An Analysis of the Asprox Botnet
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Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress
Order Code RL32114 Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress Updated January 29, 2008 Clay Wilson Specialist in Technology and National Security Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress Summary Cybercrime is becoming more organized and established as a transnational business. High technology online skills are now available for rent to a variety of customers, possibly including nation states, or individuals and groups that could secretly represent terrorist groups. The increased use of automated attack tools by cybercriminals has overwhelmed some current methodologies used for tracking Internet cyberattacks, and vulnerabilities of the U.S. critical infrastructure, which are acknowledged openly in publications, could possibly attract cyberattacks to extort money, or damage the U.S. economy to affect national security. In April and May 2007, NATO and the United States sent computer security experts to Estonia to help that nation recover from cyberattacks directed against government computer systems, and to analyze the methods used and determine the source of the attacks.1 Some security experts suspect that political protestors may have rented the services of cybercriminals, possibly a large network of infected PCs, called a “botnet,” to help disrupt the computer systems of the Estonian government. DOD officials have also indicated that similar cyberattacks from individuals and countries targeting economic, -
A the Hacker
A The Hacker Madame Curie once said “En science, nous devons nous int´eresser aux choses, non aux personnes [In science, we should be interested in things, not in people].” Things, however, have since changed, and today we have to be interested not just in the facts of computer security and crime, but in the people who perpetrate these acts. Hence this discussion of hackers. Over the centuries, the term “hacker” has referred to various activities. We are familiar with usages such as “a carpenter hacking wood with an ax” and “a butcher hacking meat with a cleaver,” but it seems that the modern, computer-related form of this term originated in the many pranks and practi- cal jokes perpetrated by students at MIT in the 1960s. As an example of the many meanings assigned to this term, see [Schneier 04] which, among much other information, explains why Galileo was a hacker but Aristotle wasn’t. A hack is a person lacking talent or ability, as in a “hack writer.” Hack as a verb is used in contexts such as “hack the media,” “hack your brain,” and “hack your reputation.” Recently, it has also come to mean either a kludge, or the opposite of a kludge, as in a clever or elegant solution to a difficult problem. A hack also means a simple but often inelegant solution or technique. The following tentative definitions are quoted from the jargon file ([jargon 04], edited by Eric S. Raymond): 1. A person who enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities, as opposed to most users, who prefer to learn only the minimum necessary. -
Analysis of Malware and Domain Name System Traffic
Analysis of Malware and Domain Name System Traffic Hamad Mohammed Binsalleeh A Thesis in The Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Concordia University Montréal, Québec, Canada July 2014 c Hamad Mohammed Binsalleeh, 2014 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY Division of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Hamad Mohammed Binsalleeh Entitled: Analysis of Malware and Domain Name System Traffic and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy complies with the regulations of this University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: Chair Dr. Christian Moreau External Examiner Dr. Nadia Tawbi Examiner to Program Dr. Lingyu Wang Examiner Dr. Peter Grogono Examiner Dr. Olga Ormandjieva Thesis Co-Supervisor Dr. Mourad Debbabi Thesis Co-Supervisor Dr. Amr Youssef Approved by Chair of the CSE Department 2014 Dean of Engineering ABSTRACT Analysis of Malware and Domain Name System Traffic Hamad Mohammed Binsalleeh Concordia University, 2014 Malicious domains host Command and Control servers that are used to instruct in- fected machines to perpetuate malicious activities such as sending spam, stealing creden- tials, and launching denial of service attacks. Both static and dynamic analysis of malware as well as monitoring Domain Name System (DNS) traffic provide valuable insight into such malicious activities and help security experts detect and protect against many cyber attacks. Advanced crimeware toolkits were responsible for many recent cyber attacks. In order to understand the inner workings of such toolkits, we present a detailed reverse en- gineering analysis of the Zeus crimeware toolkit to unveil its underlying architecture and enable its mitigation. -
The Botnet Chronicles a Journey to Infamy
The Botnet Chronicles A Journey to Infamy Trend Micro, Incorporated Rik Ferguson Senior Security Advisor A Trend Micro White Paper I November 2010 The Botnet Chronicles A Journey to Infamy CONTENTS A Prelude to Evolution ....................................................................................................................4 The Botnet Saga Begins .................................................................................................................5 The Birth of Organized Crime .........................................................................................................7 The Security War Rages On ........................................................................................................... 8 Lost in the White Noise................................................................................................................. 10 Where Do We Go from Here? .......................................................................................................... 11 References ...................................................................................................................................... 12 2 WHITE PAPER I THE BOTNET CHRONICLES: A JOURNEY TO INFAMY The Botnet Chronicles A Journey to Infamy The botnet time line below shows a rundown of the botnets discussed in this white paper. Clicking each botnet’s name in blue will bring you to the page where it is described in more detail. To go back to the time line below from each page, click the ~ at the end of the section. 3 WHITE -
CONTENTS in THIS ISSUE Fighting Malware and Spam
MARCH 2008 Fighting malware and spam CONTENTS IN THIS ISSUE 2 COMMENT EVASIVE ACTION Home (page) renovations Pandex has attracted very little attention from the media and generated little 3 NEWS discussion between malware Botherders herded researchers and among the 29A folds general populace. Chandra Prakash and Adam Thomas provide an overview of the Pandex operation and take an in-depth look at VIRUS PREVALENCE TABLE 3 the underlying code that has allowed this malware to evade detection for so long. 4 MALWARE ANALYSIS page 4 Pandex: the botnet that could PACKING A PUNCH In the fi nal part of the series on exepacker 9 FEATURE blacklisting, Robert Neumann takes a look at how all the processing and analysis techniques are put Exepacker blacklisting part 3 into practice in a real-life situation. page 9 15 CONFERENCE REPORT AVG TURNS 8 Black Hat DC and CCC 24C3 John Hawes gets his hands on a preview version of the latest offering from AVG. 18 PRODUCT REVIEW page 18 AVG Internet Security 8 22 END NOTES & NEWS This month: anti-spam news and events, and Ken Simpson considers the implications of rising spam volume despite increasing accuracy of content fi lters. ISSN 1749-7027 COMMENT ‘It is hoped that within all sizes of business. It is hoped that the comment facility will promote discussion among visitors and that the comment facility in some cases the more knowledgeable of VB’s readers will promote will be able to guide and assist those less well versed in discussion among the complexities of anti-malware technologies. -
Detecting Botnets Using File System Indicators
Detecting botnets using file system indicators Master's thesis University of Twente Author: Committee members: Peter Wagenaar Prof. Dr. Pieter H. Hartel Dr. Damiano Bolzoni Frank Bernaards LLM (NHTCU) December 12, 2012 Abstract Botnets, large groups of networked zombie computers under centralised control, are recognised as one of the major threats on the internet. There is a lot of research towards ways of detecting botnets, in particular towards detecting Command and Control servers. Most of the research is focused on trying to detect the commands that these servers send to the bots over the network. For this research, we have looked at botnets from a botmaster's perspective. First, we characterise several botnet enhancing techniques using three aspects: resilience, stealth and churn. We see that these enhancements are usually employed in the network communications between the C&C and the bots. This leads us to our second contribution: we propose a new botnet detection method based on the way C&C's are present on the file system. We define a set of file system based indicators and use them to search for C&C's in images of hard disks. We investigate how the aspects resilience, stealth and churn apply to each of the indicators and discuss countermeasures botmasters could take to evade detection. We validate our method by applying it to a test dataset of 94 disk images, 16 of which contain C&C installations, and show that low false positive and false negative ratio's can be achieved. Approaching the botnet detection problem from this angle is novel, which provides a basis for further research. -
C&C Botnet Detection Over
C&C Botnet Detection over SSL Riccardo Bortolameotti University of Twente - EIT ICT Labs masterschool [email protected] Dedicated to my parents Remo and Chiara, and to my sister Anna 2 Abstract Nowadays botnets are playing an important role in the panorama of cyber- crime. These cyber weapons are used to perform malicious activities such fi- nancial frauds, cyber-espionage, etc... using infected computers. This threat can be mitigated by detecting C&C channels on the network. In literature many solutions have been proposed. However, botnet are becoming more and more complex, and currently they are trying to move towards encrypted solutions. In this work, we have designed, implemented and validated a method to detect botnet C&C communication channels over SSL, the se- curity protocol standard de-facto. We provide a set of SSL features that can be used to detect malicious connections. Using our features, the results indicate that we are able to detect, what we believe to be, a botnet and ma- licious connections. Our system can also be considered privacy-preserving and lightweight, because the payload is not analyzed and the portion of an- alyzed traffic is very small. Our analysis also indicates that 0.6% of the SSL connections were broken. Limitations of the system, its applications and possible future works are also discussed. 3 4 Contents 1 Introduction 7 1.1 Problem Statement . .9 1.2 Research questions . 10 1.2.1 Layout of the thesis . 11 2 State of the Art 13 2.1 Preliminary concepts . 13 2.1.1 FFSN . -
The Ecology of Malware
The Ecology of Malware Jedidiah R. Crandall Roya Ensafi Stephanie Forrest University of New Mexico University of New Mexico University of New Mexico Dept. of Computer Science Dept. of Computer Science Dept. of Computer Science Mail stop: MSC01 1130 Mail stop: MSC01 1130 Mail stop: MSC01 1130 1 University of New Mexico 1 University of New Mexico 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Joshua Ladau Bilal Shebaro Santa Fe Institute University of New Mexico 1399 Hyde Park Road Dept. of Computer Science Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501 Mail stop: MSC01 1130 [email protected] 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 [email protected] ABSTRACT General Terms The fight against malicious software (or malware, which includes Security everything from worms to viruses to botnets) is often viewed as an “arms race.” Conventional wisdom is that we must continu- Keywords ally “raise the bar” for the malware creators. However, the mul- titude of malware has itself evolved into a complex environment, malware ecology, malware analysis, worms, viruses, botnets and properties not unlike those of ecological systems have begun to emerge. This may include competition between malware, fa- 1. INTRODUCTION cilitation, parasitism, predation, and density-dependent population regulation. Ecological principles will likely be useful for under- Modern malware defense involves a variety of activities and is standing the effects of these ecological interactions, for example, quickly becoming unsustainable. So many malware samples are carrying capacity, species-time and species-area relationships, the collected from the wild each day that triaging is necessary to deter- unified neutral theory of biodiversity, and the theory of island bio- mine which samples warrant further analysis. -
How the Pursuit of Truth Led Me to Selling Viagra®
How The Pursuit of Truth Led Me To Selling Viagra® Vern Paxson EECS Department, University of California International Computer Science Institute Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California USA August 13, 2009 Outline: • This is a broad, retrospective talk about network security Data • Specifically, 2 decades’ worth of Internet measurement: What the data tells us about the lay of the land … what’s changed … and what in fact doesn’t change (“invariants”) • A personal (ivory tower research) view: From general network characterization ⇒ manual attacks ⇒ worms ⇒ bots ⇒ spam Why all this leads to selling Viagra First, some acknowledgments: • ICSI: Mark Allman, Christian Kreibich, Robin Sommer, Nicholas Weaver • LBL: Craig Leres, Jim Rothfuss, Dwayne Ramsey, Brian Tierney, et al • UC San Diego: Stefan Savage, Chris Kanich, Kirill Levchenko, Brandon Enright, Geoff Voelker Part I Pursuit of Truth + Phobia of Being Fooled = Thirst for Data Three Invariants: Growth, Explosive Onset, & Diversity • Sep 1988: I apply to grad school 56,000 Internet hosts (3.3 MB/day) • Sep 1990: I enroll in grad “special topics” course on networking & start measuring traffic at LBL 313,000 Internet hosts (9.5 MB/day) • Oct 21 1991: I join Prof. Ferrari’s Tenet group 617,000 Internet hosts (17.5 MB/day) • May 11, 1994: My paper Growth Trends in Wide Area TCP Connections accepted for publication ≈ 3,000,000 Internet hosts (130 MB/day) “Our data suggests a very recent explosion in commercial use of the Internet …” “… relatively new information-retrieval protocols such as Gopher and World-Wide Web exhibited explosive growth” Data courtesy of Rick Adams = 80% growth/year Data courtesy of Rick Adams & David C. -
Pax Technica
pax technica YY6658.indb6658.indb i 22/2/15/2/15 11:15:1811:15:18 AAMM YY6658.indb6658.indb iiii 22/2/15/2/15 11:15:1811:15:18 AAMM philip n. howard pax technica how the internet of things may set us free or lock us up new haven & london YY6658.indb6658.indb iiiiii 22/2/15/2/15 11:15:1811:15:18 AAMM Published with assistance from the Mary Cady Tew Memorial Fund. Copyright © 2015 by Philip N. Howard. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. An online version of the work is made available under a Creative Commons license for use that is noncommercial and not derivative. The terms of the license are set forth at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. For more information about a digital copy of the work, please see the author’s website: http://philhoward.org/. Yale University Press books may be purchased in quantity for educational, business, or promotional use. For information, please e-mail sales.press@yale .edu (U.S. offi ce) or [email protected] (U.K. offi ce). Set in Joanna type by Newgen North America, Austin, Texas. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 978-0-300-19947-5 (cloth : alk. paper) Catalogue records for this book are available from the Library of Congress and the British Library. -
Zerohack Zer0pwn Youranonnews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men
Zerohack Zer0Pwn YourAnonNews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men YamaTough Xtreme x-Leader xenu xen0nymous www.oem.com.mx www.nytimes.com/pages/world/asia/index.html www.informador.com.mx www.futuregov.asia www.cronica.com.mx www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com Worm Wolfy Withdrawal* WillyFoReal Wikileaks IRC 88.80.16.13/9999 IRC Channel WikiLeaks WiiSpellWhy whitekidney Wells Fargo weed WallRoad w0rmware Vulnerability Vladislav Khorokhorin Visa Inc. Virus Virgin Islands "Viewpointe Archive Services, LLC" Versability Verizon Venezuela Vegas Vatican City USB US Trust US Bankcorp Uruguay Uran0n unusedcrayon United Kingdom UnicormCr3w unfittoprint unelected.org UndisclosedAnon Ukraine UGNazi ua_musti_1905 U.S. Bankcorp TYLER Turkey trosec113 Trojan Horse Trojan Trivette TriCk Tribalzer0 Transnistria transaction Traitor traffic court Tradecraft Trade Secrets "Total System Services, Inc." Topiary Top Secret Tom Stracener TibitXimer Thumb Drive Thomson Reuters TheWikiBoat thepeoplescause the_infecti0n The Unknowns The UnderTaker The Syrian electronic army The Jokerhack Thailand ThaCosmo th3j35t3r testeux1 TEST Telecomix TehWongZ Teddy Bigglesworth TeaMp0isoN TeamHav0k Team Ghost Shell Team Digi7al tdl4 taxes TARP tango down Tampa Tammy Shapiro Taiwan Tabu T0x1c t0wN T.A.R.P. Syrian Electronic Army syndiv Symantec Corporation Switzerland Swingers Club SWIFT Sweden Swan SwaggSec Swagg Security "SunGard Data Systems, Inc." Stuxnet Stringer Streamroller Stole* Sterlok SteelAnne st0rm SQLi Spyware Spying Spydevilz Spy Camera Sposed Spook Spoofing Splendide -
Downloading and Running
City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Meng, X. (2018). An integrated networkbased mobile botnet detection system. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City, Universtiy of London) This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/19840/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] AN INTEGRATED NETWORK- BASED MOBILE BOTNET DETECTION SYSTEM Xin Meng Department of Computer Science City, University of London This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy City University London June 2017 Declaration I hereby declare that except where specific reference is made to the work of others, the contents of this dissertation are original and have not been submitted in whole or in part for consideration for any other degree or qualification in this, or any other University. This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration, except where specifically indicated in the text.