keeping promises ii preface mcgill-queen's native and northern series (In memory of Bruce G. Trigger) Sarah Carter and Arthur J. Ray, Editors 1 When the Whalers Were Up North 11 When the North Was Red Inuit Memories from the Eastern Aboriginal Education in Soviet Arctic Siberia Dorothy Harley Eber Dennis A. Bartels and Alice L. 2 The Challenge of Arctic Shipping Bartels Science, Environmental Assess- 12 From Talking Chiefs to a Native ment, and Human Values Corporate Elite Edited by David L. VanderZwaag The Birth of Class and National- and Cynthia Lamson ism among Canadian Inuit 3 Lost Harvests Marybelle Mitchell Prairie Indian Reserve Farmers and 13 Cold Comfort Government Policy My Love Affair with the Arctic Sarah Carter Graham W. Rowley 4 Native Liberty, Crown Sovereignty 14 The True Spirit and Original The Existing Aboriginal Right of Intent of Treaty 7 Self-Government in Canada Treaty 7 Elders and Tribal Council Bruce Clark with Walter Hildebrandt, Dorothy 5 Unravelling the Franklin Mystery First Rider, and Sarah Carter Inuit Testimony 15 This Distant and Unsurveyed David C. Woodman Country 6 Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and A Woman’s Winter at Baffin Island, China Goods 1857-1858 The Maritime Fur Trade of the W. Gillies Ross Northwest Coast, 1785-1841 16 Images of Justice James R. Gibson Dorothy Harley Eber 7 From Wooden Ploughs to Welfare 17 Capturing Women The Story of the Western Reserves The Manipulation of Cultural Helen Buckley Imagery in Canada’s Prairie West 8 In Business for Ourselves Sarah A. Carter Northern Entrepreneurs 18 Social and Environmental Impacts Wanda A. Wuttunee of the James Bay Hydroelectric 9 For an Amerindian Autohistory Project An Essay on the Foundations of a Edited by James F. Hornig Social Ethic 19 Saqiyuq Georges E. Sioui Stories from the Lives of Three 10 Strangers Among Us Inuit Women David Woodman Nancy Wachowich in collaboration with Apphia Agalakti Awa, Rhoda Kaukjak Katsak, and Sandra Pikujak Katsak Acknowledgments iii 20 Justice in Paradise 31 The Heavens Are Changing Bruce Clark Nineteenth-Century Protestant 21 Aboriginal Rights and Self- Missions and Tsimshian Government Christianity The Canadian and Mexican Susan Neylan Experience in North American 32 Arctic Migrants/Arctic Villagers Perspective The Transformation of Inuit Edited by Curtis Cook and Juan D. Settlement in the Central Arctic Lindau David Damas 22 Harvest of Souls 33 Arctic Justice The Jesuit Missions and Colonial- On Trial for Murder - Pond Inlet, ism in North America, 1632-1650 1923 Carole Blackburn Shelagh D. Grant 23 Bounty and Benevolence 34 The American Empire and the A History of Saskatchewan Treaties Fourth World Arthur J. Ray, Jim Miller, and Frank Anthony J. Hall Tough 35 Eighteenth-Century Naturalists of 24 The People of Denendeh Hudson Bay Ethnohistory of the Indians of Stuart Houston, Tim Ball, and Mary Canada’s Northwest Territories Houston June Helm 36 Uqalurait 25 The Marshall Decision and Native An Oral History of Nunavut Rights Compiled and edited by John Bennett Ken Coates and Susan Rowley 26 The Flying Tiger 37 Living Rhythms Women Shamans and Storytellers Lessons in Aboriginal Economic of the Amur Resilience and Vision Kira Van Deusen Wanda Wuttunee 27 Alone in Silence 38 The Making of an Explorer European Women in the Canadian George Hubert Wilkins and the North before 1940 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913- Barbara E. Kelcey 1916 28 The Arctic Voyages of Martin Fro- Stuart E. Jenness bisher 39 Chee Chee An Elizabethan Adventure A Study of Aboriginal Suicide Robert McGhee Alvin Evans 29 Northern Experience and the 40 Strange Things Done Myths of Canadian Culture Murder in Yukon History Renée Hulan Ken S. Coates and William R. 30 The White Man’s Gonna Getcha Morrison The Colonial Challenge to the 41 Healing through Art Crees in Quebec Ritualized Space and Cree Identity Toby Morantz Nadia Ferrara iv Acknowledgments 42 Coyote and Raven Go Canoeing 54 Kiviuq Coming Home to the Village An Inuit Hero and His Siberian Peter Cole Cousins 43 Something New in the Air Kira Van Deusen The Story of First Peoples Televi- 55 Native Peoples and Water Rights sion Broadcasting in Canada Irrigation, Dams, and the Law in Lorna Roth Western Canada 44 Listening to Old Woman Speak Kenichi Matsui Natives and Alternatives in Canadi- 56 The Rediscovered Self an Literature Indigenous Identity and Cultural Laura Smyth Groening Justice 45 Robert and Francis Flaherty Ronald Niezen A Documentary Life, 1883-1922 57 As affecting the fate of my absent Robert J. Christopher husband 46 Talking in Context Selected Letters of Lady Franklin Language and Identity in Kwak- Concerning the Search for the Lost waka’wakw Society Franklin Expedition, 1848-1860 Anne Marie Goodfellow Edited by Erika Behrisch Elce 47 Tecumseh’s Bones 58 The Language of the Inuit Guy St-Denis Syntax, Semantics, and Society in the Arctic 48 Constructing Colonial Discourse Louis-Jacques Dorais Captain Cook at Nootka Sound Noel Elizabeth Currie 59 Inuit Shamanism and Christianity Transitions and Transformations in 49 The Hollow Tree the Twentieth Century Fighting Addiction with Tradition- Frédéric B. Laugrand and Jarich G. al Healing Oosten Herb Nabigon 60 No Place for Fairness 50 The Return of Caribou to Ungava Indigenous Land Rights and Policy A.T. Bergerud, Stuart Luttich, and in the Bear Island Case and Beyond Lodewijk Camps David T. McNab 51 Firekeepers of the Twenty-First 61 Aleut Identity Century Tradition and Modernity in an First Nations Women Chiefs Indigenous Fishery Cora J. Voyageur Katherine L. Reedy-Mascher 52 Isuma 62 Earth into Property Inuit Video Art Aboriginal History and the Making Michael Robert Evans of Global Capitalism 53 Outside Looking In Anthony J. Hall Viewing First Nations Peoples in 63 Collections and Objections Canadian Dramatic Television Aboriginal Material Culture in Series Southern Ontario, 1791-1914 Mary Jane Miller Michelle A. Hamilton Acknowledgments v 64 These Mysterious People 75 Our Ice Is Vanishing/Sikuvut Shaping History and Archaeology Nunguliqtuq in a Northwest Coast Community A History of Inuit, Newcomers, Susan Roy and Climate Change 65 Telling It to the Judge Shelley Wright Taking Native History to Court 76 Maps and Memes Arthur J. Ray Redrawing Culture, Place, and 66 Aboriginal Music in Contemporary Identity in Indigenous Canada Communities Echoes and Exchanges Gwilym Lucas Eades Edited by Anna Hoefnagels and 77 Encounters Beverley Diamond An Anthropological History of 67 In Twilight and in Dawn Southeastern Labrador A Biography of Diamond Jenness John C. Kennedy Barnett Richling 78 Keeping Promises 68 Women’s Work, Women’s Art The Royal Proclamation of 1763, Nineteenth-Century Northern Aboriginal Rights, and Treaties in Athapaskan Clothing Canada Judy Thompson Edited by Terry Fenge and Jim Aldridge 69 Warriors of the Plains The Arts of Plains Indian Warfare Max Carocci 70 Reclaiming Indigenous Planning Edited by Ryan Walker, Ted Jojola, and David Natcher 71 Setting All the Captives Free Capture, Adjustment, and Recollec- tion in Allegheny Country Ian K. Steele 72 Before Ontario The Archaeology of a Province Edited by Marit K. Munson and Susan M. Jamieson 73 Becoming Inummarik Men’s Lives in an Inuit Community Peter Collings 74 Ancient Pathways, Ancestral Knowledge Ethnobotany and Ecological Wis- dom of Indigenous Peoples of Northwestern North America Nancy J. Turner This page intentionally left blank preface vii Keeping Promises The Royal Proclamation of 1763, Aboriginal Rights, and Treaties in Canada Edited by terry fenge and jim aldridge McGill-Queen’s University Press Montreal & Kingston • London • Chicago viii preface © McGill-Queen’s University Press 2015 isbn 978-0-7735-4586-1 (cloth) isbn 978-0-7735-4587-8 (paper) isbn 978-0-7735-9754-9 (epdf) isbn 978-0-7735-9755-6 (epub) Legal deposit fourth quarter 2015 Bibliothèque nationale du Québec Printed in Canada on acid-free paper that is 100% ancient forest free (100% post-consumer recycled), processed chlo- rine free. This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, through the Awards to Scholarly Publica- tions Program, using funds provided by the Social Sci- ences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Fund- ing has also been received from from the Land Claims Agreement Coalition. McGill-Queen’s University Press acknowledges the support of the Canada Council for the Arts for our publishing program. We also acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Cana- da Book Fund for our publishing activities. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Keeping promises : the Royal Proclamation of 1763, aboriginal rights, and treaties in Canada / edited by Terry Fenge and Jim Aldridge. (McGill-Queen's Native and northern series ; 78) Includes bibliographical references and index. Issued in print and electronic formats. isbn 978-0-7735-4586-1 (bound). – isbn 978-0-7735-4587-8 (pbk). – isbn 978-0-7735-9754-9 (epdf). – isbn 978-0-7735-9755-6 (epub) 1. Native peoples – Land tenure – Canada. 2. Native peoples – Canada – Claims. 3. Native peoples – Civil rights – Canada. 4. Native peoples – Legal status, laws, etc. – Canada. I. Fenge, Terry, 1950–, author, editor II. Aldridge, Jim, author, editor III. Series: McGill-Queen's Native and northern series ; 78 ke7739.l3k43 2015 342.7108'72 c2015-904020-5 kf8205.k43 2015 c2015-904021-3 This book was typeset by True to Type in 10.5/13 Sabon Acknowledgments ix This book is dedicated to Indigenous peoples in Canada and throughout the Americas. Colonization and dispossession – by the Spanish, Por- tuguese, French, British, Dutch, Americans, and Canadians – are a con- stant theme in the Western Hemisphere since 1492. Yet Indigenous peoples have survived and continue to live in all parts of the hemisphere, seeking to recover lost rights and to determine their own futures in line with the 2007 United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.