THE NOTTINGHAM STUDY OF FOOD CHOICE IN LATER LIFE 1994-1996

CODEBOOK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Dr Kevin Morgan This study was funded under the Senior Lecturer Economic and Social Research Centre for Ageing and Council Programme The Nation’s Rehabilitation Studies Diet: the Social Science of Food School of Health and Related Choice (award reference Research L209252037). The rural study was University of Sheffield funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Dr Jeanette M Lilley under the Food Acceptabilty and Lecturer in Applied Gerontology Choice Research Programme. Department of Health Care of the Elderly We thank the Nottinghamshire, University of Nottingham Lincolnshire and Leicestershire Medical School Family Health Services Authorities and Local Medical Committees, Dr Roger J Neale and participating general Lecturer in Human Nutrition practitioners for their support. We Department of Applied are especially grateful to the field Biochemistry and Food Science interviewers Shelagh Cobb, Jane University of Nottingham Gibson, Carol Holland, Irene Milburn, Ros Sparks, Audrey Dr Robert M Page Turney and Dorothy Worville, and Lecturer in Social Policy and to Jennifer Brookes for providing Administration administrative support. School of Social Studies University of Nottingham

Mr Richard L Silburn Senior Lecturer in Social Policy and Administration School of Social Studies University of Nottingham DIET AND HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE

INTERVIE Interviewer name

1 Ros 2 Irene 3 Shelagh/Audrey 4 Jane 5 Carol/Dorothy

ID Respondent Identity Number

URBRURAL Urban/rural location

1 Urban 2 Rural

GPCODE GP Code

SEX Sex of respondent.

0 Male 1 Female

AGE Respondents current age.

RECORDTI Time interview started (24 hour clock eg 14.00)

University of Nottingham 2 CAPE SCORE

The CAPE Score questions were taken from the CAPE (Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly) Information/orientation Sub-Scale. (Pattie and Gilleard, 1979). These questions monitor cognitive status. A score of less than 6 would imply a degree of cognitive impairment associated with mild, moderate or severe dementia. These respondents were excluded from the study because they were felt to be unable to provide reliable interview and diary information.

I’d like to start our interview by asking you a few simple questions. Don’t be alarmed if they sound rather too easy.

CAPE1 Q1. What is your name? (or full name)

0 Incorrect 1 Correct

CAPE2 Q2. How old are you?

Code as Q1 - CAPE1

CAPE3 Q3. What is your date of birth?

Code as Q1- CAPE1

CAPE4 Q4. Where are you now?

Code as Ql - CAPE1

CAPE5 Q5. What is the address of this place?

Code as Q1 - CAPE1

CAPE6 Q6. What is the name of this town/city?

Code as Ql - CAPE1

CAPE7 Q7. Total CAPE score (add score and enter here).

If less than ‘6’, interviewers should automatically move on to the diversionary section - unless the respondent only gets their date of birth wrong (data from the FHSA on this point has been erroneous on several occasions). in this case they should be allowed to continue. Please make a note of the date of birth they mention.

University of Nottingham 3 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT you left school? (If 0, 7, 8 or 9 skip to next section).

Before we talk about your working life, I’d like 0 No to ask you a few questions about your time at 1 Yes school and any education or training you might 7 Don’t know/can’t remember have done since then. 8 No answer 9 Not asked Q1. ED1 How old were you when you started school? Q7. ED7 What were they? Ask the respondent to specify which was the highest level attained and 77 Don’t know enter the appropriate number. Use the list as a 88 No answer running prompt if necessary. 99 Not asked 1 ONC/OND/City and Guilds Advanced or Q2. ED2 How old were you when you left final level school? 2 HNC/HND/City and Guilds full technological Code as Ql - ED1 certificate 3 RSA or other clerical/commercial Q3. ED3 Number of years of schooling? 4 Teacher training qualification 5 Nursing qualification Code as Q1 - ED1 6 Membership (awarded by professional body) 7 Don’t know Q4. ED4 Did you pass any exams before you left 8 No answer school? (If 0, 7, 8 or 9 please skip to Q6). 9 Not asked 10 Degree, including higher degree 0 No 11 Other work related qualification 1 Yes 12 O level/OA level or GCSE 7 Don’t know 13 A/AS level/S level 8 No answer 14 Other (specify) 9 Not asked ED7A Other qualification obtained after leaving Q5. ED5 What were they? Ask the respondent to school. (Open question). specify which was the highest level attained and enter the appropriate number. Use the list as a EDALL Education running prompt if necessary. The variables ED1 to ED7 were combined to 1 School certificate produce the following: 2 Scottish Lower (SCE) 3 City and Guilds 0 None (no examinations passed or 4 Ordinary level qualifications obtained at school or after 5 Higher certificate/A level school) 6 Matriculation 1 11 +, intermediate school exam 7 Can’t remember 2 School Certificate, overseas school leaving 8 No answer exam, army certificate of education (School 9 Not asked certificate = arithmetic, english, geography 10 Scottish Higher and for example cookery and needlework if 11 Overseas school leaving exam/certificate female and woodwork if male, generally 12 Other (specify) passes at 16 and equivalent to 5 good O levels) ED5A Other examinations passed before 3 O levels, including GCSE, City and Guilds, leaving school? (Open question). Scottish Lowers 4 Alevels/matriculation, including Scottish Q6. ED6 Did you obtain any qualifications after Highers, AS and S levels and Higher certificate (The higher certificate and matriculation are essentially the same, the

University of Nottingham 4 former was around pre 1951 and Grammar school they would represent the matriculation equivalent of 5 good O levels and 2 A levels). post 1951. Generally taken at 5 Commercial/secretarial courses - Including RSA, Pitmans, EMEU Commercial 6 ONC/OND - Including City and Guilds Advanced/Final certificate. General college certificates and courses. 7 HNC/HND/City and Guilds Full Technical Certificate, Diplomas 8 Work related qualification without School certificate, O's, A's, Matriculation, including Nursing, Teaching, other work related and membership of a professional body. 9 Work related qualification with School certificate, O's/A's, Matriculation, including Nursing, Teaching, other work related and membership of a professional body and an education prior to this qualification. 10 Degree or Higher Degree 11 Don't know/can't remember

University of Nottingham 5 CLASSIFICATION

Q1. MSTATUS Changing the subject now can you tell me how you would describe your marital status?

1 Married or cohabiting (if yes go to Q2) 2 Single (if yes skip to Q5) 3 Widowed (if yes skip to Q3) 4 Separated or divorced (if yes skip to Q4) 8 No answer 9 Not asked (if 8 or 9 skip to Q5)

Q2. MARRIED How long have you been married? (Go to Q5).

Q3. WIDOWED How long have you been widowed? (Go to Q5).

Q4. DIVORCED How long have you been - separated/divorced?

Q5. RETIRED I'd now like to move on to the kind of things you did during your working life. If you haven't worked either now or in the past, I would be interested to know what kind of work your father or your spouse have done. Have you now retired from paid work? (If 0, 8 or 9 please skip to Q7).

0 No 1 Yes 8 No answer 9 Not asked

Q6. YEARSRET And how long have you been retired?

Q7. WORKING Are you currently doing any part/full time work? (If 0, 8 or 9 skip to Q10).

0 No 1 Part time 2 Full time 8 No answer 9 Not asked

Q8. HOURWORK About how many hours on average do you work per week nowadays?

Q9. JOBNOW What is your current occupation? (If none, type none). (Open question, not coded). Now skip to Q11.

Q10. JOBTHEN What was your occupation

University of Nottingham 6 immediately before you retired/finished whether this was full or part time please now go working? (If none, type none). (Open question, to Q29. not coded). Q18. CLASS18 Were you self employed? (If yes Interviewers - if the respondent is a married skip to Q20). woman with no or no significant work history go to Q21, if they are single and have not worked go Code as Q11 - CLASS11 to Q 25. Ql9. CLASS19 Were you a manager, foreman, Q11. CLASS11 Have you (did you) always done supervisor or an employee? (do) this kind of work? Code as Q13 - CLASS13 0 No 1 Yes Q20. CLASS20 What did the organisation you 8 No answer worked for make or do? (Open question, not 9 Not asked coded). Now go to Q29.

Q12. CLASS12 In your previous occupation For widowed, separated, cohabiting, married were you self-employed? (If yes skip to Q14). women ask:

Code as Ql l - CLASS11 Q21. CLASS21 What was/is your partners/ husbands occupation? (Open question, not Q13. CLASS13 Were you a manager, foreman, coded). supervisor or an employee in this job? Q22. CLASS22 Is/was he self employed? (If yes 1 Manager skip to Q24). 2 Foreman 3 Supervisor 0 No 4 Employee 1 Yes 7 Can't remember 7 Don't know/can't remember 8 No answer 8 No answer 9 Not asked 9 Not asked

Q14. CLASS14 What did the organisation you Q23. CLASS23 Is/was he a manager, foreman, worked for make or do? (Open question, not supervisor or an employee? coded). Code as Q13 - CLASS13 Q15. CLASS15 Was that your usual occupation? (If yes skip to Q17). Q24. CLASS24 What does/did the organisation he works/worked for make or do? (Open Code as Qll - CLASS11 question, not coded). Now go to Q29.

Q16. CLASS16 What was your usual For single women with no occupation/work occupation? (Open question, not coded). history. . .

Q17. CLASS17 Was this part or full time? Q25. CLASS25 What was your fathers occupation for most of his life? (Open question, 1 Part time not coded). 2 Full time 7 Can't remember Q26. CLASS26 Was he self employed? (if yes 8 No answer skip to Q28). 9 Not asked Code as Q22 - CLASS22 Interviewers -if the respondent has given you details of their usual employment, their grade and Q27. CLASS27 Was he a manager, foreman, supervisor or employee?

University of Nottingham 7 HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION Code as Q13 - CLASS13 Now we've talked about work, I'd like to move Q28. CLASS28 What did the organisation he on to ask about anyone who lives here with you works/worked for make or do? (Open question, and who does a lot of your household jobs. not coded). Q1. LIVEWITH Does anyone else live here Q29. VOLWORK Are you doing any unpaid or with you? voluntary work at the moment? (If 0, 8 or 9 skip to next section). 0 No 1 Yes Code as Q11 - CLASS11 8 No answer 9 Not asked Q30. HOURSVOL How many hours do you work (unpaid) each week nowadays? Interviewers if the respondent lives alone fill in their details here and then skip to Q3. For those Q3 1. SGRADE Look up the social class coding households with less than 8, fill as Sex=2, Age=3, of the respondent (manual in office) and enter Rel=O. here. Q2. Who else lives here? 1 Professional 2 Managerial and technical SEXR1 Sex of respondent 3M Manual skilled 3N Non manual skilled 0 Male 4 Partly skilled 1 Female 5 Unskilled 2 Not applicable

AGER1 Age of respondent.

0 0-18 years 1 9-64 years 2 65 + years 3 Not applicable

REL1 Relationship of respondent.

0 Not applicable

SEXR2 Sex of 2nd person

Code as - SEXRI

AGER2 Age of 2nd person

Code as - AGER1

REL2 Relationship of 2nd person to respondent

0 Not applicable 1 Spouse/partner 2 Parent of respondent or their spouse/partner 3 Child of respondent or their spouse/partner, includes in-laws and step-children 4 Grandchild of respondent or their

University of Nottingham 8 99 Not asked spouse/partner 5 Sibling of respondent or their spouse/partner ETHNICA Respondents ethnic origin - other. 6 Friend of respondent or their spouse/partner (Open question, not coded). 7 Other Q5. BORNIN In which country were you born? SEXR3 Sex of 3rd person If 1 - 4 skip to Q7.

Code as - SEXR1 1 England 2 Scotland AGER3 Age of 3rd person 3 Wales 4 Ireland Code as Q1 - AGER1 5 Other European country 6 Caribbean REL3 Relationship of 3rd person to respondent 7 African country 8 India/Pakistan/Bangladesh Code as Q2 - REL2 9 North America 10 Central or South America SEXR4 to SEXR8 Sex of 4th to 8th person 11 Australia/New Zealand 12 Other (specify) Code as SEXR1 88 No answer 99 Not asked AGER4 to AGER8 Age of 4th to 8th person BORNINA Country respondent born in - other. Code as - AGER1 (Open question, not coded).

REL4 to REL8 Relationship of 4th to 8th Q6. LIVEDHER How long have you lived in person to respondent this country?

Code as - REL2 Q7. ETHNIC2 Was anyone else in the household born outside the UK? If the answer is NOINHOME (Enter number in household). no and the respondent lives alone skip to Q10. If no but they live with others skip to Q9. Q3. HEADHOME Who is the head of the household? Enter number between O and 7 from 0 No relationship list (Q2 - REL2). If respondent lives 1 Yes alone/is head of household enter 0. Households 8 No answer considered to be joint code as 8. 9 Not asked

Q4. ETHNIC How would you describe your Q8. ETHNIC3 to ETHIC6 Which country(ies) ethnic origin (racial background)? Show the do they come from originally? Enter appropriate respondent showcard number 1. number from list from Q5 - BORNIN.

1 UK white Now I know more about your background, could 2 White other you tell me a little about who does various 3 UK black household jobs. Firstly ... 4 Black African 5 Black Caribbean Q9. HELPOTHE Do you help anyone in the 6 Black other household with daily tasks like washing, 7 Indian dressing, shopping etc., because they cannot do 8 Pakistani it for themselves? 9 Bangladeshi 10 Chinese 0 No 11 Other Asian 1 Yes 12 Other (specify) 8 No answer 88 No answer

University of Nottingham 9 9 Not asked 9 Not asked Interviewer - you may ask who this is but we won’t COOKFOR1 Does the person who cooks cook record the information. for the respondent?

Q10. HELPYOU Does anyone help you with COOKFOR2 Does the person who cooks cook washing, dressing, shopping, etc., because you for respondents family resident in the same cannot do it yourself? house?

Code as Q9 - HELPOTHE Interviewer - you may COOKFOR3 Does the person who cooks cook ask who this is but we won't record the for the respondents family resident elsewhere? information. COOKFOR4 Does the person who cooks cook Q11. HELPOUT Do you help anyone outside for friends and neighbours? the home with washing, dressing, shopping, etc., because they cannot do it for themselves? COOKFOR5 Does the person who cooks cook for anyone else? Code as HELPOTHE Interviewer you may ask who this is but we won 't record this information. COOKFOR6 Who else does the person who cooks cook for? (Open question, not coded). Q12. HOUSEWOR Who usually does most of the housework? Q17. Who does (the person doing most of the food shopping substitute appropriate name) shop 1 Respondent for in a typical week? 2 Respondent's spouse/partner 3 Other members of the household Code as COOKFOR1 4 Person(s) outside the household 5 Voluntary or statutory workers outside the SHOPFOR1 Does the person who shops shop household for the respondent? 6 Shared between some or all of the above 7 Nobody SHOPFOR2 Does the person who shops shop 8 No answer for respondents family resident in the same 9 Not asked house?

Q13. LAUNDRY The laundry? SHOPFOR3 Does the person who shops shop for respondents family resident elsewhere? Code as Q12 - HOUSEWOR SHOPFOR4 Does the person who shops shop Q14. COOKING The cooking? for friends/neighbours?

Code as Q12 - HOUSEWOR SHOPFOR5 Does the person who shops shop for anyone else? Q15. FOODSHOP And lastly the food shopping? SHOPFOR6 Who else does the person who shops shop for? (Open question, not coded). Code as Q12 - HOUSEWOR For those living alone skip to Q20. Q16. Who does (the person cooking most of the meals substitute appropriate name) cook for You have already mentioned that you live with during a typical week? (substitute appropriate name/s, relationship/s) could you tell me... 0 No 1 Yes Q18. OTHWORK Do any of the people living 7 Don't know/not sure here work part or full time? (If 0, 8 or 9 skip to 8 No answer Q20).

University of Nottingham 10 HOUSING TENURE

0 No I'm now going to ask you some questions about 1 Yes your home. 8 No answer 9 Not asked Q1. LIVED How long have you lived in current home? Q19. NOWORK How many of them? Q2. RENTOWN Do you rent or own this house Q20. OTHCASH Does anyone other than or flat? yourself contribute to your housekeeping money? 1 Own/Mortgaged 0 No 2 Rent 1 Yes 3 Occupy rent free 2 Lives with someone who pays all expenses 4 Shared ownership scheme 8 No answer 5 House owned by relative or friend 9 Not asked 6 Other (specify) 8 No answer 9 Not asked

RENTOWN1 Tenure of house - other (open question, not coded).

Q3. COUNCIL Did you ever rent this flat or house from the council? (If 0, 7, 8 or 9 skip to Q7).

0 No 1 Yes 7 Can't remember/don't know 8 No answer 9 Not asked

Q4. BUYCOUN Did you buy it from the council? (If 0, 8 or 9 skip to Q7).

0 No 1 Yes 8 No answer 9 Not asked

Q5. WHENBUY When did you buy it? Code as decimal. Now go to Q7.

Q6. RENTFROM Is your home rented from running prompt...

1 Nottingham City Council or another council 2 Housing association (Shared ownership, flexible tenure) 3 Private landlord 4 Other (specify) 5 Don't know 8 No answer 9 Not asked

University of Nottingham 11 RENTFRO1 Rented from other (open question, FACILITIES FOR COOKING AND not coded). STORING FOOD

Q7. TENURE Enter the appropriate number for Hand the respondent showcard 2. the tenure of the dwelling. If not sure check with respondent. Q1. In your current home do you have any of these appliances? 1 Owner occupied 2 Shared ownership with housing association 0 No 3 Rented privately - furnished 1 Yes 4 Rented privately -unfurnished 8 No answer 5 Rented with a job or business 9 No answer 6 Rented from a housing association 7 Rented from local authority or council GASCOOK Gas cooker. 8 Shared with owner occupier who is a friend or ELECCOOK Electric cooker. relative 9 Other (specify) HOTWATER Hot running water. 10 Not able to ascertain CAR Car. TENURE1 Other tenure (open question, not coded). PHONE Telephone.

KETTLE Electric kettle.

LARDER Larder or pantry.

MIXER Food mixer or processor.

TVRADIO TV and radio (must have both).

MICROWAV Microwave oven.

FREEZER Freezer (including an ice box).

FRIDGE Fridge.

If 1, 8 or 9 skip to Q3. If no to fridge ask..

Q2. NOFRIDGE Why don’t you have a fridge? (Open question). Skip to Q4.

WHYNOF Why no fridge? (Coded).

1 No reason 2 No need 3 Use pantry 4 Use cellar 5 Nor often at home 6 Buys very little food 7 Can’t afford

Q3. FRISTOCK Do you keep it stocked with

University of Nottingham 12 often, as this will affect the temperature of the fridge cavity. Leave the thermometer in the fridge until you are about too leave. Note down the food? temperature before

Code as Q1 - GASCOOK

If no to microwave ask...

Q4. NOMICRO Why do you have no microwave? (Open question).

NOMICRO1 AND NOMICRO2 Why do you have no microwave (Coded).

1 Unnecessary/not needed (no more information) 2 Don’t cook enough/don’t cook at all 3 Not in a hurry 4 Not enough people to justify 5 Don’t appeal/don’t like/don’t fancy (no more information) 6 Bad for you/health risk 7 Don’t trust 8 Frightened/radioactive/unsafe 9 Unnatural 10 Don’t like taste 11 Prefers slow /traditional/normal cooking 12 Don’t know how to use/technology too advanced/wouldn’t adapt to 13 Can’t afford 14 No room 15 Not allowed due to medical condition (pacemaker) 16 About to/thinking about/buying 17 Broken/not replaced/not used 18 Never wanted one/don’t want one 19 Don’t know what it is 20 Bad for food 21 Eyesight too bad to see dials 22 Never bothered/don’t know why not got one 23 No reason 24 Never really thought about it 25 Bad reports about them from friends/relatives 26 Missing information 27 Eat ready meals (don’t go in microwave)

Ask the respondent if you can place a thermometer in their fridge. Explain that this is just a quick way of checking the temperature of the cavity. (The thermometer should be placed on the top shelf of the fridge - avoid putting it in the door or in the base of the fridge as these are the warmest spots. Do not rest the thermometer on any frozen food which is defrosting in the fridge. Make sure the door is shut properly and avoid letting the respondent open the fridge door too

University of Nottingham 13 you remove the thermometer).

If the respondent has no freezer skip to the next section.

Q5. CAPACITY How much food can you get in your freezer - does it take just a few small packets or is it big enough to cope with a large joint of meat or a Christmas turkey?

1 Small packets only 2 Can cope with large items 8 No answer 9 Not asked

Q6. FRESTOCK Do you keep your freezer stocked with food?

0 No 1 Yes 8 No answer 9 Not asked

Q7. STAR What star rating is your freezer? Enter number 1-4.

Q8. KNOWSTAR Did the respondent know what the rating was without looking?

Code as FRESTOCK

Interviewer reminder - have you put the thermometer in the fridge?

University of Nottingham 14 SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT Q8. ENGAGE8 In the past month have you attended a meeting or gathering of a club, group The Scale used is the Brief Assessment of Social or society? Engagement (BASE) Scale (Morgan K., Code as Q1- ENGAGE1 Dallosso, H.M., and Ebrahim, S.B.J. 1985. A brief self-report scale for assessing personal engagement in the elderly. In Ageing: Recent Q9. ENGAGE9 Do you have a senior citizens Advances and Creative Responses (ed. A. Butler. railcard? London: Croam Helm). Code as Q1 - ENGAGE1 Let's move on to talk about some of your daily activities. I'll begin by asking you a few general QlO. ENGAGE10 Are you currently in full or questions. part time paid employment or do full or part time voluntary work? Q1.ENGAGE1 Have you made or received a personal telephone call in the last week or so? Code as Q1 - ENGAGE1

0 No Qll. ENGAGE11 In general do you have as 1 Yes much contact with friends/family as you'd like?

Code non-responses, not asked and don't know as Code as Q1- ENGAGE1 '0'. Q12. ENGAGE12 Have you written or received Q2. ENGAGE2 Do you read a national or local a personal letter in the last week or so? newspaper or a weekly or monthly magazine, (including TV listing magazines ie Radio Code as Q1 - ENGAGE1 Times)? Q13. ENGAGE13 Are you able to leave your Code as Q1 - ENGAGE1 home and walk independently out of doors (with or without walking aids)? Q3. ENGAGE3 Do you attend religious services or religious ceremonies/gatherings at Code as Q1 - ENGAGE1 least sometimes? Q14. ENGAGE14 In general do you get out and 0 Rarely/never about as much as you would like to? 1 Frequently/occasionally Code as Q1 - ENGAGE1 Q4. ENGAGE4 Did you vote in the last local, general or European election? Q15. ENGAGE15 do you have at least one friend living in or near this district? Code as Ql - ENGAGE1 Code as Q1 - ENGAGE1 Q5. ENGAGE5 Have you been away on holiday in the last year or so? Q16. ENGAGE16 Do you ever feel lonely?

Code as Q1 - ENGAGE1 0 All responses other than often 1 Often Q6. ENGAGE6 Are you planning to go on holiday in the next year or so? Q17. ENGAGE17 If you needed help urgently do you know at least one friend or neighbour you Code as Q1 - ENGAGE1 would feel able to ask? Code as Q1 - ENGAGE1 Q7. ENGAGE7 Do you use the public library at least occasionally?

Code as Q1 - ENGAGE1

University of Nottingham 15 Q18. ENGAGE18 Ownership of telephone - fill from facilities question.

Code as Q1 - ENGAGE1

Q19. ENGAGE19 Ownership of car or van - fill from facilities question.

Code as Q1 - ENGAGE1

Q20. ENGAGE20 Ownership of TV and radio - fill from facilities question.

Code as Q1 - ENGAGE1

Q21. ENGSCORE Add up the total score and enter here.

University of Nottingham 16 EATING OUT/FOOD GIFTS AND EATFRIEN At a friend or neighbours house. EXCHANGES EATCLUB At a luncheon club. Q22. PUB In the last month have you visited a pub? (If 0, 7, 8 or 9 skip to Q3). EATHOSP At a hospital canteen.

0 No EATCENT At a day centre. 1 Yes 7 Can’t remember/don’t know EATOTHER At another place. 8 No answer 9 Not asked EATOTH1 Other places eaten at. (Open question, not coded). Q1. EATPUB Do you ever have a meal or snack there? Apart from food eaten outside the home, I am also interested in whether you have any Code as Q22 - PUB deliveries of food.

Q2. EATPUB1 How many times in the past Q4. DELIVERY Do you have any food month have you eaten a snack or meal in a pub? delivered to your house (including meals on wheels)? (If 0, 8 or 9 skip to Q8). 0 None 1 More than once a day 0 No 2 Daily 1 Yes 3 Four to six times a week 8 No answer 4 Two/three times a week 9 Not asked 5 Once a week 6 Approximately once a fortnight Q5. Who provides you with this food? 7 Don’t know 8 No answer 0 No 9 Not asked 1 Yes 10 Approximately once every 3 weeks 8 No answer 11 Once only in that month 9 Not asked

Now let’s move on to think about some of the MEALSONW Meals on wheels. other places you might have eaten at recently. LOCAL The local shop. Q3. In the past month have you eaten out at any of these places. (If no code as ‘0’. If yes prompt MILKMAN The milkman. for how often and code accordingly) . TAKEAWAY A take away food outlet. 0 No 1 More than once a day FRIEND A friend, relative or neighbour. 2 Daily 3 Four to six times a week MOBILE A mobile shop. 4 Two/three times a week 5 Once a week FISH A fish merchant. 6 Approximately once a fortnight 7 Don’t know GENERAL A general supplier. 8 No answer 9 Not asked OTHPROV Another supplier. 10 Approximately once every three weeks 11 Once only in that month OTHPROV1 What other supplier delivers food? (Open question, not coded). EATCAFE At a cafe/restaurant.

EATREL At a relatives house.

University of Nottingham 17 Q6. OFTENDEL How often do you have any food delivered? (Code the most frequently delivered food if more than one). OTHFOOD Other food.

1 More than once a day OTHFOOD1 What other food do you have 2 Daily delivered?. (Open question, not coded). if the 3 4-6 times a week respondent has deliveries skip to Q10. 4 2-3 times a week 5 Once a week Q8. DELAVAIL Are there any food delivery 6 Less than once a week services in your area? (If 0, 7, 8, or 9 skip to 7 Can’t remember/don’t know Q10). 8 No answer 9 Not asked 0 No 1 Yes Q7. What do you have delivered? 7 Don’t know Hand the respondent showcard 3. 8 No answer 9 Not asked 0 No 1 Yes Q9. Why don’t you use the delivery service. 7 Can’t remember 8 No answer 0 No 9 Not asked 1 Yes 8 No answer MEALS Complete meals. 9 Not asked

MEALITEM Meal items. EXPENSE The food is too expensive.

MILK Fresh milk. RANGE The range of food they sell is very limited. JUICE Fruit juice. PORTION They don’t sell the portion sizes I EGGS Eggs. need.

YOGHURT Yoghurt. OTHNOTD Other reason (specify). OTHNOTD1 Other reason. (Open question, not CREAM Cream. coded).

POTATOES Potatoes. Q10. Look at the list which of these would you like to have delivered to your home if possible? VEG Vegetables. Hand the respondent showcard number 3 again.

FRUIT Fruit. 0 No 1 Yes FISHDEL Fish. 7 Don’t know 8 No answer BREAD Bread. 9 Not asked

FISHCHIP Fish and chips. MEALS1 Complete meals.

OTHERTAK Other takeaway food. MEALITE1 Meal items (ie pies and stews).

TINFOOD Tinned food. MILK1 Fresh milk.

CHEESE Cheese. JUICE1 Fruit juice.

EGGS1 Eggs.

University of Nottingham 18 YOGHURT1 Yoghurt.

CREAM1 Cream.

POTATOE1 Potatoes.

VEG1 Vegetables.

FRUIT1 Fruit.

FISH1 Fish.

BREAD1 Bread.

FISHCHI1 Fish and chips.

OTHTAKE1 Other takeaway food.

TINFOOD1 Tinned food.

CHEESE1 Cheese.

OTHFOO1 Other food (specify).

OTHFOOD2 What other food? (Open question, not coded).

Q11. Does any food come from:

0 No 1 Yes 8 No answer 9 Not asked

GARDEN Your garden or allotment.

FOODJOB Receiving food for a job done?

FOODFOOD Exchanging food for food?

GIFTS Gifts?

University of Nottingham 19 GENERAL HEALTH INDEX

The General Health Index is that used by Ebrahim, S., Dallosso, H., Morgan, K., Bassey, MEDICATI Do you use prescribed medicines? J., Fentem, P and Arie T (1988), Causes of ill health among a random sample of old and very LASTMONT Have you seen a GP or nurse or old people: possibilities for prevention. Journal attended an out-patient department in the last of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 22 month? (2): 105-107. GHISCORE General Health index score - add Q1. I am now going to ask you some questions up GSI score and enter here. about your state of health at the moment and how Q2. Are you troubled by any of the following? this might have changed over the past few years, Hand the respondent showcard number 4. can you tell me if you suffer from: 0 No Score (code) 1 for yes, and 0 for no. 1 Yes 7 Don’t know Yes to any part of a question = 1. 8 No answer 9 Not asked Code non response, can’t remember and don’t know as 0. FAINTING Fainting spells.

Running prompt... HIGHBLOO High blood pressure.

HEARTTRO Heart trouble. MILDORFU A mild or full stroke.

STOMACHT Stomach trouble. HEARINGL Hearing loss.

GIDDINES Giddiness. CHESTPAI Chest pains.

HEADACHE Headaches. HIATUSHE Hiatus hernia.

INCONTIN Incontinence. DIABETES Diabetes.

Code as 2 if catheterised. COELIACD Coeliac disease. (Pronounced seeleeach). POOREYES Poor eyesight. CROHNSDI Crohn’s disease. Code as 2 if blind. GASTRICU Gastric ulcer. ARTHRITI Arthritis or rheumatism. BOWELCAN Bowel cancer. FOOTTROU Foot trouble. CONSTIPA Constipation. SLEEPPRO Sleep problems. DIARRHOE Diarrhoea. FALLEN Have you fallen in the last year? NAUSEA Nausea. HOUSEBOU Are you housebound or having trouble walking even with walking aids? VOMITING Vomiting.

LONGTERM Do you suffer from any long term SHORTNES Shortness of breath or breathing illness? difficulties.

University of Nottingham 20 DRUG USAGE

I ‘d now like to ask you a few questions on any Drug 3 to Drug 8, name medication you might have had from a doctor or bought for yourself over the counter ... DRUG302 to DRUG802

Q1. DRUGSYOU Are you taking any medicines Drug 3 to Drug 8, dose prescribed for you by a doctor? (If 0, 7, 8, or 9 skip to Q3). DRUG303 to DRUG 803

0 No Drug 3 to Drug 8, frequency 1 Yes 7 Can’t remember CODE1 Drug 1 8 No answer (Interviewer code drugs later according to British 9 Not asked National Formulary - September 1994, Number 28). Q2. KINDSOF1 How many different kinds of medicine? 1 Aluminium and magnesium containing antacids Q3. DRUGELSE Are you taking any medicines 2 Sodium bicarbonate that were prescribed for someone else, say your 3 Calcium and bismuth containing antacids (spouse/sister etc. substitute appropriate name) 4 Anti spasmodics and other drugs altering gut for example? (If 0, 7, 8 or 9 skip to Q5). motility 5 H2 receptor antagonists Code as Ql - DRUGSYOU 6 Selective antimuscarinics 7 Chelates and complexes Q4. KINDSOF2 How many different kinds? 8 Prostaglandin analogues 9 Proton pump inhibitors Q5. DRUGOVER Are you regularly taking 10 Other ulcer healing drugs drugs that you have bought from over the 11 Adsorbents and bulk forming drugs counter without a prescription? (If 0, 7, 8 or 9 12 Antimotility drugs skip to filling in total drugs taken: KINDSOF4). 13 Treatment of chronic diarrhoea 14 Bulk forming drugs Code as Q1 - DRUGSYOU 15 Faecal softeners 16 Osmotic laxatives Q6. KINDSOF3 How many different kinds? 17 Soothing preparations 18 Compound preparations with corticosteroids KINDSOF4 Enter total member of drugs taken 19 Rectal sclerosants by respondent. (If this = ‘0’ skip to Q7 on 20 Drugs acting on the gall bladder supplements). 21 Drugs which increase gastric acidity 22 Pancreatin DRUG101 Drug 1, name 23 Cardiac glycosides 24 Phosphodiesterase inhibitors DRUG102 Drug 1, dose 25 Thiazides and related diuretics 26 Loop diuretics DRUG103 Drug 1, frequency 27 Potassium sparing diuretics 28 Potassium sparing diuretics with other DRUG201 Drug 2, name diuretics 29 Osmotic diuretics DRUG202 Drug 2, dose 30 Mercurial diuretics 31 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors DRUG203 Drug 2, frequency 32 Diuretics with potassium 33 Drugs for arrhythmias DRUG301 to DRUG801 34 Beta-adrenocetor blocking drugs 35 Vasodilator antihypertensive drugs 36 Centrally acting antihypertensive drugs 37 Adrenergic neuron blocking drugs

University of Nottingham 21 38 Alpha-andrenoceptor blocking drugs 39 Angiotensing converting enzyme inhibitors 91 Treatment of the acute migraine attack 40 Ganglion blocking drugs 92 Prophylaxis of migraine 41 Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor 93 Control of epilepsy 42 Nitrates 94 Drugs used in status epilepticus 43 Calcium channel blockers 95 Dopominergic drugs used in Parkinsonism 44 Peripheral vasodilators and related drugs 96 Antimuscarinic drugs used in Parkinsonism 45 Cerebral vasodilators 97 Drugs used in Essential tremor chorea ticks 46 Flossequinan and related disorders 47 Sympathomimetics 98 Drugs used in substance dependency 48 Vasoconstrictor sympathomimetics 99 Benzylpenicilline and 49 Parenteral anticoagulants henoxymetylpenicillin 50 Oral anticoagulants 100 Penicillinease-resistant penicillins 51 Protamine sulphate 101 Broad spectrum penicillins 52 Antipalatelet drugs 102 AntiPseudomonal Penicillins 53 Fibrinalitic drugs 103 Cephalosporins, Cephanycins and other 54 Antifibrinalitic drugs and haemostatics beta-lactam antibiotic 55 Lipid lowering drugs 104 Tetracyclines 56 Local sclerosants 105 AminoGlycocides 57 Selective beta 2 adrenoceptor stimulants 106 Macrolides 58 Other adrenoceptor stimulants 107 Clindamycin 59 Antimuscarinic bronchodilators 108 Some other antibiotics 60 Theophylline 109 Sulphonamides and Trintehoprim 61 Compound bronchodialator preparations 110 Anti Tuberculous drugs 62 Corticosteriods 111 Anti Leprotic drugs 63 Cromoglycate and related therapy 112 Metronidaole and Tinidazole 64 Antihystamines 113 4-Quinolones 65 Hyposensitisation 114 Urinary tract infections 66 Allergic emergencies 115 Anti-fungal drugs 67 Respiratory stimulants 116 Anti-viral drugs 68 Pulmonary surfactants 117 Anti-malarial 69 Oxygen 118 Amoebicides 70 Mucolytics 119 Trichomonocides 71 Aromatic inhalations 120 Antighrdil drugs 72 Cough suppressants 121 Leishmaniacides 73 Expectorant and demulcent cough 122 Trypanocides preparations 123 Drugs for toxoplasmosis 74 Hypnotics 124 Drugs for Pneumocystis Pneumonia 75 Anxiolytics 125 Drugs for thread worms 76 Barbiturates 126 Ascaricides 77 Antipsychotic 127 Drugs for tape worm infections 78 Antipsychotic depot injections 128 Drugs for hook worms 79 Antimanic drugs 129 Schistosomicides 80 Trycyclic and related antidepressant drugs 130 Filaicides 81 Monoamine-Oxydase inhibitors 131 Drugs for Guinea worms 82 Compound antidepressant preparations 132 Drugs for strongyloidiasis 83 Other antidepressant drugs 133 Short acting insulin 84 Central nervous system stimulants 134 Intermediate and long acting insulins 85 Bulk forming drugs 135 Sulphonylureas 86 Centrally acting appetite suppressants 136 Biguanides 87 Drugs used in nausea and vertigo 137 Other antidiabetics 88 Non opioid analgesics 138 Treatment for hypoglycaemia 89 Opioid analgesics 139 Thyroid hormones 90 Trigeminal neuralgia 140 Anti thyroid drugs 141 Replacement therapy 142 Oestrogens and HRT 143 Progestogens 144 Male sex hormones and antagonists

University of Nottingham 22 145 Anabolic steroids 146 Hypothalamic and anterior pituitary 196 Magnesium hormones and antioestrogen 197 Phosphate supplements 147 Posterior pituitary hormones and 198 Phosphate binding agents antagonists 148 Calcitonin 199 Fluoride 149 Bisphosphonates 200 Zinc 150 Bromocriptine and Cabergonile 201 Vitamin A 151 Danozole, Gestrinone and Gonadorelin 202 Vitamin B group analogues 203 Vitamin C 152 Metyrapone and Trilostane 204 Vitamin D 153 Prostoglandins and Oxytocics 205 Vitamin E 154 Mifepristone 206 Vitamin K 155 Myometrial relaxants 207 Multi vitamin preparations 156 Preparations for vaginal atrophy 208 Bitters and tonics 157 Anti-infective drugs 209 Wilson’s disease and carnitine deficiency 158 Combined oral contraceptives 210 Acute porphyrias 159 Progestogen only contraceptives 211 Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 160 Spermacidal contraceptives 212 Corticosteroids 161 Contraceptive devices 213 Drugs which suppress the Rheumatic 162 Drugs for urinary retention disease 163 Drugs for urinary frequency, Enuresis, and process incontinence 214 Drugs for treatment of gout 164 Drugs used in urological pain 215 Drugs which enhance neuromuscular 165 Bladder instillations and urological surgery transmission 166 Drugs for impotence 216 Skeletal muscle relaxants 167 Alkylating drugs 217 Enzymes 168 Cytotoxic antibiotics 218 Rubefacients and other topical 169 Antimetabolites antirheumatics 170 Vinca Alcolodes and Etoposide 219 Antibacterials 171 Other antineoplastic drugs 220 Antifungals 172 Cytotoxic immunosuppressants 221 Antivirals 173 Corticosteroids and other 222 Corticosteroids immunosuppressants 223 Other antiinflammatory preparations 174 Immunostimulants 224 Mydriatics and cycloplegics 175 Interferons 225 Treatment of glaucoma 176 Aldesleukin 226 Local anaesthetics 177 Oestrogens 227 Preparations for tear deficiency 178 Progestogens 228 Other preparations 179 Androgens 229 Otitis external 180 Hormone antagonists 230 Removal of ear wax 181 Oral iron 231 Drugs used in nasal allergy 182 Parenteral iron 232 Topical nasal decongestants 183 Drugs used in megaloblastic anaemias 233 Anti-infective nasal preparations 184 Drugs used in hypoplastic, haemolytic and 234 Drugs for oral ulceration and inflammation renal anaemias 235 Oropharyngeal anti-infective drugs 185 Drugs used in autoimmune 236 Lozenges, sprays and gels thrombocytopenic purpura 237 Mouth 186 G6PD deficiency washes, gargles and dentrifices 187 Drugs used in neutrapenia 238 Emollients 188 Oral administration 239 Barrier preparations 189 Oral sodium and water 240 Dusting powders 190 Oral bicarbonate 241 Local anaesthetics and antipruritics 191 Intravenous administration 242 Topical corticosteroids 192 Plasma and plasma substitutes 243 Preparation for eczema 193 Intravenous nutrition 244 Preparations for Psoriasis 194 Calcium supplements 245 Topical preparations for acne 195 Hypercalcaemia 246 Oral preparations for acne 247 Preparations for warts and calluses

University of Nottingham 23 248 Sunscreens and camouflages 250 Shampoos and some other scalp 249 Camouflages preparations 251 Anti-infective skin preparations 252 Anti-fungal preparations 253 Anti viral preparations 254 Parasiticidal preparations 255 Preparations for minor cuts and abrasions 256 Alcohols and saline 257 Chlorhexidine salts 258 Cationic surfactants and soaps 259 Chlorine and iodine 260 Phenolics 261 Astringents, oxidisers and dyes 262 Desloughing agents 263 Antiperspirants

CODES to CODE8 Drugs 3 to 8

Code as CODE1

OTHERDRU If respondent take any other drugs please enter name here. (Open question, not coded). if any of these drugs have special instructions eg they have to be taken on an empty stomach, with food or with water, please note the details here.

DRUGNAME Name of drug with special instructions 1. (Open question, not coded).

INSTRUCT Instructions 1. (Open question, not coded).

DRUGNAM1 Name of drug with special instructions 2. (Open question, not coded).

INSTRUC1 Instructions 2. (Open question, not coded).

DRUGNAM2 Name of drug with special instructions 3. (Open question, not coded).

INSTRUC2 Instructions 3. (Open question, not coded).

DRUGNAM3 Name of drug with special instructions 4. (Open question, not coded).

INSTRUC3 Instructions 4. (Open question, not coded).

Q7. Do you ever take any of these drinks or tablets:

0 No 1 Yes

University of Nottingham 24 22 Ovarite vitamins 23 Aloe vera 24 Folic acid 7 Can’t remember 25 Omega 3 oils 8 No answer 26 Tabritis 9 Not asked 27 Arnica 28 Phyllosan MEALREPL A meal replacement drink like 29 Health salts Complan. 30 Bio-strath Elixir 31 Devils claw (herbal remedy - arthritis) TONICDRI A tonic drink such as sanatogen. 32 ME baby milk 33 Ginkgo leaf MULTIVIT Multi-vitamin tablets. 34 Cleansing herbs 35 Natracalm IRONTABL Iron tablets. 36 Chelated magnesium 37 Herb tablets for nerves VITAMINC Vitamin C tablets or drinks. Q8. WHYSUPPL Why do you take these MINERALS Mineral supplements like calcium. supplements? (Open question).

GARLICCA Garlic capsules. WHYSUPPA Why do you take these supplements? (Coded). CODLIVER Cod liver oil. 1 Good for joints/arthritis/rheumatics 2 Good for bones FIBRETAB Fibre tablets or bran. 3 As dietary supplement 4 Good for the heart LECITHIN Lecithin. (Pronounced lessy-thin). 5 Good for vascular problems 6 Helps body store Oxygen OTHERSUP Other supplements. 7 Boosts immunity/prevents colds 8 Prevents cholesterol OTHSUPPA What other supplements. (Open 9 Stops cataracts question). Ask to see these if unclear. 10 Kills pain 11 Peps you up/active brain (psychological) If no to all skip to next section. 12 Keeps physically active 13 Maintains health/does some good, suppose to OTHSUPP1 and OTHSUPP2 What other be good for you supplements (coded) 14 Clears chest 15 Constipation 1 Evening primrose oil 16 Flatulence 2 Vitamin E 17 Good for mouth ulcers 3 Vitamin B 4 Vitamin B6 5 Yeast tablets (including Brewers yeast) 6 Yeast vite 7 Cider vinegar (+/- honey/molasses) 8 Selenium (including Bio-selenium) 9 Zinc 12 Kelp 13 Royal Jelly 14 Epsom Salts 15 Safflower 16 Starflower 17 Halibut (liver) oil 18 Linseed oil 19 Efamol 20 Fish oil 21 Ginseng

University of Nottingham 25 18 Post illness/post operative USE OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL 19 To gain weight SERVICES 20 To lose weight 21 Helps with tinnitus 22 Good for circulation/blood pressure Q1. Now I would like you to tell me if you have 23 Improves calcium intake seen any of the following people in the last six 24 Good for skin/psoriasis months. 25 Good for hair 26 Good source of vitamins 0 No 27 Anti-oxidant 1 Within last week 28 Pernicious anaemia 2 Within last month 29 Medical advice 3 Within the last six months 30 Stress relief/nerve problems 7 Can’t remember 31 Relieves cramp 8 No answer 32 Keeps you young 9 Not asked 33 Poor diet 34 Good for muscles YOURGP Your GP/family doctor. 35 You need as you get older 36 Habit COMMUNIT A Community/district nurse (may 37 Iron call this a liaison nurse). 38 Aids digestion 39 Supplements vegetarian/macrobiotic diet HEALTHVI A health visitor. 40 Catarrh 41 Piles HOMEHELP A home help. 42 Supplement other medications 43 For Vitamin B SOCIALWO A social worker. 44 Believer in alternative therapies 45 Superstition CHIROPOD A chiropodist. 46 Because spouse does 47 Because spouse/relative makes me 48 Don’t know 49 No reason given 50 Do not take any 51 Missing information 52 Friend/associate recommended

WHYSUPPB to WHYSUPPD Why do you take these supplements? (Coded).

Code as WHYSUPPA

University of Nottingham 26 DENTITION

Q1. PROBCHEW In the last three months have you had any problems chewing any foods because of problems with your teeth, mouth or dentures? (If 4 - 9 skip to Q4).

1 Very often 2 Fairly often 3 Occasionally 4 Hardly ever 5 Never 6 Not applicable/no natural teeth 7 Can’t remember 8 No answer 9 Not asked

Q2. WHYCHEW Why do you have problems chewing? (Open question).

WHYCHEWA and WHYCHEWB (Coded).

1 Ulcers on bottom gums 2 Ulcers (mouth/unspecified) 3 Toothache 4 Loose tooth/teeth 5 Sensitive tooth/teeth 6 Very few/no teeth/stumps only 7 Abscess under tooth 8 Problems with lower teeth 9 Filling come out 10 Broken tooth/teeth 11 Sore gums 12 Poor fitting dentures 13 Can’t eat with dentures/takes out to eat 14 Can’t wear/problem with bottom denture 15 Getting used to denture 16 Denture worn out/no dentures 17 Waiting for bridge/denture 18 Bitten tongue 19 Mouth problem (unspecified) 20 Fungi in mouth 21 Sore mouth 22 Related to inhaler 23 Neuralgia 24 Benign tumour 25 Don’t know 26 Receding gums 27 Painful to chew hard food 28 Delicate/brittle teeth 29 Has dentures/doesn’t wear 30 Can’t afford dental treatment/dentures 31 Extraction 32 Denture being repaired

University of Nottingham 27 Q3. WHATCHEW What foods have you had (Coded). difficulty chewing? (Open question). 1 Mouth ulcers (unspecified site) WHATCHEA and WHATCHEB What foods 2 Ulcers on gums have you had difficulty chewing? (Coded). 3 Ulcers on tongue 4 Sore gums 1 Hard foods 5 Receding gums 2 Chewy foods 6 Sensitive/delicate teeth/careful of crown 3 Crisp foods 7 Loose teeth 4 Raw vegetables 8 Toothache/broken tooth 5 Salads 9 Only has a few teeth (and no dentures) 6 Crusty bread/crusts of bread 10 Problem with dentures (unspecified) 7 Nuts 11 Ill fitting dentures/dentures need replacing 8 Meat 12 Dentures worn out 9 Apples 13 Don’t wear dentures as painful 10 Celery 14 Getting used to dentures/new dentures 30 All foods 15 Sore tongue/bitten tongue 31 Not specified 16 Problems related to inhalers 17 Neuralgia Q4. SENSITIV Do you have sensitive teeth for 18 Doesn’t see dentist because of the cost example due to hot or cold drinks? 19 Skin graft in mouth 20 Missing information 1 Very often 30 General teeth problems (unspecified) 2 Fairly often 31 General mouth problems (unspecified) 3 Occasionally 32 General gum problems (unspecified) 4 Hardly ever 33 General jaw problems (unspecified) 5 Never 34 Unspecified 6 Not applicable - no natural teeth 7 Can’t remember Q9. WHATOVO1 Which foods have you 8 No answer avoided? (Open question). 9 Not asked WHATAVOA to WHATAVOC What foods Q5. TOOTHACH Have you had toothache in have you avoided? (Coded). the last 3 months? 1 Hard foods Code as Q4 - SENSITIV 2 Chewy foods 3 Crisp foods Q6. PAINGUMS Have you had painful gums in 4 Raw vegetables the last 3 months? 5 Salads 6 Crusty bread/crusts of bread Code as Q4 - SENSITIV 7 Nuts 8 Meat Q7. AVOIDANY In the last 3 months have you 9 Apples had to avoid eating any foods because of 10 Celery problems with your teeth, mouth or dentures? (If 11 Cereals 4 - 9 skip to next section). 12 Berries 13 (Tiny) Seeds Code as Q4 - SENSITIV 14 Hot drinks 15 Cold drinks Q8. WHYAVOID Why is this? (Open question). 16 Sweet things 17 Toffees 30 All food 31 Not specified

WHYAVOIA and WHYAVOIB Why is this?

University of Nottingham 28 APPETITE

Thinking more specifically about how much and what you’ve eaten recently...

Q1. APPETITE How has your appetite been in the last month?

1 Very good 2 Good 3 Fair 4 Poor 5 Very poor 7 Can’t remember 8 No answer 9 Not asked

coded).

Q2. ENJOYFOO Do you enjoy food as much as you used to?

0 No 1 Yes 7 Not sure/don’t know 8 No answer 9 Not asked

Q3. Have any of the following affected your eating habits in the last year?

0 No 1 Yes 7 Don’t know 8 No answer 9 Not asked

CHAPPETI Change in appetite.

CHTASTE Change in the taste or smell of food.

HEALTHPR A health problem.

CHLIVING Change in living situation.

DONTPREP No longer prepare own meals.

LOWMOOD Low mood.

CHFINANC Change in financial status.

RETIREME Retirement from work.

APPOTHER Other (specify).

APOTHERA Specify other. (Open question, not

University of Nottingham 29 BUTTER Butter. coded). MARGARIN Margarine. Q4. Compared to a year ago would you say that you have been eating more, less or the same of LOWFATSP Low fat spread. these foods? Running prompt. Remind respondent of the options during this section ie ‘the first is SWEETSCO Sweets and confectionery. red meat, would you say you eat more, less or the same compared with a year ago? REASCHAN Reason for change of diet if information volunteered. (Open question, not 1 More coded). 2 Less 3 Same 4 Have never eaten 7 Don’t know 8 No answer 9 Not asked

REDMEAT Red meat (eg beef, lamb, pork).

CHICKENT Chicken and turkey.

FRESHEGG Eggs.

FISHFRES Fresh fish.

FROZFISH Frozen or tinned fish.

FRESHVEG Fresh vegetables.

FROZVEG Frozen or tinned vegetables.

SALADS Salads.

FRESHFRU Fresh fruit.

FRUITJUS Fruit juice (not squash).

FROZFRU Frozen or tinned fruit.

WHITEBRE White bread.

BROWNWHO Brown or wholemeal bread.

RICEPAST Rice or pasta.

FULLCREA Full cream milk.

SKIMMEDS Skimmed or semi-skimmed milk.

FOODGEN Food in general.

SUGAR Sugar.

SALT Salt.

University of Nottingham 30 SPECIAL DIETS

Q1. WATCHEAT Are you watching what you eat?

0 No 1 Yes 7 Don’t know 8 No answer 9 Not asked

Q2. AVOIDEAT Is there anything you avoid eating? (If 0, 8 or 9 skip to QS, unless the respondent lives alone. In this case skip to the next section).

Code as Ql - WATCHEAT

Q3WHATAV What is this (open question)?

WHATAV1 What do you avoid eating? (Coded).

1 Fats 2 Sweet food, cakes, gateaux, biscuits 3 Pastry/ies 4 Puddings, Christmas Pudding, desserts 5 Chocolate, dark chocolate, sweets 6 Almond paste/almond essence 7 Sugar 8 Honey 9 Salt 10 Vinegar/anything with vinegar 11 Coffee 12 Tea 13 Milk - whole 14 Alcohol 15 Fizzy drinks/lemonade 16 Cream/butter/cheese (diary products) 17 Eggs 18 Mayonnaise 19 Ice cream 20 Fresh vegetables 21 Potatoes 22 Tomatoes 23 Lettuce 24 Cucumber 25 Mushrooms 26 Salads 27 Garlic 28 Spices 29 Onions 30 Onions - pickled 31 Radishes 32 Peppers

University of Nottingham 31 89 Frozen foods 90 Generally avoid eating too much of anything 33 Cabbage 91 Dried fruits 34 Cauliflower 92 All meat/meat (unspecified) 35 Green vegetables 93 Stuffing 36 Peas 94 Pulses (baked beans) 37 Sprouts 95 Things with additives 38 Animal products/meat products 96 Jam/Marmalade 39 Chicken 97 Oily fish 40 Red meat 99 Insufficient information 41 Beef 42 Corned beef WHATAV2 to WHATAV5 What do you avoid 43 Lamb eating? 44 Fat on meat 45 Pork Code as WHATAV1 46 Pork products/pies/sausages 47 Veal Q4. Q4WHYAV Why do you avoid it? (Open 48 Offal question) 49 Ham 50 Bacon Q4WHYAV1 and Q4WHYAV2 Why do you 51 Black pudding avoid it? (Coded). 52 Fish - unspecified 53 Kippers 1 Addicted to.. 54 Mackerel 2 Advice (GP/Nurse/hospital) 55 Tuna 3 Allergic to 56 Shell fish/lobster/crab 4 Bad for arthritis 57 Bread (unspecified) 5 Bad for your health 58 Bread - white 6 Bad for your heart 59 Bread - wholemeal/brown 7 Bought up that way 60 White rice 8 Cant chew 61 Pasta 9 Diet - low calorie/weight watching 62 Fruit juice 10 Diet - low cholesterol 63 Fresh fruit/fruit 11 Don’t believe in it 64 Apples 12 Don’t like the smell 65 Bananas 13 Don’t like taste 66 Grapes 14 Don’t know 67 Lemons 15 For general good health 68 Oranges/grape fruit/pineapple 16 Has/had health problem (unspecified) 69 Rhubarb 17 Has/had health problem - Coeliacs disease 70 Strawberries 18 Colostomy bag 71 Nuts 19 Coronary history 72 Acidic foods 20 Diabetes 73 Fried/greasy/fatty foods, chips/crisps 21 Diverticulitis 74 Rich foods/creamy foods 22 Dry mouth 75 Spicy foods/chilli 23 Duodenal ulcer 76 Carbohydrates 24 Gall bladder/stones problems 77 E numbers 25 Gastric/stomach ulcer 78 Hard foods 26 Heartattack/by-pass(es) 79 High calorie foods 27 Hiatus hernia 80 High cholesterol foods 28 High blood pressure 81 High fibre/fibrous foods 29 Hypercholesterolemia 82 Monosodium glutamate 30 Kidney failure/dialysis 83 Products containing gluten 31 Kidney stones 84 Ready meals 32 Mouth ulcers 85 Things with skins on 33 Narrow gullet 86 White wheat flour and anything containing it 34 Pancreatitis 87 Things with seeds/pips in 88 Tinned foods/fruit in syrups

University of Nottingham 32 HOWDOT1 How does other person watch what 35 Partial gastrectomy they eat? (Coded). 36 Reflux 37 Reflux gout 1 Avoids/reduce fatty food intake, low fat diet 38 Stoma/ileostomy 2 Careful of calorie intake 39 Toothache 3 Cut down on butter 40 Ulcerated colitis 4 Cut down on salt/no salt 41 Healthier diet 5 Cut out/reduce cakes, biscuits and bread 42 Personal choice 6 Avoids pastry 43 Pips stick in teeth 7 Cut down on sugar intake 44 Psychological 8 Drink decaffeinated coffee 45 Religion 9 Eat more fruit 46 Spouse doesn’t eat (for various reasons) 10 Avoids cheese, dairy products 47 Stimulants 11 Avoids fruit (grapes/oranges) 48 Too greasy 12 Avoid nuts 49 To avoid - BSE 13 Avoids spicy foods 50 To avoid - bowel problems 14 Avoids peas 51 To avoid - cardiovascular disease 15 Avoids cabbage 52 To avoid - constipation 16 Avoids ‘bulk’ foods 53 To avoid - diarrhoea 17 Eats high fibre diet 54 To avoid - heat flushes 18 Avoids acidy foods 55 To avoid - gout 19 Avoids alcohol 56 To avoid - high cholesterol 20 Can’t eat eggs 57 To avoid - indigestion and heartburn 21 Doesn’t eat many green vegetables 58 To avoid - migraine 22 Eats low fat/lightly salted crisps 59 To avoid - mouth ulcers 23 Wants to lose weight (own choice) 60 To avoid - night sweats 24 Low cholesterol diet 61 To avoid - sickness 25 Controlled diet 62 To avoid - sinus problems 26 Vegetarian diet 63 To avoid - sleeplessness 27 Diabetic diet 64 To avoid - stomach upset/pain 28 Low protein diet 65 To avoid - visual disturbances 29 Diet - one meal of fruit only 66 To avoid - wind 30 Eats smaller portions/generally cuts down 67 Is Vegetarian 31 Eats very little meat 68 Can’t digest very well 32 Eats very little 69 Cystitis 33 Can’t eat red meat 70 No reason/missing information 34 Cant eat meat - poor dentition 35 Avoids meat Q5. OTHWATCH Does anyone living in the 36 Avoids fish house other than yourself watch what they eat? 37 Avoids anything fierce (?) (If no skip to next section). 38 Avoids things that catch in throat (has cancer) 39 Nothing specified 0 No 40 Try to eat healthy sensible food 1 Yes 41 Same types of food avoided 8 No answer 42 Avoids same as spouse 9 Not asked 43 Very fussy, won’t eat soup and many other things Q6. Q6HOWDOT How do they watch what 44 Drinks more fruit juice they eat (what are they careful about)? (Open 45 Food must be liquidized/is machine fed question). 46 Food with seeds ie tomatoes and strawberries

HOWDOT2 and HOWDOT3 How do they watch what they eat?

Code as HOWDOT1

University of Nottingham 33 13 Others needs control respondents eating Q7. Why do they watch what they eat? habits now 14 Less salt, as no longer used in cooking 0 No 15 Have separate meals sometimes 1 Yes 77 Missing/insufficient data 8 No answer 9 Not asked

LOSEWGHT They want to loose weight.

HEALTHY They want to follow healthier diet.

HPROB They have a health problem.

RELIGIOU They follow religious rules on food.

TRADITIO They follow their country’s traditional diet.

ETHICAL They object to eating certain foods on humanitarian or ethical grounds.

DK Don’t know.

OTHERREA Other reason (specify).

SPECIFYR Specify other reason. (Open question, not coded).

Q8. AFFCTOTH If someone is watching what they eat, does this affect what anyone else in the household eats as well? (If 0, 8 or 9 skip to next section).

Code as Q7- LOSEWGHT

Q9. HOWAFFEC How does it affect them? (Open question).

HOWAFF1 and HOWAFF2 How does it affect them? (Coded). 1 All - have low fat 2 All - now moderate sugar 3 All made to/making effort to eat more healthily 4 Makes effort to eat same as other 5 Eats same, no point/won’t cook different meals 6 No meat eaten in house 7 Conforms/supports other by/eats what is suitable for other 8 Don’t/can’t eat much red meat now 9 Also eats less/smaller portions now 10 Changed cooking methods (ie steams not fries) 11 Doesn’t eat/avoids/eats fewer cakes/puddings 12 Now consumes less milk than before

University of Nottingham 34 ABILITY TO PREPARE/SHOP FOR FOOD

The next section looks at how some everyday household tasks are carried out in your household.

Q1. CANCARRY Do you carry your bags of shopping yourself? (If yes skip to Q4).

0 No 1 Yes 2 Uses a trolley 8 No answer 9 Not asked

Q2. CLDCARRY Could you carry your shopping if you had to?

0 No 1 Yes 8 No answer 9 Not asked

Q3. WHOCARRY Who usually carries your shopping for you?

1 Spouse/partner 2 Neighbour/friend 3 Son/daughter 4 Son in law/daughter in law 5 Other relative 6 Home help or Social Services 7 Can’t remember 8 No answer 9 Not asked 10 Other (specify) 11 No help available 77 Not applicable to respondent

WHOCARR1 Specify other person who usually carries your shopping? (Open question, not coded).

Q4. CANWASH Do you wash small amounts of clothing by hand yourself? (If yes skip to Q7).

0 No 1 Yes 2 Not applicable 8 No answer 9 Not asked

Q5. COULDWAS Could you wash clothing by hand if you needed to?

Code as Q2 - CLDCARRY

University of Nottingham 35 Q14. CLDCOOK Could you cook a meal for Q6. WHOWASH Who usually does any hand yourself if you needed to? washing for you? Code as Q2 -CLDCARRY Code as Q3 - WHOCARRY Q15. WHOCOOK Who usually cooks your WHOWASH1 Specify other person who usually main meal for you? does your hand washing. (Open question, not coded). Code as Q3- WHOCARRY

Q7. CANJARS Can you open screw top jars or WHOCOOK1 Specify other person who usually bottles yourself? (If yes skip to Q10). cooks your main meal for you? (Open question, not coded). Code as Q4 - CANWASH Q16. CANFRY Can you fry food using a fry pan Q8. COULDJAR Could you open a jar or bottle yourself? (If yes skip to Ql9). yourself if you needed to? Code as Q4- CANWASH Code as Q2 -CLDCARRY Q17. COULDFRY Could you fry food for Q9. WHOJAR Who usually opens a jar or bottle yourself if you needed to? for you? Code as Q2- CLDCARRY Code as Q3 - WHOCARRY WHOFRY Who usually does any frying for WHOJAR1 Specify other person who usually you? opens jars and bottles for you? (Open question, not coded). Code as Q3- WHOCARRY

Q10. CANCART Can you open a carton of juice WHOFRY1 Specify other person who usually or milk yourself? (If yes skip to Q13). does any frying for you? (Open question, not coded). Code as Q4 - CANWASH Q19. CANTEA Can you make a cup of tea for Q11. COULDCAR Could you open a carton yourself? (If yes skip to Q22). yourself if you had to? Code as Q4- CANWASH Code as Q2 -CLDCARRY Q20. COULDTEA Could you make a cup of tea Q12. WHOCART Who usually opens a carton if you needed to? for you? Code as Q2- CLDCARRY Code as Q3 - WHOCARRY Q21. WHOTEA Who usually makes your cups WHOCART1 Specify other person who usually of tea for you? opens a carton for you? (Open question, not coded). Code as Q3- WHOCARRY

Q13. CANCOOK Can you cook a main meal WHOTEA1 Specify other person who usually yourself, in other words a main item plus at least makes your cups of tea for you? (Open question, two vegetables? (If yes skip to Q16). not coded).

Code as Q2 - CLDCARRY

University of Nottingham 36 SHOPPING FOR FOOD Q22. CANTINS Can you open tins of food yourself without using an electric tin opener? If Q1. BEENSHOP Have you been food shopping yes skip to next section. in the last week? (If yes skip to Q3).

Code as Q4- CANWAS 0 No 1 Yes Q23. COULDTIN Could you open a tin of food 8 No answer if you needed to? 9 Not asked

Code as Q2 -CLDCARRY Q2. WHENSHOP When was the last time you went food shopping? (If 7 - 10 skip to Q4). Q24. WHOTINS Who usually opens tins of food for you? Use list as a running prompt if necessary.

Code as Q3- WHOCARRY 1 Less than a week ago 2 Between one and two weeks ago WHOTIN1 Specify other person who usually 3 Between two and three weeks ago opens tins of food for you? (Open question, not 4 Between three and four weeks ago coded). 5 Four weeks ago 6 More than four weeks ago 7 Can’t remember 8 No answer 9 Not asked 10 Don’t go food shopping/not applicable

Q3. OFTENSHO How many times did you go shopping for food that week?

Use list as a running prompt if necessary.

1 More than once a day 2 Once a day 3 4-6 times (week) 4 2-3 times (week) 5 Once 7 Can’t remember 8 No answer 9 Not asked

Q4. SHOPFORU Did anyone else do any shopping for you? (If 0, 7, 8 or 9 skip to Q6).

0 No 1 Yes 7 Can’t remember 8 No answer 9 Not asked

Q5. WHOSHOP Who was this?

1 Friend/neighbour 2 Relative 3 Spouse/partner 4 Home help/other care worker 5 Other (specify)

University of Nottingham 37 8 No answer 6 More than one person 9 Not asked 7 Can’t remember 8 No answer WHOLIST1 Specify other person who made out 9 Not asked list. (Open question, not coded).

SHOPSPEC Specify other person who shopped Q12. SHOPMOST Which shop did you buy for you? (Open question, not coded). most of your food from? (Open question).

Q6. SHOP4OTH Did you shop for anyone else? SHOPMOSA Which shop did you buy most of (If 0, 7, 8 or 9 skip to Q8). your food from? (Coded).

Code as Q4 - SHOPFORU 1 Marks and Spencer 2 Sainsburys If the respondent does not shop for themselves or 3 Tesco anyone else please skip to next section. 4 Asda 5 KwikSave Q7. SHOPPED4 Who was this? 6 Aldi 7 Don’t know/not sure 1 Friend/neighbour 8 No answer 2 Spouse/partner 9 Not asked 3 Relative 10 Not applicable 4 Other 11 Corner shop/village shop 5 More than one person 12 Co-op 7 Can’t remember 13 Market place 8 No answer 14 No preference 9 Not asked 15 Off licence 16 Morrisons Q8. SHOPWITH Did you go food shopping 17 Food Giant with anyone? (If 0, 8 or 9 skip to Q10). 18 Iceland 19 Pork Farms Code as Q4 - SHOPFORU 20 Farm shop 21 Farm Foods Q9. WITHWHOM Who was this? 22 Summerfields 23 Safeway Code as Q4 - SHOPPED4 24 Presto 25 Other WHOWENT Specify other person who went 26 Gateway food shopping with you. (Open question, not coded). SHOPMOSB to SHOPMOSC Which shop did you most of your food from? Q10. SHOPLIST Did anyone make a list of what to buy when you went food shopping? If 0, Code as SHOP MOSA 7, 8 or 9 skip to Q12. Q13. WHYTHERE and WHYTHER1 Why Code as Q4 - SHOPFORU did you chose to shop there? (Open question).

Q11. WHOLIST Who made out the list? WHYTHAA Why do you shop there? (Coded).

1 Respondent only 1 Habit 2 Respondent and spouse/partner 2 Has cafe/restaurant/meet friends there 3 Whole household (respondents spouse/partner, 3 Needed something special/specific plus at least one other person) 4 Likes it/the products/brands 4 Spouse/partner of respondent only 5 Convenient to get to/to other shops, etc/local 5 Other member of household (not respondent or 6 Can get petrol, cheaper petrol at same time spouse/partner) 6 Someone else (specify) 7 Can’t remember

University of Nottingham 38 Q15. Did you use any of these other shops a food 7 Free bus shopping in that week? Hand the respondent 8 Convenient to bus stop/bus station showcard number 6. 9 Good variety/and of fresh foods 10 Good quality/and of fresh foods 0 No 11 Good ready meals/individual ready meals 1 Yes 12 Clean/appealing 7 Can’t remember 13 Good service/friendly staff/knows them 8 No answer 14 Competitive prices/value for money 9 Not asked 15 Cheaper/cheapest 16 Sells everything, most things in one FARMSHOP Farm shop. store/place 17 Well laid out/plenty room(for wheel chairs), PICKYOUR Pick your own. easy to look round, presentation 18 Knows where everything is BUTCHER Butcher. 19 Needs to shop around 20 Friend/relative who supplies transport goes BAKERYCO Bakery/confectioners there 21 No other shop near by GREENGRO Greengrocers. 22 Nearest big store 23 Shareholder/or member (ie Coop bank) FISHMONG Fishmonger. 24 Happened to be in area/passes on way home 25 Can select items/pieces of fruit, veg. GENERALC General store. 26 Parking, in front of store for disabled, free, plenty of. MINIMARK Mini- market. 27 Don’t have to queue 28 For a change OFFLICEN off licence. 29 Has recycling points 30 Spouse sends them (to specific shop) NEWSAGEN Newsagent. 31 Has small packets, small quantities 32 Has toilets MARKET Market. 33 Owned by son/relative 34 Opens early/late FROZENFO Frozen food shop. 35 Has an account there 36 Have packers for your shopping KWIKSAVE KwikSave. 37 Can use access/switch 38 They deliver ALDI Aldi. 39 Not to busy/so crowded there 94 Don’t know LOCUST Lo-cost. 95 Gets discount (staff or spouse is staff) 96 Insufficient data SPAR Spar. 97 Doesn’t shop 98 No answer given NETTO Netto. 99 Not asked HAPPYSHO Happy Shopper. WHYTHBB to WHYTHDD Why do you shop there? MARKSSPE Marks and Spencer.

Code as WHYTHAA ASDA Asda.

Q14. ISUSUAL Do you usually shop there? SAINSBUR Sainsburys.

Code as Ql- BEENSHOP TESCO Tesco.

SAFEWAY Safeway.

University of Nottingham 39 MOBILITY

COOP Co-op. I would like now to ask you a few questions about how you get around on foot. MORRISON Morrisons. Q1. USEAID Do you use a walking aid? (If 0, 8 CHEMIST Chemist. or 9 skip to Q3).

OTHERSHO Other shop. (Specify). 0 No 1 Yes OTHSHSPE Specify other shop. (Open 8 No answer question). 9 Not asked

OTHSHOP1 and OTHERSHOP2 Other shop. Q2. WHATAID What is this? (Coded). 1 Frame 1 Health food shop 2 Stick 2 BHS 3 Other (specify) 3 Littlewoods 4 More than one (specify) 4 Delicatessen 5 Food Giant SPECAID Specify if you use other than a stick 6 Pork Farms or a frame, or more than one. (Open question, 7 Fish and Chip shop not coded). 8 Iceland 9 Wilkos Q3. AILMENT Do you have any kind of 10 Supersave ailment which affects your walking? (If 0, 8 or 9 11 Aldi skip to Q5). 12 Farm Foods 13 Wilkinsons Code as Q1 - USEAID 14 Boots 15 Woolworths Q4. WHATAILM What is this? (Open 16 Fish van - mobile question). 17 Macro 18 Gateway WHATAIL1 What is this. (Coded). 19 VG 20 Cash and Carry 1 Amputation/artificial limbs 21 Local corner shop 2 Angina/heart condition/chest pains/heart 22 Wallpaper shop attack 23 Presto 3 Arthritis, osteo-arthritis, rheumatoid, 24 Beaumonts supermarket arthritis, 25 Costcutter rheumatism 26 Local farmer 4 Back pain/problem/spinal problems 27 Thorntons chocolates 5 Eye problem/sight problem 28 Somerfields 6 Foot/heel/toe problem 29 Chinese supermarkets 7 Hip problem 30 Fine Fare 8 Knee problem 31 Post Office (local - sells food) 9 Leg problem 77 Not applicable 10 Lung problem 11 Lower limb problem (general) 12 Accident/injury - general, traffic, war 13 Asthma/breathing problems 14 Arteriosclerosis/hardening of arteries 15 Balance problem 16 Blood disorder 17 Blood pressure 18 Broken bone/limb 19 Bronchitis

University of Nottingham 40 1 Severely disabled/extremely slow 2 Very slow 20 Bunion, verruca, callous, corn, ingrowing toe 3 Stroll at an easy pace nail 4 Normal speed 21 Circulation problems (general) 5 Fairly briskly 22 Confidence - lack of 6 Fast 23 Cramp 7 Don’t know 24 Deafness 8 No answer 25 Diabetes - problems associated with 9 Not asked 26 Dizzy spells/giddy/vertigo 27 Emphysema Q6. WALKSHOP Could you walk to the 28 Intermitant claudication/limping nearest food shop if you needed to (using a 29 Menieres disease walking aid if necessary)? 30 Multiple sclerosis 31 Muscular dystrophy 0 No 32 Osteoporosis 1 Yes 33 Pagets disease 2 No food shop within walking distance 34 Parkinson’s’ 7 Don’t know 35 Polymyalgia 8 No answer 36 Post operative - tired/recovering etc.. 9 Not asked 37 Sciatica 38 Stroke - affected limbs/partial paralysis 39 Swelling of limbs/feet/ankles 40 Spondylitis 41 Thrombotic legs/ankles etc 42 Weak/frail/old age 43 Unwell - generally 44 Ulcers legs/toes 45 Varicose veins 46 Overweight 47 Deformed toes/feet 48 TB (resulting from) 50 Withered arm 51 Kidney problem 52 Bone cancer 53 Awaiting operation 54 Agraphobic 55 Not stated 56 Can’t walk unaided (unspecified) 57 Gangrene - toes 58 Hernia

WHATAIL2 to WHATAIL5 What is this? (Coded).

Code as WHATAIL1

Q5. WALKSPD Which of the following would you say best describes your walking speed? If respondent is obviously severely disabled do not show card -fill in as 1.

Hand showcard number 7 to those who are obviously not severely disabled.

University of Nottingham 41 TRANSPORT AND ACCESSIBILITY

I’d like to ask you a few questions on transport and how you get around, particularly when you are going shopping.

Q1. OWNACAR Do you own a car? (of 0, 8 or 9 skip to Q9).

0 No 1 Yes 8 No answer 9 Not asked

Q2. DRIVECAR Do you drive it? (If 0, 8 or 9 skip to Q12).

Code as Q1 - OWNACAR

Q3. DRIVE4U Does anyone else drive it for you? (If 0, 8 or 9 skip to Q9).

Code as Ql - OWNACAR

Q4. WHODRIVE Who is this?

1 Spouse/partner 2 Friend/neighbour 3 Son/daughter 4 Son in law/daughter in law 5 Sibling 6 Someone else 7 More than one person 8 No answer 9 Not asked

Q5. CAR5 Does this affect when (which day/week) you can go shopping? (If 0, 7, 8 or 9 skip to Q7).

0 No 1 Yes 7 Don’t know 8 No answer 9 Not asked

Q6. CAR6 How does this affect when you go shopping? (Open question, not coded).

Q7. CAR7 Does this affect how often (how many times) you can go shopping? (If 0, 7, 8 or 9 skip to Q9).

Code as Q5 - CAR5

University of Nottingham 42 Q8. CAR8 How is this? (Open question, not Q14. USEOTHER Do you ever use other forms coded). of transport for food shopping? (If 0, 8 or 9 skip to Q20). Q9. CAR9 Are you able to use someone else’s car? (If 0, 7, 8 or 9 skip to Q14). Code as Q13 - NOTSHOP

0 No Q15. What do you use? 1 Yes 7 Not sure 0 No 8 No answer 1 Yes 9 Not asked 8 No answer 9 Not asked Q10. CAR10 Are you limited as to when (which day/week) you can use their car? PUBLICBU Public bus service.

Code as Q5 - CAR5 BUSRUNBY Bus service run by supermarket.

Q11. CAR11 Are you limited as to how often TRAIN Train. (how many times) you can use their car? TAXICOMP Taxi company. Code as Q5 - CAR5 DIALARID Dial a ride. Q12. CARFOOD Do you use the car for food shopping? (If 1, 8 or 9 skip to Q14). OTHERMOD Other. (Specify).

Code as Ql - OWNACAR WHICHMOD Specify other. (Open question, not coded). Q13. Why do you not use car the car to shop? Q16. SAMEMODE Do you use the same form 0 No of transport to go to the shops as you do to get 1 Yes home after shopping? (If 0, 8 or 9 skip to Q18). 8 No answer 9 Not asked Code as Q15- PUBLICBU

NOTSHOP Respondent does not shop. Q17. WHYNOTSA Why is this? (Open question, not coded). SHOPSCLO Shops are close enough to go on foot. Q18. SATISFIE Are you satisfied with the mode(s) of transport you use? (If yes skip to PETROLTO Petrol too expensive. Q20).

CHEAPERU Cheaper to use public transport. Code as Q15 - PUBLICBU

CANTPARK Can’t park easily. Q19. DISATIS1 and DISATIS2 What aspect(s) of the transport mode are you dissatisfied with? PARKINGT Parking too expensive. (Open question, not coded).

CARISUNR Car is unreliable. Q20. GPO How would you usually get to your nearest post office? FACTOR Other reason for not using car? (Specify). 1 Walk 2 Bus NOTUSED Specify other reason for not using 3 Train car. (Open question, not coded). 4 Car (own) 5 Car (other persons) 6 Taxi

University of Nottingham 43 HEALTH BEHAVIOUR

7 Dial a ride The next few questions are about whether you 8 Other smoke and if so, how much. 9 Someone else goes 88 No answer Q1. DOUSMOKE Do you currently smoke 99 Not asked regularly - that is at least once a day? (If 0, 8 or 9 skip to Q3). Q21. GPO2 How long would it normally take you to get to your nearest post office? 0 No 1 Yes 1 Less than 5 minutes 8 No answer 2 Five to ten minutes 9 Not asked 3 Ten to fifteen minutes 4 Fifteen to thirty minutes Q2. HOWMANY How many cigarettes, cigars, 5 More than thirty minutes pipes do you smoke per day? 6 Not applicable 7 Don’t know/can’t remember Q3. CIG3 Have you ever smoked regularly? (If 8 No answer 0, 8 or 9 skip to next section). 9 Not asked Code as Ql - DOUSMOKE Q22. SHOP1 Thinking about the shop you get most of your food from, how would you usually Q4. YEARS How many years ago did you stop get there? smoking?

Code as Q20 - GPO Q5. WHYSTOP Why did you stop smoking? (Open question). Q23. SHOP2 How long would it take? Q6. WHYSTOP1 and WHYSTOP2 Why did Code as Q21 - GPO2 you stop smoking? (Coded).

Q24. DOC1 How would you get to your doctor’s 1 Cost/price increase surgery? 2 Bad publicity/scared 3 Pressure by relatives/friends Code as Q20 - GPO 4 Member/s of family stopped - copied 5 Member of family did not smoke - copied Q25. DOC2 How long would it take you to get 6 Didn’t want offspring to copy there? 7 Lost a relative - smoking related illness 8 Advice/Pressure from GP/medical advice Code as Q21 - GPO2 9 Health reasons (not specified) 10 Had lung cancer 11 Had heart attack/heart trouble 12 Had brain tumour 13 Pregnancy 14 Making them feel ill (non-specific) 15 Causing bad chest 16 Causing cough 17 Causing colds 18 Causing shortness of breath 19 Causing nausea 20 Sent them deaf 21 Taste 22 Burns mouth 23 Only smoked during war/or when in the forces 24 To put on weight

University of Nottingham 44 DRINKING 25 Just decided to/went of them 26 Can’t remember I am now going to ask you a few questions about 27 No reason given what you drink, that is if you do drink at all. 28 Arteriosclerosis 29 Pericarditis Q1. DRINK1 Do you ever drink alcohol 30 Duodenal ulcer nowadays, including drinks that you make or 31 Asthma brew at home? (If yes skip to Q3) . 32 Claudication 33 Diabetic/diabetic complications 0 No 34 Throat problems 1 Yes 35 Sinus 8 No answer 36 Mastitis 9 Not asked 37 Religion (changed=new restrictions) 38 Result of accident (hole in chin?) Q2. DRINK2 can I just check whether you ever 39 Protect/support spouses health have an alcoholic drink nowadays, or do you 40 Now seen as unsociable habit have an alcoholic drink occasionally - perhaps for medicinal purposes or on social occasions like Christmas? (If 0, 8 or 9 skip to Q5).

Code as Ql - DRINK1

Q3. DRINK3 Do you ever drink alcohol in your tea or coffee?

Code as Ql - DRINK1

Q4. ALCOHOL How often do you usually drink alcohol?

Use as running prompt if necessary.

1 Occasionally 2 One - three times a week 3 Four - six times a week 4 Daily 5 Several times daily 8 No answer 9 Not asked

University of Nottingham 45 INCOME

I realise that money is a very personal matter but it is very important for us to know how much money people have to spend on their food. It will help us to make sense of the answers you have given us earlier on your eating and shopping habits. Could I just ask a question on how much money you have coming into the house - any information you give us is strictly confidential.

Q1. Which of the following would you say best describes your own or your household income per week? This includes income from earnings, your state/and or private pension, other benefits, savings and investments.

Either hand the respondent the showcard for single person (8A).

SINGLE Weekly income for single people.

1 up to £55 per week 2 £55- £64.99 3 £65- £74.99 4 £75- £99.99 5 £100 - £149.99 6 £150 - £199.99 7 £200 - £299.99 8 £300 - £500 9 £500 + 77 Don’t know/not sure 88 No answer 99 Not asked

PROBEGET If respondent states income of £500+ probe for estimate. (Open question, not coded).

Or hand them the showcard for couples/families (8B).

MORETHAN Weekly income for couples/families.

1 Up to £85 per week 2 £85 - £99.99 3 £100 - £129.99 4 £130 - £149.99 5 £150 - £199.99 6 £200 - £299.99 7 £300 - £499.99 8 £500 - £599.99 9 £600 + 77 Don’t know/not sure

University of Nottingham 46 9 Not asked 88 No answer 77 Not appropriate 99 Not asked OWNPENS1 Your own occupational pension. PROBEGE2 If respondent states income of £600+ probe for estimate. (Open question, not SPOUPENS An occupational pension taken out coded). by your spouse.

Q2. STATE Do you get a State pension? PRIVPENS Other personal pensions such as a private scheme. 0 No 1 Yes EARNINGS Earnings. 7 Not sure/don’t know 8 No answer INCOMEFR Income from investments 9 Not asked MONEYGIF Other regular income or gifts of Q3. Do you get any of these other benefits? money. Use as a running prompt (skip those that are obviously inappropriate). Q5. VALSAVE Leaving out the value of your home if you own it, what would you say is the 0 No value of your savings? 1 Yes 7 Don’t know/not sure Hand the respondent showcard number 9. 8 No answer 9 Not asked 0 No savings 77 Not appropriate 1 up to £2,999.99 2 £ 3,000 - £4,999.99 INCOMESU Income Support? 3 £ 5,000 - £7,999.99 4 £ 8,000 - £9,999.99 HOUSINGB Housing Benefit. 5 £10,000 - £14,999.99 6 £15,000- £24,999.99 INVALIDS Invalidity Benefit. 7 £25,000 - £49,999.99 8 Over £50,000 SEVEREDI Severe Disablement Allowance. 77 Respondent doesn’t know/not sure 88 No answer INVALIDC Invalid Care Allowance. 99 Not asked

WIDOWSPE Widows Pension. PROBE3 If respondent states value of savings is 8 (over £50,000) probe for estimate. (Open ATTENDAN Attendance Allowance. question, not coded).

DISABILI Disability Living Allowance. Q6. FINSIT How would you describe your financial situation? CASH Income as a percentage of pension level. The variables SINGLE and MORETHAN were Hand the respondent showcard number 10. combined to produce this variable. 1 Well off Q4. Do you have any other source of income? 2 Comfortable 3 Enough to get by on Use list as a running prompt. 4 A bit hard pressed 5 Hard up 6 Very hard up 0 No 8 No answer 1 Yes 9 Not asked 7 Don’t know/not sure 8 No answer

University of Nottingham 47 TELESTAM Television stamps. Q7. ENOUGH Do you usually have enough money for food all week? OTHERSCH Other (specify).

0 No BUDGETSC Specify other. (Open question, not 1 Yes coded) ? 7 Don’t know/not sure 8 No answer Q12. SETASIDE Do you have a set amount of 9 Not asked money that you put aside for food each week or each month? Q8. MISSEDM Have you missed a meal in the past month? 0 No 1 Yes Code as Q7- ENOUGH 7 Don’t know/not sure 8 No answer Q9. MISSFREQ How often did you miss a 9 Not asked meal? (Open question, not coded).

Q10. IMPBUDG Which one of these items is the most important in your budget?

Hand the respondent showcard number 11.

1 Rent/mortgage 2 Fuel bills 3 Food 4 Telephone 5 Going out 6 Clothes for self 7 Don’t know/not sure 8 No answer 9 Not asked 10 Television 11 Alcohol/cigarettes 12 Clothes for family 13 Transport 14 Hire purchase payments/loans

Q11. Do you use any of the following budgeting schemes to pay for your bills? Running prompt.

0 No 1 Yes 7 Don’t know/not sure 8 No answer 9 Not asked 77 Not appropriate

ELECT Electricity board budget scheme or electricity stamps.

BRITISHG British Gas budget scheme or gas stamps.

TELEPLIST Telephone stamps.

University of Nottingham 48 LIFE SATISFACTION

Derived from Wood et al’s (1969) 13 item version of Neugarten st al’s (1961) Life satisfaction Index (LSI). Modified version used by Morgan, K., Dallosso, H.m., Arie, T., Byrne, E.J., Jones, R. and Waite, J. (1987), Mental health and psychological well-being among the old and very old living at home. British Journal of Psychiatry 150: 801-807.

Moving on from your finances, I’d like to ask you a few questions about your satisfaction with your lifestyle. I would like you to listen to the following statements about your feelings and tell me whether you agree or disagree with them or whether you are not sure.

Hand the respondent showcard 12.

Q1. DISAGREA As I grow older things seem better than I thought they would be.

0 Disagree 1 Don’t know 2 Agree

Q2. DISAGREB I have had more chances in life than most people I know.

0 Disagree 1 Don’t know 2 Agree

Q3. DISAGREC This is the dreariest time of my life.

0 Agree 1 Don’t Know 2 Disagree

Q4. DISAGRED I am just as happy as when I was younger.

0 Disagree 1 Don’t know 2 Agree

Q5. DISAGREE These are the best years of my life.

0 Disagree 1 Don’t know 2 Agree

Q6. DISAGREF Most of the things I do are boring or monotonous.

University of Nottingham 49 COOKING SKILLS 0 Agree 1 Don’t know Q1. SKILLS1 Have you ever taken a cookery 2 Disagree course’?

Q7. DISAGREG The things I do are as 0 No interesting as they ever were. 1 Yes 7 Can’t remember/not sure 0 Disagree 8 No answer 1 Don’t know 9 Not asked 2 Agree Q2. SKILLS2 Have you ever been taught to Q8. DISAGREH As I look back on my life I am cook by a friend or relative? fairly well satisfied. Code as Q 1 - SKILL1 0 Disagree 1 Don’t know Q3. SKILLS3 Have you ever had a job which 2 Agree involved cooking?

Q9. DISAGREI I have made plans for things Code as Q1 - SKILL1 I’ll be doing in a month or year from now. Q4. SKILLS4 In the past month have you read 0 Disagree or bought food magazines? 1 Don’t know 2 Agree Code as Q1 - SKILLS1

Q10. DISAGREJ When I look back on my life I Q5. SKILLS5 Do you watch cooking or food didn’t get most of the important things I wanted. programmes on television? (of 0, 8 or 9 skip to Q7) 0 Agree 1 Don’t know 0 No 2 Disagree 1 Yes 8 No answer Qll. DISAGREK Compared with other people I 9 Not asked get down in the dumps too often. Q6. Q6WHICHP Which ones (open question)? 0 Agree 1 Don’t know Q6WHICH2 Which ones? (Coded). 2 Disagree 1 Can’t cook, won’t cook Q12. DISAGREL I’ve got pretty much what I 2 Cook of the year expected out of life. 3 Country file 4 Delia Smith 0 Disagree 5 Farmhouse kitchen 1 Don’t know 6 Food and Drink 2 Agree 7 French cookery programme 8 Gary Rhodes Q13. DISAGREM In spite of what people say 9 Glyn Christian on the microwave the life of the average person is getting worse 10 Good Food Guide not better. 11 Gourmet Island 12 Hot chefs 0 Agree 13 Italian cookery programmes 1 Don’t know 14 Jakes pipette 2 Disagree 15 Jane Asher 16 Junior Masterchef Q14. LSSCORE Add up LSI score.

University of Nottingham 50 Q10. SKILLS8 Has anyone else in the house 17 Keith Floyd had a job which involved cooking? 18 Ken Homs hot wok 19 Mary Baker Code as Q8 - SKILLS6 20 Masterchef 21 Mossiman Q11. SKILLS9 Does anyone else in the house 22 Nadhur Jaffrey read or buy food magazines? 23 Raul Rankin 24 Ready Steady Cook Code as Q8 - SKILL6 25 Robert Carrier 26 Roux Brothers Q12. SKILLS10 Does anyone else in the house 27 Sophie Gregson watch food programmes on television? (of 0, 7, 8 28 The Food Programme or 9 skip to Q14). 29 The Urban Chef 30 This morning (chef) Code as Q8 - SKILL6 31 Susan Brooks 32 You can cook Q13. Q13DOYOU Do you know what these 33 Any day time TV (programmes) are? (Open question). If the 34 Any morning TV respondent doesn‘t know write this in. 35 All/most/many other cookery programmes 36 Ones aimed at vegetarian cookery Q13WH2 Do you know what these 37 Cant remember/don’t blow (programmes) are? (Coded). 38 Unspecified/non specified 39 Wan (Yan?) can cook 1 Can’t cook, won’t cook 2 Cook of the year Q6WHICH3 to Q6WHICH6 Which ones. 3 Country file (Coded). 4 Delia Smith 5 Farmhouse kitchen Code as Q6WHICH2 6 Food and Drink 7 French cookery programme Q7. INFOSHEE Do you use the information 8 Gary Rhodes sheets and/or recipe sheets in food stores? (Show 9 Glyn Christian on the microwave examples). 10 Good Food Guide 11 Gourmet Island 0 No 12 Hot chefs 1 Yes 13 Italian cookery programme 8 No answer 14 Jakes pipette 9 Not asked 15 Jane Asher 16 Junior Masterchef (If the respondent lives alone skip to Q14). 17 Keith Floyd 18 Ken Homs hot wok Q8. SKILLS6 Has anyone else in the house 19 Mary Baker taken a cookery course? 20 Masterchef 21 Mossiman 0 No 22 Nadhur Jaffrey 1 Yes 23 Paul Rankin 7 Can’t remember/not sure 24 Ready steady cook 8 No answer 25 Robert Carrier 9 Not asked 26 Roux Bros 27 Sophie Grigson Q9. SKILLS7 Has anyone else in the house 28 The Food Programme been taught to cook by a relative or friend? 29 The Urban chef 30 Tlus Morning (chef) Code as Q8 - SKILLS6 31 Susan Brooks 32 You can cook 33 Any on daytime TV

University of Nottingham 51 PHYSICAL MEASURES 34 Any on morning TV 35 All/most/any food programmes WEIGHT Record weight in kg. 36 One aimed at vegetarian cookery (use digits ie 60kg =060). 37 Cant remember/doesn’t know name If respondent refuses code as 999. 38 Non/unspecified 39 Wan (Yan ) can cook DEMISPAN Definition: half body span is the 40 Doesn’t know what other watches distance measured with a metal tape (to the 42 Food File nearest millimetre) from the right side of the sternal notch to the root of the middle and ring Q13WH3 to Q13WH6 Do you know what these finger on the left hand, with the arm stretched programmes are? (Coded). out horizontally to the side and the palm facing forward. Code as Q13WH2 Procedure Q14. SCRAMBLE Could you make scrambled egg/cheese on toast yourself? The measurement is usually made on the left arm. Enquire whether there has been damage or 0 No injury on the left side (hand, shoulder, collar 1 Yes bone or arm) which caused shortening of half- 7 Can’t remember/not sure span, failure to straighten arm fully or to secure 8 No answer the tape between the fingers. If so, make the 9 Not asked measurements using the right arm: indicate so on the measurement form and reverse the Q15. SHEPHERD Could you make shepherd’s instructions below as appropriate (all the pie/cottage pie yourself? instructions are written for left arm).

Code as Q14 - SCRAMBLE The measurement should be made with the respondent standing (preferably) or sitting Q16. MEAT2VEG Could you make a main upright on a chair without arms. Position the meal for yourself such as chicken/chop/steak, respondent with their back to a clear length of boiled potatoes and cabbage/sprouts? wall or door (this helps line up the arm in a horizontal position) . Code as Q14 - SCRAMBLE Locate the edge of the right collar bone (in the SPONGE Could you make a sponge cake or sternal notch) with the arm in a horizontal sponge pudding yourself position

Code as Q14 - SCRAMBLE Position the respondent - standing straight up, looking straight ahead with the shoulders ENDTIME Record the time the interview relaxed, horizontally level and square with the finished (24 hour clock eg 14.00) rest of the body. Unless they are wearing flat, soft shoes or it is difficult for them to do so, ask the respondent to remove their shoes (s/he will need to do this to be weighed).

Insert the stop between the middle and ring finger of the respondent’s left hand.

Ask the respondent to extend their arm. Support the respondent’s wrist with your right wrist.

Check that the arm is horizontal and in line with the shoulders. (If the respondent cannot fully

University of Nottingham 52 straighten their arm, move your supporting right SOPLEAS1 to SOPLEAS7 Queries noted by hand into the respondent’s elbow and support at interviewer. (Open question, not coded). that point whilst holding the tape measure against the arm). NOTEITHE Notes regarding administration of the questionnaire. (Open question, not coded). Take the tape measure in your left hand and extend the tape to the right collar bone. NOTEITH1 to NOTEITH6 Notes on administration of the questionnaire. (Open Ask the subject to extend their arm as fully as question, not coded). possible. Check quickly that a) the arm is flat, b) the wrist remains straight.

Read the tape (to the nearest mm) and tell the respondent to relax.

Record the value immediately in the space on the questionnaire. Code as recorded - for example 76.5 cm is coded as 765 and 80.8 cm is coded as 808.

NB Care must be taken that the arm is straight and in line with the shoulders when the tape is read. If the arm swings behind the shoulders, or the wrist is extended, the measurement will be too high. If the arm swings forward, or the wrist is flexed, the measurement will be too low.

Record demispan for BMI here. If respondent refuses code as 999.

CENTIGRA Respondents fridge temperature in degrees centigrade.

REMINDER: retrieve thermometer from the bridge. Record the temperature here in Centigrade.

If the respondent refused, code as 99. If fridge is not working code as 77.

MDEMISPA Demispan in metres.

MDEMISSQ Demispan in metres squared.

MINDEX Body mass index for Elderly Women.

DEMIQUET Body Mass Index for Elderly Men

Interviewer - note here any queries you have with regard to responses. Write the section title (eg CAPE Score) and the question number before jotting down the query.

SOPLEASE Queries noted by interviewer. (Open question, not coded).

University of Nottingham 53 DIARY AND SHOPPING QUESTIONNAIRE

Thank you for offering to help us by filling in this diary. We are collecting information about what people in your area eat, how often, where they buy it from, how food is prepared and how much they spend.

By filling in the diary you will give us useful information that will help to improve our knowledge of what people need in terms of portion size, packaging, cost, transport to and from the shops, nutrition information etc.

Please read through the instructions for the diary carefully. If you have any problems reading or filling in the diary and would like to talk to someone please telephone Dr Sally Herne or Dr Jeanette Lilley at Queens Medical Centre on **** **** *** or ******* between 9 am and 5 pm.

Don’t forget to fill in the coupon at the end of the questionnaire to enter our prize draw.

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This section is about what you usually eat. On the next few pages you will find lists of various foods and questions on how you cook and serve these foods. Please be assured that there is no right or wrong answer - we are purely interested in what you enjoy eating.

Read through each section and write down how often you think you normally eat these foods. Your diet does vary from time to time so just put down what you think is typical or average for you.

Please only give information on what you eat, not any of the other people in the household.

Answering the questions

Each section asks ‘how often do you think you eat the following foods?’ Rather than writing out a long answer we have reduced the options for your answer to some simple codes. Write the code in the space provided.

If you never have a food write N If you rarely have a food (less than once a month) write R

If you usually have a food:

about once a month write 1M about twice a month write 2M about three times a month write 3M

about once a week write 1W about twice a week write 2W about three times a week write 3W and so on 4W, 5W, 6W, etc...)

about once a day write ID about twice a day write 2D about three times a day write 3D and so on 4D, 5D, 6D, etc...)

University of Nottingham 54 University of Nottingham 55 Examples

Food how often any comments tea 4D 1 CUP milk 2D muesli 1W brown bread N low fat spread R boiled egg 3W 1 Egg Soft Boiled fresh orange 1D sugar 4D chocolate bar 2M

This person usually has

1 cup of tea 4 times a day milk twice a day once a week they eat muesli they never eat brown bread and rarely use low fat spreads three times a week they have boiled eggs a glass of fresh orange juice once a day sugar in each cup of tea 4 times a day a bar of chocolate about twice a month

University of Nottingham 56 CEREALS

About how often do you usually eat these foods? 13 Golden Grahams, Frosted Shreddies and other 0 Never or rarely frosted flakes 0.25 1M 14 Puffed wheat cereals eg sugar puffs 0.50 2M 15 Special K 0.75 3M 17 Other 1 1W 99 Missing data 2 2W 7 1D Q2. NOSLICES How many slices of bread do you 14 2D usually eat? Remember to include bread you use for 21 2D etc.. sandwiches and for toast. If you do not eat bread 99 Missing data write 'none' .

SPORRIDG Porridge, oatmeal (cooked) in Slices per day OR slices per week (interviewer times summer. slices d day to arrive at a total of slices per week).

WPORRIDG Porridge, oatmeal (cooked) in If none code '0', if missing code '99'. winter. Q3. TYPEBREA What type of bread do you MUESLI Muesli per week. usually use? (Please circle one number only).

OTHCEREA Other breakfast cereal per week. 1 Wholemeal or granary bread 2 White bread SLICEBRE Sliced bread per week. 3 White bread with added bran eg Mighty White 4 Brown bread BREADROL Bread rolls per week. 5 Continental breads eg French stick, rye, pitta, pumpernickel BOILRICE Boiled rice per week. 6 Other bread (please name) (not coded) 7 Don't eat bread PASTA Pasta per week (Dried or fresh, spaghetti, macaroni, etc... not timed).

VCEREAL The number of items used eaten by the respondent in the food category. Variety of Cereals.

TYPECER1, etc to TYPECER6 What types of breakfast cereal so you usually eat? If you do not eat breakfast cereals write 'none'.

0 None mentioned 1 Alpen 2 Bran flakes (any brand) 3 All bran/Bran buds/Bran 4 Cornflakes (any brand) 5 Common Sense Oat and Bran Flakes 6 Porridge Oats/Ready Brek 7 Weetabix 8 Rice Krispies 10 Shredded Wheat/Shreddies 11 Other muesli 12 Fruit and Fibre/Perfect Balance

University of Nottingham 57 ITEMS ADDED TO CEREAL PRODUCTS SWEETS

Q4. SPREAD Which of the following do you About how often do you usually eat these foods? usually spread on bread? (Please circle one number only). Code as CEREALS

1 Butter CRUMPET Crumpets or muffins. 2 Soft margarine 3 Hard (block) margarine TEACAKE Teacakes or scones. 4 Low fat spread 5 Dripping/Lard FRUITLOA Fruit loaf or currant bread. 6 Nothing 7 Don' t eat bread CRISPBRE Crispbread and or crackers. 8 Something else (please name) (not coded) PLAINBIS Plain sweet biscuit (eg digestive). Q5. MILKADD What type of milk do you usually add to cereals, porridge or muesli (eg whole milk, FANCYBIS Fancy biscuits (eg sandwich - bourbon skimmed, enriched, soya, gold top, etc...)? If you etc). don't add milk write 'none'. CAKE Cakes. 0 No milk 1 Whole milk - pasteurised MILKPUDD Milk puddings. 2 Semi skimmed 3 Skimmed SPONGEPU Sponge puddings. 4 Sterilised/UHT 5 Powdered VSWEETS The number of items used by the 6 Gold top respondent in this food category. Variety of sweets. 7 Evaporated 8 Straight from the cow 9 Missing

Q6. TEASPOON How many teaspoons of sugar or other sweetener do you add to cereal, porridge or muesli? (Note I dessertspoon = 2 teaspoons). (If none code '0', if missing code '99')

Q7. SALTADD Do you add salt to your porridge? (Please circle one answer).

0 No 1 Yes 7 Don' t eat porridge

University of Nottingham 58 BEVERAGES Q3. How many teaspoons of sugar or other sweetener do you have in tea?

About how often do you usually have these 7 Don't drink drinks. 7 Don't drink SUGTEA In tea. Code as CEREALS SUGCOFFE In coffee TEA Tea. SUGCOCOA In cocoa COFFEE Coffee. SUGCHOC In hot chocolate COFFESUB Coffee substitute.

COCOA Cocoa.

COMPLAN Complan or Build up.

FLAVMILK Flavoured milk (eg milk shake).

GLASMILK Glass of milk.

VDRINK Variety of drinks. (Please circle one answer for each).

Q1. Do you have milk:

0 No 1 Yes 7 Don't drink

MILKTEA In your tea?

MILKCOFF In your coffee?

MILKCOCO In your cocoa?

MILKHOT In other hot drinks (eg Horlicks)?

Q2. TYPEMILK What type of milk do you usually add to tea, coffee, cocoa, etc... (Whole, skimmed, raw, etc...) If you don't add milk or drink these drinks write 'none.'

0 No milk 1 Whole milk - Pasteurised 2 Semi skimmed 3 Skimmed 4 Sterilised/UHT 5 Powdered 6 Gold top 7 Evaporated 8 Straight from cow

University of Nottingham 59 DIARY PRODUCTS AND EGGS CONFECTIONERY AND JAMS

About how often do you usually eat these foods? About how often do you usually eat these foods? Code as CEREALS Code as CEREALS ORDCHES Regular cheese (Cheddar, Cheshire, CHOCOLAT Chocolate. Edam, etc...). CHOCOLAT Chocolate.

COTTAGE Cottage cheese. CHOCBAR Chocolate covered bars (eg Mars).

CREAMD Cream. TOFFEES Toffees/boiled sweets.

YOGHURTD Yoghurt. HONEYJAM Honey, jam, marmalade.

SICECREA Ice cream in the summer. MARMITE Marmite, bovril.

WICECREA Ice cream in the winter. PEANUTBU Peanut butter.

DRIEDMIL Dried milk. VJAM Variety of jam.

LIQMILK Liquid milk.

CUSTARD Custard.

FRIEDEGG Fried egg.

BOILEGG Boiled/poached egg.

SCRAMEGG Scrambled egg or omelette.

VDAIRY Variety of dairy products.

University of Nottingham 60 USE OF LOW FAT DAIRY PRODUCTS MEATS

Q1. LOWCHEES When you eat cheese do you use About how often do you usually eat these foods? the reduced fat varieties eg Delight or St Ivel? (Please circle one number). Code as CEREALS

1 Always or nearly always STEW Stew, casserole, curry, goulash. 2 Sometimes 3 Rarely or never STEAK Steak. 4 Do not eat cheese 5 Don't know/can't remember PORKCHOP Pork chop.

TYPECREA When you eat cream what type is it LAMBCHOP Lamb chop. usually? (Please circle one number). ROASTLAM Roast lamb/pork/beef. 1 Thickened cream 2 Double cream SAUSAGES Sausages. 3 Single or whipping cream 4 Clotted cream BACON Bacon. 5 Cream substitute eg Elm Lea 6 Other (please name) (not coded) LIVER Liver. 7 More than one type 8 Do not eat cream KIDNEY Kidney. 9 Don't know/can't remember HAM Ham. TYPEYOGH When you eat yoghurt what type is it usually? (Please circle one number). LUNCHEON Luncheon meat.

1 Plain natural yoghurt (not fat-reduced and MINCEMEA Minced meat. without flavouring) 2 Natural yoghurt, low fat HAMBURGE Hamburger. 3 Fruit flavoured (not fat reduced) 4 Fruit flavoured, low fat SAUSROLL Sausage roll. 5 Other (please name) (not coded) 6 More than one type MEATPIES Meat pie. 7 Do not eat yoghurt 8 Don't know/can't remember PASTIES Pasties. TYPEICE When you eat ice cream what type is it OTHERPIE Other pies and pastries eg quiche. usually? (Please circle one number). VMEAT Variety of meats. 1 Regular ice cream (full fat) 2 Low calorie, reduced fat ice cream eg Too good to be true 3 Other (please name) (not coded) 4 More than one type 5 Do not eat ice cream 6 Don't know/can't remember

University of Nottingham 61 MEATS METHODS OF COOKING AND CHICKEN AND FISH CONSUMPTION OF MEAT FAT AND LOW FAT MEAT PRODUCTS About how often do you usually eat these foods?

Q1. If you eat the following meats how would you Code as CEREALS usually cook them? (Please circle one for each food). ROASTCHI Roast chicken.

1 Fried CHIKCRUM Crumb coated chicken. 2 Grilled/Baked 3 Microwaved CHIKCASS Chicken casserole, stew, curry. 7 Don't eat CHIKBREA Chicken breast portion. METHSTEA Steak. CHIKLEG Chicken leg or wing portion. METHCHOP Chops. WHITEFIS Fresh/frozen fish (cod, haddock, METHSAUS Sausages. halibut, plaice, coley, hake, etc...).

METHBACO Bacon. OILYFISH Fresh/frozen oily fish (mackerel, herrings, kippers, fresh tuna, salmon, Q2. QUANFAT If you eat meat with fat on do you eat: (Please circle one number). SEAFOOD Sea food (prawns, cockles, mussels, whelks, clams, calamari, etc...). 1 All of the fat 2 Most of it OVENBAKE Oven baked fish fillets or fish 3 About half fingers 4 Little or none 5 Don’t eat meat CANFISH Canned fish (sardines, mackerel, salmon, tuna etc...). Q3. CHIKSKIN Do you take the skin off chicken? VCHICK Variety of chicken and fish.

1 Always 2 Sometimes (about half the time) 3 Rarely 4 Never 5 Do not eat chicken

Q4. Do you buy any of the following products?

1 Always or nearly always 2 Sometimes 3 Rarely 4 Never 5 Don’t eat

LOWMINCE Low fat mince (may be marked ‘superlean’ ‘lean’.)

LOWSAUS Low fat sausages.

LOWBURG Low fat burgers.

University of Nottingham 62 CANNED AND DRIED VEGETABLES SEASONAL FOODS; VEGETABLES

About how often do you usually eat these foods? The following list of foods contains some vegetables that may be eaten more often at certain Code as CEREALS times of the year. Please fill in the details of how often you would eat these vegetables both in CCARROT Canned carrots. summer and in winter.

CGBEANS Canned green beans. For example - if you eat lettuce, cucumber and new potatoes once a day in summer but only once a CGPEAS Canned green peas. month in the winter months and sprouts once a week in winter but never in summer, write this as: BAKEDBEA Baked beans in sauce. Summer Winter Comments COTHBEAN Other canned beans. Lettuce ID 1M Cucumber ID 1M DRYBEAN Other dried beans. New potatoes ID 1M Brussel sprouts N 1W SWEETCOR Canned sweetcorn. Code as CEREALS CTOMS Canned tomatoes. SMASHPOT Fresh mashed potato - summer. VCANVEG Variety of canned and dried vegetables. WMASHPOT Fresh mashed potato - winter.

SBOILPOT Fresh boiled potato - summer.

WBOILPOT Fresh boiled potato - winter.

SROASPOT Roasted potato - summer.

WROASPOT Roasted potato - winter.

SFRECHIP Fresh chips - summer.

WFRECHIP Fresh chips - winter.

SFROZCH Frozen chips - summer.

WFROZCH Frozen chips - winter.

SCARROT Carrots (fresh/frozen) - summer.

WCARROT Carrots (fresh/frozen) - winter.

STURNIP Turnip/swede (fresh/frozen) - summer.

WTURNIP Turnip/swede (fresh/frozen) - winter.

SBBEAN Broad beans (fresh/frozen) - summer.

WBBEAN Broad beans (fresh/frozen) - winter.

SGBEAN Green beans (fresh/frozen) - summer.

University of Nottingham 63 WGBEAN Green beans (fresh/frozen) - winter.

SGPEA Green peas (fresh/frozen) - summer.

WGPEA Green peas (fresh/frozen) - winter.

SCABBAGE Cabbage (cooked) - summer.

WCABBAGE Cabbage (cooked) -winter.

SBRUSSEL Brussels sprouts (fresh/frozen) summer.

WBRUSSEL Brussel sprouts (fresh/frozen) winter.

SBROCCOL Broccoli (fresh/frozen) - summer.

WBROCCOL Broccoli (fresh/frozen) - winter.

SCAULI Cauliflower (fresh/frozen) - summer.

WCAULI Cauliflower (fresh/frozen) - winter.

SONION Onions (fresh) - summer.

WONION Onions (fresh) - winter.

STOMATO Fresh tomatoes - summer.

WTOMATO Fresh tomatoes - winter.

SLETTUCE Lettuce - summer.

WLETTUCE Lettuce - winter.

SCUCUMBE Cucumber - summer.

WCUCUMBE Cucumber - winter.

SCELERY Celery - summer.

WCELERY Celery - winter .

SCAPSICU Capsicums (red/green/yellow pepper) summer.

WCAPSICU Capsicums (red/green/yellow pepper) - winter.

SMUSH Fresh mushrooms - summer.

WMUSH Fresh mushrooms - winter.

VSUMVEG Variety of summer vegetables.

VWINVEG Variety of winter vegetables

University of Nottingham 64 METHODS OF COOKING VEGETABLES AND USE OF SALTS AND FATS 5 Stir fried 6 Roasted Q1. Do you add salt to the cooking water when 7 Other (please describe) (not coded) boiling the following foods? (Please circle one 8 Don’t know answer for each). Q6. Here is a list of fats and oils commonly used in 1 Always cooking. Which type of fat or oil do you most 2 Sometimes commonly use when ... 3 Never (Please circle one answer for each). 7 Don’t boil 8 Don’t eat 1 Sunflower oil 2 Soft margarine SALTVEG Vegetables 3 Hard (block) margarine 4 Olive oil SALTRICE Pasta/rice 5 Nut oil (walnut/peanut etc) 6 Dripping/lard Q2. SALTADD1 to SALTADD4 Do you add 7 Butter anything other than salt to the cooking water when 8 Blended vegetable oil cooking vegetables? (If yes, write in what you add. 9 Nothing If no, write ‘nothing’). 10 Other 11 More than one 0 Nothing 1 Bicarbonate of soda FATMEAT Roasting or frying meat/fish? 2 Sugar 3 Mint or herbs FATFRY Roasting or frying vegetables? 4 Pepper 5 Other FATGLAZE Glazing or mashing vegetables?

Q3. SALTMEAL How often do you add salt to meals after they are cooked? (Please circle one number).

1 Rarely or never 2 Sometimes 3 Always or nearly always 4 Don’t know/can’t remember

Q4. SOAK Do you ever soak vegetables before you cook them? (Please circle one answer).

1 Always or nearly always 2 Sometimes 3 Rarely or never 4 Don’t eat vegetables 5 Don’t know/can’t remember

Q5. COOKMETH When you cook vegetables which method do you usually use? (Please circle one answer).

1 Boiled in a lot of water 2 Boiled in a little water 3 Steamed/pressure cooked 4 Microwaved .

University of Nottingham 65 FRUIT

How often do you usually eat these foods? DRIED AND CANNED FRUIT

Code as CEREALS About how often do you usually eat these foods?

ORANGE Oranges, mandarins, grapefruit. Code as CEREALS

APPLE Apples and or pears. RAISINS Raisins, sultanas, currants.

BANANA Bananas. DRYFRUIT Other dried fruit.

BERRIES Berries (fresh/frozen). CANSYRUP Canned fruit in syrup.

FRUITSAL Fruit salad. CANJUICE Canned fruit in juice.

VFRUIT Variety of fruit. FRUITPIE Fruit pie or pastie.

How often do you eat these fruits when they are in VDRYFRU Variety of dried and canned fruit. season?

Code as CEREALS

PEACHES Peaches and or nectarines.

PLUMS Plums.

APRICOT Apricots.

GRAPES Grapes.

CHERRIES Cherries.

MELON Melon.

PINEAPPLE Fresh pineapple.

Are there any other fresh fruits you eat? If so please list them here along with the quantity and how often you eat them.

OTHFRU1 to OTHERFRUI6 Other fruits eaten? (open question, not coded)

QOTHFRU1 to QOTHFRU6 Frequency of eating other fruits.

Code as CEREALS

VSEASFRU Variety of seasonal fruit.

VALLFRU Variety of all fruits. (Total VFRUIT AND VSEAFRU).

University of Nottingham 66 NUTS AND SNACKS SOUPS About how often do you usually eat these foods?

Code as CEREALS About how often do you usually eat these foods?

CRISPS Potato crisps. Code as CEREALS

PEANUTS Peanuts (salted). SCANSOUP Canned soup - summer.

PEANUTUN Peanuts (unsalted). WCANSOUP Canned soup - winter.

OTHUNSAL Unsalted nuts (pecan, walnuts, SPACSOUP Packet soup (made up) - summer.

OTHSALT Other salted nuts. WPACSOUP Packet soup (made up) - winter. almonds etc). VNUTS Variety of nuts. SHOMESOU Home-made soup - summer.

WHOMESOU Home-made soup - winter.

VSSOUP Variety of soups - summer.

VWSOUP Variety of soups - winter.

Q1. SOUPFLA1 to SOUPFLA4 Which flavour of soup do you usually eat?

0 Don’t eat soup 1 Tomato 2 Mixed vegetable 3 Meat based 4 Mushroom 5 Fish based 6 Oxtail 7 Chicken 8 Scotch broth 9 Missing 10 Game 11 No one type specified 12 Minestrone 13 Pea and Ham 14 Lentil 15 French onion 17 Asparagus 18 Leek and Potato 19 Celery

Q2. Is this canned, dried, home-made or another type of soup eg chilled?

TYPESOU1 to TYPESOU3 Type of soup.

1 Canned 2 Dried 3 Home-made 4 Chilled

University of Nottingham 67 5 Cup-a-soup SAUCES AND DRESSINGS

About how often do you add the following sauces and dressings to your food?

Code as CEREALS

MAYO Ordinary mayonnaise.

LOWMAYO Reduced fat mayonnaise.

SALADRES Standard salad dressings (Thousand Island, French dressing).

LOWDRESS Low fat dressings.

SALADCRE Salad cream.

SOURCREA Sour cream.

SWEETPIC Sweet pickle (Branston, Piccalilli).

TOMSAUCE Tomato sauce (ketchup).

BROWNSAU Brown sauce (eg HP).

SALTD Regular table salt.

LOWSALT Low sodium salt (eg Lo salt).

VSAUCE Variety of sauces and dressings.

University of Nottingham 68 OTHER FOODS

BEVERAGES Are there any other foods you eat regularly which haven’t been mentioned eg tofu, textured vegetable How often do you usually have these drinks? protein (TVP), frontage frais, ethnic foods such as polenta etc? If so please write in the name of the Code as CEREALS food, your serve size and how often you eat it.

LOWCORD Glass of low calorie cordial. OTHFOOlD to OTHFOOD6D (Open question, not coded). ORDCORD Glass of ordinary cordial. QOTHF001 to QOTHF001 Frequency of eating LOWFIZZY Low calorie fizzy drink. other foods.

ORDFIZZY Ordinary fizzy drink. Code as CEREALS

FRUITJ Fruit/vegetable juice.

WATER Water (including mineral water).

LOWBEER Low alcohol beer (includes lager).

ORDBEER Ordinary beer or lager.

CIDER Cider or perry.

WINE Wine.

SHERRY Sherry, port or liqueur.

SPIRITS Spirits.

VDRINKS Variety of drinks.

University of Nottingham 69 SECTION TWO

From the information you give us in Section One we will get a general idea of what foods the people in your area eat and how often.

In this second section we are interested in finding out what combinations of food you eat, when you eat, where and who with. On the following pages you will find a grid to fill in for four days which asks you about your meal patterns, followed by a few questions about your shopping habits.

You may choose any four days to record, but it would be helpful if you could aim for two week days and two weekend days. An example of how to fill in this diary is given overleaf. If you have any problems filling this in please contact us on the number given at the start of the diary.

EXAMPLE

DAY ONE

Day THURSDAY Date 24th June 1996

1st meal 2nd meal 3rd meal

Time eaten 8.00am 11.00am 12.30pm

What you ate toast (white) tea lamb chop cheese/ham biscuits butter banana potatoes marmalade cabbage tea gravy bran flakes sponge pud with milk

Cost (if eaten outside vour home) £1.10

Where vou ate at home at home luncheon club at friends

Who with with spouse alone other members

University of Nottingham 70 EXAMPLE

DAY ONE

Day THURSDAY Date 24th June 1996

Did you go food shopping today? (Please circle one) Yes No

If ‘No’ skip to Day Two If ‘Yes’ please fill in the following details

Which shop? Where is it? What did you buy? Approximate Cost

1. Tesco Victoria Centre White bread, full cream milk £7.00 Nottingham mince beef, chicken portions, packet of biscuits, butter, plain flour, tinned soup.

2. BeestonMarket Beeston, Notts Cauliflower, potatoes, onions £3.00 carrots, bananas, cheese.

3. Newsagent Lenton, Notts Sweets, cigarettes £3.00

4. Off license Lenton, Notts 4 cans of beer £3 .50

5. KwikSave Beeston, Notts Cereals, own brand tinned £5.00 vegetables, baked beans, timed tomatoes, frozen peas, frozen pies.

6. Boots Beeston, Notts Diabetic jam and chocolate £3.00

7.

Please turn over and fill in the diary on the four days of your choice.

Remember to write in the day and the date at the top of the page.

University of Nottingham 71 DAY1

Day 1 - Day of the week D1M1A Day 1, Meal 1, Item A

1 Monday 0 High Fibre Cereals 2 Tuesday 1 Porridge 3 Wednesday 2 Cereals - unfrosted 4 Thursday 3 Cereals - frosted 5 Friday 4 Muesli - home-made/shop bought 6 Saturday 5 Sliced bread or rolls 7 Sunday 6 Toast 9 Missing 7 French toast/melba toast 8 Croissants WEEK1 Day 1 - Week Number 9 Continental breads 10 Sandwiches Day 1 is week 1. Subsequent days are week 1 if same 11 Other bread products week or week 2 for following week etc. 12 Pasta - fresh/dried (not tinned), noodles 13 Rice, including savoury rice 9 Missing 14 Other grains (barley, buckwheat, oats, etc...) 15 Crispbread or crackers A12PM6AM Day 1 - Number of meals 12am to 16 Cooking oils 5.59am 17 Butter 18 Margarine 9 Missing 19 Low fat spread 20 Salad oils A6AM9AM Day 1 - Number of meals 6am to 21 Dripping/lard 8.59am 22 Milk as drink 23 Milk as ingredient 9 Missing 24 Sauce - milk based eg. roux, bernaise 25 Yoghurt/Fromage Frais/Creme Fraiche A9AM12PM Day 1 - Number of meals 9am to 26 Cream 11.59am 27 Ice cream 28 Other frozen desserts 9 Missing 29 Other desserts 30 Cheese/Cream cheese A12PM3PM Day 1 - Number of meals 12pm to 31 Cottage cheese 2.59pm 32 Processed cheese 33 Crumpet, muffin, scotch pancake, scone, tea 9 Missing cake, pyklets, donut 34 Biscuits A3PM6PM Day 1 - Number of meals 3pm to 35 Malt loaf, fruit loaf 5.59pm 36 Cake or sweet bun (Christmas cake) 37 Sponge pudding 9 Missing 38 Milk pudding - rice pudding, tapioca, semolina, sago etc A6PM9PM Day 1 - Number of meals 6pm to 39 Chocolate bar 8.59pm 40 Chocolate covered bar 41 Other sweets 9 Missing 42 Tea, lemon tea 43 Coffee A9PM12AM Day 1 - Number of meals 9pm to 44 Coffee substitute 11.59pm 45 Cocoa, Drinking chocolate 46 Other hot drinks (herbal teas, Horlicks, 9 Missing Ovaltine) 47 Fruit juice 48 Water including mineral water

University of Nottingham 72 49 Fizzy drinks - lemonade etc NOT sparkling 102 Other fruit products eg. fruit fool, fruit mousse water 103 Mayonnaise/salad cream 50 Diet fizzy drinks 104 Salad dressings 51 Cordials 105 Sweet pickle, chutney 52 Slimming drink or meal replacement drink 106 Tomato/Brown sauce 53 Low alcohol beer or lager 107 Salt 54 Beer, lager or shandies 108 Pepper 55 Cider or Perry 109 Sugar 56 Wine 110 Sugar substitutes 57 Sherry, Port or Liqueur 111 Preserves (Jam/Marmalade) 58 Spirits 112 Other sweet spreads (Golden syrup, honey, 59 Fresh eggs - boiled, poached or fried peanut butter) 60 Meat based stews - curry, goulash, casseroles 113 Savoury spreads etc 114 Gravy 61 Steak or Chops 115 Other sauces 62 Roast meat/joint 116 Ready meals 63 Sausage or bacon 117 Takeaways 64 Offal 118 Canned soup/pasta 65 Processed meats (ham, corned beef etc) 119 Dried soup including cup-a-soup 66 Meat pies 120 Chilled soup 67 Meat pasties or rolls 121 Dried snacks such as pot noodle, pot rice etc 68 Meat based quiche 122 Fruit jelly 69 Minced meat and products 123 Custard (sauce) 70 Other meat products (eg Haggis) 124 Pizza (any kind) 71 Non meat based stews - Vegetable curry, 125 Composite pasta dishes(lasagne, canelloni, ratatouille, provencale etc bolognese - homemade 72 Vegetable burgers, 'steaks' etc 126 Sandwich - meat, fish or poultry based with or 73 Tofu without vegetables 74 TVP/Quorn etc 127 Sandwich - vegetable, egg or cheese filling 75 Vegetable quiche, pies and pasties 128 Sandwich - sweet filling 76 Other vegetable products 129 Crisps/Twiglets 77 Fresh poultry 130 Canned fish 78 Poultry products 131 Evaporated or condensed milk, Tip Top 79 White fish 132 Nuts (any kind) 80 Oily fish 134 Stuffing 81 Unspecified fish 135 Fruit salad or cocktail 82 Fish products 136 Trifle (any type) 83 Fresh potatoes 137 Unidentified cereal product 84 Chips - fresh 138 Roast chicken, turkey, other poultry 85 Frozen chips 139 Sweet mousse 86 Other potato products 140 Stout (Milk stout, Mackesons, Guinness, 87 Fresh greens excluding peas Murphys etc) 88 Frozen greens excluding peas 141 Yorkshire pudding, batter pudding, pancakes 89 Canned greens excluding peas 142 Canned baked beans (any kind) 90 Other frozen vegetables 143 Garlic/Ginger 91 Other fresh vegetables 144 Soup - type unknown 92 Other canned vegetables 145 Meat/Fish/Poultry based pate or spread 93 Dried vegetables 146 Sandwich - type unknown 94 Salad vegetables or mixed salad (peppers) 147 Egg custard (tart) 95 Fresh fruits 148 Fried bread 96 Frozen fruits 149 Poultry based stew, casserole, curry etc 97 Canned fruits 150 Vegetable/cheese quiche 98 Dried fruits 151 Quiche - Type unknown, other type 99 Missing data 152 Vegetables - type unspecified 100 Fruit pies, pasties, flans and tarts 101 Fruit puddings and crumbles

University of Nottingham 73 153 Canned pasta dishes-bolognese, macaroni 1 Less than £1 cheese, spaghetti in sauce 2 £1- £1.99 154 Christmas, plum or other suet based steamed 3 £2 - £4.99 pudding 4 £5- £9.99 155 Fish roe, fish eggs, mussels, shellfish, prawns 5 £10 - £14.99 156 Continental meats-salami, garlic sausage, 6 £15 - £19.99 bierwurst, Parma ham 7 £20 - £29.99 157 Mezzes - hummous, taramasalata, tzatziki etc 8 £30 - £39.99 158 Potato products - waffles, croquettes etc 9 £40 - £49.99 159 Continental coffees - cappuccino, expresso etc 10 £50 - £59.99 160 Pickled vegetables - beetroot, gherkins, onions 11 £60 + etc 12 Missing information 161 Pre-prepared coleslaw and other salads 13 Not applicable 162 Cereal/Muesli bars 99 Missing information 163 Scrambled egg or omelette 164 Diabetic desserts D1PLACE1 Day 1, Meal 1, Place eaten 166 Powdered or dried milk/coffee whitener 167 Italian 1 At home 168 Dumplings 2 At friends/relatives home 169 Soup - Home-made 3 At work - in office/canteen/college 170 Mustard 4 Cafe 171 Herbs 5 Restaurant (and hotel restaurant) 172 Oxo drink or Bovril drink 6 Takeaway 173 Chinese meal - not takeaway 7 Luncheon club 174 Onion rings 8 Day centre 175 Peas - fresh 9 Missing data 176 Peas - frozen 10 Other venue 177 Peas - canned 11 Pub bar or restaurant 178 Peas - type unspecified 179 Peas - dried D1WITH1 Day 1, Meal 1, Who eaten 180 Afro-Caribbean vegetables with 200 Illegible item 0 Alone D1M1B Day 1, Meal 1, Item B 1 Spouse only 2 Family (includes spouse and other Code as D1M1A relatives) 3 Friend(s)/neighbour(s) D1M1C to DIMIN Day 1, Meal 1, Item's C to 4 Work colleagues/members of same N group eg church members 5 Other person Code as D1M1A 6 Friends and family 9 Missing information D1MEAL1 Day 1, Meal 1, meal or snack? D1M2A to D1M2T Day 1. Meal 2. Item's Snacks are mostly single item, light food - drink A to T on it's own, cake, biscuit, crisps, sandwich, snack on toast, cup-a-soup, etc. A meal must have at Code as D1M1A least one course and provide a substantial part of the days calorific intake. D1MEAL2 Day 1, Meal 2, Meal or snack

D1COST1 Day 1, Meal 1, Cost Code as D1MEAL1

D1COST2 Day 1, Meal 2, Cost

Code as D1COST1

University of Nottingham 74 D1PLACE2 Day 1, Meal 2, Place eaten

Code as D1PLACE1 D1MEAL5 Day 1, Meal 5, Meal or snack

D1WITH2 Day 1, Meal 2, Who eaten with Code as D1MEAL1

Code as D1WITH1 D1COST5 Day 1, Meal 5, Cost

D1M3A to D1M3U Day 1, Meal 3, Item's A to Code as D1COST1 U D1PLACE5 Day 1, Meal 5, Place eaten Code as D1MIA Code as D1PLACE1 D1MEAL3 Day 1, Meal 3, meal or snack D1WITH5 Day 1, meal 5, Who eaten with Code as D1MEAL1 Code as D1WITH1 D1COST3 Day 1, Meal 3, Cost D1M6A to D1M6T Day 1, Meal 6, Item's A to Code as D1COST1 T

D1PLACE3 Day 1, Meal 3, place eaten Code as D1M1A

Code as D1PLACE1 D1MEAL6 Day 1, Meal 6, Meal or snack

D1WITH3 Day 1, Meal 3, Who eaten with Code as D1MEAL1

Code as D1WITH1 D1COST6 Day 1, Meal 6, Cost

D1M4A to D1M4T Day 1, Meal 4, Item's A to T Code as D1COST1

Code as D1M1A D1PLACE6 Day 1, meal 6, Place eaten

D1MEAL4 Day 1, Meal 4, Meal or snack Code as D1PLACE1

Code as D1MEAL1 D1WITH6 Day 1, Meal 6, Who eaten with

D1COST4 Day 1, Meal 4, Cost Code as D1WITH1

Code as D1COST1 D1M7A to D1M7I Day 1, Meal 7, Item's A to I

D1PLACE4 Day 1, Meal 4, Place eaten Code as D1M1A

Code as D1PLACE1 D1MEAL7 Day 1, Meal 7, Meal or snack

D1WITH4 Day 1, Meal 4, Who eaten with Code as D1MEAL1

Code as D1WITH1 D1COST7 Day 1, Meal 7, Cost

D1M5A to D1M5T Day 1, Meal 5, Item's A to I Code as D1COST1

Code as D1M1A D1PLACE7 Day 1, Meal 7, Place eaten

Code as D1PLACE1

D1WITH7 Day 1, Meal 7, Who eaten with

University of Nottingham 75 Code as D1WITH1 D1M8A to D1M8D Day 1, Meal 8, Item's A to D

Code as D1M1A

D1MEAL8 Day 1, Meal 8, Meal or snack

Code as D1MEAl1

D1COST8 Day 1, Meal 8, Cost

Code as D1COST1

D1PLACE8 Day 1, Meal 8, Place eaten

Code as D1PLACE1

D1WITH8 Day 1, Meal 8, Who eaten with

Code as D1WITH1

D1M9A to D1M9D Day 1, Meal 9, Item's A to D

Code as D1M1A

D1MEAL9 Day 1, Meal 9, Meal or snack

Code as D1MEAL1

D1COST9 Day 1, Meal 9, Cost

Code as D1COST1

D1PLACE9 Day 1, Meal 9, Place eaten

Code as D1PLACE1

D1WITH9 Day 1, Meal 9, Who eaten with

Code as D1WITH1

D1M10A to D1M1OD Day 1, Meal 10, Item's A to D

Code as D1M1A

D1MEAL10 Day 1, Meal 10, Meal or snack

Code as D1MEAL1

D1COST10 Day 1, Meal 10, Cost

Code as D1COST1

University of Nottingham 76 D1PLACE10 Day 1, Meal 10, Place eaten DAY1 - SHOPPING

Code as D1PLACE1 D1SHOP Did you go food shopping today?

D1WITH10 Day 1, Meal 10, Who eaten with 0 No 1 Yes Code as D1WITH1 9 Missing

D1M11A to D1M11D Day1, Meal 11, Item's A to D1TYPE1 Day 1, Shop 1, Which shop D 1 Farm shop Code as D1M1A 2 Pick your own farm 3 Butcher D1MEAL11 Day 1, Meal 11, Meal or snack 4 Bakery/Confectioners 5 Greengrocer Code as D1MEAL1 6 Fishmonger 7 General corner store D1COST11 Day 1, Meal 11, Cost 8 Mini market 9 Missing information Code as D1COST1 10 Newsagent 11 Market D1PLACE11 Day 1, Meal 11, Place eaten 12 Off licence 13 Frozen food store Code as D1PLACE1 14 Kwik Save 15 Aldi D1WITH11 Day 1, Meal 11, Who eaten with 16 Lo Cost 17 Spar Code as D1WITH1 18 Asda 19 Marks and Spencer D1M12A to D1M12D Day 1, Meal 12, Item's A 20 Sainsburys to D 21 Tesco 22 Safeway Code as D1M1A 23 Other shop/other supermarket 24 Morrisons D1MEAL12 Day 1, Meal 12, Meal or snack 25 Delicatessen 26 Coop Code as D1MEAL1 27 Local supplier eg local egg man 99 Missing information D1COST12 Day 1, Meal 12, Cost D1LOC1 Day 1, Shop 1, Location Code as D1COST1 1 Rural village - Lincs/Leics/Notts D1PLACE12 Day 1, Meal 12, Place eaten 2 Rural town or city - Lincs/Leics/Notts 3 City centre Nottingham Code as D1PLACE1 4 Nottingham suburb 5 City suburb other than Nottingham D1WITH12 Day 1, Meal 12, Who eaten with 6 Other 7 Other town contra eg. Mansfield, Grantham, Code as D1WITH1 Lincoln, Newark 8 Mobile shop/deliveries 9 Missing information 99 Missing information

D1GOOD1A Day 1, Shop 1, Item A

University of Nottingham 77 46 Fish products-fish fingers, fish in batter, breadcrumbs, sauce 1 Bread (loaf or rolls) 47 Cigarettes 2 Fresh milk 48 Rice - any kind 3 Other milk 49 Pasta - Dried or fresh (not tinned), noodles 4 Margarine/butter 50 Ready meals 5 Low fat spreads 51 Pizza 6 Oils 52 Meal replacement/slimming drinks 7 Flour including cornflour, arrowroot etc 53 Tea 8 Sugar 54 Coffee 9 Breakfast cereals and porridge 55 Cocoa, Hot chocolate, other hot drinks 10 Condiments, sauces and pickles including gravy 56 Tinned soup or pasta 11 Fresh vegetables 57 Dried soup 12 Exotic vegetables (celeriac, aubergine, callaloo, 58 Vegetable products - burgers, sausages, pies, sweet potato) pasties etc... 13 Fresh fruit 59 Pies, pasties and quiches - meat, fish, cheese, 14 Exotic fruit (mango, paw paw, star fruit, poultry based rambutan, kiwi etc) 60 Preserves 15 Dried vegetables 61 Other sweet spreads - honey, chocolate spread 16 Tinned vegetables 62 Savoury spreads - marmite, bovril etc... 17 Frozen vegetables 63 Nuts 18 Salad vegetables 64 Other baking ingredients - yeast, baking 19 Dried fruit powder etc 20 Canned fruit 65 Other seasoning - Garlic, spices, herbs 21 Cakes, pastries, sweet buns, crumpets, biscuits, 66 Ethnic foods cheese cake 67 TVP/Quorn 22 Confectionery (chocolate, boiled sweets, 68 Sauce Mixes-dried, packet, jars, cook-in sauce caramels, toffees, mints) and gravy granule/powder 23 Non-alcoholic drinks (cordial, dizzy drinks, 69 Lard or dripping tonics, not juice) 70 Custard powder 24 Alcoholic drinks 71 Fruit or vegetable juice 25 Fresh meat 72 Coleslaw or other pre-prepared salad in dressing 26 Offal 73 Diabetic confectionery, biscuits, cakes etc... 27 Processed meats (ham, bacon, sausage, corned 74 Potato crisps, mini cheddars beef, burgers, pate) 75 Jelly 28 Frozen meat 76 Vegetables - type unknown 29 Eggs 77 Salad dressings and sauces 30 Cheese - hard, soft 78 Pulses - any kind 31 Processed cheese - spreads, cream cheese 79 Crispbread, crackers, rice cakes etc... 32 Cottage cheese 80 Pickled vegetables - beetroot, gherkins, capers 33 Yoghurt/Fromage Frais etc... 34 Cream - All types including those with 81 Evaporated, condensed milks, Dream Topping vegetable oils 82 Continental breads - pitta, rye, croissants, 35 Ice cream - normal and reduced fat, ice cream baguette, herb etc... bars 83 Continental cheeses - edam, gouda, brie, 36 Other frozen desserts roquefort etc... 37 Milk puddings - sago, tapioca, semolina, rice 84 Continental meats - parma ham, bierwurst, pudding etc garlic sausage, salami 38 Sponge puddings-steamed, baked, microwaved, 85 Stuffing mixes homemade or tinned 86 Potato products - waffles, croquettes etc... 39 Other desserts 87 Mussels, prawns etc. . . 40 Fresh poultry 88 Illegible item 41 Frozen poultry 42 Poultry products 43 Fresh fish 44 Frozen fish 45 Canned fish

University of Nottingham 78 D1GCOST2 Day 1, Shop 2, Cost 89 Bran 90 Sweeteners Code as D1GCOST1 99 Missing information D1TYPE3 Day 1, Shop 3, Which shop D1GOOD1B Day 1, Shop 1, Item B Code as D1TYPE1 Code as D1GOOD1A D1LOC3 Day 1, Shop 3, Location D1GOOD1C to Z Day 1, Shop 1, Item's C to Z Code as D1LOC1

Code as D1GOOD1A D1GOOD3A to T Day 1, Shop 3, Item's A to T DlTYPE7 Day 1, Shop 7, Which shop

D1GOODA1 Day 1, Shop 1, Item A1 Code as D1GOOD1A

Code as D1GOOD1A D1GCOST3 Day 1, Shop 3, Cost

D1GOODB1 to F1 Day 1, Shop 1, Item's B1 Code as D1GCOST1 to F1 D1TYPE4 Day 1, Shop 4, Which shop Code as D1GOOD1A Code as D1TYPE1 D1GCOST1 Day 1, Shop 1, Cost D1LOC4 Day 1, Shop 4, Location 1 Less than £1 2 £ 1 - £ 1.99 Code as D1LOC1 3 £2- £4.99 4 £5- £9.99 D1GOOD4A to T Day 1, Shop 4, Item's A to T 5 £10 - £14.99 6 £15 - £19.99 Code as D1GOOD1A 7 £20 - £29.99 8 £30 - £39.99 D1GCOST4 Day 1, Shop 4, Cost 9 £40 - £49.99 10 £50 - £59.99 Code as D1GCOST1 11 £60 + 12 Missing information D1TYPE5 Day 1, Shop 5, Which shop 13 Not applicable 99 Missing information Code as D1TYPE1

D1TYPE2 Day 1, Shop 2, Which shop D1LOC5 Day 1, Shop 5, Location

Code as D1TYPE1 Code as D1LOC1

D1LOC2 Day 1, Shop 2, Location D1GOOD5A to T Day 1, Shop 5, Item's A to T

Code as D1LOC1 Code as D1GOOD1A

D1GOOD2A Day 1, Shop 2, Item A D1GCOST5 Day 1, Shop 5, Cost

Code as D1GOOD1A Code as D1GCOST1

D1GOOD2B to D1GOODT Day 1, Shop 2, D1TYPE6 Day 1, Shop 6, Which shop Item's B to T Code as D1TYPE1 Code as D1GOOD1A

University of Nottingham 79 DAY2

D1LOC6 Day 1, Shop 6, Location DAY2 Day 2 - Day of the week

Code as D1LOC1 Code as DAY1

D1GOOD6A to T Day 1, Shop 6, Item's A to T WEEK2 Day 2 - Week Number

Code as D1GOOD1A 9 Missing

D1GCOST6 Day 1, Shop 6, Cost B12PM6AM Day 2 - Number of meals 12am to 5.59am Code as D1GCOST1 9 Missing D1TYPE7 Day 1, Shop 7, Which shop B6AM9AM Day 2 - Number of meals 6am to Code as D1TYPE1 8.59am

D1LOC7 Day 1, Shop 7, Location 9 Missing

Code as D1LOC1 B9AM12PM Day 2 - Number of meals 9am to 11.59am D1GOOD7A to T Day 1, Shop 7, Item's A to T 9 Missing Code as D1GOOD1A B12PM3PM Day 2 - Number of meals 12pm to D1GCOST7 Day 1, Shop 7, Cost 2.59pm

Code as D1GCOST1 9 Missing

B3PM6PM Day 2 - Number of meals 3pm to 5.59pm

9 Missing

B6PM9PM Day 2 - Number of meals 6pm to 8.59pm

9 Missing

B9PM12AM Day 2 - Number of meals 9pm to 11.59pm

9 Missing

D2M1A Day 2, Meal 1, Item A

Code as D1M1A

D2M1B to D2MIN Day 2, Meal 1, Item’s B to N

Code as D1M1A

University of Nottingham 80 D2WITH3 Day 2, Meal 3, Who eaten with

D2MEAL1 Day 2, Meal 1, Meal or snack Code as D1WITH1

Code as D1MEAL1 D2M4A to D2M4T Day 2, Meal 4, Item's A to T D2COST1 Day 2, Meal 1, Cost Code as D1M1A Code as D1COST1 D2MEAL4 Day 2, Meal 4, Meal or snack D2PLACE1 Day 2, Meal 1, Place eaten Code as D1MEAL1 Code as D1PLACE1 D2COST4 Day 2, Meal 4, Cost D2WITH1 Day 2, Meal 1, Who eaten with Code as D1COST1 Code as D1WITH1 D2PLACE4 Day 2, Meal 4, Place eaten D2M2A to D2M2T Day 2, Meal 2, Item’s A to T Code as D1PLACE1

Code as D1M1A D2WITH4 Day 2, Meal 4, Who eaten with

D2MEAL2 Day 2, Meal 2, Meal or snack Code as D1WITH1

Code as D1MEAL1 D2M5A to D2M5T Day 2, Meal 5, Item's A to T D2COST2 Day 2, Meal 2, Cost Code as D1MIA Code as D1COST1 D2MEAL5 Day 2, Meal 5, Meal or snack D2PLACE2 Day 2, Meal 2, Place eaten Code as D1MEAL1 Code as D1PLACE1 D2COST5 Day 2, Meal 5, Cost D2WITH2 Day 2, Meal 2, Who eaten with Code as D1COST1 Code as D1WITH1 D2PLACE5 Day 2, Meal 5, Place eaten D2M3A to D2M3U Day 2, Meal 3, Item’s A to U Code as D1PLACE1

Code as D1M1A D2WITH5 Day 2, Meal 5, Who eaten with

D2MEAL3 Day 2, Meal 3, Meal or snack Code as D1WITH1

Code as D1MEAL1 D2M6A to D2M6T Day 2, Meal 6, Item's A to D2PLACE8 Day 2, Meal 8, Place eaten T D2COST3 Day 2, Meal 3, Cost Code as DIPLACEI Code as D1M1A Code as D1COST1 D2MEAL6 Day 2, Meal 6, Meal or snack D2PLACE3 Day 2, Meal 3, Place eaten Coders D1MEAL1 Code as D1PLACE1

University of Nottingham 81 D2M9A, D2M9B and D2M9D Day 2, Meal 9, Item's A, B and D (No C) D2COST6 Day 2, Meal 6, Cost Code as D1M1A Code as D1COST1 D2MEAL9 Day 2, Meal 9, Meal or snack D2PLACE6 Day 2, Meal 6, Place eaten Code as D1MEAL1 Code as D1PLACE1 D2COST9 Day 2, Meal 9, Cost D2WITH6 Day 2, Meal 6, Who eaten with Code as D1COST1 Code ow D1WITH1 D2PLACE9 Day 2, Meal 9, Place eaten D2M7A to D2M7G Day 2, Meal 7, Item's A to G Code as D1PLACE1

Code as D1M1A D2WITH9 Day 2, Meal 9, Who eaten with

D2MEAL7 Day 2, Meal 7, Meal or snack Code as D1WITH1

Code as D1MEAL1 D2M10 to D2M1OD Day 2, Meal 10, Item's A to D D2COST7 Day 2, Meal 7, Cost Code as DIPLACEI Code as D1M1A Coder As D1COST1 D2WITH12 Day 2, Meal 12, Who eaten with D2MEAL10 Day 2, Meal 10, Meal or snack D2PLACE7 Day 2, Meal 7, Place eaten Code as D1MEAL1 Code as D1PLACE1 D2COST10 Day 2, Meal 10, Cost D2WITH7 Day 2, Meal 7, Who eaten with Code as D1COST1 Code as D1WITH1 D2PLACE10 Day 2, Meal 10, Place eaten D2M8A to D2M8D Day 2, Meal 8, Item's A to D Code as D1PLACE1

Code as D1MIA D2WITH10 Day 2, Meal 10, Who eaten with

D2MEAL8 Day 2, Meal 8, Meal or snack Code as D1WITH1

Code as D1MEAL1 D2M11A to D2M11D Day 2, Meal 11, Item's A to D D2COST8 Day 2, Meal 8, Cost Code as D1M1A Code as D1COST1 D2MEAL11 Day 2, Meal 11, Meal or snack D2PLACE8 Day 2, Meal 8, Place eaten Code as D1MEAL1 Code as D1PLACE1 D2COST11 Day 2, Meal 11, Cost D2WITH8 Day 2, Meal 8, Who eaten with Code as D1COST1 Code as D1WITH1

University of Nottingham 82 D2PLACE11 Day 2, Meal 11, Place eaten

Code as D1PLACE1

D2WITH11 Day 2, Meal 11, Who eaten with

Code as D1WITH1

D2M12A to D2M12D Day 2, Meal 12, Item's A to D

Code as D1M1A

D2MEAL12 Day 2, Meal 12, Meal or snack

Code as D1MEAL1

D2COST12 Day 2, Meal 12, Cost

Code as D1COST1

D2PLACE12 Day 2, Meal 12, Place eaten

Code as D1PLACE1

D2WITH12 Day 2, Meal 12, Who eaten with

Code as D1WITH1

University of Nottingham 83 DAY2 - SHOPPING D2LOC3 Day 2, Shop 3, Location

D2SHOP Did you go food shopping today? Code as D1LOCI

Code as D1SHOP D2GOOD3A to T Day 2, Shop 3, Item’s A to T

D2TYPE1 Day 2, Shop 1, Which shop Code as D1GOOD1A

Code as D1TYPE1 D2GCOST3 Day 2, Shop 3, Cost

D2LOC1 Day 2, Shop 1, Location Code as D1GCOST1

Code as D1LOC1 D2TYPE4 Day 2, Shop 4, Which shop

D2GOOD1A Day 2, Shop 1, Item A Code as D1TYPE1

Code as D1GOOD1A D2LOC4 Day 2, Shop 4, Location

D2GOOD1B to Z Day 2, Shop 1, Item’s B to Z Code as D1LOC1

Code as D1GOOD1A D2GOOD4A to T Day 2, Shop 4, Item’s A to T

D2GOODA1 Day 2, Shop 1, Item A1 Code as D1GOOD1A

Code as D1GOOD1A D2GCOST4 Day 2, Shop 4, Cost

D2GOODB1 to G1 Day 2, Shop 1, Item’s B1 to Code as D1GCOST1 G1 D2TYPE5 Day 2, Shop 5, Which shop Code as D1GOOD1A Code as D1TYPE1 D2GCOST1 Day 2, Shop 1, Cost D2LOC5 Day 2, Shop 5, Location Code as D1GCOST1 Code as D1LOC1 D2TYPE2 Day 2, Shop 2, Which shop D2GOOD5A to T Day 2, Shop 5, Item’s A to T Code as D1TYPE1 Code as D1GOOD1A D2LOC2 Day 2, Shop 2, Location D2GCOST5 Day 2, Shop 5, Cost Code as D1LOC1 Code as D1GCOST1 D2GOOD2A to T Day 2, Shop 2, Item’s A to T D2TYPE6 Day 2, Shop 6, Which shop Code as D1GOOD1A Code as D1TYPE1 D2GCOST2 Day 2, Shop 2, Cost D2LOC6 Day 2, Shop 6, Location Code as D1GCOST1 Code as D1LOC1 D2TYPE3 Day 2, Shop 3, Which shop D2GOOD6A to T Day 2, Shop 6, Item’s A to T Code as D1TYPE1 Code as D1GOOD1A

University of Nottingham 84 D2GCOST6 Day 2, Shop 6, Cost

Code as D1GCOST1

D2TYPE7 Day 2, Shop 7, Which shop

Code as D1TYPE1

D2LOC7 Day 2, Shop 7, Location

Code as D1LOC1

D2GOOD7A to T Day 2, Shop 7, Item’s A to T

Code as D1GOOD1A

D2GCOST7 Day 2, Shop 7, Cost

Code as D1GCOST1

University of Nottingham 85 DAY3

DAY3 Day 3 - Day of the week D3MEAL1 Day 3, Meal 1, Meal or snack

Code as DAY1 Code as D1MEAL1

WEEK3 Day 3 - Week Number D3COST1 Day 3, Meal 1, Cost

9 Missing Code as D1COST1

C12PM6AM Day 3 - Number of meals 12am to D3PLACE1 Day 3, Meal 1, Place eaten 5. 59am Code as D1PLACE1 9 Missing D3WITH1 Day 3, Meal 1, Who eaten with C6AM9AM Day 3 - Number of meals 6am to 8. 59am Code as D1WITH1

9 Missing D3M2A to D3M2T Day 3, Meal 2, Item’s A to T C9AM12PM Day 3 - Number of meals 9am to 11.59am Code as D1M1A

9 Missing D3MEAL2 Day 3, Meal 2, Meal or snack

C12PM3PM Day 3 - Number of meals 12pm to Code as D1MEAL1 2.59pm D3COST2 Day 3, Meal 2, Cost 9 Missing Code as D1COST1 C3PM6PM Day 3 - Number of meals 3pm to 5. 59pm D3PLACE2 Day 3, Meal 2, Place eaten

9 Missing Code as D1PLACE1

C6PM9PM Day 3 - Number of meals 6pm to D3WITH2 Day 3, Meal 2, Who eaten with 8.59pm Code as D1WITH1 9 Missing D3M3A to D2M3U Day 3, Meal 3, Item’s A to C9PM12AM Day 3 - Number of meals 9pm to U 11. 59pm Code as D1M1A 9 Missing D3MEAL3 Day 3, Meal 3, Meal or snack D3M1A Day 3, Meal 1, Item A Code as D1MEAL1 Code as D1M1A D3COST3 Day 3, Meal 3, Cost D3M1B to D3MIN Day 3, Meal 1, Item’s B to N Code as D1COST1

Code as D1M1A D3PLACE3 Day 3, Meal 3, Place eaten

Code as D1PLACE1

University of Nottingham 86 D3WITH3 Day 3, Meal 3, Who eaten with

Code as D1WITH1 D3COST6 Day 3, Meal 6, Cost

D3M4Ato D3M4T Day 3, Meal 4, Item’s A to Code as D1COST1 T D3PLACE6 Day 3, Meal 6, Place eaten Code as D1M1A Code as D1PLACE1 D3MEAL4 Day 3, Meal 4, Meal or snack D3WITH6 Day 3, Meal 6, Who eaten with Code as D1MEAL1 Code as D1WITH1 D3COST4 Day 3, Meal 4, Cost D3M7Ato D3M7I Day 3, Meal 7, Item’s A to I Code as D1COST1 Code as D1MIA D3PLACE4 Day 3, Meal 4, Place eaten D3MEAL7 Day 3, Meal 7, Meal or snack Code as D1PLACE1 Code as D1MEALI D3WITH4 Day 3, Meal 4, Who eaten with D3COST7 Day 3, Meal 7, Cost Code as D1WITH1 Code as D1COST1 D3M5A to D3M5T Day 3, Meal 5, Item’s A to T D3PLACE7 Day 3, Meal 7, Place eaten Code as D1M1A Code as D1PLACE1 D3MEAL5 Day 3, Meal 5, Meal or snack D3WITH7 Day 3, Meal 7, Who eaten with Code as D1MEAL1 Code as D1WITH1 D3COST5 Day 3, Meal 5, Cost D3M8Ato D3M8D Day 3, Meal 8, Item’s A to D Code as D1COST1 Code as D1M1A D3PLACE5 Day 3, Meal 5, Place eaten D3MEAL8 Day 3, Meal 8, Meal or snack Code as D1PLACE1 Code as D1MEAL1 D3WITH5 Day 3, meal 5, Who eaten with D3COST8 Day 3, Meal 8, Cost Code as D1WITH1 Code as D1COST1 D3M6Ato D3M6T Day 3. Meal 6, Item’s A to T D3PLACE8 Day 3, Meal 8, Place eaten

Code as D1M1A Code as D1PLACE1

D3MEAL6 Day 3, Meal 6, Meal or snack D3WITH8 Day 3, Meal 8, Who eaten with

Code as D1MEAL1 Code as D1WITH1

University of Nottingham 87 D3M9A to D3M9D Day 3, Meal 9, Item’s A to D

Code as D1M1A D3PLACE11 Day 3, Meal 11, Place eaten

D3MEAL9 Day 3, Meal 9, Meal or snack Code as D1PLACE1

Code as D1MEAL1 D3WITH11 Day3, Meal11, Who eaten with

D3COST9 Day 3, Meal 9, Cost Code as D1WITH1

Code as D1COST1 D3M12A to D3M12D Day 3, Meal 12, Item’s A to D D3PLACE9 Day 3, Meal 9, Place eaten Code as D1M1A Code as D1PLACE1 D3MEAL12 Day 3, Meal12, Meal or snack D3WITH9 Day 3, Meal 9, Who eaten with Code as D1Meal1 Code as D1WITH1 D3COST12 Day3, Meal 12, Cost D3M12A to D3M12D Day 3, Meal 12, Item’s A to D Code as D1COST1

Code as D1M1A D3PLACE12 Day 3, Meal 12, Place eaten

D3MEAL10 Day 3, Meal 10, Meal or snack Code as D1PLACE1

Code as D1MEAL1 D3WITH12 Day 3, Meal12, Who eaten with

D3COST10 Day 3, Meal 10, Cost Code as D1WITH1

Code as D1COST1

D3PLACE10 Day 3, Meal 10, Place eaten

Code as D1PLACE1

D3WITH10 Day 3, Meal 10, Who eaten with

Code as D1WITH1

D3MllA to D3MllD Day 3, Meal 11, Item’s A to D

Code as D1M1A

D3MEAL11 Day 3, Meal 11, Meal or snack

Code as D1MEAL1

D3COST11 Day 3, Meal 11, Cost

Code as D1COST1

University of Nottingham 88 DAY3 -SHOPPING

D3SHOP Did you go food shopping today? D3LOC3 Day 3, Shop 3, Location

Code as D1SHOP Code as D1LOC1

D3TYPE1 Day 3, Shop 1, Which shop D3GOOD3Ato D3GOOD3T Day 3, Shop 3, Item’s A to T Code as D1TYPE1 Code as D1GOOD1A D3LOC1 Day 3, Shop 1, Location D3GCOST3 Day 3, Shop 3, Cost Code as D1LOC1 Code as D1GCOST1 D3GOOD1A Day 3, Shop 1, Item A D3TYPE4 Day 3, Shop 4, Which shop Code as D1GOOD1A Code as D1TYPE1 D3GOOD1B to Z Day 3, Shop 1, Item’s B to Z D3LOC4 Day 3, Shop 4, Location Code as D1GOOD1A Code as D1LOC1 D3GOODA1 Day 3, Shop 1, Item A1 D3GOOD4A to D3GOOD4T Day 3, Shop 4, Code as D1GOOD1A Item’s A to T

D3GOODB1 to F1 Day 3, Shop 1, Item’s B1 to F1 Code as D1GOOD1A

Code as D1GOOD1A D3GCOST4 Day 3, Shop 4, Cost

D3GCOST1 Day 3, Shop 1, Cost Code as D1GCOST1

Code as D1GCOST1 D3TYPE5 Day 3, Shop 5, Which shop

D3TYPE2 Day 3, Shop 2, Which shop Code as D1TYPE1

Code as D1TYPE1 D3LOC5 Day 3, Shop 5, Location

D3LOC2 Day 3, Shop 2, Location Code as D1LOC1

Code as D1LOC1 D3GOOD5Ato D3GOOD5T Day 3, Shop 5, Item’s A to T D3GOOD2A to D3GOOD2T Day 3, Shop 2, Item’s A to T Code as D1GOOD1A

Code as D1GOOD1A D3GCOST5 Day 3, Shop 5, Cost

D3GCOST2 Day 3, Shop 2, Cost Code as D1GCOST1

Code as D1GCOST1 D3TYPE6 Day 3, Shop 6, Which shop

D3TYPE3 Day 3, Shop 3, Which shop Code as D1TYPE1

Code as D1TYPE1 D3LOC6 Day 3, Shop 6, Location

Code as D1LOC1

University of Nottingham 89 D3GOOD6A to D3GOOD6T Day 3, Shop 6, Item’s A to T

Code as D1GOOD1A

D3GCOST6 Day 3, Shop 6, Cost

Code as D1GCOST1

D3TYPE7 Day 3, Shop 7, Which shop

Code as D1TYPE1

D3LOC7 Day 3, Shop 7, Location

Code as D1LOC1

D3GOOD7A to D3GOOD7T Day 3, Shop 7, Item’s A to T

Code as D1GOOD1A

D3GCOST7 Day 3, Shop 7, Cost

Code as D1GCOST1

University of Nottingham 90 DAY4

DAY4 Day 4 - Day of the week D4MEAL1 Day 4, Meal 1, Meal or snack

Code as DAY1 Code as D1MEAL1

WEEK4 Day 4 - Week Number D4COST1 Day 4, Meal 1, Cost

9 Missing Code as D1COST1

D12PM6AM Day 4 - Number of meals 12am to D4PLACE1 Day 4, Meal 1, Place eaten 5. 59am Code as D1PLACE1 9 Missing D4WITH1 Day 4, Meal 1, Who eaten with D6AM9AM Day 4 - Number of meals 6am to 8. 59am Code as D1WITH1

9 Missing D4M2A to D4M2T Day 4. Meal 2. Item’s A to T D9AM12PM Day 4 - Number of meals 9am to 11. 59am Code as D1MIA

9 Missing D4MEAL2 Day 4, Meal 2, Meal or snack

D12PM3PM Day 4 - Number of meals 12pm to Code as D1MEAL1 2. 59pm D4COST2 Day 4, Meal 2, Cost 9 Missing Code as D1COST1 D3PM6PM Day 4 - Number of meals 3pm to 5. 59pm D4PLACE2 Day 4, Meal 2, Place eaten

9 Missing Code as D1PLACE1

D6PM9PM Day 4 - Number of meals 6pm to D4WITH2 Day 4, Meal 2, Who eaten with 8. 59pm Code as D1 WITH1 9 Missing D4M3A to D4M3U Day 4, Meal 3, Item’s A to U D9PM12AM Day 4 - Number of meals 9pm to 11. 59pm Code as D1M1A

9 Missing D4MEAL3 Day 4, Meal 3, Meal or snack

D4M1A Day 4, Meal 1, Item A Code as D1MEAL1

Code as D1M1A D4COST3 Day 4, Meal 3, Cost

D4M1B to D4MIN Day 4, Meal 1, Item’s B to Code as D1COST1 N D4PLACE3 Day 4, Meal 3, Place eaten Code as D1M1A Code as D1PLACE1

University of Nottingham 91 D4WITH3 Day 4, Meal 3, Who eaten with

Code as D1W1TH1 D4COST6 Day 4, Meal 6, Cost D4M4A to D4M4T Day 4. Meal 4. Item’s A to T Code as D1COST1

Code as D1M1A D4PLACE6 Day 4, Meal 6, Place eaten

D4MEAL4 Day 4, Meal 4, Meal or snack Code as D1PLACE1

Code as D1MEAL1 D4WITH6 Day 4, Meal 6, Who eaten with

D4COST4 Day 4, Meal 4, Cost Code as D1WITH1

Code as D1COST1 D4M7AtoD4M7G Day 4, Meal 7, Item’s A to G

D4PLACE4 Day 4, Meal 4, Place eaten Code as D1M1A

Code as D1PLACE1 D4MEAL7 Day 4, Meal 7, Meal or snack

D4WITH4 Day 4, Meal 4, Who eaten with Code as D1MEAL1

Code as D1WITH1 D4COST7 Day 4, Meal 7, Cost

D4M5AtoD4M5T Day 4. Meal 5. Item’s A to Code as D1COST1 T D4PLACE7 Day 4, Meal 7, Place eaten Code as D1M1A Code as D1PLACE1 D4MEAL5 Day 4, Meal 5, Meal or snack D4WITH7 Day 4, Meal 7, Who eaten with Code as D1MEAL1 Code as D1WITH1 D4COST5 Day 4, Meal 5, Cost D4M8AtoD4M8D Day 4, Meal 8, Item’s A to D Code as D1COST1 Code as D1M1A D4PLACE5 Day 4, Meal 5, Place eaten D4MEAL8 Day 4, Meal 8, Meal or snack Code as D1PLACE1 Code as D1MEAL1 D4WITH5 Day 4, Meal 5, Who eaten with D4COST8 Day 4, Meal 8, Cost Code as D1WITH1 Code as D1COST1 D4M6AtoD4M6T Day 4. Meal 6. Item’s A to D4PLACE8 Day 4, Meal 8, Place eaten Code as D1M1A Code as D1PLACE1 D4MEAL6 Day 4, Meal 6, Meal or snack D4WITH8 Day 4, Meal 8, Who eaten with Code as D1MEAL1 Code as D1WITH1

University of Nottingham 92 D4M9A to D4M9D Day 4, Meal 9, Item’s A to D

Code as D1M1A D4PLACE11 Day 4, Meal 11, Place eaten

D4MEAL9 Day 4, Meal 9, Meal or snack Code as D1PLACE1

Code as D1MEAL1 D4WITH11 Day 4, Meal 11, Who eaten with

D4COST9 Day 4, Meal 9, Cost Code as D1WITH1

Code as D1COST1 D4M12A to D4M12D Day 4, Meal 12, Item’s A to D D4PLACE9 Day 4, Meal 9, Place eaten Code as D1M1A Code as D1PLACE1 D4MEAL12 Day 4, Meal 12, Meal or snack D4WITH9 Day 4, Meal 9, Who eaten with Code as D1MEAL1 Code as D1WITH1 D4COST12 Day 4, Meal 12, Cost D4M10 to D4M1OD Day 4, Meal 10, Item’s A to D Code as D1COST1

Code as D1M1A D4PLACE12 Day 4, Meal 12, Place eaten

D4MEAL10 Day 4, Meal 10, Meal or snack Code as D1M1A

Code as D1MEAL1 D4WITH12 Day 4, Meal 12, Who eaten with

D4COST10 Day 4, Meal 10, Cost Code as D1WITH1

Code as D1COST1

D4PLACE10 Day 4, Meal 10, Place eaten

Code as D1PLACE1

D4WITH10 Day 4, Meal 10, Who eaten with

Code as D1WITH1

D4MllA to D4MllD Day 4, Meal 11, Item’s A to D

Code as D1M1A

D4MEAL11 Day 4, Meal 11, Meal or snack

Code as D1MEAL1

D4COST11 Day 4, Meal 11, Cost

Code as D1COST1

University of Nottingham 93 DAY 4 SHOPPING

D4SHOP Did you go food shopping today? D4LOC3 Day 4, Shop 3, Location

Code as D1SHOP Code as D1LOC1

D4TYPE1 Day 4, Shop 1, Which shop D4GOOD3A to D4GOOD3T Day 4, Shop 3, Item’s A to T Code as D1TYPE1 Code as D1GOOD1A D4LOC1 Day 4, Shop 1, Location D4GCOST3 Day 4, Shop 3, Cost Code as D1LOC1 Code as D1GCOST1 D4GOOD1A Day 4, Shop 1, Item A D4TYPE4 Day 4, Shop 4, Which shop Code as D1GOOD1A Code as D1TYPE1 D4GOOD1B to Z Day 4, Shop 1, Item’s B to Z D4LOC4 Day 4, Shop 4, Location Code as D1GOOD1A Code as D1LOC1 D4GOODA1 Day 4, Shop 1, Item A1 D4GOOD4A to D4GOOD4T Day 4, Shop 4, Code as D1GOOD1A Item’s A to T

D4GOODB1 to G1 Day 4, Shop 1, Item’s B1 to Code as D1GOOD1A G1 D4GCOST4 Day 4, Shop 4, Cost Code as D1GOOD1A Code as D1GCOST1 D4GCOST1 Day 4, Shop 1, Cost D4TYPE5 Day 4, Shop 5, Which shop Code as D1GCOST1 Code as D1TYPE1 D4TYPE2 Day 4, Shop 2, Which shop D4LOC5 Day 4, Shop 5, Location Code as D1TYPE1 Code as D1LOC1 D4LOC2 Day 4, Shop 2, Location D4GOOD5A to D4GOOD5T Day 4, Shop 5, Code as D1LOC1 Item’s A to T

D4GOOD2A to D4GOOD2T Day 4, Shop 2, Code as D1GOOD1A Item’s A to T D4GCOST5 Day 4, Shop 5, Cost Code as D1GOOD1A Code as D1GCOST1 D4GCOST2 Day 4, Shop 2, Cost D4TYPE6 Day 4, Shop 6, Which shop Code as D1GCOST1 Code as D1TYPE1 D4TYPE3 Day 4, Shop 3, Which shop D4LOC6 Day 4, Shop 6, Location Code as D1TYPE1 Code as D1LOC1

University of Nottingham 94 D4GOOD6A to D4GOOD6T Day 4, Shop 6, Item’s A to T

Code as D1GOOD1A

D4GCOST6 Day 4, Shop 6, Cost

Code as D1GCOST1

D4TYPE7 Day 4, Shop 7, Which shop

Code as D1TYPE1

D4LOC7 Day 4, Shop 7, Location

Code as D1LOC1

D4GOOD7A to D4GOOD7T Day 4, Shop 7, Item’s A to T

Code as D1GOOD1A

D4GCOST7 Day 4, Shop 7, Cost

Code as D1GCOST1

University of Nottingham 95 DATEDAY1 Day 1, Day of week

1 Monday DATEDAY4 Day 4, Day of week 2 Tuesday 3 Wednesday Code as DATEDAY1 4 Thursday 5 Friday MONTH4 Day 4, Month 6 Saturday 7 Sunday Code as MONTH1 9 Missing YEAR4 Day 4, Year MONTH1 Day 1, Month Code as YEAR1 1 January 2 February 3 March 4 April 5 May 6 June 7 July 8 August 9 September 10 October 11 November 12 December

YEAR1 Day 1, Year

95- 1995 96- 1996

DATEDAY2 Day 2, Day of week

Code as DATEDAY1

MONTH2 Day 2, Month

Code as MONTH

YEAR2 Day 2, Year

Code as YEAR1

DATEDAY3 Day 3, Day of week

Code as DATEDAYl

MONTH3 Day 3, Month

Code as MONTH1

YEAR3 Day 3, Year

Code as YEAR1

University of Nottingham 96 FOLLOW UP INTERVIEW 5 Spices 6 E numbers 7 Salt GPCODEF GP code 8 High calorie foods 9 Acidic foods 10 Garlic INTERVIF Interviewer name 11 Monosodium glutamate 12 Meat/meat products 1 Ros 13 Starch 2 Irene 14 Onions 3 Shelagh/Audrey 15 Peppers 4 Jane 16 Insufficient information 5 Carol/Dorothy 17 Missing information 18 Preservatives Thank you for agreeing to see me. Now we have finished with the diary I would just like to ask you a few questions on the food you eat and buy. This Q3AV2 and Q3AV3 What do you try to avoid? should take about three quarters of an hour. Code as Q3AV1 FOOD LABELLING Q4. ENOUGHF When you look at food labels The first few questions are all about the labels while you are shopping do you ever use them to which appear on food products. make sure you are getting enough of a particular ingredient? (If 0, 8 or 9 skip to Q6). Q1. ATTNUTR Do you ever pay attention to the nutrients/ingredients listed on food labels when 0 No you are deciding which food to buy? (If 0, 3, 8 or 1 Yes 9 skip to Q6). 8 No answer 9 Not asked 0 No 1 Yes Q5. Q5ENOUGH What do you look out for? 3 Never noticed them (Open question). 8 No answer 9 Not asked Q5LF1 What do you look out for? (Coded).

Q2. AVINGR Do you ever look at food labels 1 Folic Acid because you want to avoid a particular ingredient? 2 Ascetic acid (If 0, 8 or 9 skip to Q4). 4 Vitamins 5 Trace elements 0 No 6 Purity (real meat, real fruit juice etc) 1 Yes 7 Date, sell by date, use by date 8 No answer 8 Contents 9 Not asked 9 RDA 10 Fibre content Q3. Q3AVOID What do you try to avoid? (Open 11 Other unspecified question). 12 Amount of main ingredient (eg meat) 13 Goodness/healthiness general Q3AV1 What do you try to avoid? (Coded). Q5LF2 and Q5LF3 What do you look out for? 1 Sugar 2 Fats Code as Q5LF1 3 Additives 4 Soya Q6. UNDERST How easy do you think it is to understand the nutrient and ingredient information provided on food labels?

University of Nottingham 97 1 Very easy to understand quantity. Code as correct if the respondent mentions 2 Fairly easy to understand either of these possibilities). 3 Neither easy nor difficult 4 Fairly difficult to understand Code as Q7- SELLDATE 5 Almost impossible to understand 7 Not sure/don’t know Q10. SATURATE Underneath the ingredients list 8 No answer some of the nutrition information has been listed. 9 Not asked Can you look at this list now please. On the sixth line the label mentions saturates. Can you tell me I am now going to show you a typical food label. I what you think these are? would like you to look at it for a moment and then I will ask you a few questions about some of the (Saturates - a type of fat, usually of animal origin. information on it. These are the fats which are most responsible for blocking arteries and causing heart disease. Code as Hand the respondent the mock up food label ‘correct’ if the respondent mentions either that this is a type of fat, or a type of fat bad for health.) Q7. SELLDATE Please look at the top left hand corner and the sell by date. can you tell me what theCode as Q7- SELLDATE sell by date means? Q11. KCAL The first line of the label gives the (Sell by date is the date used to tell both energy value (point to kcal). Can you tell me what manufacturers and shoppers when the product you think this means? should be kept on the shelf until. It is not an (kilocalories - measure of energy value of the indicator of when the food goes off and food is still product. Code as correct if the respondent mentions safe to eat. Only code as ‘correct’ if the respondent that it shows how fattening the product is/how many is able to tell you that it shows when the food calories there are in it, etc.) should be displayed until.) Code as Q7- SELLDATE 0 Incorrect answer 1 Correct answer Q12. MG Also mentioned on the labels are these 7 Don’t know symbols (point to g and mg). Can you tell me what 8 No answer you think these are? 9 Not asked (Grammes and milligrammes are both units of weight.) Q8. USEDATE Now look across to the top right hand corner and the use by date. can you tell me Code as Q7- SELLDATE what you think the use by date means? (Use by date tells the consumer when the product Q13. RDA At the bottom of the nutrition should be eaten by. After this date the eating information it says Calcium 160 milligrammes, and quality of the product will decrease and for some then in brackets underneath 20% of RDA. Can you foods such as meat, their microbiological safety is tell me what you think RDA means? questionable. Code as ‘correct’ if the respondent (Recommended Daily Allowance. This is the amount mentions that it helps decide whether food is safe that nutritionists suggest most people should eat of a to eat, need to be disposed of etc). particular nutrient per day. In order to help consumers decide whether the product is a good Code as Q7- SELLDATE source of a nutrient the nutrition label often shows the percentage of the RDA supplied by the product.) Q9. ORDER I would like you to look at the list of ingredients. This starts with sugar and ends with Code as Q7- SELLDATE citric acid. There is a reason why the ingredients are listed in that order, can you tell me what the Now take back the mock up label reason is? The label I have just shown you has been expanded in size so that you can see it clearly. I am now (List of ingredients - the ingredients are listed by interested in finding out how well you can read weight in descending order. In other words the normal size labels. label shows that sugar is the main ingredient by weight, whilst citric acid is present in the least

University of Nottingham 98 Q14. TOOSMALL Do you have difficulty reading food labels because the print is too small or too CHOICE BETWEEN BRANDS cramped? (If 0, 7, 8 or 9 skip to Ql9). Ql9. Moving on to when you are buying food. 0 No When you are choosing between brands of similar 1 Yes items (eg two brands of cornflakes or frozen peas) 7 Not applicable/don’t read labels how important are these factors to you? 8 No answer 9 Not asked 1 Not important 2 Range of importance 1-6 Q15. POOREYEF Do you have difficulty reading 3 Range of importance 1-6 food labels because you have poor eyesight? (of 0, 8 4 Range of importance 1-6 or 9 skip to Ql9). 5 Range of importance 1-6 6 Very important 0 No 7 Not applicable (doesn’t shop) 1 Yes 8 No answer 8 No answer 9 Not asked 9 Not asked PRICE - Price. Q16. GLASSES Is this corrected by glasses, contact lenses or another sort of aid to help you TASTE - Taste. see? (If 0, 8 or 9 skip to Ql 9). NOADDITI - No additives. Code as Q15 - POOREYEF PACKAGIN - Packaging easy to open. Q17. WEARGLAS Do you wear (use) your spectacles (contacts, etc) when you are shopping RECYCLED - Recycled packaging. for food? (If 1, 8 or 9 skip to Ql9). WELLKNOW - Well known brand. Code as Q15 - POOREYEF LONGSHEL - Long shelf life. Q18. Q18GLASS Why not? (Open question). PORTIONS - Portion size. Q18V and Q18V1 Why not? (Coded). NUTRITIO - Nutritional information. 1 Doesn’t need spectacles/for shopping 2 Only use to read papers/books ADVERTIS - Advertised on television. 3 Forget 4 Only take essential things when going shopping 5 Doesn’t bother to read labels 6 Doesn’t want to become dependent on spectacles 7 Because got to fumble in bag when taking them on or off 8 Someone else reads the labels/chooses 9 Never think will need them 10 Would only use to study new products 11 Need to use magnifying glass, not convenient to take shopping 12 Frightening of losing (expensive to replace) 13 Insufficient data

University of Nottingham 99 FEELINGS ABOUT FOOD READYM - Pre-prepared convenience foods like ready meals. Q20. FEELINGS Which one of these statements best describes your feelings about the food you currently eat?

1 I have no need to change my eating patterns they are already very good 2 I don’t need to worry about the sort of food I eat - I am basically a healthy person 3 I should probably improve the way I eat but I haven’t really tried 4 I have been trying to improve the way I eat but not very successfully 5 I have improved the way I eat quite a bit 6 I have never given it any thought

Q21. Over the past few years there have been lots of reports in the papers and on the television about what people should be eating these days. What I would like to do now is read you out a list of different foods, for each one I would like you to tell me whether people in general should be eating more or less of it.

0 Less 1 More 7 Don’t know/not sure 8 No answer/none 9 Not asked

REDMEAF - Red meat.

FRESHFRT - Fresh fruit.

ANIMALFA - Fats like lard or dripping.

FIBRE - Fibre (roughage).

SUGARF - Sugar.

VEGGIES - Fresh vegetables.

SALTF - Salt.

BREADF - Bread.

BOOZE - Alcoholic drinks (in general - not red wine).

POLYUNSA - Polyunsaturated oils like sunflower or olive oil.

FISHF - Fresh fish.

University of Nottingham 100 HEALTH BELIEFS

Q22. I am now going to read you some statements TOOMUCHS Too much salt is bad for your about food and its relation to health. I would like health. you to listen to the statement and then to tell me whether you think the statement is true, false or if LISTBIG A list of ingredients on a food label show you are not sure of the answer. ingredients present in the greatest quantity first.

0 False 1 True 3 Unsure 7 Don’t know 8 No answer 9 Not asked

FATCHOL Fats in the diet can affect some peoples cholesterol levels.

BREADCON Eating wholemeal bread may help prevent constipation.

WHITEFIB White bread is a good source of fibre.

WHITETAS White bread tastes better than wholemeal bread.

MARGEFAT Margarine is not as fattening as butter.

POLYBUTT Polyunsaturated margarine is better for you than butter.

BUTTERTA Butter has a better taste than margarine.

INCREXER Increasing exercise can help reduce weight.

OVERWGT Being overweight is bad for your health.

MEATFISH Meat and fish contain a lot of fibre.

SATBAD Saturated fats are bad for your health.

FATSOURC Saturated fats are found in red meats, butter and whole milk.

MlLKTAST Whole milk has a better taste than the fat reduced varieties.

FATREDUC Fat reduced milk tastes okay once you get used to it.

University of Nottingham 101 INFLUENCES ON CHOICE

Q23. I am now going to read out a list of factors that some people say influence their eating and RELATIVE RISK shopping habits. I would like you to tell me how important these things are in determining what you Q24. I would like you to look at this card please. eat or buy. Written on it are some of the concerns people have these days about the food they eat. can you read Use running prompt if necessary. through the list and tell me which one you think is of the greatest concern to you? 1 Very important 2 Quite important Hand the respondent showcard follow up 2 3 Neither important nor unimportant 4 Fairly unimportant RISKS 5 Not at all important 7 Not applicable 1 Getting a dose of food poisoning 8 No answer 2 Residues of chemicals like pesticides on food 9 Not asked 3 Manufacturers putting artificial additives, such as colourings and flavourings in food MONBILLS The amount of money left after 4 Getting heart disease or cancer from eating the paying the bills. wrong foods 5 Becoming overweight YOURSPOU What your spouse/partner likes 6 I am not concerned about any of these to eat. 7 Don’t know 8 No answer GOODFYOU Eating things that are good for you. 9 Not asked 10 Animal diseases such as mad cow disease EASIPREP Eat food that is easy to prepare. spreading to people

EASICOOK Eat food that is easy to cook. Take back the showcard

EASIOPEN The ease with which you can open the container the food is sold in.

BRANDNAM The brand name of the food (even if it is not the cheapest).

CLAIMS The manufacturers claims that the food is good for you.

RIGHTPOR The right portion size.

YOURCHIL What your children like to eat.

University of Nottingham 102 RESISTANCE TO CHANGE

Q25. I am now going to read out a series of statements to you on the way you eat now and IAMHAPPY I am happy with my current eating what you enjoy eating. I would like you to listen habits. to each statement and then tell me which of the answers on the card applies. HEALTHIE I would find it difficult to change my usual recipes to ones which are healthier. Hand respondent showcard follow up 3

1 Strongly agree 2 Agree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 4 Disagree 5 Strongly disagree 7 Not sure/don’t know 8 No answer 9 Not asked

IAMSATIS I am satisfied with the foods I eat I see no need to change.

DIFFFOOD If it was necessary I could easily learn to eat different foods.

NEWDIFFE I’d rather stick to the old favourite meal than mess around with new and different foods.

TRYNEW I would be willing to try an unfamiliar food once.

NEVERCHA I never change the types of food I eat from one week to the next.

VITPILL If my diet was inadequate I would rather take a vitamin pill than change my food.

NOTCHANG I would not like to change the types of food I am eating now.

CHLABEL I don’t like it when they change the label or package of something I have been buying for years.

FAMILIAR I believe that people get most satisfaction from eating familiar foods.

UNFAMILI I find it difficult going shopping because there are so many new and unfamiliar foods on the shelf.

THREESQM It is important for me to eat three square meals a day.

University of Nottingham 103 SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Take the showcard from the respondent and FAMILYM1 Family member or friend. now hand them showcard follow up 4. MYGP1 GP. Q26. Nutrition information is available from many sources. Could you please look at this DIETITI1 Dietitian. card and then tell me how reliable do you think information provided by the following sources MAGAZIN1 Magazine, books or newspapers. would be? TELEVIS1 Television 1 Very reliable 2 Fairly reliable ADVERTI2 Advertising by manufacturers. 3 Neither reliable nor unreliable 4 Fairly unreliable FOODLAB1 Food labels on products. 5 Very unreliable 7 Don’t know/not sure WEIGHTL1 Weight loss groups. 8 No answer 9 Not asked HEARTFO1 Research organisations such as the Cancer Research Campaign. FAMILYME Family member or friend. GOVERNM1 Government. MYGP GP.

DIETITIA Dietitian.

MAGAZINE Magazine, book or newspaper.

TELEVF Television.

ADVERTI1 Advertising by manufacturers.

FOODLABE Food labels on products.

WEIGHTLO Weight loss groups.

RESEARCH Research organisations such as the Cancer Research Campaign.

GOVERNME The Government.

Take the showcard from the respondent

Q27. Which sources have you used in the past year?

Use list as a running prompt.

0 No 1 Yes 7 Cant remember 8 No answer 9 Not asked

University of Nottingham 104 GOOD AND BAD FOODS GSWEETS Sweets. Hand the respondent the picture board showing GSAUS Sausages. the side with numbered food pictures. GNUTS Nuts. I would like to show you a set of pictures of different foods now. Please look at the pictures GCHEESE Cheese. and tell me... GROAST Roast dinners. Q28. GOOD, GOOD1, etc to GOOD11. Which Of these foods would you say are good for you? GVEGOIL Vegetable oil.

0 Missing GICEC Ice cream is good for you. 1 Bread 2 Red meat GALL All of the foods. 3 Cakes 4 Eggs GNONE None of the foods. 5 Fish 6 Vegetables Q29. BAD, BAD1, etc to BAD11. Which of 7 Fruit these foods would you say are bad for you? 8 Butter 9 Sweets Code as Q28 - GOOD. 10 Sausages 11 Nuts The variables BAD, to BADll were combined to 12 Cheese produce the following: 13 Roast dinner 14 Vegetable oil 1 Bad for you. 15 Ice cream 16 All of them BBREAD Bread. 17 None of them 77 Don’t know/not sure BREDMEAT Red meat. 88 No answer 99 Not asked BCAKES Cakes.

The variables GOOD to GOOD11 were combined BEGGS Eggs. to produce the following:- BFISH Fish. 1 Good for you. BVEG Vegetables. GBREAD Bread. BFRUIT Fruit. GREDMEAT Red meat. BBUTTER Butter. GCAKES Cakes. BSWEETS Sweets. GEGGS Eggs. BSAUS Sausages. GFISH Fish. BNUTS Nuts. GVEG Vegetables. BCHEESE Cheese. GFRUIT Fruit. BREAST Roast dinners. GBUTTER Butter. BVEGOIL Vegetable oil.

University of Nottingham 105 BICEC Ice cream.

BALL All of the foods. FOODS INFLUENCE ON HEALTH

BNONE None of the foods. Hand the respondent showcard follow up 3.

Q30. EATS, EATS1, ETC to EATS11. Which Q31. As we did a few moments ago, I would like of these foods would you normally eat? you to look again at this card and tell me whether you agree or disagree with the statements I am Code as Q28 - GOOD. about to read you.

The variables EAT to EATS11 were combined 1 Strongly agree to produce the following:- 2 Agree 3 Neither agree nor disagree 1 Would normally eat 4 Disagree 5 Strongly disagree EBREAD Bread. 7 Not sure/don’t know 8 No answer EREDMEAT Red meat. 9 Not asked

ECAKES Cakes. OVERRISK Being overweight when you are older is not a major health risk. EEGGS Eggs. HEARTDIS Heart disease is not the problem it EFISH Fish. used to be as treatment can overcome most of the problems. EVEG Vegetables. TEXSMOKE We would have fewer premature EFRUIT Fruit. deaths if people in this country if people ate healthily, took some exercise and stopped smoking EBUTTER Butter. FOODSPAN Eating the wrong food may shorten ESWEETS Sweets. my lifespan.

ESAUS Sausages. GETUPGO If I eat correctly I have more get up and go. ENUTS Nuts. FAMDONT My family (spouse) does not like ECHEESE Cheese. healthy foods so it is difficult for me to eat them.

EROAST Roast dinners. DISTASTE I don’t like the taste of a lot of the foods which are said to be good for you. EVEGOIL Vegetable oils. MYLOCALS My local shops do not stock a wide EICEC Ice cream. range of healthy foods.

EALL All of the foods. SUFFER I have to be careful of what I eat or I suffer for it. ENONE None of the foods. RIPEOLDA I am not too concerned about my health as my family have all lived to a ripe old age.

MIRROR Whenever I look in the mirror I think I really should do something to improve my body.

University of Nottingham 106 ADTRY Whenever I see an advertisement on the television I think I should try out the food.

FAMTRY If members of the family or friends are BRAND IMAGE trying out a new food product I will often try it too. Here are a set of labels which are for different LABTRY Labelling on food package will often brands of baked beans. I would like you to look at lead me to choose one brand over another. them and answer a few questions. We are more concerned with what you think of the different FUSSYFAD Many of the people I know think brands here so it does not matter if you don’t eat being concerned with what you eat means you are beans. faddy/fussy. Hand the respondent the picture board, showing the IMPORTAN My family think that eating the right side of beans labels. food and exercising are important. Q32. CHEAP, CHEAP1, etc to CHEAP4. ONLYIF I usually only get concerned about my Which of these brands would you buy if you want health if something goes wrong. the cheapest product?

WORRYIF When I hear of someone I know 1 Heinz having heart disease or cancer I get worried about 2 Sainsbury’s myself. 3 HP 4 Crosse and Blackwell IAMOLD I am not worried about what I eat 5 Farm Foods because I have lived to a good age myself. 6 No preference expressed by the respondent 7 Not sure/don’t know ITHINK I think it is important to eat foods which 8 No answer are good for you and get some exercise. 9 Not asked 10 Not applicable Take the showcard from the respondent. Remind the respondent that for these questions they can name more than one brand.

The variables CHEAP to CHEAP 4 were combined to produce the following:

1 Would buy if wanted cheapest product.

CHEINZ Heinz beans.

CSAINSB Sainsbury’s beans.

CHP HP beans.

CCROSSBL Cross and Blackwell beans.

CFARMFOO Farm Foods.

Q33. VALUE, VALUES, etc to VALUE4.

Which of them would you buy if you wanted a product that was good value for money?

Code as Q32 - CHEAP.

The variables VALUE to VALUE4 were combined to produce the following:

University of Nottingham 107 1 Would buy if wanted good value for money. Q36. BUYS, BUYS1 TO BUYS4. Which of them VHEINZ Heinz beans. would you normally buy? Code as Q32 - CHEAP VSAINSB Sainsbury’s beans. The variables BUYS to BUYS4 were combined to VHP HP beans. produce the following:

VCROSSBL Cross and Blackwell. 1 Would normally buy.

VFARMFOO Farm Foods beans. BSAINSB Sainsbury’s beans.

Q34. QUAL, QUALI1, etc to QUAL4. Which BHEINZ Heinz beans. would you buy if you wanted the best quality? BHP HP beans. Code as Q32 - CHEAP. BCROSSBL Cross and Blackwell beans. The variables QUAL to QUAL4 were combined to produce the following:- BFARMFOO Farm Foods beans.

1 Would buy if wanted the best quality. Take the picture board back from the respondent.

QHEINZ Heinz beans.

QSAINSB Sainsbury’s beans.

QHP HP beans.

QCROSSBL Cross and Blackwell.

CQFARMFOO Farm Food beans.

Q35. DEAR, DEAR1, etc to DEAR4. Which of them do you think is the most expensive?

Code as Q32 - CHEAP.

The variables DEAR to DEAR4 were combined to produce the following:-

1 Think is the most expensive.

DHEINZ Heinz beans.

DSAINSB Sainsbury’s beans.

DHP HP beans.

DCROSSBL Cross and Blackwell beans.

DFARMFOO Farm Foods beans.

University of Nottingham 108 LOCUS OF CONTROL

Q37. These days many people find themselves MARKET SEGMENTATION bombarded with information about what is good for them. We are interested to find out what you Thank you for your help so far. We are now onto believe is true or not. Again I will read out a few the last question. I am going to show you a list statements to you and using this showcard can which contains the names of several well known you tell me whether you agree or disagree. shops. As with the questions on beans we are interested in what you think of these shops as well Hand the respondent showcard follow up 3 as which ones you actually use.

1 Strongly agree Hand the respondent showcard follow up 7 2 Agree 3 Neither agree nor Q38. CHEAPER, CHEAPER1, etc to disagree CHEAPER7. Can you tell me which of these shops 4 Disagree do you think sells the cheapest food? 5 Strongly disagree 7 Not sure/don’t know 1 Marks and Spencer 8 No answer 2 Sainsbury’s 9 Not asked 3 Tesco 4 Asda DOCSADVI I do not always take my doctor’s 5 KwikSave advice on health matters. 6 Aldi 7 Don’t know/not sure SCEPTIC I am sceptical of the claims of nutrition 8 No answer experts. 9 Not asked 10 Not applicable MYMINDUP I like to make up my own mind 11 Corner shop about what’s good for me and not rely on what 12 Coop other people tell me. 13 Market place 14 No preference stated by respondent ACTONADV I usually listen and act on the advice of close friends and family. The variables CHEAPER to CHEAPER7 were combined to produce the following: MEDIAPER I would follow the advice of media personalities that I admired. 1 Sells the cheapest food

IFILL If I am ill it is my own behaviour which CMS Marks and Spencer. determines how soon I get well. CSAINS Sainsbury’s. AVOIDILL If I take care of myself I can avoid illness. CTESCO Tesco.

ONLYDOC Regarding my health I can only do CASDA Asda. what my doctor tells me. CKWIKS KwikSave. IGNOREIT There is so much conflicting information on what is good for you I tend to just CALDI Aldi. ignore it. CCORNSH Corner Shop. ITRUSTEX I trust the experts to tell me the truth about what is good for me. CCOOP Co-op.

Take the showcard from the respondent CMARKET Market Place.

Q39. ALLFOOD, ALLFOOD1, etc to

University of Nottingham 109 ALLFOOD7. And which of the following would you be able to get all your food shopping from in QMARKET The Market Place one go? Q41. EXPENSEF, EXPENSEF1, etc to Code as Q38 - CHEAPER EXPENSE7. In your opinion which shops sell the most expensive food? The variables ALLFOOD to ALLFOOD7 were combined to produce the following:- Code as Q38 - CHEAPER

1 Could get all your food shopping from there The variables EXPENSEF to EXPENSE7 were combined to produce the following: AMS Marks and Spencer. 1 Sells the most expensive food ASAINS Sainsbury’s. EMS Marks and Spencer. ATESCO Tesco. ESAINS Sainsbury’s. AASDA Asda. ETESCO Tesco. AKWIKS KwikSave Save. EASDA Asda. AALDI Aldi. EKWIKS KwikSave. ACORNSH Corner Shop. EALDI Aldi. ACOOP Co-op. ECORNSH Corner Shop. AMARKET Can get all food from market place. ECOOP Co-op. Q40. QUALY, QUALY1, etc to QUALY7.. Which shops do you think sell the best quality EMARKET Marketplace food? Q42. ACCESS, ACCESS1, etc to ACCESS7. Code as Q38 - CHEAPER. Which shops do you have access to in this area (which ones could the respondent use in theory). The variables QUALY to QUALY7 were combined to produce the following:- Code as Q38 - CHEAPER.

1 Sells the best quality food The variables ACCESS to ACCESS7 were combined to produce the following: QMS Marks and Spencer. 1 Have access to in this area QMARKET The market place. ACMS Marks and Spencer. QSAINS Sainsbury’s. ACSAINS Sainsbury’s. QTESCO Tesco. ACTESCO Tesco. QASDA Asda. ACASDA Asda. QKWIKS KwikSave. ACKWIKS KwikSave. QALDI Aldi. ACALDI Aldi. QCORNSH The corner shop. ACCORNSH Corner shop. QCOOP Co-op.

University of Nottingham 110 ACCOOP Co-op.

ACMARKET Market place. NCORNSH Corner Shop.

Q43. USES, USES1, etc to USES7. Which shops NCOOP Co-op. do you (or the person who shops for them)currently use to do the food shopping? NMARKET Market place.

Code as Q38- CHEAPER. Q45. WHYAVF Why do you (or the person doing the shopping) avoid using these shops? (Open The variables USES to USES7 were combined to question). produce the following: The responses to WHYAVF were then coded as 1 Currently use for food shopping follows:

UMS Marks and Spencer SHAV1 Why do you avoid using these shops (in general)? USAINS Sainsbury’s. 7 Don’t know/not sure UTESCO Tesco. 8 No answer 9 Not asked UASDA Asda. 10 Not applicable 14 No preference of shops UKWIKS KwikSave. AVOIMS Why do you avoid using Marks and UALDI Aldi. Spencer? (Open question).

UCORNSH Corner Shop SHAV2 Why do you avoid using Marks and Spencer? (Reason l) (Coded). UCOOP Co-op. 1 Not used to using UMARKET Market place. 2 Out of area/too far/don’t know where is 3 Never think of going there, not used to, habit Q44. NEVER, NEVER1 to NEVER7. And which 4 Not easy to get to (with transport available) do you (or the person who shops for them) never 5 Never heard of them use to do your food shopping? 6 Dislike owners - due to race 7 Too expensive Code as Q38- CHEAPER. 8 Poor presentation, dirty or unclean appearance 9 No need, get everything elsewhere - one place, The variables NEVER to NEVER7 were combined content with shops in area to produce the following: 10 Limited choice, cant get everything need here 11 Dislike own brands/brands stocked 1 Never use for food shopping 12 Too cheap 13 Poor quality/unreliable quality NMS Marks and Spencer. 14 Don’t shop/someone else shops 15 Dislike clientele/owners NSAINS Sainsbury’s. 16 Can’t select own pieces (eg fruit/veg) 17 Don’t like/generally unappealing NTESCO Tesco. 18 Poor system/dislike layout 19 No/not easy wheelchair access NASDA Asda. 20 Cash only paying system 21 On a budget/end up spending too much NKWIKS KwikSave. 22 Staff rude/dislike attitude 23 Unable to use now, due to lifestyle change NALDI Aldi. 24 Can’t buy small enough quantity, package or tin 25 Don’t agree with stores politics 26 No reason 27 At work when market/shop open

University of Nottingham 111 28 Insufficient data noted here 29 Cant park there/near AVOICOOP Why do you avoid the Co-op? (Open question.) SHAV2A Why do you avoid using Marks and Spencer? (Reason 2) (Coded.) SHAV9, SHAV9A Why do you avoid the Coop? (Coded.) AVOSAINS Why do you avoid using Sainsbury’s? (Open question.) Code as SHAV2.

SHAV3, SHAV3A Why do you avoid using AVOIMARK Why do you avoid the rnarket place? Sainsbury’s? (Coded). (Open question.)

Code as SHAV2. SHAV10, SHAV1OA Why do you avoid using the market place? (Coded.) AVOITESC Why do you avoid using Tesco? (Open question.) Code as SHAV2.

SHAV4, SHAV4A Why do you avoid using INTERVI1 Interviewer comments and Tesco? (Coded.) observations. (Open question, not coded).

Code as SHAV2. INTERVI2 Interviewer comments and observations. (Open question, not coded). AVOIASDA Why do you avoid using Asda? (Open question.) COMPUTED VARIABLES SHAV5, SHAV5A Why do you avoid using Asda? (Coded .) AGEGRP Age group

Code as SHAV2. 1 55 - 64 2 65 - 74 AVOIKWIK Why do you avoid using 3 75+ KwikSave? (Open question.)

SHAV6, SHAV6A Why do you avoid TIMEINT The tame taken to complete the first KwikSave? interview (Endtime - Recordti) (Coded.) DIARY Did respondent complete a diary? Code as SHAV2. 0 No AVARALDI Why do you avoid using Aldi? (Open 1 Yes question.) FOLLOW Did respondents complete a follow up SHAV7, SHAV7A Why do you avoid Aldi? interview? (Coded.) 0 No Code as SHAV2. 1 Yes

AVOICORN Why do you avoid the Corner shop? WHICH (Open question.) 1 Main interview only SHAV8, SHAV8A Why do you avoid the corner 2 Main interview and diary shop? (Coded.) 4 + Follow

Code as SHAV2. AGEG Age group

1 55 - 59 2 60 - 64

University of Nottingham 112 3 65 - 69 4 70 - 74 5 75 - 79 6 80 - 84 7 85 - 89 8 90 - 94 9 95+

WVAR Urban: Aged 75+ 1.709 Rural: Aged 55-64 1.36 75+ 0.937

DATEMAIN Date of main interview Date-Month-Year (eg 17-MAR-95)

DATEFOLL Date of follow up interview Date-Month-Year (eg 17-MAR-95)

University of Nottingham 113