sign in sign up
<<
Home , Abrotanella, Acacia alpina, Acacia mucronata, Agastachys, Anodopetalum, Aotus ericoides

List of sites to be visited

Site no. LOWLAND: 0-600m East South Altit. (m) 1.1 Dry - near the park 4775 52739 185 entrance 1.2 Wet sclerophyll forest - near the Tall 4755 52743 250 Walk 2.1 Sedgeland/heathland near the post- 46563 52647 275 /pre-Carboniferous geolog. bound. 2.2 Sclerophyll shrubbery (Kallista Ck) on 46142 526569 380 the Scotts Peak Dam Road 2.3 Tim Shea – inter- & intraspecific 4562 52703 926 variation in eucalypts 2.4 Rainforest - the Creepy Crawly Nature 44968 525744 463 Walk, Scotts Peak Dam Road 2.5 Buttongrass moorland with E. nitida 44945 525159 395 copses - Gelignite Creek Site no. SUB-ALPINE: 600-1000m (E. delegatensis - E. coccifera) 1.3 bog - near the Lyrebird 4732 52742 645 Nature Walk 1.4 Mixed forest - Lyrebird Nature Walk (alt. 4728 52746 680 680m) 1.5 Subalpine woodland near Lake Fenton 4695 52746 1000

1.6 Subalpine sclerophyll woodland at 4685 52741 1050 Wombat Moor 1.7 Subalpine woodland near Lake Dobson 4663 52739 1000

Site no. ALPINE: alt. over 1000m

1.8 Coniferous shrubbery & Sclerophyll 4657 52742 1240 - above Ski Huts 1.9 Coniferous shrubbery & alpine 4648 52757 1180 rainforest- Roberts Tarn 1.10 Herbfield & microshrubbery - halfway 4641 52758 1150 along Tarn Shelf 1.11 Coniferous shrubbery & Sclerophyll 4639 52757 1150 heath after fire 1.12 Microshrubbery (cushion 4631 52771 1280 community) at Newdegate Pass Site no. Logged lowland mixed-forest

3.1 Clearfelled, burnt, 1999, "natural 4663 52638 400 regeneration" 3.2 Clearfelled, burnt, 1990, "natural 4633 52633 350 regeneration" 3.3 Clearfelled, burnt, 1951, "natural 4666 52634 420 regeneration" 3.4 Selective logging, not burnt, 400years, 4720 52596 350

Published by the School of Plant Science, University of Private Bag 55, 7001 February 2010.

www.utas.edu.au/docs/plant_science/field_botany/field

Contents

Unit outline...... 2

Outline of activities ...... 4

Assessment ...... 6

Reference Guide...... 9

Plant Names & Derivations...... 17

Key to Dicot. Families ...... 20

Key to Monocot. Families ...... 25

List of Plant Communities ...... 28

Notes - Community Descriptions & Scoresheets ...... 29

Ecology & conservation of a rare & endangered species...... 137

Eucalyptus morrisbyi – Threatened species listing statement ...... 142

Warra longterm ecological monitoring project...... 146

Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field ...... 150

KPA375 Field - Mt Field Handbook 2 UNIT OUTLINE

Weight 12.5% Prerequisites KPA214 & KPA215 or KPA210 Co-requisites KPA379 Plant Ecology is recommended Teaching pattern Lectures, tutorials & field work over 8 days Mon 8th - Fri. 12th Feb. 2010 Mt Field National Park, Mon. 16th - Wed. 18th Feb excursions from Sandy Bay campus Campus Field-based course, Mt Field National Park / ex Sandy Bay campus Lecturers Prof Jim Reid, Paddy Dalton & Rob Wiltshire (Unit Co-ordinator)

Introduction The first part of the course is field-based, with informal lectures & practical exercises conducted in the Mt Field National Park & SW Tasmania over 5 days, with some plant identification work at night. There is a quite strenuous walk along the Tarn Shelf, over Newdegate Pass & back along the Rodway Range. Students that are not physically fit must seek the advice of the unit coordinator. This part of the course is based at the Giant’s Table, Maydena. The second part of the course introduces demographic techniques, conservation strategies & practice, & examines applied ecological practice in forestry harvesting methods in wet sclerophyll forest in the long-term monitoring site at Warra as day excursions from the Sandy Bay campus. Assessment is by: a field test (50%) on the last day of the course, assessing plant identification ability & an understanding of the ecological processes shaping the ; two reports based on data collected in the field (40%); & a group plant collection (10%).

Transport Transport to Mt Field from the University is provided. Vehicles will depart from the Life Sciences car park at 9:00 am Mon. 8th Feb. & return at 5:00 pm on Fri. 12th Feb. Please bring your lunch, waterproofs & collecting gear packed separately for Day 1.

Equipment 1. Adequate clothing is essential; warm clothes, good boots & waterproof clothing are required for protection against rain, wind & snow. The weather at Mt Field can be very changeable & work will proceed regardless of weather. Swimming is possible in good weather, so bring bathers. Also bring spare footwear & clothing for evening wear. Bring a light daypack for day trips 2. You will be working at 1000 metres, so bring a sunscreen (15 +), insect repellant & a shade hat. 3. Bring personal collecting equipment, field note books, masking tape, zip-lock plastic bags, hand lens, camera, clipboard & texts.

Accommodation & Costs Accommodation is luxurious this year, but you will need to bring your own fluffy dressing gown, slippers, & towel. There is a levy of $120 to help cover accommodation costs, the School will fund the remainder. This should be paid prior to the course at the Cashiers Office (Admin. Building), quoting account no. 1.10.319.44787.3807. Alternatively, you may find your own accommodation but this would diminish the experience. If you have difficulty in paying the levy, please discuss the matter with Dr Anthony Koutoulis.

Cooking Dinner is supplied on all four nights. Bring food for breakfast & lunches, although milk & bread, tea & coffee will be provided. Be prepared to take lunches & drinks into the field. .

Collections Only small samples of plant specimens may be taken in the National Park, & samples are not to be taken next to or alongside walking tracks. Alternatively, photographic collections may be made.

Enquiries: Dr Rob Wiltshire 03 62 262690 email [email protected]

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 3 UNIT OUTLINE

OBJECTIVES OF FIELD BOTANY At the completion of this unit, students should be able to: • demonstrate an understanding of the major types of plant communities found in Tasmania • describe the key elements of the vegetation that differentiate these communities, • identify major environmental factors affecting plant growth, • describe the differences between the more common families, • identify a wide range of the more common plant species, • describe morphological & physiological strategies evolved by in response to their environment, • describe & distinguish between the patterns of, & processes leading to, variation within & between species, using eucalypts as specific examples, & • undertake vegetation & population surveys.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 4 OUTLINE OF ACTIVITIES

PART 1. PLANT COMMUNITIES OF MT FIELD & SOUTHWEST TASMANIA An outline of the week's activities at Mt Field follows, although the weather will dictate to some extent what can be achieved, & in what order. Day 1: Altitudinal transect & associated changes in physiognomy & community types • Examination of sub-alpine sclerophyll woodland, moor, mixed forest & wet sclerophyll communities & the basis of community classifications. • Species recognition, species identification, plant collection. • Altitudinal variation in plant communities & its causes. Day 2: Alpine vegetation (Tarn Shelf, Newdegate Pass, Rodway Range) • Examination of communities including: herbfields, microshrubbery (cushionplants), coniferous shrubbery, alpine rainforest. • Species recognition, species identification, plant collection. • Community identification in relation to microenvironment. • Growth habit & general morphology of microshrubbery. • Effect of fire on alpine vegetation. Day 3: East-West variation in vegetation • Illustration of the association of vegetation types with & soils, • Study of rainforest & buttongrass communities, plant collection. • The nature of boundaries between vegetation types. Day 4: Succession in wet sclerophyll forest & the impact of forestry practices • Temporal changes in vegetation type & physiognomy following disturbance by fire / clearfelling from year zero to 400 years. • Ecological basis of silvicultural practices in wet sclerophyll vegetation. Day 5: Bryological diversity & mophological variation in eucalypts - patterns & processes. • Identification of moss & hepatic species & ecological preferences at Growling Swallet • Morphological changes in the E. vernicosa complex on Tim Shea/Mt Field with altitude & exposure. • Inter- & intra-specific variation in E. nitida & E. coccifera on Tim Shea.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 5 OUTLINE OF ACTIVITIES

PART 2. APPLIED FIELD BOTANY

Day 6: Population ecology & conservation of endangered species • Long term monitoring project for seedling establishment for the rare & endangered morrisbyi at Calverts Hill. • Data entry Day 7: Long term ecological monitoring site at Warra • Variable retention silviculture in Tasmania – alternatives to clearfelling?

Day 8: Field test • A description of a range of vegetation communities & the ecological factors shaping the vegetation on Mt Wellington.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 6 ASSESSMENT

The assessment of student performance in this course will be based on • a field test (50%) of plant identification skills, vegetation description and ecological processes likely to be shaping the vegetation, • two (2) reports on set topics (40%) due on the Monday of Weeks 3 and 5 (word-processed documents only), late penalty of 5% per day applies and • a group plant collection (10%) due on the Monday of Week 5.

FIELD TEST (50%) Each student will complete reports at THREE (3) nominated sites in the field on Day 7 of the course to assess your ability to: • Identify the flora at the: family, generic & specific levels (progressive scores), • Describe the structure of the vegetation (% cover, approximate height, layers, habit), • Describe the most important ecological factors shaping the vegetation (, air, fire & water, & biotic interactions). Approximately 40 minutes will be allocated at each site. This handbook & written notes may be consulted, but not picture books. Each report is to be handed in at the completion of each site. This is an individual assessment, rather than a group exercise, and so no collaboration is permitted.

REPORTS (40%) Each student will present TWO (2) practical reports analyzing data collected in the field. These reports will be written as scientific papers, not as class exercises, in the format suggested by the Scribble site on MyLO, or one of the second year report-writing templates. Each student in a group will choose a different topic and so it is important to collect data for all exercises.

Report Topics One (1) of the following: (a) Changes in community structure & species diversity with altitude; (b) Changes in community structure & composition across marked boundaries, due to fire, waterlogging and temperature; (c) Effects of fire on alpine communities; (d) Ecological replacement of species within families or genera, e.g. epacrids, , eucalypts; (e) Changes in vegetation types associated the East/West transition in geology & ; (f) Temporal changes in community structure & composition following disturbance in Tasmanian lowland forest; (g) Ecology of rainforest moss & liverwort species. All students will present a report on: • Seedling recruitment in the rare and endangered species, Eucalyptus morrisbyi

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 7 ASSESSMENT

Acknowledgements: Where data or information is obtained in common with other students, this must be stated. If any section of the essay is written in collaboration with any other student or staff, acknowledgement of the collaboration must be made & its extent defined, e.g. (transect data with B. Smith).

PLANT COLLECTION (10%) In an effort to minimize the impact on the flora, & to reduce the (considerable) expense incurred by students, plant collections may be submitted as a group effort (max. no. per group is 5 students). Students will be required to indicate the contribution of the other members of the group (from 0 to 100%) in a confidential covering statement. Each plant collection will consist of a minimum of six (6) representative species from each community. Each specimen should be pressed, mounted on paper, & identified by family, & species. It should be described briefly by growth habit, size, habitat, etc. (see labelling requirements below). In addition or as an alternative, students may submit a photographic collection. See Dr Wiltshire for details.

A general guide to the collection & preservation of plants A. Collection of Specimens Whenever possible, material should be pressed immediately after collection, & for some species, particularly herbs, this is the only manner in which high quality specimens can be obtained. However, it is not always convenient to carry a field press, & in such circumstances, satisfactory results can be obtained for most species by storing the material in a sealed plastic bag until ready for pressing providing they are stored under cool conditions & pressed within 24-48 hours of collection.

B. Choice of Specimens Ideally, all stages in the plant life history should be represented for each species. 1. Ensure that the specimen has flowering or fruiting parts present (particularly for eucalypts & monocots). Vegetative material alone may be exceedingly difficult to identify, & its value for comparative purposes is limited. 2. If the species is herbaceous, try to include the underground parts to show their character. 3. Select healthy specimens free from insect damage, fungal infestation, etc. 4. Choose specimens from typical plants, not from the occasional rare oddity.

C. Arrangement of Specimens for Pressing 1. Wherever possible, arrange one or more with the lower side uppermost. 2. Ordinarily, a specimen should be restricted to the size of the pressing paper. 3. Herbaceous specimens longer than the pressing paper may be folded

D. Equipment required for Pressing Specimens 1. Plant Press The efficiency of a plant press is determined largely by its ability to hold material under a constant & firm pressure, whilst at the same time, allowing the specimens to dry. Field presses are conventionally comprised of a pair of or metal frames which can be tightened as the situation demands. Where weight is not an important factor, the design of presses can be more versatile. Home presses may be constructed from a combination of wooden slabs (to provide a flat base) & bricks, books or sundry other weighty objects to maintain a firm even pressure. 2. Absorbent Paper Absorbent paper is used to remove water as the plant dries. The type of paper may vary, but blotting paper is ideal. Paper hand towels are also satisfactory providing the high profile embossed towels are not used - the pattern may become imprinted on the surfaces, , etc. Tissues are not recommended because they become stuck to the specimen & cannot be removed easily. 3. Pressing Paper Pressing paper is used to surround the absorbent paper. Folded newspaper is fine for this purpose. 4. Dividers

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 8 ASSESSMENT

Dividers provide a firm base for each layer of pressing paper. Theoretically, they are not essential but, in practice, their absence may result in curved or misshapen specimens. E. Pressing Specimens Several sandwich layers arranged in the order, divider, pressing paper, absorbent paper, specimen(s), absorbent paper, pressing paper, divider, are stacked on top of each other, & a firm, even pressure is applied. Care must be taken that excessive pressure is not applied resulting in squashed specimens having a misleading appearance e.g. flat stems that should be round. The amount of pressure is variable depending on the hardness of the specimens involved.

F. Drying Specimens Specimens should be arranged appropriately & allowed to press for 24 hours. The press should then be opened & the absorbent papers changed. Specimens are then allowed to dry from 10-14 days. For some species, particularly succulents or nectar producing plants, it may be necessary to change the absorbent paper several times.

G. Mounting Specimens 1. Specimens should be mounted on A4 paper & enclosed in clear plastic sheet protectors. 2. Glue or paste is recommended to fasten specimens to the mounting. "Aquadhere" is probably best applied directly from the container or by playing small amounts on a thin lid & continually replacing it as it hardens. A match or small stick is suitable for applying the glue to the specimen. Care must be taken that all parts of the specimen in contact with the paper receive a supply of glue.

H. Labelling of Specimens Every specimen should have a label recording relevant data, & should be designed to stand alone. Such data should include:-

1. Species name 2. Family 3. Location - site number is not sufficient GPS must be used 4. Altitude 5. Habitat – incl. associated vegetation type 6. Habit – growth form, height 7. Date 8. Collector's name.

Field Botany Plant Collection Assessment Student group

E G S P E=excellent G=good S=satisfactory P=poor Species list - complete, in a logical order

Accuracy of Identification

Adequate number of specimens

Labelling - habit, location,etc. in accord with instructions

Pressing of specimens

Presentation (including photographs)

Degree of difficulty (specimens not included in the example herbarium), this is substantial weighting factor on the collection

General comments

KPA375 Field Botany Report#1 Student name/number……………………………. Mark: E=Excellent G=Good S=Satisfactory U=Unsatisfactory

Assessment Criteria Rating

Structure

The title is appropriate and E G S U informative. The abstract, in one E G S U paragraph, briefly summarises the aim of the study, the method used, the main results, and the conclusions. The introduction gives a E G S U general background. It finishes with a statement of the hypothesis or primary aim of the study. The methods provide a E G S U thorough but concise description of the methodology used in the study. Past tense. The results section:You E G S U clearly and concisely describe the results of the study. The discussion starts with a E G S U statement of your most important results, then deals with each in relation to the literature.

The conclusion is an overview E G S U and points to the next direction for study or the wider significance of your findings. Organisation Your report is E G S U organised in a logical way with effective use of numbering and headings. Use of Figures and Tables

You label figures and tables E G S U appropriately. You appropriately introduce, E G S U refer to and discuss the figures and tables. Figures and graphs have E G S U appropriate axes, axes labels (with units), and legends. The axes demonstrate a reasonable range of values. The tables present data in an E G S U organised way. Columns and rows are labelled and include units. Use of Source Material

Literature relevant to the E G S U study is appropriately integrated into the report. You adequately acknowledge E G S U your sources. You use a correct and E G S U consistent referencing system according to the School of Plant Science guidelines. Style and Grammar

Your writing is clear and E G S U succinct. Your writing style is E G S U appropriate to the assignment. You use correct written E G S U English. Presentation Your report is E G S U largely free of errors, demonstrating evidence of proofreading.

Comments:

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 9 REFERENCE GUIDE

Abstracts of many of these references can be found on the website. For a more complete reference list, see Vegetation of Tasmania.

Adams, M. & P. Attiwill (1991). “Nutrient balance in of northern Tasmania. 1. Atmospheric inputs & within-stand cycles.” Forest Ecology & Management 44(2-4): 93-113. Adams, M. & P. Attiwill (1991). “Nutrient balance in forests of northern Tasmania. 2. Alteration of nutrient availability & soil-water chemistry as a result of logging, slash-burning & fertilizer application.” Forest Ecology & Management 44(2-4): 115-131. Adams, M., P. Attiwill, et al. (1989). “Availability of nitrogen & phosphorus in forest soils in northeastern Tasmania.” & Fertility of Soils 8(3): 212-218. Adams, M. A. & P. M. Attiwill (1982). “Nitrogen mineralization & nitrate reduction in forests.” Soil Biol. Biochem. 14(3): 197-202. Adams, M. A. & P. M. Attiwill (1984). “Patterns of nitrogen mineralization in 23-year old forest following nitrogen fertilizing.” For. Ecol. Manage. 7(4): 241-248. Adams, M. A. & P. M. Attiwill (1984). “Role of Spp. in nutrient balance & cycling in regenerating F. Muell. Forests. I: Temporal changes in biomass & nutrient content.” Aust. J. Bot. 32(2): 205-215. Adams, M. A., P. J. Polglase, et al. (1989). “In situ studies of nitrogen mineralization & uptake in forest soils: Some comments on methodology.” Soil Biol. Biochem. 21(3): 423-429. Allen, D. (1992). “Blackwood plantations in Tasmania.” Tasmanian NRCP Report No. 8: viii + 88 pp. Atkin, OK & Collier, DE (1992). Relationship between soil nitrogen & floristic variation in late snow areas of the Kosciusko alpine region. Aust J. Bot. 40(2), 139-149. Attiwill, P. M. (1986). “Interactions between carbon & nutrients in the forest ecosystem.” Coupling Of Carbon, Water & Nutrient Interactions In Woody Plant Soil Systems. Proceedings of a Symposium of the International Union Of Forestry Research Organizations. Luxmoore, R.J. 2: 1-3. Attiwill, P. M. (1994). “The disturbance of forest ecosystems: The ecological basis for conservative management.” For. Ecol. Manage. 63: 2-3. Attiwill, P. M. (1994). “Ecological disturbance & the conservative management of eucalypt forests in .” For. Ecol. Manage. 63: 2-3. Attiwill, P. M. & M. A. Adams (1993). “Tansley Review No. 50. Nutrient cycling in forests.” New Phytol 124(4): 561-582. Auld, TD & Morrison, DA 1992. Genetic determination of erect & prostrate growth habit in five from windswept headlands in the Sydney region. Aust J. Bot 40, 1-11. Balmer, J., 1990. Two moorland boundaries. Tasforests 2, 133-41. Balmer, J., 1991. Alpine Vegetation. In: Tasmanian Native Bush: A Management Handbook (ed. J.B. Kirkpatrick), pp. 117-127, Tas. Env. Centre, Hobart. Banks, M.R., 1965. Geology & mineral deposits. In: Atlas of Tasmania (ed. J.L. Davies), Lands & Surveys Department, Hobart. Barker, P., Wardlaw Tj, et al. (1996). “Selection & design of Phytophthora management areas for the conservation of threatened flora in Tasmania.” Biological Conservation 76(2): 187-193. Barker, P. C. J. (1991). “Podocarpus lawrencei (Hook.f.): Population structure & fire history at Goonmirk Rocks, .” Aust. J. Ecol no. 2: pp. Barker, P. C. J. & M. J. Brown (1994). “Anodopetalum biglandulosum: Growth form & abundance in Tasmanian rainforest.” Aust. J. Ecol no. 4: pp. Bayly-Stark, J., 1987. The Rainforest of Tasmania, Tas.Govt. Printer, Hobart. Bennett, L. T., C. J. Weston, et al. (1996). “The effects of fertilizers on early growth & foliar nutrient concentrations of three plantation eucalypts on high quality sites in Gippsland, southeastern Australia.” For. Ecol. Manage. 89: 1-3. Bowman, D. M. J. S. & J. B. Kirkpatrick (1984). “Geographic variation in the demographic structure of stands of R.T. Baker on dolerite in Tasmania.” J. Biogeogr. 11(5): 427-437. Bowman, D.M.J.S., & Jackson, W.D., 1981. Vegetation Succession in Southwest Tasmania. Search 12, 358-352. Bowman, D. M. J. S., A. R. Maclean, et al. (1986). “Vegetation-soil relations in the lowlands of south- west Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol. 11(2): 141-153. Brasell, H. M. & J. P. Mattay (1984). “Colonization by bryophytes of burned Eucalyptus forest in Tasmania, Australia: Changes in biomass & element content.” Bryologist no. 4: pp.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 10 REFERENCE GUIDE

Bridle, K & J.B. Kirkpatrick (1997). Local environmental correlates of variability in the organic soils of moorland & alpine vegetation, Mt Sprent, Tasmania. Aust. J. Ecology 22, 196-205. Brown, M. J., R. K. Crowden, et al. (1982). “Vegetation of an Alkaline Pan -- Acidic Peat Mosaic in the Hardwood River Valley, Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol. 7(1): 3-12. Brown, M. J., J. B. Kirkpatrick, et al. (1983). “Conservation status of endemic vascular plants in alpine Tasmania.” Mountain Ecology In The Australian Region. Purdie, R.W. 12(12): 168-169. Brown, M. J. & F. Podger (1982). “On the apparent anomaly between observed & predicted percentages of vegetation types in south-west Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol no. 2: pp. Brown, M. J. & F. D. Podger (1982). “Floristics & fire regimes of a vegetation sequence from sedgeland-heath to rainforest at Bathurst Harbour, Tasmania.” Aust. J. Bot. 30(6): 659- 676. Brown, M. J., D. A. Ratkowsky, et al. (1984). “A comparison of detrended correspondence analysis & principal co-ordinates analysis using four sets of Tasmanian vegetation data.” Aust. J. Ecol. 9(3): 273-279. Campbell, E. O. (1983). “Mires of .” Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen & Moor. Regional Studies. Gore, A.J.P. ed. Carr, S.G.M. & Turner, J.S., 1959. The ecology of the Bogong High Plains I & II. Aust. J. Bot. 7, 12- 33; 34-63. Chambers, D. & P. Attiwill (1994). “The ash-bed effect in Eucalyptus regnans forest: chemical, physical & microbiological changes in soil after heating or partial sterilisation.” Australian Journal of Botany 42(6): 739-749. Colhoun, E. A. (1985). “Pre-last glaciation maximum vegetation history at Henty Bridge, Western Tasmania.” New Phytol 100(4): 681-690. Colhoun, E. a. (1992). “Late glacial & Holocene vegetation history at Poets Hill Lake, western Tasmania.” Australia Geographer 23(1): 11-23. Collins, K. 1990. South-West Tasmania. A natural history & visitor's guide. Heritage Books. Hobart Costin, A.B., 1957. The high mountain vegetation of Australia. Aust. J. Bot. 5, 173-189. Costin, A. B. (1983). “Mountain lands in the Australian region: Some principles of use & management.” Mountain Ecology In The Australian Region. Purdie, R.W. 12(12): 1-13. Costin, AB et al. (2000). “Kosciuszko Alpine Flora. 2nd Edn.” CSIRO, Collingwood. Cowling, RM & Wittowski, ETC (1994). Convergence & non convergence of plant traits in climatically & edaphically matched sites in Mediterranean Australia & South . Australian Journal of Ecology 19, 220-232. Cullen, P. J. (1987). “Regeneration patterns in populations of Athrotaxis selaginoides D. Don. from Tasmania.” J. Biogeogr 14: 39-51. Cullen, P., 1991. Rainforest. In: Tasmanian Native Bush: A Management Handbook (ed. J.B. Kirkpatrick), pp. 117-127, Tas. Env. Centre, Hobart. Curtis, W.M. & Morris, D.L. The Student’s Flora of Tasmania, Parts 1-4b. Govt. Printer, Hobart. Davidson, N. J., B. M. Potts, et al. (1987). “Gene flow between three eucalyptus species at Snug Plains.” Papers & Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 121: 101-108. Davidson, N.J., Potts, B.M. & Reid, J.B., 1981. Eucalypts. In: Vegetation of Tasmania (ed. W.D. Jackson), pp. 136-159. Davidson, N. J. & J. B. Reid (1985). “Frost as a factor influencing the growth & distribution of subalpine eucalypts.” Aust. J. Bot 33: 657-667. Davidson, N. J. & J. B. Reid (1987). “The influence of hardening & waterlogging on the frost resistance of subalpine eucalypts.” Aust. J. Bot 35: 91-101. Davidson, N. J. & J. B. Reid (1989). “Response of eucalypt species to .” Aust. J. Ecol 14, 139- 156. Davies, J (1983). “Huon Pine Survey 1983”. National Parks & Wildlife Service, Hobart. Davies, J.L., 1965. Landform. In: Atlas of Tasmania (ed. J.L. Davies), Lands & Surveys Department, Hobart. Duncan, F. (1989). “Systematic affinities, hybridisation & clinal variation within Tasmanian eucalypts.” Tasforests 1(1): 13-25. Duncan, F. & D. Duncan (1984). “A dry sclerophyll woodland mosaic: Vegetation of Cherry Hill, near Cranbrook, Tasmania.” Rec. Queen Victoria Mus., Launceston.(85). Duncan, F. & Kiernan K (1989). “Drought damage in a Tasmanian forest on limestone.” Helictite 27(2): 83-86.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 11 REFERENCE GUIDE

Dungey, H. S., B. M. Potts, et al. (1997). “Mycosphaerella leaf disease: Genetic variation in damage to Eucalyptus nitens, E. globulus & their F1 hybrid.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research: in press. Ellis, R. C. & A. M. Graley (1983). “Gains & losses in soil nutrients associated with harvesting & burning eucalypt rainforest. Plant & Soil 74, 437-450..” Aust. J. Ecol. 12(3): 307-317. Ellis, R. C. & A. M. Graley (1987). “Soil chemical properties as related to forest succession in a highland area in north-east Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol. 12(3): 307-317. Ellis, R. C. & P. I. Pennington (1989). “Nitrification in soils of secondary vegetational successions from Eucalyptus forest & grassland to cool in Tasmania.” Plant Soil 115(1): 59-73. Ellis, R. C. & P. I. Pennington (1992). “Factors affecting the growth of Eucalyptus delegatensis seedlings in inhibitory forest & grassland soils.” Plant Soil 145: 93-105. Fensham, R. (1992). “The management implications of fine fuel dynamics in bushlands surrounding Hobart, Tasmania.” Journal of Environmental Management 36(4): 301-320. Fensham, R. & J. Kirkpatrick (1992). “The eucalypt forest-grassland/grassy woodland boundary in central Tasmania.” Australian Journal of Botany 40(2): 123-138. Fensham, R. J. (1989). “The pre-European vegetation of the , Tasmania: A floristic & historical analysis of vegetation patterns.” J. Biogeogr. 16(1): 29-45. Forestry (1995). “The rainforest map of Tasmania.” 1(1). Friend, AD & Woodward, FI. (1991). Evolutionary & ecophysiological processes of mountain plants to the growing season environment. Advances in Ecological Research 20, 60-112. Frey, W. & P. Dalton (1996). “Hypnodendron comosum-community in Tasmania.” Nova Hedwigia 62(1-2): 215-220. Fuhrer, B. & R. Robinson (1992). “Rainforest fungi of Tasmania & south-east Australia.” 95(15). Gibson, N. (1986). “Conservation & Management of Huon Pine in Tasmania.” National Parks & Wildlife Service, Hobart. Gibson, N., 1984. Impact of trampling on bolster heath communities of Mt Field National Park, Tasmania, Pap. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. vol. 118, 47-52. Gibson, N. (1990). “The environments & primary production of cushion species at Mt Field & Mt Wellington, Tasmania.” Aust. J. Bot 38, 229-244. Gibson, N (1991). The anatomy & morphology of four cushion plants. In: “Aspects of Tasmanian Botany: A Tribute to Winifred Curtis.” (Ed. MR Banks, et al.). Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobart,pp.231-238. Gibson, N., Brown MJ, et al. (1992). “Flora & vegetation of ultramafic areas in Tasmania.” Australian Journal of Ecology 17(3): 297-303. Gibson, N., Davies J, & Brown, MJ. (1991). “The ecology of franklinii (Hook. f.) Quinn () in Tasmania. 1. Distribution, floristics & environmental correlates.” Australian Journal of Ecology 16(2): 215-222. Gibson, N. & Hope, G. 1986. On the origin & of Australasian alpine cushion plants: In Barlow, B.A. (ed.), Flora & fauna of alpine Australasia CSIRO, Melbourne. Gibson, N. & J. B. Kirkpatrick (1985). “A comparison of the cushion plant communities of & Tasmania.” N.Z. J. Bot no. 4: pp. Gibson, N. & J. B. Kirkpatrick (1985). “Vegetation & flora associated with localized snow accumulation at Mount Field West, Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol. 10(2): 91-99. Goodwin, A. (1990). “Thinning response in eucalypt regrowth.” Tasforests 2(1): 27-35. Gore, AJP (1983). “Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen & Moor.” Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam. Grant, J., Laffan M, et al. (1995). “Mapping State Forest soils in Tasmania.” ACLEP Newsletter 4(2): 16-19. Grant, J., Laffan Md, et al. (1995). “Forest soils of Tasmania: a handbook for identification & management.” 189(5). Grierson, P. & P. Attiwill (1989). “Chemical characteristics of the proteoid root mat of integrifolia L.” Australian Journal of Botany 37(2): 137-143. Grierson, P. F., M. A. Adams, et al. (1992). “Estimates of carbon storage in the above-ground biomass of Victoria's forests.” Aust. J. Bot. 40: 4-5. Groves, RH (1994). “Australian Vegetation.2nd Ed.” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Halloy, S. (1983). The use of convergence & divergence in the interpretation of adaptation in high mountain biota. Evolutionary Theory 6, 232-255.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 12 REFERENCE GUIDE

Hardner, C. M. & B. M. Potts (1995). “Inbreeding depression & changes in variation after selfing in ssp. globulus.” Silvae Genet 44: 46-54. Hardner, C. M., et al. (1996). “Stand density influences outcrossing rate & growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus.” Silvae Genet ?: pp. Harle, K. J., A. P. Kershaw, et al. (1993). “Palaeoecological analysis of an isolated stand of cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst. in eastern Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol. 18(2): 161- 170. Hickey, J. & M. Savva (1992). “The extent, regeneration & growth of Tasmanian lowland mixed forest.”Tasmanian Lowland Mixed Forest, Forestry Commission, Hobart. Hickey, J. E. (1994). “A floristic comparison of vascular species in Tasmanian oldgrowth mixed forest with regeneration resulting from logging & wildfire.” Aust. J. Bot 42: 383-404. Hickey, J. E., A. J. Blakesley, et al. (1983). “Seedfall & germination of (Hook.) Oerst., lucida (Labill.) Baill & Atherosperma moschatum Labill.: Implications for regeneration practice.” Aust. For. Res no. 1: pp. Hill, R. & Scriven Lj (1995). “The angiosperm-dominated woody vegetation of : a review.” Review of Palaeobotany & Palynology 86(3-4): 175-198. Hill, R. S. (1982). “Rainforest fire in western Tasmania.” Aust. J. Bot 30: 583-589. Hill, R. S. & N. Gibson (1986). “Distribution of potential macrofossils in Lake Dobson, Tasmania.” J. Ecol. 74(2): 373-384. Hill, R. S. & J. Read (1984). “Post-fire regeneration of rainforest & mixed forest in western Tasmania.” Aust. J. Bot. 32(5): 481-493. Hopmans, P, Stewart, HTL & Flinn, DW (1993). Impacts of harvesting on nutrients in a eucalypt ecosystem in southeastern Australia. Forest Ecology & Management 59, 29-51. Horne, R. & J. Hickey (1991). “Review. Ecological sensitivity of Australian rainforests to selective logging.” Australian Journal of Ecology 16(1): 119-129. Jackson, W.D., 1965. The vegetation. In: Atlas of Tasmania (ed. J.L. Davies), Lands & Surveys Department, Hobart. Jackson, W.D., 1968. Fire, air, water & earth, an elemental ecology of Tasmania. Proc. Ecol. Soc. Aust. 3, 9-16. Jackson, W.D. 1973. Vegetation of the central plateau. In: Banks (ed. M.R. Banks), The lake country, pp. 61-85. Jackson, W.D., 1981. Vegetation of Tasmania. University of Tasmania. Jackson, W.D., & Bowman, D.M.J.S. 1982. Reply: Ecological Drift or Fire Cycles in . Search 13, 175-176. Jarman, S. J. & M. J. Brown (1983). “A definition of cool temperate rainforest in Tasmania.” Search 14: 81-87. Jarman, S. J. & J. E. Hickey (1996). “The Tasmanian component of the National Rainforest Conservation Program - summary of projects.” Tasmanian NRCP Report No. 16: 61 pp. Jarman, S. & G. Kantvilas (1995). “Epiphytes on an old Huon pine tree (Lagarostrobos franklinii) in Tasmanian rainforest.” New Zealand Journal of Botany 33(1): 65-78. Jarman, S. & G. Kantvilas (1995). “A floristic study of rainforest bryophytes & lichens in Tasmania's myrtle-beech [Nothofagus cunninghamii] alliance.” Tasmanian NRCP Report No. 14, v + 55 pp.; 47 ref. (Forestry Commission): Tasmamia. Jordan, G., R. Carpenter, et al. (1991). “Late Pleistocene vegetation & climate near Melaleuca Inlet, south-western Tasmania.” Australian Journal of Botany 39(4): 315-333. Jordan, G. J., N. M. G. Borralho, et al. (1994). “Identification of races in Eucalyptus globulus ssp globulus based on growth traits in Tasmania & geographic distribution.” Silvae Genet 43: 292-298. Jordan, G et al. (1992). The effects of fire intensity on the regeneration of mixed forest tree species in the Clear Hill/Mount Wedge are. Tasforests 4, 25-38. Jordan, G. J., B. M. Potts, et al. (1993). “Variation in the Eucalyptus globulus complex revisited.” Aust. J. Bot 41: 763-785. Judd, T. S., L. T. Bennett, et al. (1996). “The response of growth & foliar nutrients to fertilizers in young Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.) plantations in Gippsland, southeastern Australia.” For. Ecol. Manage. 82: 1-3. Kantvilas, G. (1988). “Tasmanian rainforest lichen communities: A preliminary classification.” Phytocoenologia 16: 391-428. Kantvilas, G. & P. W. James (1987). “The macrolichens of Tasmanian rainforest: Key & notes.” Lichenologist 19: 1-28.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 13 REFERENCE GUIDE

Kantvilas, G. & S. J. Jarman (1993). “The cryptogamic flora of an isolated rainforest fragment in Tasmania.” Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 111(2): 211-228. Kile, G., J. Packham, et al. (1989). “Myrtle wilt & its possible management in association with disturbance of rainforest in Tasmania.” Special issue: Workshop on forest health in the South Pacific, Rotorua, 30 31 May & 1 June 1989 19(2-3): 256-264. Kirkpatrick, J. (1990). “A synusia-based mapping system for the conservation management of natural vegetation, with an example from Tasmania, Australia.” Biological Conservation 53(2): 93- 104. Kirkpatrick, J. B. (1982). “Phytogeographical Analysis of Tasmanian Alpine Floras.” J. Biogeogr. 9(3): 255-271. Kirkpatrick, J. B. (1983). “Treeless plant communities of the Tasmanian High Country.” MOUNTAIN ECOLOGY IN THE AUSTRALIAN REGION. Purdie, R.W. 12: 61-77. Kirkpatrick, J. B. (1986). “Conservation of plant species, alliances & associations of the treeless high country of Tasmania, Australia.” Biol. Conserv. 37(1): 43-58. Kirkpatrick, J. B. (1997). “Alpine Tasmania.” (Oxford University Press, Oxford). Kirkpatrick, J. B. & Bridle, K. (1999). Environment & floristics of ten Australian alpine vegetation formations. Aust. J. Bot 47, 1-21. Kirkpatrick, J. B. & M. J. Brown (1984). “A numerical analysis of Tasmanian higher plant .” Bot. J. Linn. Soc no. 3: pp. Kirkpatrick, J. B. & M. J. Brown (1987). “The nature of the transition from sedgeland to alpine vegetation in south-west Tasmania. I. Altitudinal vegetation change on four mountains.” J. Biogeogr. 14(6): 539-549. Kirkpatrick, J. B. & K. J. M. Dickinson (1984). “The impact of fire on Tasmanian alpine vegetation & soils.” Aust. J. Bot 32, 613-629. Kirkpatrick, J. B. & F. Duncan (1987). “Tasmanian high altitude grassy vegetation: Its distribution, community composition & conservation status.” Aust. J. Ecol. 12(1): 73-86. Kirkpatrick, J.B. & Gibson, N. 1984. Dynamics of a Tasmanian bolster heath string fen. Vegetatio 58, 71-78. Kirkpatrick, J. & Gilfedder L (1995). “Maintaining integrity compared with maintaining rare & threatened taxa in remnant bushland in subhumid Tasmania.” Biological Conservation 74(1): 1-8. Kirkpatrick, J. B. & C. E. Harwood (1983). “Plant communities of Tasmanian wetlands.” Aust. J. Bot. 31(5): 437-451. Kirkpatrick, J.B., Minchin, P.R. & Davies, J.B. 1985. Floristic composition & macroenvironmental relationships of Tasmanian vegetation containing bolster plants. Vegetatio. 63, pp. 89-96. Ladd, P., D. Orchiston, et al. (1992). “Holocene vegetation history of Flinders Island.” New Phytologist 122(4): 757-767. Laffan, M. (1995). “Assessment & classification of site productivity & land suitability for Eucalypt [Eucalyptus] plantations in Tasmania.” ACLEP Newsletter 4(2): 12-16. Li, H., J. L. Madden, et al. (1995). “Variation in volatile leaf oils of the Tasmanian Eucalyptus species - 1. Subgenus Monocalyptus.” Biochemical Systematics & Ecology 23(3): 299-318. Li, H., J. L. Madden, et al. (1996). “Variation in volatile leaf oils of the Tasmanian Eucalyptus species II. Subgenus Symphyomyrtus.” Biochem. Syst. Ecol X: pp. Lynch, A. J. J. & J. B. Kirkpatrick (1995). “Pattern & process in alpine vegetation & landforms at Hill One, Southern Range, Tasmania.” Aust. J. Bot 43: 537-554. Macphail, M.K. 1979. Vegetation & in Southern Tasmania since the Last Glaciation. Quaternary Research 11, 306-41. Macphail, M. K. & E. A. Colhoun (1985). “Late last glacial vegetation, climates & fire activity in southwest Tasmania.” Search 16: 1-2. Macphail, M., G. Jordan, et al. (1993). “Key periods in the evolution of the flora & vegetation in western Tasmania I. the early-middle Pleistocene.” Australian Journal of Botany 41(6): 673-707. Macphail, M.K. & Peterson, J.A. 1975. New deglaciation dates from Tasmania. Search 6, 127-30. Maheswaran, J. & P. M. Attiwill (1987). “Loss of organic matter, elements, an organic fractions in decomposing Eucalyptus microcarpa leaf litter.” Can. J. Bot.. 65(12): 2601-2606. Marsden Smedley, J. & W. Catchpole (1995). “Fire behaviour modelling in Tasmanian buttongrass moorlands. I. Fuel characteristics.” International Journal of Wildland Fire 5(4): 203-214. Marsden Smedley, J. & Catchpole Wr (1995). “Fire behaviour modelling in Tasmanian buttongrass moorlands. II. Fire behaviour.” International Journal of Wildland Fire 5(4): 215-228.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 14 REFERENCE GUIDE

McCormick, N. (1991). “Lowland dry eucalypt forests.” Technical Bulletin Native Forest Silviculture, Forestry Commission, Tasmania(3). McCormick, N. & J. Cunningham (1989). “Uneven-aged forest management in Tasmania's dry sclerophyll forests.” Tasforests 1(1): 5-12. Minchin, P. R. (1989). “Montane vegetation of the Mt. Field massif, Tasmania: A test of some hypotheses about properties of community patterns.” Vegetatio 83: 1-2. Moore, A. & I. Noble (1990). “An individualistic model of vegetation stand dynamics.” Journal of Environmental Management 31(1): 61-81. Mount, A.B. (1982). Fire-cycles or succession in S.W. Tasmania. Search 13, 174-175. Nesbitt, K. A., B. M. Potts, et al. (1995). “Partitioning & distribution of RAPD variation in a forest tree species, Eucalyptus globulus ().” HEREDITY 1995 vol 74: 628-637. Neyland, M. & M. Brown (1994). “Disturbance of cool temperate rainforest patches in eastern Tasmania.” Australian Forestry 57(1): 1-10. Neyland, M. & J. Hickey (1990). “Leatherwood silviculture - implications for apiculture.” Tasforests 2(1): 63-72. Neyland, M. G. & M. J. Brown (1994). “Disturbance of cool temperate rainforest patches in eastern Tasmania.” Australian Forestry 57(1): 1-10. Nicholls, K.D. & Dimmock, G.M. 1965. Soils. In: Atlas of Tasmania (ed. J.L. Davies), Lands & Surveys Department, Hobart. Nunez, M., Kirkpatrick Jb, et al. (1996). “Rainfall estimation in south-west Tasmania using satellite images & phytosociological calibration.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 17(8): 1583-1600. Olesen, T. (1994). “Light climate as a factor in the morphological variation of Atherosperma moschatum in a Tasmanian forest.” Australian Journal of Ecology 19(1): 40-45. Ogden, J. 1978. Investigation of the dendrochronology of the genus Athrotaxis D. Don (Taxoidiaceae) in Tasmania. Tree Ring Bull. 38, 1-13. Ogden, J. & POWELL, J.A. 1979. A quantitative description of the forest vegetation on an altitudinal gradient in the Mt. Field National Park, Tasmania, & a discussion of its history & dynamics. Aust. J. Ecol. 193-325. Pannell, J. (1992). “Swamp Forests of Tasmania.” Forestry Commission, Hobart. Pemberton, M., 1989. Land Systems of Tasmania, Region 7: South West. Dept Agriculture, Hobart. Peterson, M. (1990). “Distribution & Conservation of Huon Pine.” Forestry Commission Tasmania, Hobart. Podger, F., T. , et al. (1988). “Human activity, fire & change in the forest at Hogsback Plain, Southern Tasmania.” Proceedings of the First national conference on Australian forest history, Canberra. Podger, F. & M. Brown (1989). “Vegetation damage caused by on disturbed sites in temperate rainforest in western Tasmania.” Australian Journal of Botany 37(6): 443-480. Podger, F., C. Palzer, et al. (1990). “A guide to the Tasmanian distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi & its effects on native vegetation.” Tasforests 2(1): 13-20. Polglase, P. & P. Attiwill (1992). “Nitrogen & phosphorus cycling in relation to stand age of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. I. Return from plant to soil in litterfall.” Plant & Soil 142(2): 157-166. Polglase, P., P. Attiwill, et al. (1992). “Nitrogen & phosphorus cycling in relation to stand age of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. II. N mineralization & nitrification.” Plant & Soil 142(2): 167- 176. Polglase, P., P. Attiwill, et al. (1992). “Nitrogen & phosphorus cycling in relation to stand age of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. III. Labile inorganic & organic P, phosphatase activity & P availability.” Plant & Soil 142(2): 177-185. Polglase, P. J., P. M. Attiwill, et al. (1986). “Immobilization of soil nitrogen following wildfire in two eucalypt forests of south-eastern Australia.” Acta Oecol. Oecol. Plant. 7(3): 261-271. Potts, B. M. (1983). Phenetic variation in the Eucalyptus gunnii-archeri complex. Colloque International sur les Eucalyptus résistants au Froid, Bordeaux, France, AFOCEL. Potts, B. M. (1985). “Variation in the Eucalyptus gunnii- archeri complex. 111. Reciprocal transplant trials.” Australian Journal of Botany 33: 687-704. Potts, B. M. (1985). Variation in the Eucalyptus gunnii-archeri complex on the Central Plateau, Tasmania. Current Research on Tasmanian High Altitude Eucalypt Forests, Hobart, Tasmania, Department of Geography, University of Tasmania.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 15 REFERENCE GUIDE

Potts, B. M. (1986). “Population dynamics & regeneration of a hybrid zone between Eucalyptus risdonii Hook. f. & E. amygdalina Labill.” Aust. J. Bot 34: 305-329. Potts, B. M. & W. D. Jackson (1986). Evolutionary processes in the Tasmanian high altitude eucalypts. Flora & Fauna of Alpine Australasia. Ages & Origins. B. A. Barlow. Melbourne, CSIRO: 511-527. Potts, B. M. & G. J. Jordan (1994). “The spatial pattern & scale of variation in Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus: Variation in seedling abnormalities & early growth.” Aust. J. Bot 42: 471- 492. Potts, B. M., W. C. Potts, et al. (1987). “Inbreeding & interspecific hybridization in Eucalyptus gunnii.” Silvae Genet 36 194-198. Potts, B. M. & J. B. Reid (1983). “Hybridization between l'Herit. & E. pulchella Desf.” Aust. J. Bot 31: 211-229. Potts, B. M. & J. B. Reid (1985). “Variation in the Eucalyptus gunnii-archeri complex. I. Variation in the adult phenotype.” Australian Journal of Botany 33: 337-359. Potts, B. M. & J. B. Reid (1985). “Variation in the Eucalyptus gunnii-archeri complex. II. The origin of variation.” Australian Journal of Botany 33: 519-541. Potts, B. M. & J. B. Reid (1988). “Hybridisation as a dispersal mechanism.” Evolution 42: 1245-1255. Potts, B. M. & J. B. Reid (1990). “The evolutionary significance of hybridization in Eucalyptus.” Evolution 44: 2151-2152. Potts, B. M. & R. J. E. Wiltshire (1997). Ch 4. Eucalypt genetics & genecology. Eucalypt Ecology: Individuals to Ecosystems. J. Williams & J. Woinarski. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 56-91. Read, J. (1995). “The importance of comparative growth rates in determining the canopy composition of Tasmanian rainforest.” Australian Journal of Botany 43(3): 243-271. Read, J. & J. R. Busby (1990). “Comparative response to temperature of the major canopy species of Tasmanian cool temperate rainforest & their ecological significance. II. Net & climate analysis.” Australian Journal of Botany 38(2): 185-205. Read, J. & R. S. Hill (1983). “Rainforest invasion onto Tasmanian old-fields.” Aust. J. Ecol 8: 149-161. Read, J. & R. S. Hill (1988). “The dynamics of some rainforest associations in Tasmania.” J. Ecol. 76(2): 558-584. Reid, JB, Hill, RS, Brown, M & Hovenden, M (1999). Vegetation of Tasmania ABRS, Canberra. Sale, M., B. M. Potts, et al. (1996). “Molecular differentiation within & between Eucalyptus risdonii, E. amygdalina & their hybrids using RAPD markers.” Australian Journal of Botany 44: 559- 569. Sale, M. M., B. M. Potts, et al. (1996). “Molecular differentiation within & between Eucalyptus risdonii, E. amygdalina & their hybrids using RAPD markers.” Aust. J. Bot ?: pp. Sale, M. M., B. M. Potts, et al. (1996). “Relationships within Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) using PCR- amplification & southern hybridisation of DNA.” Australian Systematic Botany 9: 273-282. Scanlon, A.P., Graham, J.F. & Yaxley, M.L. (eds). 1990. Behind the Scenery. Dept. of Education & the Arts, Tasmania. Schemske, D. W. & M. T. Morgan (1990). “The evolutionary significance of hybridization in Eucalyptus.” Evolution publ. 1991, 44(8): 2150-2151. Shapcott, A. (1995). “The spatial genetic structure in natural populations of the Australian temperate rainforest tree Atherosperma moschatum (Labill.) (Monimiaceae).” Heredity 74(1): 28-38. Shapcott, A., M. J. Brown, et al. (1996). “Stand structure, reproductive activity & sex expression in Huon pine (Lagarostrobos franklinii (Hook L.) Quinn.).” J. Biogeogr ?: pp. Shaw, M. J., B. M. Potts, et al. (1984). “Variation within & between Hook.f. & E. coccifera Hook.f.” Australian Journal of Botany 32: 641-654. Skinner, M. F. & P. M. Attiwill (1981). “The Productivity of Pine Plantations in Relation to Previous Land Use II. Phosphorus Adsorption Isotherms & the Growth of Pine Seedlings.” Plant & Soil 61(3): 329-339. Smith, J. M. B. (1981). “Colonist Ability, Altitudinal Range & Origins of the Flora of Mt. Field, Tasmania.” J. Biogeogr ?: pp. Steane, D. A., M. Byrne, et al. (1998). “Chloroplast DNA polymorphism signals complex interspecific interactions in Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae).” Australian Journal of Systematic Botany 11: in press. Thomas, I. & G. Hope (1994). “An example of Holocene vegetation stability from Camerons Lagoon, a near treeline site on the Central Plateau, Tasmania.” Aust. J. Ecol. 19(2): 150-158.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 16 REFERENCE GUIDE

Thomas, I. & J. B. Kirkpatrick (1996). “The roles of coastlines, people & fire in the development of heathlands in northeast Tasmania.” J. Biogeogr. 23(5): 717-728. Tyler, P. A. (1992). “A lakeland from the Dreamtime. The Second Founders' Lecture.” Br. Phycol. J ?. ?. Tyson, M. (1995). The determination of size & the estimation of age of genotypes in a mallee eucalypt stand, University of Tasmania. Wakefield, N.A. 1955. of Victoria & Tasmania. Field Naturalists Club of Victoria, Melbourne. Wang, L., P. M. Attiwill, et al. (1996). “Fertilizer impacts on the understorey of a regenerating mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell.) forest, Victoria.” Aust. J. Ecol. 21(4): 459- 463. West, P. & G. Osler (1995). “Growth response to thinning & its relation to site resources in Eucalyptus regnans.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25(1): 69-80. West, P. W. & K. F. Wells (1992). “Method of application of a model to predict the light environment of individual tree crowns & its use in a eucalypt forest.” Ecological Modelling 60(3-4): 199- 231. Weston, C. J. & P. M. Attiwill (1990). “Effects of fire & harvesting on nitrogen transformations & ionic mobility in soils of Eucalyptus regnans forests of south-eastern Australia.” Oecologia 83(1): 20-26. Weston, C. J. & P. M. Attiwill (1996). “Clearfelling & burning effects on nitrogen mineralization & leaching in soils of old-age Eucalyptus regnans forests.” For. Ecol. Manage. 89: 1-3. Whitham, T. G., P. A. Morrow, et al. (1994). “Plant hybrid zones as centers of : The herbivore community of two endemic Tasmanian eucalypts.” Oecologia 97, 481-490. Wilkinson, G., M. Battaglia, et al. (1993). “Silvicultural use & effects of fire.” Technical Bulletin Native Forest Silviculture, Forestry Commission, Tasmania No. 11, 60 pp.; (Forestry Commission): Tasmania. Wilkinson, G. & W. Neilsen (1995). “Implications of early browsing damage on the long term productivity of eucalypt forests.” Forest Ecology & Management 74(1-3): 117-124. Williams, K., F. Duncan, et al. (1990). “Biological conservation in Tasmania's production forests.” Tasforests 2(1): 73-78. Williams, RJ (1987). Patterns of air temperature & accumulation of snow in subalpine heathlands & grasslands on the Bogong High Plains, Victoria. Aust. J. Ecol. 12: 153-163. Willis, J.H. 1970. A Handbook of Plants in Victoria Vol.. 1 & 2, 2nd edn. Melb. Univ. Press, Melbourne. Wiltshire, R.J.E 1992. Section III. Eucalyptus morrisbyi R.G.Brett. In Wiltshire, R.J.E, Potts, B.M. Reid, J.B. & Brown, M.J. (Eds): Conservation of Endangered Species of Eucalypts in Tasmania. A report to the World Wildlife Fund. Wiltshire, R.J.E, Potts, B.M. & Reid, J.B. (1991). Phenetic affinities, variability & conservation status of a rare Tasmanian endemic, Eucalyptus morrisbyi R.G. Brett. In Banks, M.R. et al. (Eds): Aspects of Tasmanian Botany – A tribute to Winifred Curtis. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 31:213-229. Wiltshire, R. J. E., B. M. Potts, (1991). “A paedomorphocline in Eucalyptus: Natural variation in the E. risdonii/E. tenuiramis complex.” Aust. J. Bot. 39: 545-66. Wiltshire, R. J. E., B. M. Potts, & Reid, J.B. (1992). “A paedomorphocline in Eucalyptus . II. Variation in seedling morphology in the E. risdonii /E. tenuiramis complex.” Aust. J. Bot 40: 789-805. Yeats, GW & Lee, WG (1997). Burning in a New Zealand snow-tussock grassland: effects on vegetation & soil fauna. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 21, 73-79.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 17 TABLE 1 PLANT NAME DERIVATIONS

Acacia Gk. for a prickly Egyptian acculeata pointed, referring to the leaves acetosus having an acid taste adscendens rising upwards, ref. to the tendency of the flowering branchlets to stand erect aestivus, aestivalis of summer agrestis of fields or cultivated land alatus winged albus white alpestris, alpinus of the Alps or high mountains altissimus very tall altus tall, high angustatus narrow, slender Anopterus anomes= iregular; pteris= a wing, the has unequal wings apetala without petals arborescens treelike archeri, William Archer of Cheshunt near Deloraine - illustrator of Flora Tasmanie (1860) argenteus silvery Aristotelia thought to be in honour ofAristotle Atherosperma Gk. atheros= the beard of an ear of corn; sperm= a seed aureus golden yellow australis southern axillaris indicates that the flowers are in the axils of the leaves Banksia Sir Joseph Banks (1743-1820) Bedfordia Randolf Bedford beautiful native Billardiera Jacques Julien Labillardiere - Bruni D'Entrecasteaux Blandfordia possibly to honour son of a Duke of Marlborough Boronia Francesco Borone - Italian plant collector Brachycome Gk. brachys= short; comas= hair; ref. to the short pappus hair aroung the florets caeruleus sky blue caesius blue grey Caladenia Gk. kalos= beautiful; aden= a knob, ref. to the long slender flower parts end in dark clubs calcaratus spurred Callistemon Gk. kallistos= most beautiful; stemon= a campanulatus bell-like campestris of fields Count Alexandre Henri-Gabriel Cassini (1748-1832), a French botanist,who specialized in the Compositae castaneus chestnut coloured caudata tailed cerinthoides like Cerinthe, the honeywort or wax plant in the family Boraginaceae cinereus ash grey clavatus club shaped Clematis Gk. small vine coccineus scarlet collinus of hills comosus, comatus tufted concolor uniform in colour Coprosma Gk. kopros= dung; osme= smell corniculatus, cornutus having a hornlike appendage costatus, costatalis ribbed crassus thick, fleshy cyaneus dark blue cup-like, ref. to the flower dealbata off-white or silver derwentiana belonging to the Derwent River diemensis from Van Diemens Land LW Dillwyn (1778-1855) - English botanist Diplarrhena ????? discolor not uniform in colour dracophylla leaves resembling those of the Dragon Tree Drimys Gk. drimus - acid dulcis sweet dumosus bushy echinatus spiny edulis used for food elatus tall elodes of marshes ensatus swordlike Gk. epi= upon; akros= the top, ref. to ??? Eriostemon hairy esculentus edible Eucalyptus Gk. eu= well; kalyptos= covered, ref. to the operculum Eucryphia Gk. eu= well; kryphia= covering, the calyx forms a cap ferrugineus rust coloured flabellatus fanlike flavus pale yellow flexuosus bending alternately in opposite directions floribunda many-flowered floribundus flowering profusely fluitans floating fluviatilis of rivers foetidus foul smelling

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 18 TABLE 1 PLANT NAME DERIVATIONS fontinalis, fontanus of springs Forstera JR Forster & JGA Forster - Cook's 2nd voyage forsteri JR Forster & JGA Forster - Cook's 2nd voyage franklinii Sir John Franklin - naval Governor of VDL fulgens, fulgidus bright, shining fulvus yellow brown furcatus forked gelidus of cold regions Gentianella little gentian - from Gentius, King of Illyria who found the healing properties in the Yellow Gentian of Europe gentianoides leaves like those of a small gentian glandulosus small swellings or glands on the serrations of the leaf globulus a small globe glutinosus sticky Goodenia Samuel Goodenough (1743-1827) - Bishop, V.P. of Roy. Soc. gracilis slender graveolens strong smelling gunnii Ronald Campbell Gunn of Launceston hederaceus ivy-like Helichrysum Gk. helios= sun; khrysos= gold hepaticus liver coloured Hibbertia George Hibbert - London merchant hibernus, hiemalis of winter hirsutus hairy hookeri , visited Hobart 1840, Surgeon -General hookeriana Joseph Dalton Hooker, visited Hobart 1840, Surgeon -General horridus very bristly humulis dwarf impressa dented, ref. to the impressions at the base of the corrolla incarnatus flesh coloured indicus of Indigophera Indigo - Indian blue dye; fero= I carry insignis outstanding integrifolius having entire leaves johnstonii RM Johnston - junceus rushlike lacustris of lakes or ponds laevigatus smooth, polished lanatus, lanosus woolly lanceolata leaves shaped like lance-heads lasianthos Gk.lasios= hairy; anthos= a flower latifolius having broad leaves Leptospermum Gk. leptos= slender; sperma= seed leucanthus having white flowers limosus of muddy places lineatus marked with parellel lines littoralis of the seashore Gk. lomatos= an edge, ref. to the winged longiflora long flower luteus deep yellow Lyperanthos Gk. lyperos= mournful; anthos= flower major the larger marginata ref. to the tightly rolled leaf margins meredithae Louise Meredith - illustrator & author of popular books on plants & animals milliganii Dr Joseph Milligan - naturalist, Sec. to the Governor mollis softly hairy monogyna incorrectly indicates that the style is undivided - the plant has 3 free styles montana of the mountains montanus, monticolus of the mountains moraea from resemblance to S. African Butterfly Iris, named in honour of Robert Moore - English botanist (18th C) moschatum with a musky scent, ref. to ??????? nanus dwarf natans floating on or under water nemoralis, nemorosus of shade or woodlands niger black nivalis, niveus, nivea snow white, of the snow Nothofagus Gk. nothos= false; fagus= beech nudus naked nutans nodding, hanging occidentalis western, American officinalis having medical use Olearia probably from Olea, the olive, from the resemblance of the leaves in some species orientalis eastern, Asian ovata egg-shaped, ref. to the leaves paludosus, palustris of bogs, marshes, or swamps parvifolia small leaves parvus small peduncularis long flower stalk pilosa covered with distinct hairs Pimelea Gk. pimele= fat, ref. to the cotyledons plenus, pleniformis full, double Pomaderris Gk. poma = a lid; derris = skin, referring to the fact that the fruit opens by a thin lid pratensis of meadows Prionotes Gk. prion= a saw, ref. to the leaf margins procumbens prostrate or procumbent habit Prostanthera Gk. prostheke= appendage; anthera= anther, ref. to the projection on the anther

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 19 TABLE 1 PLANT NAME DERIVATIONS

pulcher beautiful punicea Gk. puniceus= scarlet, from Punica, the pomegranate, which bears dark scarlet flowers purpurascens purplish of turing purple pusillus very small; weak quadrifida split into four ramosus branched ramulosa ramulus= a small branch reniformis kidney shaped repens, reptans creeping, prostrate CAG Riche - botanist with D'Entrecasteaux riparius growing by rivers or streams rivularis, rivalis growing by streams or brooks rodwayi Leonard Rodway - The Tasmanian Flora (1903) roseus pink rostratus beaked ruber red ruderalis growing in rubbish rupestris growing on rocks salicina willow-like, referring to the leaves sativus cultivated saxatilis growing among rocks scaber rough scandens climbing scoparia from its resemblance to a small broom plant, Sarothamnus scoparius scorpioides like a scorpion sericeus silky serotinus late setaceus, setasus bristly sinensis of China speciosus good looking spectabilis showy spiceri Rev. WW Spicer - A Handbook of the Plants of Tasmania (1878). squamatus scaly squarrosus having overlapping leaves with outward- projecting tips Stackhousia John Stackhouse (1742-1819) - botanist, Cornwell, England stellulata little star Gk. styphelos= hard, rough, ref. to the leaves Telopea Gk. tele= distant; opas= colour tenuis slender terrestris of dry ground Tetratheca tetra = four, theca = box - alluding to the anthers tinctoria useful for dyeing tinctorius used for dyeing truncata ending abruptly as if cut off, ref. to the leaves umbrosus of shade uncinatus hooked usitassimus, utilis useful velutinus velvety ventricosus inflated, especially unevenly so vernalis, vernus of spring Veronica to honour St Veronica, a nun who died in Milan in 1497 verrucosus covered with warts versicolor variously coloured vescus small; edible virens, viridus green viridiflorus green flowering vulgaris common

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 20 KEY TO EUDICOT FAMILIES

Some of the more significant dicotyledonous families in the Tasmanian flora are listed below with some of their principal diagnostic features. This list is intended only as a guide to the recognition of the main Tasmanian families in the field; the characters cited are the most obvious ones which distinguish the families concerned, but they are not invariably confined to, or present in, the families they characterize; the word “usually” should be placed before almost every character in the list.

MYRTACEAE - myrtle family, eucalypts, bottlebrushes, tea-trees. Woody shrubs or trees. Leaves are alternate or opposite, simple & with no stipules; oil glands present & aromatic when crushed. Flowers regular, perianth 5+5 (2 whorls), petals may be fused into an operculum(e.g. Eucalyptus); stamens usually numerous, occasionally 5 or 10, sometimes united in bundles (e.g. Melaleuca); often inferior. Fruit usually dry, often a woody opening by valves at the top, or a . The arrangement of the fruit is a useful generic diagnostic. Major genera in Tasmania are: Eucalyptus, in which the flower has a perianth fused to become a deciduous operculum, stamens are many & conspicuous, Melaleuca, in which the stamens are the conspicuous part of the flower & are arranged in five bundles, woody capsules are sessile & clustered around the stem, Callistemon, similar flowers to Melaleuca, but the stamens are not clustered into bundles, similar arrangement of the woody fruit, Leptospermum, the petals are the showy part of the flower & the stamens are relatively short, capsules usually solitary. Also: , Kunzea, Thryptomene.

RUTACEAE - rue family, citrus, boronias, correas. Woody shrubs or (small) trees. Most have opposite leaves, which contain oil glands, & are aromatic when crushed. Surface features include stellate hairs & peltate scales. Flowers actinomorphic, perianth in (4)'s or (5)'s, stamens often double the number of petals. Ovary superior, disc often present. Fruit commonly dry & leathery, splitting into segments at maturity, or a berry as in the citrus group. Principal genera include: Boronia, Correa, Eriostemon, Nematolepis, Phebalium,Philotheca, Zieria.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 21 KEY TO EUDICOT FAMILIES

ASTERACEAE - (COMPOSITAE) daisy family Most numerous of all dicot. families, may be herbs, woody shrubs or small trees. Leaves with a taste like bitter lettuce. is a compact head (capitulum), surrounded by involucral . This may resemble a flower but is comprised of many florets. Fruit is usually dry, 1-seeded & indehiscent & may have a pappus of hairs, bristles or awns to aid in dispersal. Some genera are: Abrotanella, Bedfordia, Brachyscome, Cassinia, Celmisia, Cotula, Craspedia, Erigeron, Ewartia, , Helichrysum, Microseris, Olearia, Podolepsis, Pterygopappus, but there are 60 others.

ERICACEAE - heath family Most are small, woody shrubs (< 1 m). The leaves are usually small, tough & pointed, sessile or shortly stalked with (nearly) parallel venation (most obvious on the lower surface). Flowers regular, perianth in 5's. often grading into bracts of similar size & texture. Petals fused into a tube, 5 stamens, each anther opening by a single slit, ovary superior. The major Tasmanian genera are: Acrotriche, Astroloma, Archeria, Cyathodes, Drachophyllum, Epacris, Leucopogon, Monotoca, Pentachondra, Richea, Sprengelia, Styphelia.

PROTEACEAE - family, , , Small shrubs to small trees. Leaves are mostly simple but often lobed or deeply divided, & usually stiff & leathery, often terete & pungent (e.g. ). Flowers often characteristically irregular; perianth 4 - partite in a single whorl; stamens 4; ovary superior. Fruit often a woody or leathery follicle, sometimes aggregated in cones. Includes the genera: , Banksia, Bellendena, , , , , Hakea, Lomatia, , Telopea.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 22 KEY TO EUDICOT FAMILIES

CASUARINACEAE - she-oaks Small to medium trees, usually with a drooping habit. Leaves (except for the tips) fused with the branchlets & with each other along each internode & so appear to be reduced to small, scales arranged in whorls about photosynthetic, terete branches. She-oaks either monoecious or dioecious. Flowers non-petaloid; male flowers borne in a spike; female flowers borne in small globular heads that become the characteristic woody cone. One genus in Tasmania: Allocasuarina.

RHAMNACEAE - buckthorn family Small prostrate woody shrubs to medium trees. Young stems & leaves often with stellate hairs. Leaves are simple, often rugose (wrinkled) or with a rough surface. Stipules are present but may be deciduous. Flowers are regular but are usually inconspicuous, surrounded by conspicuous bracts. Petals (if present) opposite the stamens & often hooded over them. Ovary half inferior to inferior, conspicuous bracts surround inconspicuous flowers. Best known genera include: Pomaderris Spyridium & Cryptandra.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 23 KEY TO EUDICOT FAMILIES

LEGUMINOSAE - now separated into 3 families with 2 in Tasmania. a) - (PAPILLIONACEAE) pea family Herbs & woody shrubs. Leaves with stipules. Characteristic pea-flower, & legume (pod) fruit. Ovary superior. Best known genera include: , Bossiaeae, Daviesia, Dillwynia, Gompholobium, Hovea, Kennedya, Oxylobium, Platylobium, Pultenaea, Swainsonia. b) MIMOSACEAE - () mimosa family, wattles Small to large trees. Some with bipinnate leaves but most have phyllodes. Flowers are small, yellow, actinomorphic & arranged in heads or spikes with a mass of conspicuous yellow anthers. Fruit a legume. Includes the genus Acacia.

RUBIACEAE Trees, shrubs or, less frequently, herbs. Leaves opposite, oil glands sometimes present; stipules interpetiolar (at either side of the leaf-base & hence between the leaves) or intrapetiolar (in front of the leaf-base & hence between the leaf & the axis), sometimes leaf-like & distinguished from leaves only by the absence of buds in their axils (plants with stipules of this kind look as if there is a whorl of leaves at each node). Flowers usually hermaphrodite & regular. Ovary ± inferior, commonly bicarpellate. Fruit a capsule, berry or . Includes the genera: Coprosma, Galium, Opercularia.

EUPHORBIACEAE - spurges Trees, shrubs & herbs. Latex sometimes present. Inflorescence consists of several male flowers & one female flower enclosed in a cup-shped involucre of 5 fused bracts. There are no perianth parts (except for Ricinocarpus, which has distinct petals). Flowers unisexual; ovary superior, trilocular, sometimes stalked. Includes the genera: Amperea, Beyeria, Euphorbia, Poranthera, Ricinocarpus.

RANUNCULACEAE - buttercup family Most are herbs, but some (e.g. Clematis) are climbers. In Clematis, leaves are opposite, simple or compound, & twining. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, regular; sepals 4, petaloid; no petals; stamens & carpels indefinite in number. Female flowers become a cluster of achenes, each bearing a long, plumose awn derived from the style. Includes the genera: Clematis & Ranunculus.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 24 KEY TO EUDICOT FAMILIES

LAURACEAE - laurel family Parasitic perrenials in Tasmania (Cassytha), with tough twining stems. Attach to host plants by haustoria. Leaves reduced to minute scales. Flowers are small, regular & bisexual. Perianth in two whorls of 3; 9 stamens in 3 whorls of 3; carpel solitary; ovary superior. Fruit is a berry or drupe.

BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE) Herbs; leaves with a sharp taste like raddish, often with a strong odour; sepals & petals 4, stamens 6; fruit bilocular, the outer walls separating from below upwards when ripe & leaving the seeds attached to the septum dividing the loculi (a siliqua if long & narrow, a silicula if short & broad). Includes: Cardamine, Cheesemannia, Cuphonotus, Lepidium, Stenopetalum.

APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE) – parsley family Herbaceous; leaves compound or deeply dissected, with a taste like celery or parsley & a characteristic smell; bases of petioles sheathing; stems often ridged; internodes often hollow or with a broad pith; inflorescence an umbel; flowers small, actinomorphic, 5-partite except for the ovary; ovary inferior, stigmas 2. Includes the genera: Actinotus, Apium, Centella, Diplaspis, Hydrocotyle, Lilaeopsis, Oreomyrrhis, Trachymena, Xanthosia.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE Herbaceous; leaves opposite; nodes swollen; inflorescence a dichasium; placentation free central; fruit a capsule. Includes the genera: Colobanthus, Spergularia, Stellaria.

SCROPHULARIACEAE Corolla bilabiate; stamens 4 or 2; fruit a 2-celled capsule. Includes the genera: Euphrasia, Gratiola, Limosella, Mazus, Nimulus, Ourisia, Veronica.

LAMIACEAE (LABIATAE) – mint family Most are aromatic shrubs or herbs. The stems are often quadrangular in cross-section with simple, opposite, or occasionally whorled leaves. usually axillary cymose clusters. Flowers zygomorphic, bisexual with 5 united sepals & petals, both the calyx & corolla bilabiate (2-lipped); stamens 4 or 2. Fruit splits into 4 achene-like nutlets. Includes the genera: Mentha, Prostanthera, Prunella, Westringia.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 25 KEY TO MONOCOT FAMILIES

Most monocots are herbaceous annuals or perennials that shoot each season from an underground storage organ (bulb, corm or ) although some do form small woody trees (e.g. Xanthorrhoea). Many species have short stems & most leaves are basal, sometimes forming dense tussocks. The leaves are usually long & slender & have parallel venation. The floral parts are usually in 3's. When the perianth is petaloid (showy) there are usually two whorls, each of 3 parts. In the grasses, sedges & rushes, the perianth may be much reduced or absent. Below is a key that might be useful for determining the family of a flowering specimen.

A Basic Key to the Common Monocotyledonous Families of Tamania (based on floral characters).

1) Petaloid perianth present a) Perianth actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) XANTHORRHOEACEAE AMARYLLIDACEAE

b) Perianth zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetrical) ORCHIDACEAE IRIDACEAE 2) Petaloid perianth absent a) Flowers arranged in spikelets (i) Leaves conspicuous CENTROLEPIDACEAE POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)

(ii) Leaves reduced to sheathing scales

b) Flowers arranged in clusters

LILIACEAE - lily family Plants herbaceous. Leaves often linear & grass-like arising from a bulb, tuber, corm or rhizome. Flowers actinomorphic, usually bisexual. Inflorescence often a . Perianth 2 whorls of 3 , free or united; stamens 6; carpels 3; ovary superior. Fruit usually a capsule or berry. Best known genera include: , Blandfordia, Burchardia, Dianella, Drymophila, Milligania.

XANTHORRHOEACEAE- grass-trees, mat-rushes Small trees or perennials with more or less woody stems. Leaves are tough & linear. Flowers radially symmetrical, usually bisexual but sometimes unisexual in Lomandra. Inflorescence may be spike-like or flowers may be solitary. Tepals 6, in 2 whorls of 3, free or united; stamens 6; carpels 3, united; ovary superior. Fruit usually a capsule. Best known genera include: Lomandra, Xanthorrhoea

AMARYLLIDACEAE- amaryllis family Plants herbaceous. Leaves linear arising from a bulb. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual. Inflorescence usually an umbel, borne on a scape (stalk). Perianth 2 whorls of 3 tepals, free or united; stamens 6; carpels 3; ovary often inferior. Fruit a capsule or berry. Mostly naturalised aliens, e.g. Agapanthus, Allium, Narcissus.

KPA37526 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook KEY TO MONOCOT FAMILIES

IRIDACEAE - iris family Plants herbaceous. Leaves often linear & grass-like forming a rosette or a tuft & arising from a bulb, corm or rhizome. Flowers bisexual. Inflorescences various, often panicles. Perianth of 6 tepals, inner or outer whorlk may be united to form a tube; stamens 3; carpels 3; ovary inferior. Fruit a capsule. Best known genera include:, Diplarrena, , Patersonia.

ORCHIDACEAE - orchid family Most orchids are perennial herbs, arising annually from , tubers or thickened rootstocks. Flowers zygomorphic with one (the labellum) very different from the others & a central column; stamen 1, fused with the style; ovary inferior. Best known genera include: Caladenia, Cryptostylis, Diuris, Prasophyllum, Pterostylis, Thelymitra.

CENTROLEPIDACEAE Leaves radical; small moss-like plants < 10 cm. Flowers unisexual or bisexual subtended by 2 or more longer, subequal bracts; one stamen; fruit dehiscent. Best known genera include: Centrolepis, Gaimardia.

POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) - grasses Plants herbaceaous. Culms (upper stalks) usually terete (circular in cross-section), with hollow internodes. Leaves sheathing, open, ligules present (small flap of tissue at the junction of the leaf blade & sheath). Flower bisexual subtended by two bracts (palea + lemma); perianth segments 2, in 1 whorl. Fruit circular in cross section; pericarp & testa fused. Best known genera include: Agropyron, Agrostis, Deyeuxia, Danthonia, Eragrostis, Hierochloe, Poa, Setaria, Sporobolus, Stipa, Tetrarrhena.

KPA375 Field Botany - Mt Field Handbook 27 KEY TO MONOCOT FAMILIES

CYPERACEAE - sedges Leaves sheathing, closed, ligules absent. Stems solid, often triangular in cross-section. Flowers bisexual subtended by 1 . Perianth segments 0-6, in 1 whorl. Fruit often triangular in cross-section, pericarp & testa free from one another. Best known genera include: Carex, , Cladium, , Gymnoschoenus, , Oreobolus, Schoenus, Scirpus, Unscinia.

Table 2. Differences between Cyperaceae & Poaceae

CYPERACEAE POACEAE Stems usually solid & triangular in cross- Internodes usually hollow & stems usually section; ligules usually absent. circular in cross-section; ligules usually present. Leaf sheath closed. Leaf sheath not closed. Inflorescence usually subtended by one or Inflorescence not usually subtended by leaf- more leaf-like involucral bracts. like involucral bracts. Spikelets not usually subtended by bracts, Spikelets usually subtended by two bracts, individual florets usually subtended by one individual florets also usually subtended by two bract. bracts. Perianth absent or represented by up to 6 Perianth usually represented by 2 lodicules. scales or bristles. Pericarp & testa usually free from one another, Pericarp & testa usually fused, embryo usually embryo surrounded by the endosperm. on one side of the endosperm.

RESTIONACEAE Perennial herbs. Flower unisexual, subtended by 1 bract. Perianth segments 4-6, in 2 whorls; loculi of the ovary 1-3, ovules 1 per loculus. Best known genera include: Acion, Calorophus, , , Lepidobolus, , Restio.

JUNCACEAE Leaves often reduced to basal sheathing scales. Flowers bisexual. Perianth segments 6 free & equal scarious parts, in 2 whorls; carpels 1-3, ovules commonly 1 per loculus; fruit a nut. Best known genera include: Juncus, Lugula, Xerotes.

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 28 List of Plant Communities

Site no. LOWLAND: 0-600m East South Altit. (m) 1.1 Dry sclerophyll forest - near the park 4775 52739 185 entrance 1.2 Wet sclerophyll forest - near the Tall 4755 52743 250 Trees Walk 2.1 Sedgeland/heathland near the post- 46563 52647 275 /pre-Carboniferous geolog. bound. 2.2 Sclerophyll shrubbery (Kallista Ck) on 46142 526569 380 the Scotts Peak Dam Road 2.3 Tim Shea - well it should be subalpine, 4562 52703 926 shouldn't it? 2.4 Rainforest - the Creepy Crawly Nature 44968 525744 463 Walk, Scotts Peak Dam Road 2.5 Buttongrass moorland with E. nitida 44945 525159 395 copses - Gelignite Creek Site no. SUB-ALPINE: 600-1000m (E. delegatensis - E. coccifera) 1.3 Sphagnum bog - near the Lyrebird 4732 52742 645 Nature Walk 1.4 Mixed forest - Lyrebird Nature Walk (alt. 4728 52746 680 680m) 1.5 Subalpine woodland near Lake Fenton 4695 52746 1000

1.6 Subalpine sclerophyll woodland at 4685 52741 1050 Wombat Moor 1.7 Subalpine woodland near Lake Dobson 4663 52739 1000

Site no. ALPINE: alt. over 1000m

1.8 Coniferous shrubbery & Sclerophyll 4657 52742 1240 heath- above Ski Huts 1.9 Coniferous shrubbery & alpine 4648 52757 1180 rainforest- Roberts Tarn 1.10 Herbfield & microshrubbery - halfway 4641 52758 1150 along Tarn Shelf 1.11 Coniferous shrubbery & Sclerophyll 4639 52757 1150 heath after fire 1.12 Microshrubbery (cushion plant 4631 52771 1280 community) at Newdegate Pass Site no. Logged lowland mixed-forest

3.1 Clearfelled, burnt, 1999, "natural 4663 52638 400 regeneration" 3.2 Clearfelled, burnt, 1990, "natural 4633 52633 350 regeneration" 3.3 Clearfelled, burnt, 1951, "natural 4666 52634 420 regeneration" 3.4 Selective logging, not burnt, 400years, 4720 52596 350

Select the image to view full size

Grid Reference E4775 S52739. Altitude 185m.

Site Description: Marginal dry sclerophyll forest, possibly maintained by the interaction of the soil type, aspect and frequent disturbance by fire.

Distinguishing species: Ecological factors: Light brown grey, stony uniform sandy-loam on Amperea Soil: xiphoclada bedrock. Aspect: North-West 290 degrees. Aotus ericoides Slope: 5-25 degrees. Rainfall 950mm (annual): Dianella revoluta Vegetation Eucalyptus obliqua / type: open forest Epacris impressa Geology: Permian mudstone / siltstone

Eucalyptus amygdalina Vegetation Structure

Exocarpus open E. obliqua/E. amygdalina forest to 15m cupressiformis understorey of Exocarpus and Banksia. shrublayer of Epacris impressa, Pultenaea juniperina, Leptospermum Davisea latifolia. scoparium Very sparse ground layer of Gonocarpus teucroides with Pteridium high coverage of bare ground, rocks and litter. esculentum Fire Frequency Pultenaea juniperina controls structure of vegetation species present adapted to fire including increased number of Fabaceae members soil and nutrient status affected by fire KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 30

Quadrat Site 1.1 Dry sclerophyll forest - near the park entrance (alt. 160m) Emergent Dominant Subdominan t Understorey Shrub Groundcover Others

Height top (m) Height bottom Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

DENNSTA Pteridium esculentum ERICACEA Epacris impressa EUPHORBIACAmperea xiphoclada FABACEA Aotus ericoides FABACEA Daviesia latifolia FABACEA Daviesia ulicifolia FABACEA Pultenaea daphnoides FABACEA Pultenaea juniperina HALORAG Gonocarpus tetragynus HALORAG Gonocarpus teucrioides LAURACEA Cassytha glabella LILIACEAE Dianella revoluta MIMOSAC Acacia dealbata MIMOSAC Acacia melanoxylon MYRTACE Eucalyptus amygdalina MYRTACE Eucalyptus obliqua MYRTACE PITTOSPORARhytidosporum procumbens PROTEAC PROTEAC juniperina SANTALAC Exocarpus cupressiformis SANTALAC Leptomeria drupacea

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 31

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 32

Notes Site ______Day______

Select the image to view full size

Grid Reference E4755 S52743. Altitude 250m.

Site Description: Wet sclerophyll forest with gigantic emergent eucalypts 70m tall, with a typical closed understorey of a variety of Acacia species, and the indicator species Olearia argophylla (musk).

Distinguishing species: Ecological factors Dicksonia Soil: Deep gradational clay loam over light brown clay. antarctica Aspect: South-East 120 degrees Eucalyptus Slope: 1-5 degrees obliqua Rainfall 750-1000mm (annual): Eucalyptus Vegetation Eucalyptus regnans Eucalyptus obliqua tall regnans type: open-forest. Olearia Geology: Permian mudstone and siltstone. argophylla

Pomaderris Vegetation Structure apetala Discontinuing canopy of E. obliqua and E. regnans, suggesting

fire events of reasonably long intervals. Canopy 60m in height with a 25-50% canopy cover. Understorey of Acacia sp., 25-30m in height and >75% coverage. Ground cover, 3-4m and sparse consisting mainly of species (Dicksonia antartica)

Vegetation Processes

successional processes including regeneration events, role in Nitrogen fixation, Eucalypt and rainforest species interactions. KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 34

Quadrat Scoresheet Site 1.2 Wet sclerophyll forest - near the Tall Trees Walk (alt. 250m) Emergent layer Dominant layer Subdominant layer Understorey Shrub layer Groundcover Others

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus regnans MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus obliqua RHAMNACEA Pomaderris apetala Olearia argophylla Nematolepis squamea RUTACEAE Zieria arborescens MIMOSACEA Acacia verniciflua MIMOSACEA Acacia melanoxylon MIMOSACEA Acacia dealbata Monotoca glauca RUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifida LILIACEAE Drymophila cyanocarpa DICKSONIAC Dicksonia antarctica DENNSTAED Histiopteris incisa DENNSTAED Pteridium esculentum BLECHNACEA Blechnum wattsii BLECHNACEA Blechnum nudum

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 35

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 36

Notes Site ______Day______

Select the image to view full size

Grid Reference E4732 S52742. Altitude 645m.

Site Description: Waterlogging as a result of the underlying sandstone shelf has produced a dramatically different vegetation type from the adjacent Site 1.4, with very slow-growing plants, the remarkable pandani "palms" and sphagnum bog.

Distinguishing species: Ecological factors: Anodopetalum Peat / sandy loam over shallow dark grey brown Soil: biglandulosum sandy loam. Phyllocladus Aspect: South-East 115 degrees. aspleniifolius Slope: < 5 degrees. Richea Rainfall: 1250mm. pandanifolia Vegetation Implicate Rainforest / Sphagnum bog. type: Sphagnum Geology: Triassic sandstone. australe

Tetracarpaea tasmanica Vegetation Structure Implicate rainforest species (Phyllocladus sp. and Anodopetalum biglandulosum) and stunted, 5-10m, canopy coverage >75% excepting over the sphagnum bog. Understorey predominantly epacrid species with Richea pandanifolia to 2.5m Groundcover dependent on waterlogging, generally Sphagnum sp.

Vegetation Processes

Edaphic disclimax of vegetation through waterlogging. Interaction of nutrients and soil pH. Difference in floristic composition over small distance is pronounced. KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 38

Notes Site ______Day______

Select the image to view full size

Grid Reference E4728 S52746. Altitude 680m.

Site Description: Wet sclerophyll forest being replaced by rainforest in the absence of fire, producing emergent eucalypts (big ones!) with a closed understorey of rainforest species.

Ecological factors: Clay Loam over brown, uniform deep stony clay Soil: loam. Aspect: East 90 degrees Slope: 5-10 degrees Rainfall: 1250 mm Vegetation Mixed forest (Eucalyptus delegatensis tall - Distinguishing species: type: forest). Anopterus Geology: Triassic sandstone glandulosus Atherosperma moschatum Vegetation Structure Eucalyptus Rainforest canopy species (Nothofagus sp. and delegatensis Atherosperma) approximately 25-30m and 95% coverage, emergent eucalypts upto 60m. Nothofagus Understorey generally composed of rainforest species cunninghamii Groundcover dominated by ferns and bryophytes. Phyllocladus aspleniifolius Vegetation Processes

Mixed forest- a reality or a seral successional stage, a disclimax. Light limitation on understorey vegetation restricts growth to rainforest species. Absence of a fire event in the next 50-100 years will result in die-off of emergent eucalypts and no regeneration of eucalypt seedlings therefore a pure rainforest will result. KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 40

Quadrat Site 1.4 Mixed forest - Lyrebird Nature Walk (alt. 680m) Vegetation structure of a wet sclerophyll / rainforest community Emergent Dominant Subdominant Understorey Shrub Groundcover Others

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cover* Cover* Cover* Cover* Cover* Cover* Cover (%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASPIDIA Polystichum proliferum BLECHN Blechnum wattsii DENNS Histiopteris incisa DICKSO Dicksonia antarctica ELAEOC Aristotelia peduncularis EPACR Trochocarpa gunnii ESCALL FAGAC Nothofagus cunninghamii MONOM Atherosperma moschatum MYRTA Eucalyptus delegatensis PROTEA RANUN Clematis aristata RUBIAC Coprosma hirtella RUBIAC Coprosma quadrifida

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

Select image to view full size

Grid Reference E4695 S52746. Altitude 1000m.

Site Description: A subalpine woodland with an amazing variety of shrub species, mostly members of the Proteaceae and Epacridaceae families but some striking daisies as well.

Ecological factors: Deep uniform yellowish Soil: brown, very stony clay loam. Aspect: East-North-East 80 degrees Distinguishing species: Slope: 9 degrees Cyathodes Orites Rainfall: 1550mm. straminea diversifolia Vegetation low Tasmannia Richea type: woodland. lanceolata pandanifolia Geology: Dolerite.

Eucalyptus Richea coccifera scoparia Vegetation Structure

Eucalyptus Telopea Species rich sclerophyll woodland subcrenulata truncata dominated by E. coccifera / E. subcrenulata to 10-15m Gaultheria Trochocarpa Understorey to 3m consisting of hispida thymifolia Proteaceae and Epacrids. N. cunnnighamii and Athrotaxis selaginiodes also present. Lomatia Olearia polymorpha pinifolia Vegetation Processes

Vegetation is prevalent on slightly sheltered slopes allowing for cold air drainage and abundant water.

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 41

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 42

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 44

Quadrat Scoresheet Site 1.5 Subalpine sclerophyll woodland at Lake Fenton (alt. 1000m)

Groundcove Canopy Shrub r Quadrat size _____x______m layer layer layer

* Cover * Cover * Cover (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASTERACEAE Olearia erubescens ASTERACEAE Olearia persoonioides ASTERACEAE Olearia pinifolia ASTERACEAE Ozothamnus hookeri rubioides ERICACEAE Cyathodes dealbata ERICACEAE Cyathodes straminea ERICACEAE Epacris serpyllifolia juniperina subsp. ERICACEAE parvifolia ERICACEAE Richea gunnii ERICACEAE Richea pandanifolia ERICACEAE Richea sprengelioides ERICACEAE Trochocapa thymifolia ERICACEAE Gaultheria hispida ESCALLIONIACEAE Tetracarpaea tasmanica LILIACEAE MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus coccifera MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus subcrenulata MYRTACEAE Leptospermu MYRTACEAE m lanigerum Leptospermu MYRTACEAE m rupestre PROTEACEAE PROTEACEAE PROTEACEAE PROTEACEAE PROTEACEAE Orites revoluta PROTEACEAE Telopea truncata RESTIONACEAE RUBIACEAE Coprosma nitida RUTACEAE Boronia citriodora RUTACEAE Boronia pilosa Tasmannia lanceolata

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 46

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 47

Notes Site ______Day______

Select Image to view full size

Grid Reference E4695 S52746. Altitude 1050m.

Site Description: An abrupt boundary between a moorland community and a subalpine community with very different floristic composition. The question is, "why?"

Ecological factors: Deep uniform yellow vorwn, very stony clay loam in Soil: woodland, abruptly grading to deep, dark brown to black peat. Aspect: North-west, 315 degrees. Distinguishing species: Slope: 5 degrees. Astelia Eucalyptus Rainfall: 2030mm alpina coccifera Eucalyptus coccifera / Baeckea Eucalyptus Eucalyptus subcrenulata gunniana subcrenulata Vegetation woodland with abrupt type: boundary to Astelia alpina / Boronia Gleichenia Gleichenia alpina closed - citriodora alpina herbland (see top left photo). Geology: Dolerite. Cyathodes Leptospermum straminea rupestre Vegetation Structure Tasmannia Richea lanceolata scoparia Boundary between open woodland and moorland Epacris Trochocarpa Open E. coccifera / E. subcrenulata serpyllifolia thymifolia woodland, 10-15m in height, <40% cover Understorey of shrubs to 1.5m composed of Bauera rubioides and Richea scoparia. Moorlands consist of emergent shrubs of Leptospermum rupestre, Epacris serpyllifolia, Boronia citriodora. Groundcover >95% consisting of Gleichenia alpina and Astelia alpina. KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 49

Transect Scoresheet Site 1.6 Subalpine sclerophyll woodland at Wombat Moor (alt. 1050m) Transition from woodland copse to moor Transect interval (m) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

Soil depth (cm) Soil pH * Cove Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASTERACEA Ozothamnus hookeri CUNONIAC Bauera rubioides ERICACEAE Cyathodes straminea ERICACEAE Epacris serpyllifolia ERICACEAE Leptecophylla juniperina subsp. parvifolia ERICACEAE Richea pandanifolia ERICACEAE Richea sprengelioides GLEICHENIA Gleichenia alpina HALORAGA Gonocarpus serpyllifolius LILIACEAE Astelia alpina MYRTACEA MYRTACEA Eucalyptus coccifera MYRTACEA Eucalyptus subcrenulata MYRTACEA MYRTACEA Leptospermum rupestre PROTEACE Orites acicularis PROTEACE Orites revoluta RESTIONAC Empodisma minus RUBIACEAE Coprosma nitida RUTACEAE Boronia citriodora RUTACEAE Boronia pilosa WINTERAC Drimys lanceolata

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 50

Quadrat Scoresheet Site 1.6 Subalpine sclerophyll woodland at Wombat Moor (alt. 1050m)

Canopy Shrub Groundcover layer layer layer

* Cover * Cover * Cover Soil depth (cm) (%) (%) (%) Soil pH

Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASTERACEAE Ozothamnus hookeri CUNONIACEAE Bauera rubioides ERICACEAE Cyathodes parvifolia ERICACEAE Cyathodes straminea ERICACEAE Epacris serpyllifolia ERICACEAE Richea pandanifolia ERICACEAE Richea sprengelioides GLEICHENIACEAE Gleichenia alpina LILIACEAE Astelia alpina MYRTACEAE Baeckea gunniana MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus coccifera MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus subcrenulata MYRTACEAE Leptospermum rupestre PROTEACEAE Orites acicularis PROTEACEAE Orites revoluta RESTIONACEAE Empodisma minus RUBIACEAE Coprosma nitida RUTACEAE Boronia citriodora RUTACEAE Boronia pilosa WINTERACEAE Tasmannia lanceolata

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 51

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 52

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 53

Notes Site ______Day______

Select Image to view full size

Grid Reference E4663 S52739. Altitude 1000m.

Site Description: A tremendeous variety of shrubby species, mostly members of the Proteaceae and Epacridaceae families.

Distinguishing species: Ecological factors: Cyathodes Lomatia Deep uniform yellowish parvifolia polymorpha Soil: brown, very stony clay loam. Cyathodes Olearia North-north-east to east, 10 Aspect: straminea persoonioides degrees -90 degrees. Cyathodes Olearia Slope: Flat but with nearby slope. juniperina pinifolia Rainfall: 2000-2500mm. Eucalyptus coccifera / Epacris Orites Eucalyptus subcrenulata serpyllifolia diversifolia woodland grading to Vegetation Athrotaxis cuppressoides type: Eucalyptus Richea closed - forest with coccifera pandanifolia emergent Eucalyptus subcrenulata. Eucalyptus Tasmannia subcrenulata lanceolata Geology: Dolerite.

Exocarpos Telopea humifusus truncata

Gaultheria Tetracarpaea hispida tasmanica

Leptospermum Trochocarpa lanigerum thymifolia

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 55

Notes Site ______Day______

Select Image to view full size

Grid Reference E4657 S52742. Altitude 1240m.

Site Description:

Distinguishing species: Ecological factors: Shallow yellowish brown, Bellendena Orites Soil: montana revoluta very stony clay loam. East-north-east, 60 Aspect: Ozothamnus degrees. Diselma archerii rodwayii Slope: < 5 degrees. Microcachrys Pimelia Rainfall: 2600mm. tetragona sericea Alpine coniferous closed Vegetation Microstrobos Podocarpus heath / Sclerophyll type: niphophilus lawrencii open-heath. Geology: Dolerite. Richea Olearia ledifolia scoparia

Orites acicularis

Common species at this site KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 57 Quadrat Site 1.8 Coniferous shrubbery and sclerophyll heath - above Ski Huts (alt. 1240m) Vegetation structure of an alpine rainforest? community Emergent layer Dominant layer Subdomina nt layer Understore y Shrub layer Groundcov er Others

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASTERAC Celmisia saxifraga ASTERAC Ewartia planchonii? ASTERAC Ozothamnus rodwayi ASTERAC Olearia ledifolia ASTERAC Senecio pectinatus CUPRESS Diselma archerii Drosera sp. ERICACEA Cyathodes dealbata ERICACEA Planocarpa petiolaris ERICACEA Epacris serpyllifolia ERICACEA Pentachondra pumila ERICACEA Richea scoparia ERICACEA Richea sprengeliodes ERICACEA Sprengelia incarnata GENTIANA Chinogentias diemensis LYCOPOC Huperzia australiana MYRTACE Baeckea gunniana MYRTACE Eucalyptus coccifera MYRTACE Leptospermum rupestre POACEAE Poa alpina PODOCAR Microcachrys tetragona PODOCAR Microstrobos niphophilus Pherosphaera hookeriana PODOCAR Podocarpus lawrencii PROTEAC Bellendena montana PROTEAC Orites acicularis PROTEACEAOrites revoluta RESTIONACEEmpodisma minus ROSACEAE Acaena montana SANTALACEAExocarpos humifusus SCROPHULAEuphrasia collinus SCROPHULAEuphrasia striata TAXODIACEAAthrotaxis cuppressoides TAXODIACEAAthrotaxis selaginoides THYMELIACEPimelea sericea WINTERACETasmannia lanceolata

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 58

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 59

Notes Site ______Day______

Select Image to view full size

Grid Reference E4648 S52757. Altitude 1180m.

Site Description:

Distinguishing species: Ecological factors: Archeria Soil: Shallow yelowish brown, very stony clay loam. comberi Aspect: East-north-east, 60 degrees. Nothofagus Slope: < 5 degrees. gunnii Rainfall: 2600mm. Persoonia Vegetation Alpine coniferous closed heath / open montane gunnii type: rainforest. Geology: Dolerite.

Common species at this site KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 61

Notes Site ______Day______

Select Image to view full size

Grid Reference E4641 S52758. Altitude 1150m.

Site Description: Fascinating vegetation type, less than 10cm in height but a wealth of species.

Ecological factors: Shallow fibrous peat over Soil: shallow olive brown, stony clay loam. Distinguishing species: North-north-east, 20 Lepidosperma Aspect: degrees. inops Slope: < 5 degrees. Celmisia Microcachrys Rainfall: 2600mm. saxifraga tetragona Vegetation Alpine herbfield / Cyathodes Mitrasacme type: microshrubbery. dealbata montana Geology: Dolerite. Oreobolus milliganii pumilio Vegetation Structure Drosera Pentachondra arcturi pumila less than 0.1m high, a mat of continuous cover except for rock outcrops. Ewartia Senecio planchonii pectinatus main species Gymnosperms, but generally a very diverse assemblage Helichrysum of species with >15 spp in a 0.5m x pumilum 0.5m quadrat, many epacrids.

Vegetation Processes Exposure Snowlie creates equivalent of mainland herbfields. KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 63

Quadrat Site 1.10 Herbfield along the Tarn Shelf (alt. 1150m) Vegetation structure of an alpine rainforest? community Emergent Emergent layer Dominant layer Subdominant layer Understorey Shrub layer Groundcover Others

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cover* Cover* Cover* Cover* Cover* Cover* Cover (%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

APIACEAE Actinotus moorei APIACEAE Actinotus suffocata APIACEAE Diplaspis cordifolia APIACEAE Diplaspis hydrocotyle APIACEAE Trachymene humilis ASTERACEAE Abrotanella scapigera ASTERACEAE Celmisia saxifraga ASTERACEAE Cotula alpina ASTERACEAE Erigeron gunnii ASTERACEAE Erigeron pappocromus ASTERACEAE Erigeron stellatus ASTERACEAE Erigeron tasmanicus ASTERACEAE Ewartia planchonii ASTERACEAE Helichrysum pumilum ASTERACEAE Senecio pectinatus CENTROLEPIDACGaimardia fitzgeraldii CENTROLEPIDACGaimardia setacea CUPRESSACEAEDiselma archerii CYPERACEAE Carpha alpina CYPERACEAE Lepidosperma inops CYPERACEAE Oreobolus acutifolius CYPERACEAE Oreobolus distichus CYPERACEAE Oreobolus pumilio Drosera arcturi ERICACEAE Cyathodes dealbata ERICACEAE Dracophyllum milliganii ERICACEAE Pentachondra pumila ERICACEAE Richea sprengeliodes HALORAGACEAEGonocarpus montanus LILIACEAE Campynema lineare LOGANIACEAE Schizacme archeri LOGANIACEAE Schizacme montana LYCOPODIACEA Huperzia sp PODOCARPACEAMicrocachrys tetragona PODOCARPACEAPherosphaera hookeriana PROTEACEAE Bellendena montana humifusus SCROPHULARIA Euphrasia sp.

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 64

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 65

Notes Site ______Day______

Select Image to view full size

Grid Reference E4641 S52758. Altitude 1080m.

Site Description: Fire has a devastating effect on alpine vegetation, as can be seen in the dramatic fire scar (left) and the dead Pencil Pine stags (right) more than 30 years later. Recovery is slow because the alpine vegetation is poorly adapted to fire, soil is thin and subject to erosion after fire, and growth rates of alpine vegetation (especially the gymnosperms) is very slow.

Distinguishing species: Ecological factors: Ewartia Shallow fibrous peat over Astelia alpina planchonii Soil: shallow olive brown, stony clay loam. Baeckea North-north-east, 20 Gnaphalium sp. Aspect: gunniana degrees. Carpha Microcachrys Slope: < 5 degrees. rodwayii tetragona Rainfall: 2600mm. Celmisia Oreobolus Vegetation Alpine / microshubbery. saxifraga pumilio type: Geology: Dolerite. Cyathodes Ozothamnus dealbata rodwayi Dracophyllum Pentachondra milliganii pumila Richea Drosera arcturi scoparia

Epacris Senecio serpyllifolia pectinatus

Sprengelia incarnata

Common species at this site KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 67 Transect Scoresheet Site 1.11 Coniferous shrubbery and Sclerophyll heath after fire. Fire Fire boundary Transect interval (m) 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12

Soil depth (cm) Soil pH * Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASTERAC Celmisia saxifraga ASTERAC Ewartia planchonii ASTERAC Gnaphalium sp. ASTERAC Ozothamnus rodwayi ASTERAC Senecio pectinatus CUPRES CUPRES Athrotaxis selaginoides CUPRES Diselma archerii CYPERA Carpha rodwayii CYPERA Oreobolus pumilio DROSER Drosera arcturi ERICACE Cyathodes dealbata ERICACE Dracophyllum milliganii ERICACE Epacris serpyllifolia ERICACE Pentachondra pumila ERICACE Richea scoparia ERICACE Sprengelia incarnata GLEICHE Gleichenia alpina LILIACEA Astelia alpina LOGANIA Mitrasacme montana LYCOPO Lycopodium fastigiatum LYCOPO Lycopodium scariosum MYRTAC Baeckea gunniana POACEA Poa alpina PODOCA Microcachrys tetragona PODOCA Microstrobos niphophilus Pherosphaera hookeriana PODOCA Podocarpus lawrencii PROTEA Bellendena montana PROTEA Lomatia polymorpha PROTEA Orites acicularis PROTEA Orites revoluta RESTION Empodisma minus SCROPH Euphrasia collinus SCROPH Euphrasia gibbsiae SCROPH Euphrasia striata

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 68

Quadrat

Record the number & height of all Athrotaxis seedlings in three 5 x 5m quadrats

under the pencil fire boundary 5m from fire pine canopy boundary

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 69

Notes Site ______Day______

Select Image To view full size

Grid Reference E4631 S52771. Altitude 1280m.

Site Description: Remarkable plant community, "cushions" or "bolsters" of densely-packed plants producing a flat surface where one square meter may contain hundreds, or thousands, of individuals and maybe a dozen different species. The morphological convergence between quite unrelatedtaxa can make identification quite difficult.

Distinguishing species: Ecological factors: Abrotanella Shallow fibrous peat over muck peat on olive Soil: forsteroides brown, clay. Donatia novae- Aspect: East-south-east, 110 degrees. zelandiae Slope: < 5 degrees. Dracophyllum Rainfall: 2600mm. minimum Vegetation Alpine Bolster Heath. type: Ewartia meridithae Geology: Dolerite.

Pterygopappus lawrencii

Common species at this site KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 71

Quadrat Scoresheet Site 1.12 Microshrubbery (cushion plant community) at the top of Newdegate Pass (alt. Dynamic or static community ? Emergent layer Dominant layer Subdomina nt layer Understore y Shrub layer Groundcov er Others

Height top (m) Height bottom * CoveCover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter Litter

ASTERAC Abrotanella forsteroides ASTERAC Celmisia saxifraga ASTERAC Ewartia meridithiae ASTERAC Pterygopappuslawrencii ASTERAC Senecio pectinatus CYPERAC Carpha alpina CYPERAC Carpha rodwayi CYPERAC Oreobolus pumilio DONATIA Donatia novae-zelandiae DROSERA Drosera arcturi ERICACEA Cyathodes dealbata ERICACEA Dracophyllum minimum ERICACEA Epacris serpyllifolia ERICACEA Sprengelia distichophylla ERICACEA Sprengelia incarnata GENTIAN Chinogentias diamensis LILIACEA Astelia alpina LOGANIA Mitrasacme archeri LOGANIA Mitrasacme montana PLANTAG Plantago gunnii PODOCAR Microcachrys tetragona PROTEAC Orites acicularis RESTION Empodisma minus SCROPHU Euphrasia collinus SCROPHU Euphrasia striata

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >

Select Image to view full size

Grid Reference E4658 S52647. Altitude 300m.

Site Description: A dramatic transition in the flora to communities like this buttongrass moorland with eucalypt copses, once the geological boundary is crossed.

Distinguishing species: Ecological factors: Restio Red Black fibrous peat Bauera rubioides tending to black muck complanatus Soil: peat over siliceous Sprengelia gravels. Epacris lanuginosa incarnata North-north-east, 20 Aspect: degrees. Xyris Eucalyptus nitida Slope: 5-25 degrees. marginata Rainfall: 1250mm. Gymnoschoenus Buttongrass sedgeland sphaerocephalus Vegetation grading to type: Leptospermum Hypolaena scoparium heath. fastigiata Precambrian / cambrian Geology: Lepidosperma siltstone / sandstone. filiforme

Leptocarpus tenax

Melaleuca squamea

Common species at this site

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 73

Notes Site ______Day______

Select Image To view Full size

Grid Reference E4614 S52646. Altitude 290m.

Site Description: A prime site for jack jumpers, watch where you sit.

Distinguishing species: Ecological factors: Agastachys Gymnnoschoenus Black To dark red brown odorata sphaerocephalus fibrous shallow peat over grey graditional sandy clay Soil: Bauera Leptospermum on upper slope near road, to rubioides glaucescens deep black fibrous peat over black muck on lower slope. Eucalyptus Melaleuca Aspect: South-west, 220 degrees. nitida squamea Slope: 1-5 degrees.

Rainfall: 1500mm. Buttongrass sedgeland grading to Melaleuca Vegetation squamea shrubland and type: Eucalyptus nitida open-scrub. Precambrian / cambrian Geology: siltstone / sandstone.

Vegetation Structure

Shrubland/heath vegetation to 1.5m with Leptospermum glaucescens, Melaleuca squamea, Acacia mucronata, Banksia marginata. Groundcover of sedges and rushes predominantly Restio sp. and Gymnoschoenus sp..

Vegetation Processes KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 75

Notes Site ______Day______

Select image to view full size

Grid Reference E4562 S52703 Altitude 926 m.

Site Description: Subalpine sclerophyllous heath on the quartzitic substrate typical of much of the South West. On this site, the species composition and structure differs quite markedly from the vegetation of Mt Field at a comparable altitude (compare Site 1.5), just a few kilometres away.

Distinguishing species: Ecological factors: Eucalyptus Soil: Organic Brown Peat on Quartzite sand nitida Aspect: - Eucalyptus Slope: - coccifera Rainfall: 2000-2500mm Eucalyptus Vegetation type: buttongrass/heath vernicosa Geology: Quartzite

Blandfordia punicea

Nothofagus cunninghamii

Common species at this site KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 77

Quadrat Scoresheet Site 2.3 Subalpine sclerophyll heath at Tim Shea (alt. 926m) Heath vegetation with some mallee form eucalypts Emergent Shrub Groundcover layer layer layer

* Cover * Cover * Cover (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASTERACEAE Ozothamnus hookeri CUNONIACEAE Bauera rubioides CYPERACEAE Acion hookeri CYPERACEAE Empodisma minus CYPERACEAE Eurychorda complanata CYPERACEAE Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus juniperina ssp. ERICACEAE Leptecophylla parvifolia ERICACEAE Cyathodes straminea ERICACEAE Epacris lanuginosa ERICACEAE Epacris serpyllifolia ERICACEAE Richea pandanifolia ERICACEAE Richea sprengelioides ERICACEAE Sprengelia incarnata FABACEAE Oxylobium ellipticum GLEICHENIACEAE Gleichenia alpina IRIDACEAE Diplarrena latifolia LILIACEAE Astelia alpina MYRTACEAE Baeckea gunniana MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus coccifera/nitida subcrenulata MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus /vernicosa MYRTACEAE Leptospermum rupestre MYRTACEAE Melaleuca squamea PROTEACEAE Cenarrhenes nitida PROTEACEAE Orites acicularis PROTEACEAE Orites revoluta RESTIONACEAE Empodisma minus ROSACEAE Anemone crassifolia ROSACEAE gunnianus RUBIACEAE Coprosma nitida RUTACEAE Boronia citriodora RUTACEAE Boronia pilosa STYLIDIACEAE Stylidium graminifolium THYMELIACEAE Pimelea linifolia WINTERACEAE Tasmannia lanceolata

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 78

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 79

Notes Site ______Day______

Select Image to view full size

Grid Reference E4500 S52584. Altitude 463m.

Site Description: Cool temperate rainforest with a large number of species on the margins, but on entering the "Creepy Crawly" walk, the main diversity is in the multitude of nonvascular plants, the mosses, lichens and liverworts.

Distinguishing species: Ecological factors: Anodopetalum Nothofagus Dark Brown shallow biglandulosum cunninghamii graditional litter peat over Soil: Anopteris Phyllocladus gravelly, dark / brown glandulosa aspleniifolius deep sandy clay. Aspect: East 100 degrees. Atherosperma Polystichum moschatum proliferum Slope: 1-5 degrees. Rainfall: 2000-2500 mm. Cenarrhenes Prionotes Thamnic horizontal cool nitida cerinthoides temperate rainforest ( Vegetation Nothofagus cunninghamii Dicksonia Richea type: tall closed forest over antarctica pandanifolia Anodopetalum Eucryphia biglandulosum). lucida Middle cambrian Geology: interbedded sediments.

Vegetation Structure

Broken canopy of N. cunninghamii and A. moscahtum to 40m with >75% cover.. Uneven understorey of Anopteris glandulosa, Anodopetalum biglandulosum. KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 81

Quadrat scoresheet Site 2.4 Rainforest - the Creepy Crawly Nature Walk, Scotts Peak Dam Road (alt. 463m) Emergent layer Dominant layer Subdomina nt layer Understore y Shrub layer Groundcov er Others

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cove* Cover (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASPIDIACEA Polystichum proliferum BLECHNACE Blechnum nudum BLECHNACE Blechnum wattsii CUNONIACEA Anodopetalum biglandulosum CYPERACEA Ghania grandis DENNSTAED Histiopteris incisa DICKSONIAC Dicksonia antarctica ERICACEAE Prionotes cerinthoides ERICACEAE Richea pandanifolia ESCALLIONA Anopterus glandulosus EUCRYPHIAC Eucryphia lucida FAGACEAE Nothofagus cunninghamii MIMOSACEA Acacia mucronata MONOMIACE Atherosperma moschatum PITTOSPORA Pittosporum bicolor PODOCARPA Phyllocladus aspleniifolius PROTEACEA Cenarrhenes nitida PROTEACEA Orites diversifolia

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 82

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 83

Notes Site ______Day______

Select Image To view full size

Grid Reference E4497 S52518. Altitude 395m.

Site Description: Eucalyptus nitida copses perched on slight elevations surrounded by a sea of buttongrass. Is the boundary between the two communities stable or is the copse shrinking or expanding, and why?

Distinguishing species: Ecological factors: Empodisma Lepyrodia Brown shallow peaty loam minus tasmanica over grey brown clay loam on knoll, grading to black Soil: Melaleuca shallow fibrous muck peat Eucalyptus nitida squamea over quartzite gravel on exposed slope. Gymnoschoenus Restio Aspect: West 265 degrees. sphaerocephalus complanatus Slope: 1-5 degrees. Rainfall: 1500-2000mm. Hypolaena Restio fastigiata hookeri Eucalyptus nitida / Banksia marginata / Monotoca submutica low Lepidosperma Restio Vegetation open forest abruptly filiforme monocephala type: grading to Gymnoshoenus sphaerocephalus sedgeland with sparse Leptocarpus Sprengelia emergent shrubs. tenax incarnata Quarternary scree talus of Geology: Leptospermum Precambrian / Cambrian. nitidum

Vegetation Structure

E. nitida to 10m with 50-75 cover. Banksia and Monotoca submutica understorey with little groundcover (1-5%). Moorland contains monocots to 0.5m, 50-75% cover KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 85 Transect Scoresheet Site 2.5 Buttongrass moorland with E. nitida copses - Gelignite creek, Scotts Peak Dam Road (alt. 375m) Transect interval (m) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

Soil depth (cm) Soil pH * Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover Cover (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

CUNONIAC Bauera rubioides CYPERAC Gymnoschoe sphaerocephalus CYPERAC Lepidospermafiliforme CYPERAC Schoenus tenuissimus? DENNSTA Pteridium esculentum ERICACEA Epacris corymbiflora ERICACEA Epacris lanuginosa ERICACEA Monotoca glauca ERICACEA Monotoca submutica ERICACEA Sprengelia incarnata FABACEAE Aotus ericoides LENTIBULA MYRTACE Baeckea leptocaulis MYRTACE Eucalyptus nitida MYRTACE Leptospermu nitidum MYRTACE Leptospermu scoparium MYRTACE Melaleuca squamea PROTEAC Banksia marginata RESTIONA Chordifex hookeri RESTIONA Chordifex monocephalus RESTIONA Empodisma minus RESTIONA Eurychorda complanata RESTIONA Hypolaena fastigiata RESTIONA Leptocarpus tenax RUTACEA Boronia citriodora RUTACEA Boronia pilosa XYRIDACE Xyris marginata

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 86

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 87

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 88

Title/Description: Cryptogamic substrate Date: Page___of___ ecology Location: Growling Swallett ______1:25,00 Grid Ref: Species: ______Treatment: Field personnel: Quadrat dimensions

Notes:* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75% Type Family Species name Common name Log Rock Other Status Epiphyte Terrestrial Transect Position

Moss Hookeriaceae Achrophyllum dentatum Moss Lembophyllaceae Camptochaete arbuscula Moss Hypopterygiaceae Cyathophorum Quill moss bulbosum Moss Dicranaceae Dicranoloma Elfin moss billarderi Moss Dicranaceae Dicranoloma menziesii Moss Hookeriaceae Distichophyllum pulchellum Moss Hypnodendraceae Hypnodendron comosum Moss Hypnaceae Hypnum chrysogaster Moss Hypnaceae Hypnum Wing or Plait cupressiforme moss Moss Hypopterygiaceae Hypopterygium Umbrella moss didictyon Moss Leucobryaceae Leucobryum Milk moss candidum Moss Ptychomniaceae Ptychomnion Pipecleaner aciculare moss Moss Rhizogoniaceae Rhizogonium novae-hollandiae Moss Bryaceae Rosulabryum billarderi Moss Meteoriaceae Weymouthia cochlearifolia Moss Sematophyllaceae Wijkia extenuata

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 89

Type Family Species name Common name Log Rock Other Status Epiphyte Terrestrial Transect Position Hepatics Lepidoziaceae Bazzania Whipwort (liverworts) involuta leafy Hepatics Lepidolaenaceae Gackstroemia (liverworts) weindorferi leafy Hepatics Geocalycaceae Heteroscyphus (liverworts) fissistipus leafy Hepatics Hymenophytaceae Hymenophyton Fan liverwort (liverworts) flabellatum thallose Hepatics Lepidoziaceae Lepidozia Milky (liverworts) glaucophylla fingerwort leafy Hepatics Plagiochilaceae Plagiochila Featherwort (liverworts) fasciculata leafy Hepatics Schistochilaceae Schistochila (liverworts) lehmanniana leafy Hepatics Pallaviciniaceae Podomitrium (liverworts) phyllanthus thallose Hepatics Pallaviciniaceae Symphyogyna Ribbon (liverworts) podophylla liverwort thallose Hepatics Tricholeaceae Trichocolea Woollywort (liverworts) mollissima leafy Hepatics Acrobolbaceae Tylimanthus (liverworts) pseudosaccatus

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 90

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 91

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 92

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 93

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 94

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 95

Quadrat.logging Site 3.000 Logging coupe, clearfelled burnt 2008 Vegetation structure of a regenerating wet sclerophyll / rainforest community Dominant Understorey Shrub Groundcover layer layer layer layer

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cover * Cover * Cover * Cover (%) (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASTERACEAE Bedfordia salicina ASTERACEAE Senecio biserratus ASTERACEAE Olearia argophylla CYPERACEAE Gahnia grandis DENNSTAEDTIACPteridium esculentum DICKSONIACEAE Dicksonia antarctica ERICACEAE Leptecophylla juniperina ERICACEAE Monotoca glauca FABACEAE Oxylobium ellipticum FABACEAE Pultenaea juniperina GERANIACEAE Geranium potentilloides HALORAGACEAE Gonocarpus teucrioides JUNCACEAE Juncus sp. JUNCACEAE Luzula sp. MIMOSACEAE Acacia mearnsii MIMOSACEAE Acacia mucronata MIMOSACEAE Acacia dealbata MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus regnans MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus delegatensis MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus obliqua MYRTACEAE Leptospermum scoparium PITTOSPORACEABillardiera longiflora PITTOSPORACEAPittosporum bicolor RANUNCULACEA Clematis aristata RHAMNACEAE Pomaderris apetala ROSACEAE Acaena novae-zealandiae RUBIACEAE Coprosma hirtella RUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifida RUTACEAE Nematolepis squamea RUTACEAE Zieria arborescens SOLANACEAE Solanum laciniatum

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 96

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 97

Quadrat.logging Site 3.00 Logging coupe, clearfelled burnt 2006 Vegetation structure of a regenerating wet sclerophyll / rainforest community Dominant UnderstoreGy roundcover layer layer layer

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cover * Cover * Cover (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASTERACEAE Bedfordia salicina ASTERACEAE Senecio biserratus ASTERACEAE Olearia argophylla CYPERACEAE Gahnia grandis DENNSTAEDTIA Pteridium esculentum DICKSONIACEAEDicksonia antarctica ERICACEAE Leptecophylla juniperina ERICACEAE Monotoca glauca FABACEAE Oxylobium ellipticum FABACEAE Pultenaea juniperina GERANIACEAE Geranium potentilloides HALORAGACEA Gonocarpus teucrioides JUNCACEAE Juncus sp. JUNCACEAE Luzula sp. MIMOSACEAE Acacia mearnsii MIMOSACEAE Acacia mucronata MIMOSACEAE Acacia dealbata MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus regnans MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus delegatensis MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus obliqua MYRTACEAE Leptospermum scoparium PITTOSPORACEBillardiera longiflora PITTOSPORACEPittosporum bicolor RANUNCULACEAClematis aristata RHAMNACEAE Pomaderris apetala ROSACEAE Acaena novae-zealandiae RUBIACEAE Coprosma hirtella RUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifida RUTACEAE Nematolepis squamea RUTACEAE Zieria arborescens SOLANACEAE Solanum laciniatum

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 98

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 99

Notes Site ______Day______

Select Image to view full size

Grid Reference E46633 S52638. Altitude 400m.

Site Description: Recently cleared and burnt (1999) logging coupe seeded with E. delegatensis and E. regnans. The vegetation is dominated by the early colonizing weed species, but wet sclerophyll species have also germinated and are growing as seedlings.

Distinguishing species: Ecological factors: Soil: Red clayey soil, mineralized due to recent firing Gahnia grandis Aspect: North-east Slope: 5° Bedfordia salicina Rainfall: 1000-1250mm Vegetation Regenerating forest dominated by weed species type: and wet sclerophyll understorey species Senecio linearifolius Geology: Tertiary Basalt

Pomaderris apetala

Juncus sp.

Acaena novaezealandia Gonocarpus teucriodes

Common species at this site KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 101

Quadrat.logging Site 3.1 Logging coupe, clearfelled burnt 1999 Vegetation structure of a regenerating wet sclerophyll / rainforest community Dominant UnderstoreGy roundcove layer layer layer

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cover * Cover * Cover (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASTERACEAE Bedfordia salicina ASTERACEAE Senecio biserratus ASTERACEAE Olearia argophylla CYPERACEAE Gahnia grandis DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Pteridium esculentum DICKSONIACEAE Dicksonia antarctica ERICACEAE Leptecophylla juniperina ERICACEAE Monotoca glauca FABACEAE Oxylobium ellipticum FABACEAE Pultenaea juniperina GERANIACEAE Geranium potentilloides HALORAGACEAE Gonocarpus teucrioides JUNCACEAE Juncus sp. JUNCACEAE Luzula sp. MIMOSACEAE Acacia mearnsii MIMOSACEAE Acacia mucronata MIMOSACEAE Acacia dealbata MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus regnans MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus delegatensis MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus obliqua MYRTACEAE Leptospermum scoparium PITTOSPORACEAE Billardiera longiflora PITTOSPORACEAE Pittosporum bicolor RANUNCULACEAE Clematis aristata RHAMNACEAE Pomaderris apetala ROSACEAE Acaena novae-zealandiae RUBIACEAE Coprosma hirtella RUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifida RUTACEAE Nematolepis squamea RUTACEAE Zieria arborescens SOLANACEAE Solanum laciniatum

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 102

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 103

Notes Site ______Day______

Select Image to view full size

Grid Reference E4633 S52633. Altitude 350m.

Site Description: Young eucalypt saplings form a dominant canopy of about 10 m height. There is a high density of stems of both eucalypt and understorey species (mainly Acacia dealbata) and intense competition for light and very little groundcover. Natural thinning will dramatically decrease the number of individuals over the next 5-10 years.

Distinguishing species: Ecological factors: Acacia dealbata Soil: Red clayey Kraznozem, relatively deep Aspect: North Cassinia Slope: 5-10° aculeata Rainfall: 1500-2000mm Vegetation Regenerating Eucalypt plantation dominated by Gahnia grandis type: Eucalyptus and Acacia Geology: Tertiary Basalt Eucalyptus regnans

Billardiera longiflora

Common species at this site KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 105

Site 3.2 Logging coupe 1990 Vegetation structure of a regenerating wet sclerophyll / rainforest community Dominant Understorey Groundcover layer layer layer

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cover * Cover * Cover (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASTERACEAE Bedfordia salicina ASTERACEAE Olearia argophylla ASTERACEAE Ozothamnus thyrsoideus ASTERACEAE Senecio linearifolius CYPERACEAE Gahnia grandis DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Pteridium esculentum DICKSONIACEAE Dicksonia antarctica ERICACEAE Cyathodes juniperina ERICACEAE Monotoca glauca GERANIACEAE Geranium potentilloides HALORAGACEAE Gonocarpus teucrioides JUNCACEAE Juncus sp. MIMOSACEAE Acacia dealbata MIMOSACEAE Acacia mucronata MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus delegatensis MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus obliqua MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus regnans PITTOSPORACEAE Billardiera longiflora PITTOSPORACEAE Pittosporum bicolor RANUNCULACEAE Clematis aristata RHAMNACEAE Pomaderris apetala ROSACEAE Acaena novae-zealandiae RUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifida RUTACEAE Nematolepis squamea RUTACEAE Zieria arborescens

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 106

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 107

Notes Site ______Day______

Select Image to view full size

Grid Reference E4666 S52634. Altitude 420m.

Site Description: Four decades after logging and natural regeneration, the vascular flora of the mixed forest has been larely restored. In this site the rainforest elements are not yet as common as the eucalypt and acacia dominants. Perhaps the main difference in the vegetation lies in the non-vascular flora (mosses and lichens).

Distinguishing species: Ecological factors: Acacia dealbata Soil: Relatively deep, organic soil well-drained Aspect: NW Dicksonia antarctica Slope: 5° Rainfall: 1200mm Atherosperma moschatum Vegetation Natural regeneration - Mixed Forest type: Eucalyptus regnans Geology: Basalt

Histiopteris incisa

Blechnum nudum

Blechnum wattsii

Common species at this site KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 109

Quadrat.logging Site 3.3 Logging coupe 1951 Vegetation structure of a regenerating wet sclerophyll / rainforest community DominanUt nderstoreroundcove layer layer layer

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cover * Cover * Cover (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASPIDIACEAE Polystichum proliferum ASTERACEA Cassinia aculeata BLECHNACEAE Blechnum nudum CUNONIACEAE Bauera rubioides CYPERACEAE Gahnia grandis DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Histiopteris incisa DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Hypolepsis rugulosa DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Pteridium esculentum DICKSONIACEAE Dicksonia antarctica ERICACEAE Monotoca glauca FABACEAE Acacia melanoxylon FABACEAE Acacia dealbata FABACEAE Acacia mucronata GLEICHENIACEAE Gleichenia alpina MONOMIACEAE Atherosperma moschatum MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus regnans MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus obliqua PHYLLOCLADACEAE Phyllocladus aspleniifolius PITTOSPORACEAE Billardiera longiflora PITTOSPORACEAE Pittosporum bicolor RANUNCULACEAE Clematis aristata RESTIONACEAE Empodisma minus RHAMNACEAE Pomaderris apetala ROSACEAE Acaena novae-zealandiae RUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifida RUTACEAE Nematolepis squamea RUTACEAE Zieria arborescens THYMELIACEAE Pimelea drupacea

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 110

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 111

Notes Site ______Day______

e

Grid Reference E4720 S52596. Altitude 350m.

Site Description: This site in the has been unburnt for about 400 years and has some Eucalyptus regnans trees of about that age. These trees are some of the tallest flowering plants in the world reaching about 90m in height. The emergent eucalypts tower over the secondary canopy of rainforest species that will become pure rainforest as the eucalypts die, if fire is excluded for another 50 years or so.

Distinguishing species: Ecological factors: Dicksonia antarctica Soil: Deep organic clay, well-drained Aspect: Essentially flat Eucalyptus regans Slope: less than 5° Rainfall: 1200-1500mm Grammitis billardieri Vegetation Mixed Forest (Old Growth Forest) type: Histiopteris incisa Geology: Sandstone

Hypolepsis rugulosa

Hymenophyllum flabellatum

Nothofagus cunninghamii KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 113

Site 3.4 Logging coupes Vegetation structure of a regenerating wet sclerophyll / rainforest community Dominant Understorey Groundcover layer layer layer

Height top (m) Height bottom * Cover * Cover * Cover (%) (%) (%) Bare ground Rock (>10cm) Litter

ASPIDIACEAE Polystichum proliferum ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium sp. ASTERACEA Olearia argophylla BLECHNACEAE Blechnum nudum CUNONIACEAE Bauera rubioides CYPERACEAE Gahnia grandis DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Histiopteris incisa DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Hypolepsis rugulosa DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Pteridium esculentum DICKSONIACEAE Dicksonia antarctica DRYOPTERIDACEAE Rumohra adiantiformis ERICACEAE Monotoca glauca HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Crepidomanes venosum HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Hymenophyllum australe HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Hymenophyllum cupressiforme HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Hymenophyllum flabellatum HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Hymenophyllum marginatum HYMENOPHYLLACEAE HYMENOPHYLLACEAE Hymenophyllum rarum MONOMIACEAE Atherosperma moschatum MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus regnans PODOCARPACEAE Phyllocladus aspleniifolius PITTOSPORACEAE Billardiera longiflora POLYPODIACEAE Microsorum pustulatum PSILOTACEAE Tmesipteris obliqua RANUNCULACEAE Clematis aristata RHAMNACEAE Pomaderris apetala RUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifida RUTACEAE Nematolepis squamea RUTACEAE Zieria arborescens THYMELIACEAE Pimelea drupacea VIOLACEAE Viola sp.

* Cover score = none, rare, 1-5%, 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, or >75%

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 114

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 115

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 116

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 117

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 118

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 119

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 120

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 121

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 122

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 123

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 124

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 125

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 126

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 127

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 128

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 129

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 130

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 131

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 132

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 133

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 134

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 135

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 136

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 137

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 138

Day 6 Ecology & conservation of a rare & endangered species, Eucalyptus morrisbyi

• Establishment of a long term monitoring project for the rare & endangered E. morrisbyi at Calverts Hill o Seedling recruitment & population demography

Introduction

The Calverts Hill population of Eucalyptus morrisbyi is the largest remaining stand of this endangered species (see the Threatened Species Listing Statement in the Handbook for more details). This population has been acquired as a reserve after more than 20 years of negotiation & restricted access for study. This presents us (in co-operation with the Private Forest Reserves Program) with the opportunity to start a long term monitoring program to provide us with some information for an active management program of this important community.

An extensive survey of the mature trees in the population was conducted in 1990 (Wiltshire et al. 1991), but under the pressure of sheep grazing very little seedling recruitment was observed. Sheep grazing has been excluded for five years & there is evidence of seedling growth since that period. What is now required is a survey to determine: how many seedlings are being recruited, where are they being recruited (i.e. is the population expanding?), & are they surviving? One method of addressing these questions is by running transects across the boundaries of the populations, establishing them permanently with marker posts (Warratah strainers), so that the information can be re-collected each year, & the population dynamics can be monitored.

Materials & methods Each group will collect information on two x 100m transects bisecting a boundary o three transects will run across the southern edge of the population (S1-S3) o three transects will run across the ridge (1427 on the map, R1-R3) & o three transects will run across the northern edge of the population (N1-N3), and o one transect will run across the western boundary of the population (T1 for top of the hill). The centre point of each transect is marked with a Warratah stake (0m) & a stake marks the 10m, 30m, & 50m intervals in each direction north (+) & south (-). The stakes are colour coded & labeled with aluminium tags. i.e. N1 +50 N1 +30 N1 +10 N1 0 N1 -10 N1 -30 N1 -50 NORTH SOUTH Score the presence & height of all seedlings in 2 m either side of your transect line, recording the transect position of the seedling, the height of the seedling, health of the seedling, and record the distance to the edge of the canopy of the nearest reproductively mature E. morrisbyi. Mark each new seedling with a sequentially numbered aluminium tag next to the seedling.

So, you should have recorded: the number, health & position of seedlings along two (2) 100m quadrats, & the distance of each of seedling from the nearest seed source.

PLEASE BE CAREFUL NOT TO TREAD ON THE BABIES!!!!!!!!!

We will also score some experimental quadrats on the Southern boundary of the population, in which we examine the substrate preference for seedling establishment.

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 139

Calverts Hill E. morrisbyi seedling recruitment scoresheet

19-02-07 Tree 01 Tree 02 Tree 03 Tree 04 Tree 05 Tree 06

Alive Alive Alive Alive Alive Alive Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Dead Caged Treatment Position (m) 0 Control yes 0 0 1 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 0 0 0

Herbicide yes 1 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 2 0 0

Scarified yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 Control yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 0 0 0

Herbicide yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 0 0 0

Scarified yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 Control yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 0 0 0

Herbicide yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 0 0 0

Scarified yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 suppl. Control yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 0 0 0 0 0

Herbicide yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 no 0 1 0 0 0 0

Scarified yes 1 5 2 0 4 1 no 1 1 0 1 1 1

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 140

Notes Site ______Day______

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 141

Notes Site ______Day______

24. bet0 Nothealth Absent 0 1 2.5 7.5 1.5 42.4 3.1 5.1 42.3 absent S2 S2 S123 45.3 s122 5.4 S1 20 absent S1 0.01 absent 5.95 s121 -16.7 S1 absent s120 -17.1 S1 s119 -17 absent 3.8 S1 4 absent s118 absent -23.7 S1 s117 -30 S1 S106 48.9 S1 S105 45.2 S1 S104 absent 34.4 S1 S103 absent 18.3 S1 S102 16.9 S101 S1 6.4 S1 absent S107 -19.5 S1 absent S109 -20.1 S1 absent S108 -20.1 S1 absent S110 -20.5 S1 S112 -21.2 S1 S111 -21.2 S1 S113 -22.7 S1 S114 -23.5 S1 S115 -24.5 S1 S116 -24.9 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 Location: Title/Description: 1-24R5sc 1 0.01 0.01 0.5 1 nearlysick healthy 0.01 3 sick absent 0 absent 0.01 sick R39- -39 absent R38- -38 absent 0 7 7 R+5 0 -22.4 R12- -12 R7- -7.4 0 0 R110 R1 -42.3 Browsed R107 R1 -41.5 Absent Absent R106 R1 -39.7 R1 Browsed R1 Absent R1 R1 R1 40 11.9 -46.4 S3 0.01 -46.8 S3 42 15 16.7 S3 41.0 Absent S3 39 15 8 S3 Absent S3 Absent Absent S3 S3 Absent S3 S3 S3 -42 -24.4 S2 -36.9 S2 -35 S2 -34.3 S2 S2 S2 notesingleplant S2 S2 S2 S2 QuadratdimensionsWidth:____ Fieldpersonnel: Treatment:

Transect Calverts Hill

Position Seedling recruitment

Seedling ID 16/02/2010

Height (cm)

Dead y aePage___of___ Date

Seed source (m) 0 Species: E. morrisbyi Length:_____ Segmentlength:____ 14 132.5 2.5 2 2 2 2 2 2 0.02 2 0.02 absent 2 absent 2 N153 49 2 N152 2.1 49 N151 1.5 49 N150 49 N149 49 absent N148 0.5 48 2 0.5 absent N147 N1 48 0.5 N146 2.1 N1 48 2 N145 N1 48 2 N144 N1 48 absent N143 0.1 N1 48 absent N142 0.1 N1 48 N141 0.1 N1 48 N140 0.1 N1 48 N115 0.1 N1 47 N114 0.1 N1 47 N139 0.1 N1 47 N138 1.4 N1 47 N137 N1 47 1.01 N136 N1 46 N135 0.1 N1 46 N134 0.1 N1 46 0.1 N133 N1 46 N110 0.8 N1 46 0.1 N109 0.1 N1 46 N108 0.1 N1 46 absent N107 0.6 N1 46 N113 N1 45 0.01 N111 N1 45 0.01 dead N112 2 N1 45 N132 N1 45 0.01 N131 N1 45 0.01 N130 N1 45 0.01 N129 N1 45 N128 N1 45 0.01 N127 N1 45 N126 N1 45 0.01 N106 N1 45 N105 N1 45 0.01 N125 N1 45 N103 N1 45 absent N104 N1 45 N1 absent N124 43.2 N102 N1 42 N123 N1 41 N122 N1 41 N1 N121 43.3 N120 N1 25 N1 N101 28.5 N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 R3 R3 None R3 0.01 R3 R3 0.01 R3 R2 sick None absent R2 R2 R2 R2 R41.5- R1 -41.5 R40- -40 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 R1

Transect

Position

Seedling ID 16/02/2010

Height (cm)

Dead

Seed source (m) 32 3+55 erwh1 4.5 3 3.5 2.5 regrowth 50 absent 5 5 absent 6.5 absent absent 6.5 6 N3+05 26 browsed 7.5 56 7 N3+04 absent 35.0 healthy 7 122 N3+03 32.0 absent N3+02 28.0 absent N3+01 7 4.0 7 absent 5 N3-03 -2.0 absent N3 N3-02 -2.0 absent N3 6 N3-01 -2.0 N3 6 N3-10 browsed absent N3 -12.0 80 N3-09 6 absent N3 -12.0 4.9 N3-08 N3 -12.0 N3-07 healthy N3 -12.0 32 N3-06 browsed 2.5 N3 -12.0 40 N3-05 13 damaged N3 -12.0 60 N3-04 N3 -12.0 10 regen 36 N3-13 N3 -14.0 6 browsed N3-12 100 N3 -14.0 N3-11 N3 -14.0 13 absent N3-14 N3 -20.0 13 N3 1 dead 46 12 N3 6 10 ligno N3 220 3.5 3.5 healthy 21.5 33 N3 6 20.0 N3 healthy N2-44.4 63 44.4 absent healthy N2-40.7 17 7 40.7 N2 absent regen 35 absent 32.0 N2 regen 75 N2-30 30.0 N2 N2-29.8 absent 29.8 N2 N2-29.2 29.2 N2 N2-28.5 absent 28.5 N2 n2-23.2 23.2 N2 N2-22 22.0 N2 0.01 -2.4 4 N2 0.01 -9.4 N2 0.01 N2+10.7 N2 -10.7 3 0.01 N2 -12.2 N2 0.04 absent N2 0.01 N2 3 N2 N2 1 0.01 0 2 N169 0.5 12 N175 0.1 N1 49 N174 0.1 N1 50 absent N173 2.8 N1 47 N171 N1 46 absent N170 N1 48 N172 1.5 N1 48 2.8 1.5 N1 N168 49.3 1.5 N1 N167 43.5 N166 absent 2.5 N1 49 2.5 N1 N165 absent 46.6 N164 2.5 N1 46 2.5 N1 N163 40.4 N162 N1 50 N161 N1 50 N160 N1 50 N159 N1 50 N158 N1 50 N1 N116 N1 49 N119 N1 49 N118 N1 49 N157 N1 49 N156 N1 49 N155 N1 49 N154 N1 49 N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 N1

Transect

Position 163.5 5.4 4.7 N176 N178 N179

Seedling ID 16/02/2010

Height (cm)

Dead

Seed source (m) 3-15N 1 0po 0 2.1 2.4 1.3 absent poor 30 42 14 None T1 N3-17 T1 -31.5 N3-16 -34 T1 N3-15 -1.3 N3+06 T1 30 N3 N3 N3 N3 N3

Transect

Position

Seedling ID 16/02/2010

Height (cm)

Dead

Seed source (m) Calverts Hill E. morrisbyi seedling recruitment scoresheet Tree 01 -Bottom of the hill Position 0m 5m 10m 10 suppl.

6

6 Scarified Control Scarified

5 Scarified

5

4

4 Herbicide Herbicide Control

3 Control

3

2

2 Control Scarified Herbicide

1 Herbicide

1

Bottom Calverts Hill E. morrisbyi seedling recruitment scoresheet

Tree 02

Position 0m 5m 10m 10 suppl.

6

6 Control Control Control

5 Control

5

4

4 Herbicide Herbicide Herbicide

3 Herbicide

3

2

2 Scarified Scarified Scarified

1 Scarified

1 Calverts Hill E. morrisbyi seedling recruitment scoresheet

Tree 03

Position 0m 5m 10m 10 suppl.

6

6 Scarified Control Scarified

5 Scarified

5

4

4 Control Scarified Herbicide

3 Herbicide

3

2

2 Herbicide Herbicide Control

1 Control

1 Calverts Hill E. morrisbyi seedling recruitment scoresheet

Tree 04

Position 0m 5m 10m 10 suppl.

6

6 Control Control Control

5 Control

5

4

4 Scarified Herbicide Herbicide

3 Herbicide

3

2

2 Herbicide Scarified Scarified

1 Scarified

1 Calverts Hill E. morrisbyi seedling recruitment scoresheet

Tree 05

Position 0m 5m 10m 10 suppl.

6

6 Herbicide Herbicide Scarified

5 Scarified

5

4

4 Control Control Herbicide

3 Herbicide

3

2

2 Scarified Scarified Control

1 Control

1 Calverts Hill E. morrisbyi seedling recruitment scoresheet

Tree 06

Position 0m 5m 10m 10 suppl.

6

6 Scarified Scarified Control

5 Control

5

4

4 Control Control Herbicide

3 Herbicide

3

2

2 Herbicide Herbicide Scarified

1 Scarified

1 KPA375 Field Botany – E. morrisbyi seedling recruitment Report 2010

Student name/number…………………………….

E=Excellent G=Good S=Satisfactory U=Unsatisfactory

Assessment Criteria Comments Rating The title is Species name is italicized E G S U • brief, • appropriate and • informative. The abstract, in one paragraph, The abstract is the E G S U briefly summarises • right length (200 words) • What did you do? • the correct structure (see left) • Why did you do it? • your results are precisely • What happened? stated cv. vaguely suggested • What do the results mean in theory? • What are the results good for in practice? The introduction gives a The introduction is the E G S U • General background to • right length seedling recruitment or rare • the correct structure (see left) species. • references support each • More specific background on statement of fact E. morrisbyi is given suggesting why it is a useful study species. • The hypothesis or primary aim of the study is correctly stated at the finish. The materials & methods provide • Site details are given (map?) E G S U a thorough but concise description • Characters measured are clearly of the methodology used in the stated (perhaps in a table) study. • Past tense was used

The results section clearly and • The results are grouped and dealt E G S U concisely describes the results of with logically. the study. • There is evidence of discrimination in presenting the important results. • Seedling recruitment in the 3 sets of transects • Seedling mortality • Dispersal distance from seed source

You appropriately refer to and Figures & tables are inserted after the E G S U discuss the figures and tables in citation in the text. the text.

Figures (below) and tables (above) E G S U are labelled appropriately so that they are independent.

Figures have appropriate axes, E G S U axes labels (with units), and legends. Tables present data in an E G S U organised way.

The discussion E G S U • briefly restates the main results and then • compares the recruitment across the site identifying the limiting factors and • compares our findings with other studies. The discussion ends with E G S U • the broader significance of the study and • suggests the next area of study References relevant to the study Every statement of fact is supported by an E G S U are appropriately integrated into appropriate reference citation the introduction and discussion.

Sources are adequately E G S U acknowledged.

Reference list is E G S U • complete • alphabetical and • consistent. Your writing is clear, succinct and E G S U grammatically correct. Your writing style is appropriate to E G S U the assignment, and avoids • colloquialisms, and • the use of apostrophes and contractions. Your report is free of errors, E G S U demonstrating evidence of proofreading.

Comments:

Mark: KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 143

THREATENED SPECIES LISTING STATEMENT

Morrisby’s gum, Eucalyptus morrisbyi Brett 1939

Status

Naomi Lawrence

Brad Potts

Description The bark of Morrisby’s gum is deciduous, & Morrisby’s gum is a small tree, growing to a while the base of the trunk is generally rough height of approximately 6 to 12 m. barked at the base, the upper part of the Recruitment is from canopy held seed that is trunk & the branches are smooth & brown, released after fire & other disturbance. Trees white-grey or pink-grey in colour. The bluish- can resprout from lignotubers & epicormic green juvenile leaves are glaucous, unstalked buds after damage. Peak flowering occurs & rounded, 2 to 3 cm long & 2 to 4 cm wide. from February to May. They are arranged in opposite pairs. The adult leaves are stalked, less glaucous & arranged alternately. They are about 5 to 10

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 144 cm long & 1.5 to 4 cm wide. The flower buds km away in the Government Hills near have a pointed cap & are glaucous & shortly Risdon. The stands occupy approximately 12.5 stalked. They arise in clusters of three from hectares in total. A number of conservation the leaf axils. The flowers are cream & plantings have been made at other sites & when develop into cylindrical, glaucous, woody fully established & self-perpetuating, these will capsules, 9 to 11 mm long & 6 mm wide. extend the range of the species. In addition, Morrisby’s gum has been widely planted as a Morrisby’s gum occurs in the Myrtaceae family & specimen tree & ornamental. can be confused with cider gum (Eucalyptus gunnii) & heart leaved silver gum (Eucalyptus cordata). It can be distinguished from Eucalyptus In natural stands, Morrisby’s gum occurs in gunnii by its coastal lowland habitat & presence of warty protuberances on buds & capsules. It coastal, dry sclerophyll woodland on gentle to can be distinguished from Eucalyptus cordata by hilly slopes with poor drainage. It tends to be its smaller capsules that occur in the axils of adult leaves only. Morrisby’s gum can hybridise restricted to gullies that offer some relief in this with white gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) & some drought prone, low rainfall area. It is associated older plantings contain a large proportion of with poor soils, with the Calverts Hill population & hybrid trees. associated remnant stands occurring on recent sands overlying dolerite & the Risdon population Distribution & Habitat on Permian mudstone. The species tends to Morrisby’s gum is endemic to Tasmania & occur in relatively pure stands with a number of natural populations are known only from Calverts other eucalypts occurring nearby. Hill & two small nearby remnant stands near

Cremorne, as well as from a small population 21 Important Locations

Locality 1:25,000 Year last Area (ha) Number of mapsheet seen adult trees Calverts Hill Cremorne 2001 11.5 1915 (in 1991) Private land

Lumeah Point Cremorne 2001 16 (in 1991) Coastal reserve with recreation lease Honeywood Drive Cremorne 2001 12 (in 1991) Private land Government Hills Hobart 2001 0.7 69 (in 1996) East Risdon State Reserve

Threats, Limiting Factors & Management margin of the Calverts Hill population suggest Issues that Morrisby’s gum is relatively drought Past records indicate a decline of at least 50% in susceptible & that the range of the species the area occupied by Morrisby’s gum in the has been retracting to wetter gullies since the Cremorne area since European settlement. The last glaciation. If current climate change decline has been largely due to clearing for trends in the area continue (warmer & drier agriculture & urban development. Much of the summers), it is quite possible that the Risdon Lumeah Point stand is likely to have been population will become extinct within the next cleared as remaining trees are in a narrow 10 years. The mortality rate, particularly of coastal strip adjacent to a housing subdivision. juvenile trees & seedlings, is high following drought stress & the trees appear to become The precarious health of the Risdon more susceptible to defoliation caused mainly population following a series of , & by the gum moth (Mnesampela evidence of drought stress in the lower privata). Surviving trees are weakened &

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 145 flowering is compromised in following many individuals as possible at seasons. The health & seed output of the Risdon. As well as conserving the full range Risdon population was markedly improved of genetic variation available, these stands following an unusually wet spring & summer will provide an alternate source of seed for in 1995/96 although subsequent drought horticultural purposes. conditions, particularly over the last 2 summers, have caused a severe deterioration Despite the small size of the Risdon in the health & survival prospects of the population, variation remains high & it is not population. showing signs of inbreeding problems. Although Morrisby’s gum hybridises with The poor health of the Risdon population has Eucalyptus viminalis, studies have not reduced its competitive ability. In the late revealed significant contamination of its gene 1970s, a native parasitic vine, Cassytha pool. pubescens, threatened to smother & kill many of the trees & was removed. It is proposed to remove some of the understorey including Conservation Assessment silver wattle, blackwood & prickly moses in Population Estimate order to further reduce competition stress on Morrisby’s gum is known only from two the trees. locations in the wild. In the Cremorne area, the population has been fragmented into the In addition to clearing, seedling regeneration Calverts Hill stand, & two small remnant on private land has been limited by sheep & stands at Lumeah Point & Honeywood Drive possibly rabbit grazing. The stands have also approximately 2 km away. The species is no suffered from woodcutting. Negotiations are longer present at some sites where it was currently being finalised for the purchase of collected in the past in the Cremorne area. the Calverts Hill population through the 1999 Numbers in the two small remnant stands Regional Forest Agreement (RFA) Private have been supplemented by plantings & Land Reserve Program. While the land will other plantings in the area have been made. probably be sold subsequent to its A census of trees in the Risdon population in acquisition, a covenant will be put into place 1996 showed 69 trees with adult foliage to protect the species from the above- though less than 20 of these were carrying mentioned threats. seed. It is estimated that the number of naturally occurring reproductively mature Morrisby’s gum is more or less well adapted individuals of Morrisby’s gum is less than to fire, which stimulates release of seed from 2000, with the vast majority of these in the capsules for regeneration. However, frequent Calverts Hill stand. fires will cause a decline in populations. While larger trees can resprout from lignotubers & Reservation Status epicormic buds, smaller trees will be killed. If Morrisby’s gum is formally protected in the the store of seed held in the canopy is not East Risdon State Reserve. The Lumeah replenished in the fire-free interval, Point stand occurs in a coastal reserve that recruitment from seedlings will not replace has been leased to the Clarence Council for the individuals killed. Seedlings of Morrisby’s recreational use. gum take approximately 10 years to produce flowers, a relatively long time for eucalypts. Assessment Criteria The small Risdon population is particularly at Morrisby’s gum meets the criteria for listing as risk from fire as the mortality rate would be Endangered on the Tasmanian Threatened high given the poor health of trees & little Species Protection Act 1995 because seed is being produced. • it is severely restricted, extending over an area of less than 500 square kilometres & Several conservation stands of Morrisby’s occupying less than 20 hectares gum have been planted. Seed used in early • it occurs in 5 or less populations plantings was collected from the Cremorne • there is a continuing decline area. However the seed used was collected from a small number of individuals & was not It qualifies as Endangered using the 1994 IUCN representative of the genetic variation (World Conservation Union) Red List criteria. available. In addition, a relatively large number of trees planted at Lumeah Point Recovery Program appear to be hybrids with Eucalyptus viminalis. They were planted in order to Objectives supplement numbers in the stand. Recent • prevent the loss or degradation of known plantings have used seed sampled from populations across the Calverts Hill population & from as

KPA375 Field Botany Handbook 146 • preserve genotypic variation within the Australia 7001. Ph (03) 6233 6556 fax species through the establishment of ex (03) 6233 3477. situ populations Specialist Advice: Robert Wiltshire, School of Existing Management Plant Science, University of Tasmania. Implementation of a Recovery Plan for Morrisby’s gum was commenced in 1992 Source Material though an update of the plan is now required. References Current management includes monitoring of Blackhall, S.A. & Lynch, J. 1992. Eucalyptus populations, negotiation to protect the morrisbyi flora Recovery Plan: Management Calverts Hill stand through purchase & phase. Department of Parks, Wildlife & Heritage, covenant, reduction of competition in the Hobart, Tasmania. Risdon population & maintenance of conservation plantings. Curtis, W.M. & Morris. D.I. 1975. The Student’s

Flora of Tasmania, Part 1 (Second Edition), Actions Needed Government Printer, Tasmania. • continue to monitor populations for threats & declines Duncan, F. 1996. A field key to Tasmanian • finalise negotiations for the purchase, species of eucalypts. Tasforests 8:27-38. covenanting & fencing of the Calverts Hill stand Hall, N. & Brooker, I. 1972. Morrisby’s gum. Forest • maintain conservation plantings Tree Series No.52. Department of National Development Forestry & Timber Bureau, • reduce competition in the Risdon Australian Government Publishing Service, population Canberra. • consider irrigating stands to reduce drought stress Williams, K.J. & Potts, B.M. 1996. The natural • consider culling hybrids from plantings, distribution of Eucalyptus species in Tasmania. particularly those planted in the Lumeah Tasforests 8:39-165. Point & Honeywood Drive remnant stands Wiltshire, R.J.E 1992. Section III. Eucalyptus • update the Recovery Plan morrisbyi R.G.Brett. In Wiltshire, R.J.E, Potts, • establish a mechanism to ensure B.M. Reid, J.B. & Brown, M.J. (Eds): Conservation management intervention when required of Endangered Species of Eucalypts in Tasmania. A report to the World Wildlife Fund. Information Needed • determine whether the poor health of Wiltshire, R.J.E, Potts, B.M. & Reid, J.B. 1991. Morrisby’s gum in the Risdon stand is Phenetic affinities, variability & conservation due to its susceptibility to drought status of a rare Tasmanian endemic, Eucalyptus morrisbyi R.G. Brett. In Banks, M.R. et al. (Eds): Management Advice Aspects of Tasmanian Botany – A tribute to For the land owner/land manager Winifred Curtis. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 31:213-229. • exclude grazing to encourage seedling regeneration • protect stands from fires, particularly if Statement Prepared: April 2001 little seed is held in the canopy • limit harvesting of wood, foliage & seed Prepared by: Myriam Poll & Wendy Potts from naturally occurring stands • consider some form of long-term Review Date: 2006 or as new information is protection, e.g. private nature reserve, received. management agreement, covenant, etc. For everyone Cite as: Threatened Species Unit 2001. Listing • consider planting Morrisby’s gum in your Statement Morrisby’s Gum Eucalyptus morrisbyi. garden/on your property Department of Primary Industries, Water & Environment, Tasmania. • help us to monitor populations

• help us to maintain conservation View: plantings http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/esl/listing_statem

ents Further Information Contact details: Threatened Species Unit, Permit: It is an offence to collect, possess or Department of Primary Industries, Water & disturb this species unless under permit. Environment, GPO Box 44 Hobart Tasmania

Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 1 Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites: DICOTYLEDONS APIACEAE Celery Family APIACEAE Anisotome procumbens Aciphylla APIACEAE Actinotus bellidioides APIACEAE Actinotus moorei APIACEAE Actinotus suffocata APIACEAE Diplaspis cordifolia APIACEAE Diplaspis hydrocotyle APIACEAE Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides APIACEAE Oreomyrrhis ciliata APIACEAE Oreomyrrhis eriopoda APIACEAE Oschatzia saxifraga

ASTERACEAE Daisy Family ASTERACEAE Abrotanella forsteroides cushion plant ASTERACEAE Abrotanella scapigera dark green rosette, lanceolate leaves 2.5cm long ASTERACEAE Bedfordia salicina blanket bush ASTERACEAE Brachyscome nivalis snow daisy,bluish-white flowers ASTERACEAE Brachyscome spathulata spathulate, toothed leaves; purplish flowers ASTERACEAE Brachyscome tenuiscapa broad,toothed leaves; bluish-white flowers ASTERACEAE Xerochrysum subundulatum Bractean acumina golden everlasting ASTERACEAE Cassinia aculeata dolly bush ASTERACEAE Celmisia asteliifolia silver snow daisy, leaves silver ASTERACEAE Celmisia saxifraga white snow daisy, leaves grey, lanceolate ASTERACEAE Centipeda elatinoides ASTERACEAE Cotula alpina ASTERACEAE Craspedia alpina ASTERACEAE Craspedia glauca ASTERACEAE Erigeron pappocromus ASTERACEAE Erigeron stellatus ASTERACEAE Erigeron tasmanicus ASTERACEAE collinus Gnaphal collinum ASTERACEAE Euchiton involucratus Gnaphaliinvolucratum ASTERACEAE Euchiton traversii Gnaphalitraversii ASTERACEAE Euchiton umbricola Gnaphaliumbricola ASTERACEAE Ewartia catipes ASTERACEAE Ewartia meridithiae ASTERACEAE Ewartia planchonii ASTERACEAE Helichrysum pumilum ASTERACEAE Helichrysum rutidolepis ASTERACEAE Helichrysum scorpioides ASTERACEAE Lagenophora stipitata Lagenifera Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 2 Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites: ASTERACEAE Ozothamnus expansifolius Helichrysexpansifolium ASTERACEAE Ozothamnus ferrugineus Helichrysdendroideum ASTERACEAE Ozothamnus hookeri Helichryshookeri ASTERACEAE Ozothamnus ledifolius Helichrysledifolium ASTERACEAE Ozothamnus rodwayi Helichrysbackhousii ASTERACEAE Ozothamnus thyrsoideus Helichrysthyrsoideum ASTERACEAE Podolepis jaceoides ASTERACEAE Psuedognaphaliuluteo-album ASTERACEAE Pterygopappus lawrencei ASTERACEAE Senecio biserratus ASTERACEAE Senecio gunnii ASTERACEAE Senecio leptocarpus ASTERACEAE Senecio linearifolius ASTERACEAE Senecio pectinatus ASTERACEAE Senecio spathulatus ASTERACEAE Senecio velleiodes

BRASSICACEAE Mustard Family BRASSICACEAE Cardamine gunnii BRASSICACEAE Cardamine tenuifolia BRASSICACEAE Cheesemannia radicata

CAMPANULACEAE Bellflower Family CAMPANULACEAE Isotoma fluviatilis prostrate herb, pale blue flower with darker blotches o CAMPANULACEAE Lobelia gibbosa CAMPANULACEAE Pratia pedunculata CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia spp. bluebells

CLUSIACEAE St Johns Wort Family CLUSIACEAE Hypericum japonicum

CUNONIACEAE Cunonia Family CUNONIACEAE Anodopetalum biglandulosum horizontal CUNONIACEAE Bauera rubioides

DILLENIACEAE Guineaflower Family DILLENIACEAE Hibbertia procumbens golden flowers on prostrate perennial

DONATIACEAE Snowcushion Family DONATIACEAE Donatia novae-zelandiae cushion plant

DROSERACEAE Sundew Family Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 3 Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites: ERICACEAE Heath Family ERICACEAE Archeria comberi ERICACEAE Archeria serpyllifolia ERICACEAE Cyathodes straminea ERICACEAE Cyathodes dealbata ERICACEAE ERICACEAE Dracophyllum milliganii ERICACEAE Dracophyllum minimum ERICACEAE Epacris corymbiflora ERICACEAE Epacris impressa ERICACEAE Epacris lanuginosa ERICACEAE Epacris serpyllifolia ERICACEAE Gaultheria depressa ERICACEAE Gaultheria hispida ERICACEAE Gaultheria tasmanica Pernettya ERICACEAE Leptecophylla juniperina ssp. parvifolia Cyathodes parvifolia ERICACEAE Leptecophylla juniperina ssp.juniperina Cyathodes juniperina ERICACEAE Leucopogon hookeri ERICACEAE Leucopogon montanus montana ERICACEAE Monotoca empetrifolia ERICACEAE Monotoca glauca ERICACEAE Monotoca linifolia ERICACEAE Monotoca scoparia ERICACEAE Monotoca submutica ERICACEAE Pentachondra pumila ERICACEAE Planocarpa petiolaris Cyathodes ERICACEAE Prionotes cerinthoides ERICACEAE Richea acerosa ERICACEAE Richea curtisiae ERICACEAE Richea dracophylla ERICACEAE Richea gunnii ERICACEAE Richea milliganii ERICACEAE Richea pandanifolia ERICACEAE Richea procera ERICACEAE Richea scoparia ERICACEAE Richea sprengelioides ERICACEAE Sprengelia distichophylla ERICACEAE Sprengelia incarnata ERICACEAE Trochocarpa cunninghamii ERICACEAE Trochocarpa gunnii ERICACEAE Trochocarpa thymifolia Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 4 Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites: FABACEAE Pea Family FABACEAE Almaleea subumbellata FABACEAE Aotus ericoides FABACEAE Bossiaea riparia FABACEAE Daviesia latifolia native hop FABACEAE Daviesia ulicifolia native gorse FABACEAE Glycine clandestina FABACEAE Lotus australis FABACEAE Oxylobium ellipticum FABACEAE Pultenaea daphnoides obovate leaves, pea flower FABACEAE Pultenaea juniperina prickly, yellow pea flower

FAGACEAE Beech Family FAGACEAE Nothofagus cunninghamii myrtle FAGACEAE Nothofagus gunnii deciduous

GENTIANACEAE Gentian Family GENTIANACEAE Chinogentias diemensis Gentiane diemensis

GERANIACEAE Geranium Family GERANIACEAE Geranium potentilloides

GOODENIACEAE Native-primrose Family Goodenia ovata GOODENIACEAE Scaevola hookeri GOODENIACEAE Velleia montana

HALORAGACEAE Raspwort Family HALORAGACEAE Gonocarpus micranthus HALORAGACEAE Gonocarpus montanus HALORAGACEAE Gonocarpus serpyllifolius HALORAGACEAE Gonocarpus teucrioides Haloragi teucrioides HALORAGACEAE Myriophyllum pedunculatum HALORAGACEAE Myriophyllum salsugineum

LAMIACEAE Mint Family LAMIACEAE LAMIACEAE Prostanthera lasianthos

LAURACEAE Laurel Family LAURACEAE Cassytha glabella Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 5 Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites: MIMOSACEAE Wattle Family MIMOSACEAE Acacia dealbata MIMOSACEAE Acacia melanoxylon MIMOSACEAE Acacia mucronata MIMOSACEAE Acacia verniciflua MIMOSACEAE Acacia verticillata

MONIMIACEAE Sassafras Family MONIMIACEAE Atherosperma moschatum

MYRTACEAE Myrtle Family MYRTACEAE Baeckea gunniana MYRTACEAE Baeckea leptocaulis MYRTACEAE Callistemon viridiflorus MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus amygdalina MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus coccifera MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus dalrympleana MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus delegatensis MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus gunnii MYRTACEAE MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus nitida MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus obliqua MYRTACEAE MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus regnans MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus subcrenulata MYRTACEAE MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus urnigera MYRTACEAE MYRTACEAE Eucalyptus viminalis MYRTACEAE Leptospermum glaucescens MYRTACEAE Leptospermum lanigerum MYRTACEAE Leptospermum nitidum MYRTACEAE Leptospermum rupestre MYRTACEAE Leptospermum scoparium MYRTACEAE Melaleuca squamea MYRTACEAE Melaleuca squarrosa

OLEACEAE Olive Family OLEACEAE Notelaea ligustrina

ONAGRACEAE Willowherb Family ONAGRACEAE Epilobium billardierianum Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 6 Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites: PLANTAGINACEAE Plantain Family PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago daltonii PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago glabrata PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago glacialis Plantago muelleri PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago gunnii PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago paradoxa PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago tasmanica

POLYGALACEAE Milkwort Family POLYGALACEAE Comesperma retusum

PORTULACACEAE Purslane Family PORTULACACEAE Montia fontana PORTULACACEAE Neopaxia australasica Montia australasica

PROTEACEAE Protea Family PROTEACEAE Agastachys odorata PROTEACEAE Banksia marginata PROTEACEAE Bellendena montana PROTEACEAE Cenarrhenes nitida PROTEACEAE Hakea lissosperma PROTEACEAE PROTEACEAE PROTEACEAE Lomatia polymorpha PROTEACEAE PROTEACEAE Orites acicularis PROTEACEAE Orites diversifolia PROTEACEAE Orites revoluta PROTEACEAE PROTEACEAE PROTEACEAE Telopea truncata

RANUNCULACEAE Buttercup Family RANUNCULACEAE Caltha phylloptera RANUNCULACEAE Clematis aristata climbing vine with large star-like flowers RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus collicola buttercup RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus collinus buttercup RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus decurvus Ranunculconcinnus RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus glabrifolius buttercup RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus gunnianus buttercup RANUNCULACEAE buttercup RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus nanus buttercup Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 7 Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites: RUBIACEAE Madder Family RUBIACEAE Coprosma hirtella RUBIACEAE Coprosma moorei RUBIACEAE Coprosma nitida RUBIACEAE Coprosma pumila RUBIACEAE Coprosma quadrifida RUBIACEAE Galium australe RUBIACEAE Galium gaudichaudii

RUTACEAE Boronia Family RUTACEAE Boronia citriodora RUTACEAE Boronia parviflora RUTACEAE Boronia pilosa RUTACEAE Correa lawrenciana RUTACEAE Nematolepis squameum Phebalium RUTACEAE Zieria arborescens

SANTALACEAE Sandalwood Family SANTALACEAE Exocarpos cupressiformis SANTALACEAE Exocarpos humifusus SANTALACEAE Leptomeria drupacea

SAPINDACEAE Soapwood Family SAPINDACEAE Dodonaea viscosa

SCROPHULARIACEASnapdragon Family SCROPHULARIACEAEDerwentia nivea Veronica nivea SCROPHULARIACEAEEuphrasia collina SCROPHULARIACEAEEuphrasia gibbsiae SCROPHULARIACEAEEuphrasia striata SCROPHULARIACEAEGratiola peruviana Gratiola latifolia SCROPHULARIACEAEOurisia integrifolia

STYLIDIACEAE Triggerplant Family STYLIDIACEAE Forstera bellidifolia STYLIDIACEAE Phyllachne colensoi STYLIDIACEAE Stylidium graminifolium

THYMELIACEAE Riceflower Family THYMELIACEAE Pimelia drupacea THYMELIACEAE Pimelia linifolia Pimelia lindleyana THYMELIACEAE Pimelia nivea Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 8 Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites: BURMANNIACEAE

CENTROLEPIDACEAECentrolepis monogyna CENTROLEPIDACEAECentrolepis muscoides CENTROLEPIDACEAECentrolepis polygyna CENTROLEPIDACEAEGaimardia fitzgeraldi CENTROLEPIDACEAEGaimardia setacea

CYPERACEAE Bolboschoenus medianus CYPERACEAE Carex archeri CYPERACEAE Carex barbata CYPERACEAE Carex gunniana CYPERACEAE Carex polyantha CYPERACEAE Carex tasmanica CYPERACEAE Carex appressa Carex virgata CYPERACEAE Carpha alpina CYPERACEAE Carpha rodwayi CYPERACEAE Eleocharis gracilis CYPERACEAE Eleocharis sphacelata CYPERACEAE Gahnia grandis Gahnia psittocorum CYPERACEAE Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus CYPERACEAE Isolepis alpina CYPERACEAE Isolepis auklandica CYPERACEAE Isolepis crassiuscula CYPERACEAE Isolepis fluitans CYPERACEAE Isolepis inundata CYPERACEAE Isolepis limbata CYPERACEAE Isolepis montivaga CYPERACEAE Isolepis nodosus CYPERACEAE Isolepis subtilissima CYPERACEAE Lepidosperma filiforme CYPERACEAE Lepidosperma gunnii CYPERACEAE Lepidosperma inops CYPERACEAE Lepidosperma tasmanica CYPERACEAE Oreobolus acutifolius CYPERACEAE Oreobolus distichus CYPERACEAE Oreobolus oxycarpus CYPERACEAE Oreobolus pumilio CYPERACEAE Schoenus calyptratus CYPERACEAE Schoenus fluitans CYPERACEAE Schoenus maschalinus Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 9 Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites: JUNCACEAE Juncus antarcticus JUNCACEAE Juncus australis Juncus communis JUNCACEAE Juncus bassianus JUNCACEAE Juncus falcatus JUNCACEAE Juncus kraussii JUNCACEAE Juncus pallidus JUNCACEAE Juncus pauciflorus JUNCACEAE Juncus planifolius JUNCACEAE Juncus ratkowskyanus JUNCACEAE Juncus sandwithii JUNCACEAE Luzula campestris

LILIACEAE Astelia alpina LILIACEAE Blandfordia punicea LILIACEAE Campynema lineare LILIACEAE Dianella revoluta LILIACEAE Dianella tasmanica LILIACEAE Drymophila cyanocarpa LILIACEAE Milligania densiflora LILIACEAE Milligania lindoniana LILIACEAE Milligania stylosa

ORCHIDACEAE Caladenia alpina ORCHIDACEAE Chiloglottis cornuta ORCHIDACEAE Chiloglottis gunnii ORCHIDACEAE Corybas diemenicus ORCHIDACEAE Gastrodia procera ORCHIDACEAE Prasophyllum alpinum ORCHIDACEAE Pterostylis decurva ORCHIDACEAE Pterostylis dubia ORCHIDACEAE Pterostylis foliata ORCHIDACEAE Pterostylis furcata ORCHIDACEAE Pterostylis parviflora ORCHIDACEAE Pterostylis pedunculata ORCHIDACEAE Thelymitra aristata ORCHIDACEAE Thelymitra retecta ORCHIDACEAE Townsonia viridis Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 10 Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites: POACEAE Agrostis lacunarum POACEAE Agrostis parviflora POACEAE Agrostis venusta POACEAE Amphibromus recurvatus POACEAE Austrodanthoniacaespitosa Danthonia POACEAE Austrodanthoniadiemenica POACEAE Rytidosperma fortunae-hibernae POACEAE Rytidosperma nivicolum POACEAE Rytidosperma nudiflorum POACEAE Rytidosperma pauciflorum POACEAE Austrodanthoniapenicillata POACEAE Deyeuxia carinata POACEAE Deyeuxia contracta POACEAE Deyeuxia innominata POACEAE Deyeuxia monticola POACEAE Deyeuxia rodwayi POACEAE Echinopogon ovatus POACEAE Ehrharta oreophila POACEAE Ehrharta stipoides POACEAE Ehrharta tasmanica POACEAE Elymus repens Agropyrorepens POACEAE Erythranthera australis POACEAE Hierochloe fraseri POACEAE Hierochloe redolens POACEAE Poa alpina POACEAE Poa gunnii POACEAE Poa saxicola

POTAMOGETONACEAPotamogeton tricarinatus

RESTIONACEAE Chordifex hookeri Acion hookeri Restio hookeri RESTIONACEAE Chordifex monocephalus Acion monocepRestio monocephalus RESTIONACEAE Restio australis RESTIONACEAE Baloskion tetraphyllum Restio tetraphyllus RESTIONACEAE Calorophus elongatus RESTIONACEAE Empodisma minus Calorophlateriflorus RESTIONACEAE Eurychorda complanata Restio complanatus RESTIONACEAE Hypolaena fastigiata RESTIONACEAE Leptocarpus tenax RESTIONACEAE Sporadanthus tasmanicus Lepyrodi tasmanica

XYRIDACEAE Xyris marginata Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 11 Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites: GYMNOSPERMS Athrotaxis cuppressoides CUPRESSACEAE Athrotaxis laxifolia CUPRESSACEAE Athrotaxis selaginoides CUPRESSACEAE Diselma archeri

PODOCARPACEAE Microcachrys tetragona PODOCARPACEAE Pherosphaera hookeriana Microstroniphophilus PODOCARPACEAE Phyllocladus aspleniifolius PODOCARPACEAE Podocarpus lawrencei

FERNS AND BRYOPHYTES ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium flabellifolium ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium appendiculatum terrestre

ATHYRIACEAE Cystopteris tasmanica

BLECHNACEAE Blechnum chambersii BLECHNACEAE Blechnum fluviatile BLECHNACEAE Blechnum nudum BLECHNACEAE Blechnum penna-marina BLECHNACEAE Blechnum wattsii Blechnumprocerum BLECHNACEAE Doodia caudata

DENNSTAEDTIACEAEHistiopteris incisa DENNSTAEDTIACEAEHypolepis amaurorachis Hypolepi australis DENNSTAEDTIACEAEHypolepsis rugulosa DENNSTAEDTIACEAEPteridium esculentum

DICKSONIACEAE Dicksonia antarctica

DRYOPTERIDACEAE Polystichum proliferum DRYOPTERIDACEAE Rumohra adiantiformis

GLEICHENIACEAE Gleichenia alpina GLEICHENIACEAE GLEICHENIACEAE circinata GLEICHENIACEAE Sticherus tener

GRAMMITIDACEAE Ctenopteris heterophylla GRAMMITIDACEAE Grammitis billardierei GRAMMITIDACEAE Grammitis poeppigiana Appendix 1 - Species List for Mt Field 12 Family Genus Species Revised names/DistinguishiFound at sites: LYCOPODIACEAE Huperzia australiana LycopodiaustraliaLycopod selago LYCOPODIACEAE Huperzia varia LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodiella lateralis Lycopodilaterale LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium deuterodensum LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium fastigiatum LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium scariosum

POLYPODIACEAE Microsorum pustulatum diversifolium

PSILOTACEAE Tmesipteris obliqua

SCHIZAEACEAE Schizaea bifida SCHIZAEACEAE Schizaea fistulosa

SPHAGNANCEAE Sphagnum australe Sphagnumcristatum