugaaliillu qinalugaillu, natsiillu, xvsQ8q7mQ9l, s?5t8i4 wk5tx?s- until you forbade me to use them. nataarnait, iqalukpiit, uugait qanajuillu t5t/6g6ym9lt4; ryxi4 hqsN8- Since I have come to understand tariurmiutait tamakkuattauq nammi- q5gu4 grc8q5gu9l bwµ4 scsy- them myself, I have heard more nirijuminarmijavut; kisianik qanuik- cc5b6WbV wonwpq5 xJE6hw?1- than I wanted of them. This year in sanngittiaqsuta kikkutuinnarnik piju- mtA5 x8NwQxu4 ~∫Nyu4, cspmM- particular I have heard so much of majaminnit pitituinnaqattaqpavut. s8qb5t8i4; ryxi4 sux3Jx6g6- the Christians, that if I had not, in Quviasukpugut taakkuat iliqqusirijan- tq5 g4yx˙aK5 x4hxl4 ek9lt4 the course of long familiarity with gittituunnginnatta taimaak. Tamakkuat ~∫Nyu5 W/sJm9lt4, s=?l dW/- them, known many good and wor- ukpiqtuuniraqtut naluqattaqtaraluakkat slt4. w6vsmKz m4f4©9lz wo8i- thy men among them, and if Hans — nunatsiavangminit qimaivut, nunat- Pungiok and Anarsak, who have tinnilu aksuruttiaqsutik, nunattaugin- been to your country, had not told ngimmagit akauginngimmagillu, uvat- me that there were many pious and tinnik inuttiavautittijaqtuqsimallutik; virtuous people there, I could have kisianik sungiunanngittumik tukiqann- wished that we had never set eyes gittumillu taimaak uqausiqaqattaqpita? upon them lest they should corrupt Ilisaijingit ajuriqsuivangmatigut annai- our people. I daresay you have often giamik saataanasimik, qaujimalaunngi- heard how my countrymen think of tattinnik; kisianik umiarjuaqtuqtingit you and yours that you have learned tuksiasuunguvut aksualuk qinullutik good behaviour among us; and when saataanasimit pijaujumallutik, uvvalu they see a pious person among you, qupijaulutik. Iqqaumavunga makkuk- they will often say,“He is like a tuullunga ilinniarvigijakkat uqarnirmik human being” or “a Greenlander.” uqausilirluutinik tukisinngikkaluaqsunga, You no doubt remember that funny ammalu ilissinnik taimailiuqujaujunni- fellow Okako’s idea of sending angak- iliqsunga. Maannali tukisijungnaqsima- kuit (shamans) to your country to lirakkit tamakkuat uqausiit, tusarnirinn- x3FQ/4v5 sc3i3u4 scsyo3¬ti4 teach the people to be good, as your gittiaraluaqpakkat. Arraagumi tamatu- gry8q4vlx6hz, x7ml wo{y8i4 king has sent preachers hither to teach manilu ukpiqtuujunit tusaumajaqalua- bwmwosd/sJ8•o6hz. µ8No gry- us that there is a God, which we did lirama, qaujimalaunngikkaluarukkit J1N6ymoC4r5 bm4fx5 scs¥5, gn3- not know before. But I know that inuttiavaujuqtaqarninginnit ammalu iE8q5txClx6X4v5. x3ÇAu bmg- your people do not lack instruction, uqautijaunngikkaluaruma inuuqatikkanit mil s4W6©Ji5 gnsm/clxoCm, and therefore that proposal is of no Pugiurmit Anaqsarmillu nunassinnuaq- cspmMs8q4vlxD4r5 wk5tx?sJ6- use. It is strange enough, my dear simajuuk uqausiqalaunngikkaluarutik bc3iq8i5 x7ml scst/s8q4vl- Pauia! — your people know that there inuttiavaujuqtaqarninganik nunassin- xDm w˚ct4vi5 SQs3u5 xN6n3u9l is a God, the creator and upholder nik, uvanga isumanajalauqpunga taku-

52 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 kN{y8kx6ymÔ4 scsycMs8q4vlx- of all things, that after this life they lauqsimajumanajalaunngittiaqtunga Dt4 wk5tx?sJ6bc3izi4 kN{y8i4, will either be happy or miserable, qallunaanik inuqutittinnik piunngittuu- s?z whmN/Ms6Sz bfMs6ymJm- according as they shall have conducted liqtittinasuginiarlugit. Tusaumattiaq- N/Ms8q5tx6gz c9lˆi4 wkd- themselves here, and and yet they tuksauvutit nunaqqatikkat isumasuun- t5t8i4 Ws8q5©o6t5tNhQix3lQ5. live as if they were under orders to gungmata ilissi inuttiavaunirmik ilit- gnsm5tx6g4nsKt5 kN6vt4v5 whm- be wicked, and it was to their honour tisimajusi uvattinnit; ammalu qallu- ˙a1mb wo{y wk5tx?si3u4 wo5- and advantage to sin. My country- naarmik iliqqusittiariktumik takuli- tymJy s?5t8i5; x7ml c9lˆ3u4 men, on the other hand, know raangata uqasuungummaringmata wo6fy5txE4gu4 bfoÇzb sc˙a7- nothing either of a God or a devil, “una Inuktitut pijuq” uvvalu “una mE1mb “sN wk4tg5 WJ6” s=?l believe neither in punishment nor Kalaa&isuutut pijuq”. Tainna ijurnaq- “sN v˜O˙g5 WJ6”. bw8N wJ3- in reward after this life; and yet tuq iqqaumajaksarijait Okakomik atilik N6g6 w6vsm/4nE/w5 svfu4 xto4 they live decently, treat each other isumalauqsimaniralaurmat angakkut- whmMs6ymiCMs3m5 xz4f5t8iÅ6 kindly, and share with each other tinniguuq aullaqtittijuksaugatta nunas- xs9M6t5tJ4nsZ5b kN{y8k5 xJE6- peaceably when they have food to sinnut ajuriqsuijaqturlutik qallunaanik hw/6g3lt4 c9lˆi4 wk5tx?si3u4, share. There are, of course, bad inuttiavaunirmik, angajuqqaasi nunat- xzJ6√y kN5t8k5 toyMs3m5 xJE6- people among us too, which proves tinnut tilisilaurmat ajuriqsuijinik qau- hwpi4 csp4vw/6g6g4ni4 Åtc3- that we must be of one stock; and jikkaijaqtuqtuksanik Guutiqarninganik, izi4, Åtc3mΩ6 cspmMs8q8N5b. perhaps we must thank our barren Guutiqarmangaaq qaujimalaunngin- ryxi4 wkdty cspm/4v5 wo8ix6- land for the fact that most of us are natta. Kisianik inuqutisi qaujimajakkat ymic5tx3mb bwmwosD1NC/8q5- beyond reproach. (You do not think, ilinniaqsimaniqattiarmata taimailiu- gA5. wM8NC Xsox¡ — wkdty I hope, that I am talking hypocriti- rungnarajanngittugut. Ilannara Paulia! cspmK5 Åtc3izi4, W8a6t5tpu4 cally about my countrymen, for you — inuqutisi qaujimavut Guutiqarnin- mrbt5tpu4 hNoµ5tx3i4, x7ml know by experience that what I say ganik, pinnguqtittijimik makitatittijimik gdgxDt4 dFxN6gj5 s=?l x4hD1- is true.) When I have heard accounts sunalimaattiarnik, ammalu tuqutuarutik N6gjxD1N3mb, mo4gu4 bµi w˚8- of your pleasant country I have often quvianaqtumut uvvalu aksurungnaqtu- iE/Clx4t4, ryxi4 bwm8N s4WE- envied its inhabitants; for they have muarungnarmata, maliktumik tamaani /cClx6ht4 moZ4nc∂7mE4S5 Ws8- great abundance of the delicious inuunnirijaraluaktik, kisianik taimanna q5goi3j5, x7ml sWQ/c∂7mE- fruits of the earth, and of animals, ukpirijaqaraluaqsutik maligaksaqaqu- ummarikput piunngittulinirmut, ammalu ∫8N Ù9 A‰8˜8g3 ttCMs3m5 ∫{hjz Xs9 upigijaqaquummarisuungungmata wQtj5. ∫8N Xs9 wQt xfr5gjxMs6ym8i3m5 piunngittuunirmik ammalu saalaqaru- kv2Wxat9li x∫bi WctQ9lis4 tigiquummarimmagit. Nunaqqatikkali yK9o6ÙE/s9li xJE6hw/6g6gi4 Guutimik saataanasimiluunniit qauji- xfr5gusb3k5. xfr5gusb3i4 WDctcMs6S6 majaqanngikkaluaqsutik, ukpirijaqan- wk4t©6X4Li scD1N6L il wk4tg5. ngikkaluaqsutigluunniit tuquniup ava- ttC6X4bq5 bm4fx5 ho5tx6ym˙aK5 taanut akijaunirmik tunijaunirmiluun- scsyc6Lt4 ckw2XMs6ymJi4 wkw5 xf8iq8i niit; sulittauq inuuttiarasuaqpakput, xfr5gu !&)) xg6t9lQ5. pittiaqattautivaksutik, ammalu qanuik- Paul Greenlander wrote the letter to this man, saratik niqigijaminnit amiqqaattiaqat- Paul Egede. Paul Egede came to Greenland as taqput niqiqatuaraangamik. Taimaik- a boy with his father Hans, the first kaluaqtillugit suli akunnittinnik inut- missionary to the Greenlanders. He grew up taunngittuqarmijuugaluaq, sunauvva among the Greenlanders, lived like they did, kitulimaangujutigut ilagiiktuinnau- and became fluent in their language. His

(Efterretninger om Grønland – uddrag af en journal(Efterretninger 1721- 1788) galuaratta; ammalu ukiuqtaqtumi writings are a reliable source of information nunavut pitaqattiannginninganuujuk- about Inuit life in Greenland in the . sauvuq inuttiavaujuinnaukasaktugut.

Paul Egede Taanna Paul Greenlander titiralaurmat (Isumajuksaunngikkaluaqputit sulinn- taassumunga Paul Egedemut. Taanna Paul gittumik uqarama pijjutigillugit nunaq- Egede Akukittumualauqsimannirmat qatikkat tamakkuat, qaujimagavit atuq- nukappiangutilluni ataatani piqatigilluniuk simajavit malillugu tamanna sulittiar- sivulliqpaarijaulluni ajuriqsuijaqtuqtunik Akukittumiutarnut. Akukittumiutarnik piruqatiqalauqpuq inuktituuqpak&uni uqarungnaq&unilu inuktitut. Titiraqpaktangit mat). Tusaumaqattaqtillunga nunatsi- tamakkuat sulittiaqsimasuunguvut uqausiqaq&utik qanuippalauqsimajunik Inuit avarijassinnik taikanirmiutaujusi tusug- akunninginni Akukittumi 1700 atuqtillugit. iliqpakkaluaqpatsi; pitaqattiarninginnut

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 53 ˙a1mb Ws8q5©i3u4 x7ml ~McD- birds, and fishes of innumerable sorts, nunarjuap paurngaqutittiavanginnit, tQ∂7mE7mQ5. kN6vt4vo Åtu4 ~∫- fine, large, comfortable houses, fine ammalu uumajurnik, tingmiarnik, iqa- Nyu¬8•5 cspm/c8q4vlx6ht4, clothes, a long summer, no snow lungnillu qanuittutuinnarnik, iglurjua- s4WE/c8q4vlx6ht[¬8•5 gdis2 or cold, no midges, but everything qattiaqsutik akauttiaqtunik, annuraa- x?∫k5 xr/si3u4 gi/si3u¬8•5; pleasant and desirable; and this hap- qattiaqsutik, akuni aujaqasuungullutik, ho5bs6 w˚5txChx6X4S5, W5txc5- piness, I thought, belonged to you aputiqaratik ikkiirnanngittiaqsuni, milu- bst?4ht4, x7ml ckw4nCt4 ieQ- alone because you were believers, giaqtaqaratik, qanuinngittiaqtumik /u8i5 xu6√5txc5b6S5 iecgx- and, as it were, God’s own children, naammattiaqtumik inuuvviqarmata; Çzu4. bwmw4vlx6t9lQ5 ho xf8- while we, as unbelievers, were placed ammalu isumalauqpunga quvianarni- i5t8i4 wk5bs8q5gc3uÔZlx6, in this country as a punishment. But qaqpusili ukpiqtuunissinnut, suurlu hNs=? rgoµaJtA5 wMŒ4gw8Ns- oh, we happy Greenlanders! Oh, Guutimut qiturngarijaugassi, uvagullu ZlxC5b; x7ml srs6b6gu kNK5 dear native land! How well it is that ukpiqtuunngittugut imaittumik nuna- Wbc5tx8q8iz˚J4nsK6 wk5tx?- you are covered with ice and snow; qaqtitausimavugut akijautuinnaqsuta sJw8Nsvn4gA5. GwhmJ4ns8q4vlx6- how well it is that if in your rocks sanajimit. Kisianik, quviasulaanguvugut St5 ho8q5gu4 scCm W0JtQ9lQ5 there are gold and silver, for which Kalaa&imiutaujutigut! Nunagijatuqat- kN6vt4v5 bm4fx5, cspmZF5 xg6- the Christians are so greedy, it is tiavaaluvut! Naammattiaraluaqpuq ym/F5 mo9lA bm8N ho5tx3m5H. covered with so much snow that uliktausimagavit aputimut sikumullu; gnsmc5b6t9lz kN5yx?E/{y8i4 they cannot get at it! Your unfruit- naammattiaraluaqpurlu qaiqtuit iluani bwvi3usbsJy ghQo6X4vlx6X5y; fulness makes us happy and saves savirajaksaqarajaqpat, taikkuat ukpiq- Wbc5tx3iq8k5 kN3Jx2 Xs3zdt5- us from molestation. Pauia! we are tuujut pijumaluaqattarmata, tamanna tx?q8i5, x7ml ßmJ3i4, t1ux3i4, indeed contented with our lot. Fish uliktausimaninga naammattiaraluaqpuq wcl1 i9l ckw5ggw8N3i4, w[l3Jx- and flesh are our sole food; dainties pijaujjaanngimmat! Pinasuagaksaqan- c5tx6ht4 xvs5tx6gi4, x8kÇc5t- seldom come our way, but are all x6ht4, xfi xs/c˙a9lt4, xSt- the pleasanter when they do. Our cCt4 w4®3N8q5tx6hi, ulQx6bc- drink is ice-cold water; it quenches Inuuvugut kappiagijaqanngik- Ct4, ckw8q5tx6gu4 ˆ7m5tx6gu4 thirst and does not steal away the kaluaqsuta. w˚=Fc3mb; x7ml whmMs6Sz dF- understanding or the natural strength xN3ic6Syo s4W6©i{y8k5, ˙3l Åtj5 like that maddening drink of which eg3zE/sZ{y, s?A9l s4W6©8q5- your people are so fond. Our cloth- gA5 wmw5gu4 kNc6tbsymKA5 xr- ing is of unsightly thick-haired skins, nginnit tamanna quviasuutigivavut /sgw8N6hb nNpu5. ryxi4, dFxh- but so well is it suited to this coun- saputimmatigullu pavvisaqtaunirmit. ˜aKA5 v˜OusbsJtA5¡ kNQ/gc5- try, both for the animals, while the Paulia! Quviasutuinnaqpugut inuusivut tx¿lK5¡ ˆ7m5txClx6S6 so4bs- skin is still theirs, and for us when aturlugu. Iqalungnillu uumajurnillu ymZF5 xStj5 yfj9l; ˆ7m5txCl- we take them from them. Here then, nirijaksaqatuinnaqpugut; mamaqtura- x6S3l cw6gw5 wlxi nFC/4nc- thank God, there is nothing to tempt langnik tikivviugajunngittugut, kisianik C/6X5, bw4fx5 s4W6©J5 WJmlx- anyone to come and kill us for its tikittuqatuaraangat quvianaralaliqpak- c5b3mb, bm8N so4bsymiz ˆ7m5- sake. We live without fear. It is true tuugaluaq. Imigaksaqaqpugut nillinaq- txClx6S6 W/s0÷8q7m5¡ WNhxZ4- that here in the North we have the tumik; imirusuluarungnalirnarmat nc8q8i5 bm8N dFx˙tQ?K5 nSt7- fierce white bears; but to deal with ammalu tukiirutinnanngimmallu san- mtA9l X=Fn6bsi3u5. Xsox¡ dF- them we have our dogs, which fight ngiilirnanngimmalluunniit imialuktitut xhgw8N6SA5 w˚yK5 xg3lA. wcl1- for us, so that we do not run the aangajaarnaqtutut inuqutisi imisuuri- i9l ßmJ3i9l iE/4ncgw8N6SA5; slightest risk. Murder is very sel- jangittituunngimmat. Annuraavut mm6gCM1i4 tr=FsZJ8q5gA5, ryxi4 dom heard of among us. It does not takuranninngikkaluaqput miqqurillu- tr5gcgxÇz5 dFxNCMo6X4©Zlx6. happen unless someone is suspected tik, kisianik nunattinnut naammattiar- wuZ4nc6SA5 i9oN6gu4; wuDhlxD1- of being a magician and of having mata, uumajuq aturluniuk amigillu- No3N3m5 x7ml g®Dt8N8q7m9l n8œ- killed someone by his witchcraft, niuk, ammalu annuraaksaqtaarigattigut- o3N8q7m9¬8•5 wuxl4tg5 ≈z÷3N6- in which case he is killed without tauq naammagillugit. Tamanna pijju- gg5 wkdty wu˙E/q5t©8q7m5. remorse by those whose duty it is, tigillugu Guutimut qujalivunga angu- x8kÇK5 bfC8i8q4vlx6S5 u6fE9- who think they have just as good a jaugiaqtujjaannginnatta miqquqarnit- lt4, ryxi4 kN5t8k5 ˆ7m5tx3mb, right as the executioner in your tinnut. Inuuvugut kappiagijaqanngik- ßmJ6 xg3lis4 xuQ9lis4, x7ml country to take the lives of male- kaluaqsuta. Sulijuugaluaq ukiuqtaqtumi x8kÇ4n6∫EZ5tA5bs6 ˆ7mQ9lQ5. factors; but they make no boast of tamaani iqsinaqtualungnik nanuqtaqa- bm8N W0JtQ9lA Åtj5 d/oKz it, and do not give thanks to God ratta; kisianik nanulirijungnarmata

54 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 (Det gamle Grønlands ny Perlustration eller Naturel-Historie) Hans Egede

kN8ax6 xfr5g8ax6 !&$!-at9lA nN/s9li, ∫8Nl xw{˜8 bf4ns9li vN1N6Xy3u x7ml Wz1N6Xyxi er6∫l bf4ns9li. ∫8N kN8ax6 bf4nsK6 !&$!-u Bx8{ wQt scoµZoxzi xfr5gusbw5 kNzb u4~k5 gryQxDt4nc6Li.

A map of Greenland from 1741, showing Iceland to the east and Baffin Island to the west. The map appears in Hans Egede’s 1741 book on Greenland. Nunannguaq Akukittunnguaq 1741-ngutillugu sanajaulluni, taannalu Iceland takuksaulluni kanangnaqpasirmi ammalu pingangnaqpasiani qikiqtaalu takuksaulluni. Taanna nunannguaq takuksauvuq 1741-mi Hans Egede uqalimaagaliangani Akukittumiutait nunangata miksaanut tukisigiarutiksaqaq&uni.

xa/sQx6g0÷8q8N5b u6fc3i5t8k5. for it like the great lords in your qimmivut, paajarungnarmata, uvagut w˚KA5 v2WxQ/c8q4vlx6hb. hoÔ- country, when they have killed all attanaqtuqsiujjaanngimmariksuta. Inuaq- Zlx6 srs6b6gu bµi w6yN6g- the people of another land, as D. sijuqarninganik tamaani unikkaaqtau- xl1i4 Nk6bcC5b; ryxi4 Nko- has told me. It surely cannot be to juqarajunngittiaraluaqpuq. Inuaqtau- EJ1N3mb e7uK5, Ù/D1N3mb, s?A5 the good God of whom you teach juqaqattanngittuq kisianik angakkuu- x5bN6g6ys0÷8q7mE4hb. wkx6y- us, who has forbidden us to shed galuaruni ammalu saqarnikkut tuur- Jc3izi4 bµi si4√6bsJcCJ8- blood, that they give thanks and nginikkut inuaqsiniraqtaugaluaruni, q5txClx6S6. wkx6bsJcc5- praises; it must be to another who taimailiguni ugguarijaunani tuqutauna- b8q5g6 ryxi4 xz4ƒZlxDi x7ml loves slaughter and destruction. I jaqpuq inuaqsigiaqaqtunit, suurlu nu- nc3i4f5 ©3qi4f5 wkx6yiC6bs- wonder if it is not to the Tornarsuk nassinni inuaqsijiujuqtaqarassi pirajak- ZlxDi, bwmwoAi s[AxE/sNi [Devil]. Yet that cannot be either; paktunik inuaqsigiaqaqtunik; ammalu gdbsN/6S6 wkx6yQxc6gi5, ˙3l for it would be flying in the face of upigusuutigiqattanngitangit, ammalu kN{y8i wkx6ypsJ6bcC{y WC/4- the good God to give any honour Guutimut qujaliqattanngittut suurlu X4gi4 wkx6yQxc6gi4; x7ml to Satan. I hope you will explain angajuqqaassititut nunassinni, suurlu

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 55 sWA˙tQc5b8qbq5, x7ml Åtj5 this to me at your convenience. I nunaqqatiginngitaminnit inuaqsili- d/oc5b8q5g5 ˙3l xzJ6√{ytg5 promise not to tell my countrymen raangata taimaisuungunnirmataguuq. kN{y8i, ˙3l kN6vtQ8qbu8i5 about it. It might lead them to think Ta manna qaujikkaijassinnut Guutimut wkx6yoÇzb bwmw˙a8i3mbÅ6. like Kaua, who dared not become naammaktuksaunngikkaluaqpuq, inua- bm8N csp4vw/{y8k5 Åtj5 ˆ7m4g4- a Christian for fear he should come qsiqujaunnginnatta, tavva qujalivvigi- ns8q4vlx6S6, wkx6yd/s8q8N5b, to be like the wicked sailors. I will vaktangit niqsuillugulu Guuti; asianun- b=? d/o=FQ?4bq5 i6hw9lAl Åt; not tell you anything about the con- gaaq Guutimut taimailiqquuqput inuaq- xyxkΩ6 Åtj5 bwmwo6ƒ6S5 wk- version of my countrymen, for I know sinirmik siquptirinirmik pijumangaaq- x6yi3u4 yd2tEi3u4 WJmΩ6gj5 that our teacher has given you all tumut taimailiqquuqput. Tuurngaa- bwmwo∂6S5. ©3Ωl1j9¬8•rx6 information. The thing you desired lungmulluunniikiaq taimailivat? Aak- bwmwo?5V ≈4vsJ4nsK6; Åts2 me to look into I will, as far as I am kaujuksauvuq; Guutiup pittiaqtuup W5tx6©2 ˆ7mQZ/8q7mA bm8N ~∫- able to, attend to. I have not been naammagigajanngimmagu tamanna Nyu4 i6gwZ/Dt4. bmguz gryt- able to make the experiment with saataanasimik niqtuigajarutik. Tama- bsJm5tx6Sz W=Fco3i6t9lt5. the compass, since the cold this year tuminga tukisititaujumattiaqpunga kN6vt4v5 si4√3FQ0÷8qbClx4v5. has been only moderate. The cause pivviqalirniqtillutit. Nunaqqatikkat vs¿tg5 whmcoDuN3mb, s4W6©cb- of the two conflicting currents is no unikkaarvigijjaanngitaraluakkat. Kau- soDmMs8q7m5 bw4fxtg5 sux3J- doubt what you say. Since you value vaatitut isumaqaliruminarmata, ukpiq- x6g6ttg5 wo6fy6∫DmMs8q7m5. so much the two fishes almost turned tuuqataulirumalaunngimmat taikkuati- scsyEix8qb4v5 bm4fx5 kN5t8i to stone, I shall try to procure more tut umiarjuaqtuqtititut iliqqusiqtaaru- s4W6©o6ymJ5, wonwpK5 cspmZ4f for you; they are found in clay beds, malaunngimmat. Uqausirinianngitakkat wo1k5 si4√6ymMs3m5. bw8N xW6- as you suppose. Now I seem to have tamakkuat nunattinni ukpiqtuuliqsima- ftQMs6b5 cspQx3ix6XC, xJ8q- been speaking to you and you to jut, ilisaijivut qaujimagakku ilingnut gxDm. x7ml b7m‰4ftj5 ß4gCD1N- me — now I must close my letter. unikkaaqsimalaurmat. Tainna apiqqu- Ms8q5gz, x3ÇAu bmgmi w4®3- The skipper is ready and the wind is tigilauqtat qaujigiarniaqpara, ajunngi- N5txMs8q8izk5. wmw5 ƒ1iq5 fair. The mighty Protector of us all tuaruma. Ammalu tammariikkutimut xrC6©4 hoJu4 scsyE/4g5 WÔ4. guide them over the great and per- uukturarungnalaunngittunga, arraagumi bw4fx4 WJm5txMsCFQ4 wc¬4 m3Î4 ilous sea, and preserve them, espe- tamatumani ikkiirnattialaunnginnin- s/C8avn4©4, x0pq8i4 WNhx3i- cially from the wicked men-hunters, ganut. Imait kuungningit akiraqtuuk x6Sz W4n3i4; m3C3¨˙aZlx6S5, of whom I see they are most in dread, sulijumik uqausirijaktut pijuuk. Taik- cspm/t5. wo1i4 scctc6ym6ƒ- so they may come scatheless to their kuak pijumattialauravigik iqaluuk mar- oClx6Sz — scsy4nwDtZml fatherland and find you, my beloved, ruuk ujaranngukasaktuuk, ajjinginnik k6vo6Sz. sux3Jx6g6t X3N4ymK6 with gladness. pinasuarniaqpunga piksarnik; marrar- x7ml xkÇlx8q7m5. nS0pp3Jx5t8k5 miisuungugaluaqput, qaujimajatit. wvJ6bs5tx3o5 bEs3Jx4ƒ6t9lQ5 Paul Greenlander Ilingnik uqaqatiqaqsimaqquuliraluaq- x5bN6g4f5 Nqx3N6g4f5, nS0/so5, Greenland, 1756 punga — uqausiksairutigamalu nuq- Wlx6gu5 bw4fN8z5 wkx6y˙i5, qaliqpunga. Umiarjuaqtuqti parnaksi- v2WxQlx3mQ5, dFxh5tx3lt4 tr5- Inuktitut is grateful to Nuka Møller of mavuq ammalu anuraaluanngimmat. txDµod9lQ5 kN1uk5 wo1k9l, Atuakkiorfik (Greenland Publishers) Sapujjijirjuattinnut ikajuqtauttiarlit wM8N8k5. for providing background information tariurjuakkuuqtillugit attanaqtukkut on Paul Greenlander. nangiarnaqtukkut, sapujjaulit, piluaq- Ù9 A‰8˜8g3 tumit taikkunanngat inuaqsisuunit, xfr5gus5 kNz8i v˜Oi, kappiagiluarmagit, quviasuttiarlutik !&%^-at9lA tikittiarumaaliqullugit nunangminut ilingnullu, ilannannut. wk4tg5 scoµZ4nos6t5 d/oK5 ∫5hjz kv ∆Mj5 xgx4rs3F1u Poul Greenlander WoEpsJ6 xfr5gu scoµZ4no- Akukittumiut nunanganni Kalaa&ini, s6ti, gryt5tMs3m5 Xs9 A‰8˜8g3 1756-ngutillugu u4~k5. Inuktitut uqalimaagaksaliuqtit qujalivut taatsumunga Nuka Møller Atuakkiorfingmi pilirijiujuq Akukittumi uqalimaagaksaliuqtini, tukisitittilaurmat

56 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 wk4t©Es6nD†5

≈e4bq5 ÷N5 mfC

LEARN INUKTITUT by Janet McGrath

INUKTITUURIUQSARUTIIT Aaqiktangit Janet McGrath

x3N6 vu4 ey4 w4y?- u6h6- arnaq kamik qisik iksiva- miqsuq- female kamik sealskin to sit to sew

x3N6 w[l¨5g6 arnaq iglumiittuq

w[l iglu snowhouse -¨w5- -miit- is in (or at) -g6 -tuq s/he/it *

x3N6 w4y?J6 arnaq iksivajuq w4y?- iksiva- to sit

-J6 -juq s/he/it *

tt6gZw5: Bx©3 √7S9 Illustrations: Heather Campbell Titiqtugait: Heather Campbell

88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 57 x3N6 vuos6g6 arnaq kamiliuqtuq -os6- -liuq- to make -g6 -tuq s/he/it *

x3N6 vuos6g6 ey1j5 arnaq kamiliuqtuq qisingmut ey4 qisik sealskin

-j5 -mut with (also means ‘to’ in other contexts)

x3N6 w[lu u6h6g6 arnaq iglumi miqsuqtuq -u -mi in

u6h6- miqsuq- to sew

“Ns5 bwm u6ftZ?” “Nauk taima miqqutiga?” “where’s that needle of mine?” Ns4 nauk where?

bwm taima that one (one of the many uses of this word)

u6ft miqquti needle

-Z -ga 1st person possessive (my)**

* iksiva- ends with a vowel so we use -juq. -liuq-/-miit-/miqsuq- all end with a consonant so we use -tuq. Both –juq and -tuq mean the same thing: he/she/it. Inuktitut doesn’t distinguish between gender and animate/inanimate in pronouns. -juq is for vowel endings and -tuq is for consonant endings. ** igluga, kamiga, qisiga, miqqutiga are extentions of this (my iglu, my kamik, my seaskin, my needle), but if the noun ends in a ‘q’ then -ra is used, for example arnara, my woman). Note that in all cases, if the noun ends in a consonant, the consonant is dropped before adding -ga or -ra).

58 wk4tg5 88 • 2000 gnZ4n6 W7mExl4 vNbuso]mk5 drs7u4 Wc6gk5 vm5tx3i3j5

WcD8Nstc6gk5 gnZ4n6

moZ3u4 n6rymJco3m5 drstc6gom] 5 WcD8Nstc6gw8Ns/Exc3ixo3mb /] 8kxE 1, 2001u.

!.& uox8aJ5 vNbusbw5 WcD8Nsti4 Wym] io6g5 bmguz moZ3u4 xg6Lt4.

vNbusbw5 drstuk5 WcD8Nst|bDti4 bbt6ymJi4 g4yCsti4 N4ys0pymo6g5 |m8Nj5 sk6g7mEx¬J5. WJmJ5 sklx3iq8k5 WcD8Ns|t5 xq6bs|Ci4ymJk5 gi/svb4g5 TEMPORARY FIREARMS LICENCE (POSSESSION-ONLY) WcD8N6tbsMsv4ymJ5 xyq8i gi/sèèÂE9lt4. This licence authorizes the holder to possess firearms lawfully possessedLe titu holder on the date of issue of this licence. This licence is validla for date ac ammunition. munitio Name - Nom Date of b wkw5 rN4fgw8Nw5 x5b3N6gu| oq4vlx3m1Z] b bm8N Height - Taille Eye colour - Couleur des yeux Expiry da whm] lQi6X| EŸŸ Z5tA5. |h3l, WcD8Nstk5 xq6bsymJ5 This licence must be produced on demand if requested by a peace officer.Vous dev cspn6bsymAt4 Xøy4ftA5 x7ml Wi3l4ymicq8iq5 STANDARD CONDITION CONDIT csp/sAt5. x7ml WcD8Nstc6go|m5 You must inform the Chief Firearms Officer of the province or territoryVous dev w after any change in name or address. tout ch cspn6bs?9oxq8Nc5b3ix6Lt4 Wd/3u4 hCwymT4vlx3m1]Zb.

Issued by the Chief Firearms Officer (of the province or territory)Délivré under the Firearms Act, Statutes of Canada. des pouv drstcD8Ns|t5 gi/sc5b3ix6g5 wk1k5 Xøy4f8k5 cspn6bs|Ci4ymJk5.

bm8N cspn3i6 moZ3u4 drstoEi3j5 gC| zJi4 mo4S6, Wd/3u4 hCwymJ5 drstcD8NTtbsJ5.

drstu4 WcD8Nst|bDt4nw5 bbtExø5 srx6]n6 xgw8Nso3ix6g5. WcD8NstcMsv4tbsJ5 drsti4 xgExcT5g5 ryxi drstui4 WymJ8N6Lt4, hN4vi[l isFD8N6y~èM6Lt4 ]/8kxE 1, 2001 axi4ymo6X5. drstu4 WcD8N6tbsMsv4ymJ5 xg6S5 J| i 30, 2001j5 tr9lA x7ml bw4fx x3C| Ak5 b9omk4 WcD8Nstc6g5.

gryQx4v8iDmAF5 wvJ6bsJmAF5 bbtZ4ni4 WJmAF5 s|cMJ8N6gt5 ryxi c9l~ÑNg5 swÌÏg9¬8î5 rs/sN/6gt5 1 800 731 4000j5 s=?¬8î5 cCns/4f5 cspQx3lA www.cfc.gc.ca

wk4tg5 scoµZ6 tt6bs?5g6 W6fyoE9li r[Z6gwJu5 wk8i5 vNbusbi5. whm0JbsJ5 wkw5 bW‰4nf8•8Ω8q5g5. 59 Important Information for all about responsible firearm ownership

An update on licensing

The law requires that firearm owners be licensed by January 1, 2001. 1.7 million Canadians have already complied with the licensing requirements of the Firearms Act. And recently, Canadians have sent in their firearms licence applications in record numbers. To meet this overwhelming demand, temporary licences are now being issued to eligible firearm owners.

TEMPORARY FIREARMS LICENCE Public safety remains the cornerstone of the (POSSESSION-ONLY)

This licence authorizes the holder to possess firearms lawfully possessedLe titu firearms program. holder on the date of issue of this licence. This licence is validla for date ac ammunition. munitio For example, temporary licences are only being Name - Nom Date of b

Height - Taille Eye colour - Couleur des yeux Expiry da issued to those who are successfully screened against

This licence must be produced on demand if requested by a peace officer.Vous dev Canadian Police Information Centre (CPIC) databases. And, like current licence holders, those with tempo- STANDARD CONDITION CONDIT You must inform the Chief Firearms Officer of the province or territoryVous dev w rary firearms licences will be continuously screened after any change in name or address. tout ch against police databases. Firearms licences will be

Issued by the Chief Firearms Officer (of the province or territory)Délivré under the Firearms Act, Statutes of Canada. des pou issued only to those found eligible after further screen- ing. These public safety checks conform to the Firearms Act and keep firearms away from those who should not have them. Temporary licences will be issued to eligible firearm owners who applied in the fall. Temporary licence holders are not permitted to acquire firearms. However, they will be in legal possession of their firearms and they will be able to purchase ammunition as of January 1, 2001. Temporary licences are only valid until June 30, 2001 or until those eligible receive their 5-year licence.

For more information, assistance or forms, call 1 800 731-4000 or visit our Web site at www.cfc.gc.ca

Inuktitut is a cultural magazine serving Canadian Inuit. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada. 88 • 2000 INUKTITUT 61