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The Clinical Effects of Cilostazol on Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease

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The Clinical Effects of Cilostazol on Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease REVIEW Print ISSN 1738-5520 / On-line ISSN 1738-5555 Korean Circ J 2008;38:441-445 Copyright ⓒ 2008 The Korean Society of Cardiology The Clinical Effects of Cilostazol on Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Jong-Seon Park, MD and Young-Jo Kim, MD Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Korea ABSTRACT Cilostazol inhibits phosphodiesterase III (PDE III), which is predominantly distributed to and regulates physiologic responses in platelets, cardiac muscle cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and adipose cells. Clinically, it is well known as an antiplatelet agent that inhibits the platelet aggregation normally induced by collagen, 5’-adenosine diphosphase (ADP), epinephrine, and arachidonic acid. It also has pleotropic effects, including the prevention of restenosis after angioplasty and the promotion of peripheral vascular flow in patients with peripheral vascular diseases. In the drug-eluting stent era, it has emerged as an effective post-intervention anti-atherothrombotic agent and a useful agent for therapy in diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to review the mechanisms of action and clinical trial results associated with cilostazol in cardiovascular disease patients. (Korean Circ J 2008;38:441-445) KEY WORDS: Cilostazol; Thrombosis; Coronary restenosis. Introduction cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Multiple sub- types of PDE have been isolated from the human body. Cilostazol, a [6-{4-(1-cyclohexy1-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)bu- The therapeutic use of PDE inhibitors, predicted as early toxy]-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone; OPC-13013}, is as 1977 by Weiss and Hait, is dependent on PDE distri- a 2-oxo-quinoline derivative phosphodiesterase IIIA bution in various cell types.3) The main effects of cilos- (PDE3) inhibitor that has been in use in Korea since tazol are expressed through the inhibition of PDE III, 1991 and has been approved in the United States for which is found predominantly in platelets, cardiac cells, the treatment of intermittent claudication since 1999.1) vascular smooth muscle cells, and fatty tissue or adipose Recently, many preclinical and clinical studies have de- cells. When the action of PDE III is inhibited by cilos- monstrated that the drug has many favorable effects on tazol, there is an increase in cAMP levels in these cells, athroscleoritic vascular diseases, specifically antiproli- which in turn leads to inhibition of platelet aggregat- ferative effects on smooth muscle cells, anti-thrombo- ion, vasodilation, and vascular smooth muscle cell acti- tic effects on platelets, endothelial protective effects, and vity, an increase in heart rate and contractile force, and modification of lipid profiles.2) The use of drug-eluting an improvement in lipid metabolism. Cilostazol under- stents (DES) has dramatically increased because of their goes intensive and complete hepatic metabolism via effectiveness in reducing restenosis after stent implan- the cytochrome P450 system. This has the potential to tation. However, the limitations of stent thrombosis and result in some drug interactions (i.e., with erythromycin restenosis in high risk subgroups remain to be resolved. and omeprazole). Cilostazol’s half-life is approximately Therefore, cilostazol is emerging as an alternative drug 10 hours, resulting in an approximately 2-fold accumula- in the DES era. tion of the drug during repeat administration.1) Mechanism of Action Smooth muscle cells Cilostazol induces cAMP elevation in vascular smooth The cyclic nucleotide PDE are enzymes that degrade muscle cells via inhibition of PDE III-dependent degra- the phosphodiester bond in the second messenger mo- dation and adenosine (A2)-induced stimulation of cAMP lecules cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and formation (Fig. 1).4) In turn, cAMP inhibits calcium en- try and migration, proliferation, and matrix synthesis Correspondence: Jong-Seon Park, MD, Division of Cardiology, Depart- in smooth muscle cells. Many downstream pathways ment of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Hospital, 317-1 Dae- myeong-dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, Korea have been suggested based on in vitro studies, including Tel: 82-53-620-3847, Fax: 82-53-654-8386 inhibition of [3H] thymidine incorporation into deo- E-mail: [email protected] xyribonucleic acid (DNA), inhibition of interleukin-6 441 442·Cilostazol in Cardiovascular Disease Degradation products Cilostazol moderately Adenosine uptake Inhibits adenosine Uptake (IC50=5-10 μM) Adenosine A1 A2 Platelet Cardiomyocyte vascular smooth muscle cell Gi AC GS - + Protein cAMP Cilostazol selectively kinase A PDE IIIA Inhibits PDE IIIA 5’AMP (IC50: 0.2 μM) Protein~ⓟ Adenosine Fig. 1. Mechanism of intracellular cAMP control by adenosine and phosphodiesterase (PDE) in platelets, vascular smooth muscle cells, and cardiomyocytes. The cAMP levels are controlled by degradation via PDE and by biosynthesis via adenylate cyclase (AC). AC acti- vity in turn is controlled by stimulatory (Gs) and inhibitory (Gi) G-proteins. Adenosine, derived from either cellular metabolism or extra- 1) cellular sources, activates Gs via A2-receptors and Gi via A1-receptors. This results in either amplification or inhibition of AC. production, activation of cAMP-dependent protein kin- storage granules in the platelets. The free calcium ions ase-A (PKA), induction of the p53 and p21 antioncog- are needed for the formation of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa enes and apoptosis, downregulation of p27Kip1, and complex, degranulation of the storage granules contain- inhibition of expression of the E2F1, E2F2, and E2F4 ing aggretating substances, and production of throm- proteins.5)6) After stent placement, cilostazol inhibits boxane A2 (Fig. 2). stent-induced P-selectin expression on platelets and up- In animal models, the antiplatelet effect of cilostazol regulates leukocyte Mac-1, thereby inhibiting neointimal is much stronger than that of aspirin.5) Furthermore, growth.7) platelet aggregation induced by adenosine 5’ diphos- phase (ADP) or collagen is inhibited in dogs after oral Endothelial cells admins-tration of cilostazol.11) Cilostazol induces elevation of endothelial cAMP via inhibition of PDE III degradation and A2-induced sti- Brain cells mulation of cAMP formation in endothelial cells. Ele- The anti-platelet and vasodilating effects of cilosta- vated cAMP stimulates endothelial cell proliferation, zol are believed to underlie its preventive effect on re- reduces expression of adhesion molecules (i.e., vascular current stroke. It is also considered to be effective in cell adhesion molecule-1), inhibits cytokine release promoting recovery from functional damage of the en- and action (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, pla- dothelium in cerebral penetrating arterioles. Cilostazol telet derived growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-α), also promotes brain cell survival ascribed to maxi-K ch- and inhibits apoptosis.8)9) Cilostazol induces nitric oxide annel opening-coupled upregulation of creatinine kin- (NO) production through endothelial nitric activation ase 2 phosphorylation and downregulation of PTEN via a cAMP/PKA- and PI3K/Akt-dependent mechanism, phosphorylation, with a resultant increase in phosph- and this effect is involved in capillary-like tube forma- orylation of Akt and CREB.12) tion in human aortic endothelial cells.10) Moreover, cilo- stazol has a potential anti-inflammatory effect on mono- Clinical Trials and Evidence cyte-endothelial interactions via upregulation of intra- for Clinical Effects cellular cAMP. Prevention of restenosis after vascular intervention Platelets Cilostazol inhibits smooth muscle cell migration and Platelets exhibit predominant PDE III reaction, with proliferation and promotes endothelial cell growth. It subordinate PDE II and V reaction. Cilostazol elevates has been viewed as a novel antiproliferative drug acting cAMP in human platelets via inhibition of PDE III- on smooth muscle cells. After its anti-restenosis mecha- dependent degradation at high concentrations. It also nisms were first acertained, cilostazol was suggested as potentiates the cAMP-elevating and antiplatelet effects an effective agent for the prevention of restenosis after of adenylate cyclase-activating agents (prostaglandin vascular interventions. Cilostazol has been proven in E1 and I2) at a low concentration.5) Increased cAMP multiple randomized clinical trials to reduce restenosis levels facilitate the influx of free calcium ions back into in the setting of coronary interventions. In the balloon Jong-Seon Park, et al.·443 ++ Ca in dense Platelet tubular system ATP Inhibit Adenylate cyclase Ca++↑↑ cAMP Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Phosphodiesterase III Membrane phospholipids 5”AMP Phospholipase A2 Release of arachidonic acid from membrane Cyclooxygenase PGG2 Endoperoxidase ADP PGH2 serotonin Thromboxane synthase Thromboxane A2 Fig. 2. Action mechanism of cilostazol in platelets. When the action of PDE III in platelets is inhibited by cilostazol, there is an increase in the cAMP levels, which facilitates an influx of free calcium ions back into the storage granules in the platelets. PG: prostaglandin, ATP: adenosine triphosphate, cAMP: cyclic adenosin monophosphate, PGG2: prostaglandin G2, PGH2: prostaglandin H2, ADP: ade- nosine diphosphate, PDE III: phosphodiesterase III. angioplasty era, some clinical trials suggested cilostazol Antithrombotic effects as a potential agent for reducing restenosis. Balloon an- During and after elective BMS implantation, aspirin gioplasty plus cilostazol administration showed
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