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Semantika Pojma (Anti)Fašizam Semantika pojma (anti)fašizam Nina Spicijarić Paškvan UDK 81'37:329.4 Izvadak U stručnoj su javnosti definicije pojmova fašizam i antifašizam općeprihvaćene, no ti se poj- movi vezuju za različite, često kontradiktorne pojave te se u hrvatskom javnom životu oko njih vode brojne rasprave. Stoga je cilj ovoga rada s jezičnoga aspekta razmotriti tumačenja pojmova fašizam i antifašizam uz pomoć dostupnih jednojezičnih rječnika engleskoga, tali- janskoga i hrvatskoga jezika. S jedne strane, tumačenja će se pojmova sagledati sinkronijski u sva tri jezika, a s druge strane dijakronijski unutar pojedinoga jezika. Osim toga, pomoću rječnika i enciklopedija pokušat će se odrediti prvo pojavljivanje pojma antifašizam. Ključne riječi: antifašizam, fašizam, rječnici, enciklopedije, talijanski, engleski, hrvatski 0. Uvod Dva naočigled jasna pojma fašizam i antifašizam u hrvatskoj javnoj sferi potiču brojne rasprave pa čak i prepirke. I jedan i drugi pojam te pridjevi izvedeni od njih (fašistički, antifašistički) pripisuju se različitim pojavama i događajima, primjerice u medijskim naslovima: Španjolci izglasali fašistički „Zakon o sigurnosti građana“: Kazne za prosvjednike do 600.000 eura!,1 Faši- stički poklič Albanaca: Smrt za Srbiju, spas za Bosnu!,2 Švedska: Antifašistički divljaci u prosvjedu protiv domoljuba izazvali veliki sukob s policijom.3 Razlozi velikoga raspona pojava koje ova dva pojma pokrivaju vjerojatno leže i u samoj ideologiji fašizma koja, dok je fašizam u svojem izvornom obliku dje- 1 Ratko Martinović, „Španjolci izglasali fašistički ‘Zakon o sigurnosti građana’: Kazne za prosvjednike do 600.000 eura!“ (preuzeto 18. IX. 2014. s: http://www.nexus-svjetlost.com/vijesti/u-pozadini-vijesti/item/ 514-spanjolci-izglasali-fasisticki-zakon-o-sigurnosti-gradana-kazne-za-prosvjednike-do-600-000eura, članak izvorno objavljen 3. XII. 2013.) 2 „Fašistički poklič Albanaca: Smrt za Srbiju, spas za Bosnu!“ (preuzeto 18. IX. 2014. S: http://www.kurir-info. rs/fasisticki-poklic-albanaca-smrt-za-srbiju-spas-za-bosnu-clanak-1376009, članak izvorno objavljen 19. V. 2014.) 3 „Švedska: Antifašistički divljaci u prosvjedu protiv domoljuba izazvali veliki sukob s policijom“ (preuzeto 18. IX. 2014. s: http://www.sloboda.hr/svedska-antifasisticki-divljaci-u-prosvjedu-protiv-domoljuba-izazvali-veliki- sukob-s-policijom/, članak izvorno objavljen 24. VIII. 2014.) 106 (Anti)fašizam u prošlosti i sadašnjosti | Nina Spicijarić Paškvan lovao, nije bila dovoljno jasno određena. Tako, prema Umbertu Ecu (1995) „Fašizam je bio nejasan totalitarizam, kolaž različitih filozofskih i političkih ideja, košnica kontradikcija. Može li netko pojmiti istinski totalitarni pokret koji je u mogućnosti sjediniti monarhiju s revolucijom, Kraljevsku armiju s Mussolinijevom osobnom milicijom, jamstvo privilegija Crkvi s državnom edukacijom koja slavi nasilje, potpunu državnu kontrolu sa slobodnim trži- štem…“ (pr. a.).4 No, u ovom se radu neće dublje zalaziti u povijesne i ideo- loške rasprave,5 već će se nastojati s jezičnoga gledišta dati prikaz tumačenja pojma fašizam te s tim u vezi i pojma antifašizam prema onomu što se nalazi u dostupnim jednojezičnim engleskim, talijanskim i hrvatskim rječnicima od 20-ih godina 20. stoljeća do početka 21. stoljeća. U nedostatku rječnika, objašnjenja će biti nadopunjena podatcima iz natuknica u postojećim enci- klopedijama iz navedenoga razdoblja. Budući da se navedeni pojmovi pri- pisuju raznim pojavama te se sredstvima javnoga priopćavanja njima čak i manipulira, krenulo se od hipoteze da će se njihovo značenje u rječnicima tijekom desetljeća mijenjati. 1. Fašizam 1.1 Nastanak pojma i ideologije Ako se razmotri sama riječ fašizam, ona na prvi pogled u sebi ne sadrži ideo- loške konotacije, odnosno osnovne smjernice što je razlikuju od ostalih dok- trina, npr. liberalizma „sustava političkih i ekonomskih nazora u kojem su prava pojedinca i opće slobode najviša vrijednost“ (lat. liberale(m), iz libero „slobodan“), demokracije „vladavina slobodnih građana putem predstavnika izabranih direktnim izborima“ (gr. dēmokratía < dêmos „narod“ + krátos „moć“), kapitalizma „društveno-ekonomski sustav koji se zasniva na privat- nom vlasništvu i slobodnom poduzetništvu, tržišnoj konkurenciji kapitala i radne snage“ (lat. capitale(m) „vlasništvo, dionica, bogatstvo“) itd. Etimološki gledano, leksem fašizam dolazi od tal. fascismo < tal. fascio „stručak, snop“ (+ -ismo) < lat. fasce(m) nejasne etimologije. Jedni smatraju 4 „Fascism was a fuzzy totalitarianism, a collage of different philosophical and political ideas, a beehive of contradictions. Can one conceive of a truly totalitarian movement that was able to combine monarchy with revolution, the Royal Army with Mussolini’s personal milizia, the grant of privileges to the Church with state education extolling violence, absolute state control with a free market?“ (Umberto Eco, „UR-Fascism“, The New York Review of Books, June 22, 1995., (preuzeto 9. IX. 2014. s: http://www.pegc.us/archive/Articles/eco_ur- fascism.pdf)) 5 Povijesni podatci navedeni su isključivo zbog dobivanja cjelokupne slike. 105-127 | Semantika pojma (anti)fašizam 107 da je riječ nastala iz indoeuropskoga korijena badh, bandh (phad = fad) „vezati“ (> benda, banda), dok drugi drže da ima zajedničko podrijetlo s gr. фάκελος (phákelos „snop, svežanj“).6 Sâm pojam fasces (lictorii) odnosi se na snop pruća od breze ili brijesta dug oko 1,5 m sa sjekirom u sredini koji su liktori (podređeni službenici) na lijevom ramenu nosili pred rimskim konzulima ili drugim magistratima, kad bi se pojavljivali u javnosti. Fasces je bio znak i oruđe magistratskog prava na izricanje presuda spram osuđenika na smrt, s kaznom bičevanja (šiba) te potom dekapitacije (sjekira). Ispred svakoga je dužnosnika, ovisno o visini njegove funkcije, išao određen broj liktora koji su nosili fasces (npr. ispred rimskoga kralja i kasnije konzula bilo je 12 liktora).7 Zbog pronalaska minija- ture željeznoga pruća u etruščanskoj grobnici liktora u 7. st. pr. Kr. u Vetulo- niji, smatra se da su Rimljani fasces preuzeli od Etruščana, dok drugi smatraju da je taj običaj prvi uveo Romul koji je bio u pratnji 12 liktora. Taj je broj sim- bolizirao 12 ptica koje su navijestile njegovo proglašenje kraljem, odnosno 12 naroda koji su ga priznali kao kralja.8 U vrijeme je Rimske Republike unutar grada taj snop bio bez sjekire, jer je tamo moć konzula bila ograničena pra- vom žalbe naroda (provocatio).9 Snop je simbol žetve, izobilja i blagostanja, dok je svezani snop skupljenih stabljika (tj. skup jednakih dijelova) simbol integracije pojedinih elemenata u cjelinu, svođenja višestrukoga na jedno, sile koja proistječe iz sjedinjenja te simbol društvene sloge.10 Dakle, simbolizam fascesa odnosi se na snagu kroz jedinstvo, jer jedan se štap lako razbije, dok je snop teško razbiti. Upravo zbog toga fasces postaje nacionalni simbol brojnih država, pri- mjerice SAD-a nakon Rata za nezavisnost (1776. – 1783.) te se nalazi na broj- nim vladinim zgradama i spomenicima u Washingtonu, na kovanicama itd., primjerice: u Zastupničkom domu SAD-a; kip Abrahama Lincolna u vašin- 6 Ottorino Pianigiani, Vocabolario Etimologico della Lingua Italiana, Roma 1907., s. v. „Fascio“ (preuzeto 4. IX. 2014. s: http://etimo.it/?term=fascio&find=Cerca); фάκελος„ “, Robert Beeks, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Leiden 2010., s. v. „Fascio“, 1547. 7 S. v. „Fascio consolare“, Enciclopedia militare, sv. 3, Milano 1929., 671; s. v. „Fascio“, Enciclopedia Italiana, 1932. (preuzeto 4. IX. 2014. s: http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fascio_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/); 8 S. v. „Fasces“, Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc, 2012. (preuzeto 4. IX. 2014. s: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202174/fasces); s. v. „Fascio“, Enciclopedia Italiana, 1949., 846; s v. „Fascio consolare“, Enciclopedia militare, sv. 3, 1929., 671. 9 S. v. „Fascio consolare“, Enciclopedia militare, sv. 3., 671.; s. v. „Fascio“, Enciclopedia Italiana, n. dj. s. v. „Fasces“, Hrvatska enciklopedija, Zagreb 2013. (preuzeto 4. IX. 2014. s: http://enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica. aspx?ID=19036); s. v. „Fascio“, Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Letteratura ed Arti, 14, Roma 1949., 846; s. v. „Fasces“, The Oxford English Dictionary, sv. 1, ur. James A. H. Murray et al., Oxford 1933., 80; Salvatore Battaglia, Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, sv. 5, Torino 1967., s. v. „Fascio“, 701. 10 Jean Chevalier – Jean Gheerbrant, Rječnik simbola, Zagreb 1983., 614. 108 (Anti)fašizam u prošlosti i sadašnjosti | Nina Spicijarić Paškvan gtonskom The Lincoln Memorialu (vidi slika 1); Houdonov kip Georga Washi- ngtona, čija se replika nalazi u US Capitol Rotundi; senatski pečat SAD-a, 10 centi SAD-a – The Mercury Dime/Winged Liberty Head Dime 1916. – 1945. itd. U Francuskoj je u vrijeme Revolucije fasces korišten u raznim kontekstima kao simbol za izražavanje jedinstva francuskih građanskih snaga za obranu slobode, zatim od 1790. fasces postaje novi amblem Francuske. Službeno je priznat kao simbol „jedinstva i nedjeljivosti Republike“, a i danas se nalazi na grbu Francuske Republike (vidi slika 2) okružen listovima masline (simbol mira), i hrasta (simbol pravde). Kod drugih se zemalja fasces nalazi, npr., na grbu španjolske policije (Guardia Civil, vidi slika 3), švicarskog kantona San 11 Gallen (vidi slika 4), grada Vilniusa itd. Slika 1. Fasces kao dio kipa Abrahama Lincolna u vašingtonskom The Lincoln Memorialu (djelo Daniela Chestera Frencha) 11 „Fasces“, Encyclopaedia Britannica Online; „Le faisceau de licteur“, Présidence
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