DOCSLIB.ORG

Deciphering Evolutionary Ancestry in African Tree Frogs: Genus Leptopelis Kyle E

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Deciphering Evolutionary Ancestry in African Tree Frogs: Genus Leptopelis Kyle E. Jaynes1,2 and Rayna C. Bell1 1Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution 2Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Adrian College Morphological Analyses Introduction Phylogeny of 30 Leptopelis Species Biogeographical Regions of Africa The genus Leptopelis is a group of African Tree Frogs that have a a) b) poorly understood taxonomic history, with 53 currently accepted Size species (Frost 2017). These species are closely related and difficult to L_parbocag!! (58mm)! L. parbocagii distinguish by morphological features alone, often times being L_barbouri (43mm)! L. barbouri L_parkeri !! (56mm)! L. parkeri L_argenteu (52mm)! L. argenteus misidentified in the field. Leptopelis palmatus is an endemic species L_natalens (65mm)! L. natalensis L_yaldeni!! (43mm)! L. yaldeni to Príncipe Island, one of four islands in the Gulf of Guinea L_vannutel (46mm)! L. vannutellii L_cf_ragaz!! (50mm)! L. ragazzii archipelago (Jones 1994). Reconstructing its colonization history and L_susanae (53mm)! L. susanae L_gramineu!! (63mm)! L. gramineus Introduction L_fiziensi (38mm)! L. fiziensis subsequent speciation i s key to understanding the biogeography of L_vermicul (85mm)! L. vermiculatus L_kivuensi!! (36mm)! L. kivuensis this archipelago. L_flavomac (70mm)! L. flavomaculatus L. macrotis, L. millsoni, and L. rufus form a species complex that L_bocagii!! (58mm)! L. bocagii L_modestus (41mm)! L. modestus L_palmatus (110mm)! L. palmatus! occurs across West and Central Africa, as well as on Bioko Island, a L_aubriodi! ! (43mm)! L. aubryioides L_notatus (74mm)! L. notatus L_breviros continental land-bridge system. These species have been !! (64mm)! L. brevirostris Leptopelis rufus Leptopelis millsoni L_calcarat (57mm)! L. calcaratus hypothesized to be the closest ancestors of L. palmatus due to their L_boulenge!! (81mm)! L. boulengeri L_ocellatu (58mm)! L. ocellatus Figure 3– Hand sketch of webbing extent in L. millsoni and L. rufus. L_aubryi (54mm)! L. aubryi large size and proximity to Príncipe (Schiotz 1999). In addition, their L_viridis!! (48mm)! L. viridis distribution across continental Africa and Bioko Island make them an L_spiritus (49mm)! L. spiritusnoctis L_macrotis!! (84mm)! L. macrotis! Among other characters, the extent of webbing in feet has ideal study system for investigating speciation across a range of L_millsoni (87mm)! L. millsoni! L_rufus (87mm)! L. rufus! been a consistently distinguishable tool for our specimens. We Astylo_spp! environments. In this project, we investigate questions of (NA) Astylosternus spp. Photo credit: A. Stanbridge 0.03 Leptopelis palmatus have also found that the ratio of disc (DSC) to Tympanum phylogeography and ancestral history in order to learn more about the (TMP) and TMP to head width (HDW) or head length (HDL) evolutionary relationships amongst the organisms in this island Figure 1 – (a) Phylogenetic tree of 16s mitochondrial gene. Includes 30 Leptopelis species with geographic distribution by color and maximum female size. Closed circles at nodes is useful in our samples as well. We continue to explore new represent (>95% CI). Female size and distribution from (Schiotz et al 1999). (b) Biogeographical map of African ecosystems partitioned into 8 areas; Partitioned areas from (Linder et al. system. 2012). features that may be incorporated into the literature for future aid in identification. Variation in Leptopelis Species Complex Results Results In figure 1 (a), Leptopelis palmatus is clearly separated from the L. macrotis/ L. millsoni/ L. rufus complex with strong Leptopelis palmatus Conclusion support (>95% CI). There is not strong support for anything beyond the divergence of these groups, although it appears that there is a closer relationship with species of the Guinean-Congolian distribution. West and Central African Leptopelis species (L. rufus, L. macrotis, In figure 2 (a), we see clear phylogeographic structure across the species complex with support for distinct lineages of L. and L. millsoni) were previously thought to be the closest ancestors of macrotis in West Africa and L. millsoni in Central Africa, distinct lineages of L. millsoni on Bioko island, and pronounced L. palmatus due to both their large size and proximity to the island phylogeographic structure in L. rufus across Cameroon. chain. According to our most recent data, along with more extensive Leptopelis palmatus Photo credit: A. Stanbridge Photo credit: A. Stanbridge sampling from our collaborators, we find that L. palmatus is not closely related to any of the species mentioned above. Our results Phylogeographic Tree of West-Central African Sampling Map of West-Central African Leptopelis indicate that L. palmatus is within a group of Central African species Leptopelis Species Complex Species Complex that are smaller in body size, suggesting that there may be a b) convergence in gigantism within this genus. L_aubryi L_mills_Cam_ER_CAS253387 L_mills_Cam_ER_CAS255076 a) L_mills_Cam_ER_CAS255075 L_mills_Cam_ER_CAS255079 Moving forward, we are going to (1) increase our species and L_mills_Cam_ER_CAS255078! L_mills_Cam_SD_CAS253541 ! L_mills_Cam_ER_CAS255077 L_mills_Cam_ER_CAS255080 Cameroon - L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS254044 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS254051East Region genetic sampling to determine which species of Leptopelis L. L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS256680 ! L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS256808 L_rufus_Cam_CR_CAS249982 L_rufus_Cam_CR_CAS249984 L_rufus_Cam_CR_CAS249981 ! L_rufus_Cam_CR_CAS249976 ! L_rufus_Cam_CR_CAS249983 palmatus is closely related to, and (2) collect ddRADseq data for the L_rufus_KX67 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS256879 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS256806 Leptopelis palmatus L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS256807! ! Leptopelis rufus L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS256877 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS256882 Photo credit: B. Freiermuth Photo credit: Rayna Bell L_rufus_Cam_SD_CAS254099! L. macrotis/ L. millsoni/ L. rufus complex and look at more L_rufus_Cam_SD_CAS254132 L_rufus_Cam_SD_CAS254131 L. rufus! L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS256717 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS256683! L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS254050 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS254048 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS254052 Cameroon - ! specimens to assess the morphological variation in these populations. L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS256681 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS256682 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS256878 Littoral L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS256718 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS254046 ! L_rufus_Cam_SD_CAS254100Region L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS256880 These data will provide greater insight into the biogeography of land L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS254045 L_rufus_Cam_SD_CAS254133 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS256823! ! L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS253839 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS256881 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS256684 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS253968! bridge and oceanic islands in the Gulf of Guinea archipelago and L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS254042 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS254047 L_rufus_Cam_BYU_62296 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS_256883 L_rufus_Cam_SWR_BYU_62290 L_rufus_Cam_SWR_BYU_62285! L_rufus_Gabon_MCZ_139662 ! diversification in the Guineo-Congolian forests. In addition, we hope L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS_256876 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS_254049! L_rufus_Cam_SWR_BYU_62286 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS_253836 Methods L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS_254043 Cameroon ! L_rufus_Cam_LR_BYU_62298 L_cf_rufus_Cam_MV_MH_0264 to find additional morphological characteristics to improve field L_cf_rufus_Cam_EF_MH_0242 L_rufus_Cam_SWR_BYU_62291 ! L_rufus_Nig_CR_MVZ_253290 ! L_rufus_Cam_Sd_CAS_254098 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS_253838! L_rufus_Cam_SWR_BYU_62293 L_rufus_Cam_LR_CAS_253837 identifications in this challenging species complex. L_cf_rufus_Cam_EF_MH_0215 L. millsoni! L_rufus_Cam_SWR_BYU_62288 L_rufus_Cam_SWR_BYU_62289 ! L_rufus_Bioko_NCSM_84364 ! L_rufus_Bioko_NCSM_84365 Bioko ! We collected 16s mitochondrial gene sequences for 33 species of L_rufus_Bioko_NCSM_84366 ! L_rufus_Gabon_MCZ_139814 ! L_rufus_Gabon_MCZ_139664 ! L_rufus_Gabon_MCZ_139665 ! L_rufus_Gabon_NCSM_76830 Gabon ! L_rufus_Gabon_MCZ_139713 ! BLS135601 ! Leptopelis and 146 individuals for our four target species. To L_cf_rufus_Cam_EF_MH_0421 ! L_cf_rufus_Cam_EF_MH_0422 L_rufus_Gabon_NCSM_77702 L_rufus_Gabon_NCSM_77701 L. Rufus L_macro_Ghan_WR_UWBM8890 L_macro_Ghan_A_ZMB_71318! L_mills_Cam_ER_CAS_253386 ! determine whether L. palmatus is closely related to the L. rufus/ L. L_mills_Cam_Sd_CAS_253581 Type Locality L_mills_Cam_Sd_CAS_253582 Ghana ! L_mills_Cam_Sd_CAS_253580 ! Acknowledgments L_millsoni_DCB L_rufus_Nig_CR_MVZ_253291 ! L_mills_Cam_SWR_MCZ_136851 ! Leptopelis millsoni L_rufus_Nig_CR_MVZ_253292 ! millsoni/ L. macrotis complex we generated a phylogeny using L_macro_Liber_GNF_GRE_40 L. Millsoni L_macro_Guin_H_PB_11_282 Photo credit: Rayna Bell L_macro_Lib_H_PLI_12_218 L_macro_Lib_H_PLI_12_373 ! L. macrotis! Type Locality We would like to thank our collaborators on the project: Adam Leaché, David Blackburn, Eli Greenbaum, Dan Portik, Greg L_macro_Guin_H_PB_11_383 L_macro_Lib_V_PLI_12_186 L_macro_Gui_FZ_CB2010_18! BEAST v 1.8.4 including one representative sequence for each L_macro_Guin_D_MH0038_16 Jongsma, Matt Fujita, and Mark Oliver-Rödel. We thank Gracia Gonzalez Porter and the L.A.B. for assistance with sequences and L_macro_Guin_Z_PB_11_742 ! L_macro_Lib_H_PLI_12_372 Liberia- L_macro_Guin_H_PB_11_085 L. Macrotis facilities. We thank the NHRE program coordinators at the NMNH, Smithsonian Institution for their contributions to the REU L_macro_Lib_H_PGL_13_045 L_macro_Guin_H_PB_11_642Guinea L_macro_Lib_H_PLI_12_380 ! species, with Astylosternus as an out-group. We assessed L_macro_Guin_H_PB_11_384 Type Localtiy program. This research was funded by NSF OCE: 1560088 and an ADS
Recommended publications
  • The Tadpoles of Eight West and Central African Leptopelis Species (Amphibia: Anura: Arthroleptidae)

    The Tadpoles of Eight West and Central African Leptopelis Species (Amphibia: Anura: Arthroleptidae)

    Official journal website: Amphibian & Reptile Conservation amphibian-reptile-conservation.org 9(2) [Special Section]: 56–84 (e111). The tadpoles of eight West and Central African Leptopelis species (Amphibia: Anura: Arthroleptidae) 1,*Michael F. Barej, 1Tilo Pfalzgraff,1 Mareike Hirschfeld, 2,3H. Christoph Liedtke, 1Johannes Penner, 4Nono L. Gonwouo, 1Matthias Dahmen, 1Franziska Grözinger, 5Andreas Schmitz, and 1Mark-Oliver Rödel 1Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115 Berlin, GERMANY 2Department of Environmental Science (Biogeography), University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056 Basel, SWITZERLAND 3Ecology, Evolution and Developmental Group, Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), 41092 Sevilla, SPAIN 4Cameroon Herpetology- Conservation Biology Foundation (CAMHERP-CBF), PO Box 8218, Yaoundé, CAMEROON 5Natural History Museum of Geneva, Department of Herpetology and Ichthyology, C.P. 6434, 1211 Geneva 6, SWITZERLAND Abstract.—The tadpoles of more than half of the African tree frog species, genus Leptopelis, are unknown. We provide morphological descriptions of tadpoles of eight species from Central and West Africa. We present the first descriptions for the tadpoles ofLeptopelis boulengeri and L. millsoni. In addition the tadpoles of L. aubryioides, L. calcaratus, L. modestus, L. rufus, L. spiritusnoctis, and L. viridis are herein reinvestigated and their descriptions complemented, e.g., with additional tooth row formulae or new measurements based on larger series of available tadpoles. Key words. Anuran larvae, external morphology, diversity, mitochondrial DNA, DNA barcoding, lentic waters, lotic waters Citation: Barej MF, Pfalzgraff T, Hirschfeld M, Liedtke HC, Penner J, Gonwouo NL, Dahmen M, Grözinger F, Schmitz A, Rödel M-0. 2015. The tadpoles of eight West and Central African Leptopelis species (Amphibia: Anura: Arthroleptidae).
  • Bioseries12-Amphibians-Taita-English

    Bioseries12-Amphibians-Taita-English

    0c m 12 Symbol key 3456 habitat pond puddle river stream 78 underground day / night day 9101112131415161718 night altitude high low vegetation types shamba forest plantation prelim pages ENGLISH.indd ii 2009/10/22 02:03:47 PM SANBI Biodiversity Series Amphibians of the Taita Hills by G.J. Measey, P.K. Malonza and V. Muchai 2009 prelim pages ENGLISH.indd Sec1:i 2009/10/27 07:51:49 AM SANBI Biodiversity Series The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) was established on 1 September 2004 through the signing into force of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (NEMBA) No. 10 of 2004 by President Thabo Mbeki. The Act expands the mandate of the former National Botanical Institute to include responsibilities relating to the full diversity of South Africa’s fauna and ora, and builds on the internationally respected programmes in conservation, research, education and visitor services developed by the National Botanical Institute and its predecessors over the past century. The vision of SANBI: Biodiversity richness for all South Africans. SANBI’s mission is to champion the exploration, conservation, sustainable use, appreciation and enjoyment of South Africa’s exceptionally rich biodiversity for all people. SANBI Biodiversity Series publishes occasional reports on projects, technologies, workshops, symposia and other activities initiated by or executed in partnership with SANBI. Technical editor: Gerrit Germishuizen Design & layout: Elizma Fouché Cover design: Elizma Fouché How to cite this publication MEASEY, G.J., MALONZA, P.K. & MUCHAI, V. 2009. Amphibians of the Taita Hills / Am bia wa milima ya Taita. SANBI Biodiversity Series 12. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
  • Diversification of African Tree Frogs (Genus Leptopelis) in the Highlands of Ethiopia

    Diversification of African Tree Frogs (Genus Leptopelis) in the Highlands of Ethiopia

    Received: 27 August 2017 | Revised: 25 February 2018 | Accepted: 12 March 2018 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14573 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Diversification of African tree frogs (genus Leptopelis) in the highlands of Ethiopia Jacobo Reyes-Velasco1 | Joseph D. Manthey1 | Xenia Freilich2 | Stephane Boissinot1 1New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE Abstract 2Department of Biology, Queens College, The frog genus Leptopelis is composed of ~50 species that occur across sub-Saharan City University of New York, Flushing, NY, Africa. The majority of these frogs are typically arboreal; however, a few species USA have evolved a fossorial lifestyle. Most species inhabit lowland forests, but a few Correspondence species have adapted to high elevations. Five species of Leptopelis occupy the Ethio- Stephane Boissinot, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE. pian highlands and provide a good opportunity to study the evolutionary transition Email: [email protected] from an arboreal to a fossorial lifestyle, as well as the diversification in this biodiver- sity hot spot. We sequenced 14 nuclear and three mitochondrial genes, and gener- ated thousands of SNPs from ddRAD sequencing to study the evolutionary relationships of Ethiopian Leptopelis. The five species of highland Leptopelis form a monophyletic group, which diversified during the late Miocene and Pliocene. We found strong population structure in the fossorial species L. gramineus, with levels of genetic differentiation between populations similar to those found between arbo- real species. This could indicate that L. gramineus is a complex of cryptic species. We propose that after the original colonization of the Ethiopian highlands by the ancestor of the L.
  • Meristic and Morphometric Characters of Leptopelis Natalensistadpoles

    Meristic and Morphometric Characters of Leptopelis Natalensistadpoles

    Acta Herpetologica 12(2): 125-132, 2017 DOI: 10.13128/Acta_Herpetol-20740 Meristic and morphometric characters of Leptopelis natalensis tadpoles (Amphibia: Anura: Arthroleptidae) from Entumeni Forest reveal variation and inconsistencies with previous descriptions Susan Schweiger1, James Harvey2, Theresa S. Otremba1, Janina Weber1, Hendrik Müller1,* 1 Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany. *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] 2 41 Devonshire Avenue, Howick, 3290, South Africa Submitted on: 2017, 5th June; revised on: 2017, 31st August; accepted on: 2017, 3rd October Editor: Rocco Tiberti Abstract. The tadpole ofLeptopelis natalensis is described based on a series of 32 specimens from Entumeni Forest, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Previous descriptions are brief, lack morphometric data, or are based on specimens of imprecise origin. The tadpole resembles other Leptopelis tadpoles and is generally in agreement with existing accounts, although some differences exist. Some of these differences seem to fall within the range of natural variation. Others, such as the presence of a fifth anterior row of keratodonts, might be indicative of variation at the population level and should be considered in future taxonomic revisions. Leptopelis natalensis tadpoles seem to be most readily dis- tinguished by their more narrowly keratinized beaks from the geographically overlapping or adjacent L. mossambicus and L. xenodactylus.
  • The Amphibians and Reptiles of Malinau Region, Bulungan Research Forest, East Kalimantan

    The Amphibians and Reptiles of Malinau Region, Bulungan Research Forest, East Kalimantan

    TheThe AmphibiansAmphibians Amphibiansandand ReptilesReptiles ofof MalinauMalinau Region,Region, Bulungan ResearchReptiles Forest, East Kalimantan: Annotated checklist with notes on ecological preferences of the species and local utilization Djoko T. Iskandar Edited by Douglas Sheil and Meilinda Wan, CIFOR The Amphibians and Reptiles of Malinau Region, Bulungan Research Forest, East Kalimantan: Annotated checklist with notes on ecological preferences of the species and local utilization Djoko T. Iskandar Edited by Douglas Sheil and Meilinda Wan, CIFOR Cover photo (Rhacophorus pardalis) by Duncan Lang © 2004 by Center for International Forestry Research All rights reserved. Published in 2004 Printed by ??? ISBN 979-3361-65-4 Published by Center for International Forestry Research Mailing address: P.O. Box 6596 JKPWB, Jakarta 10065, Indonesia Offi ce address: Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor Barat 16680, Indonesia Tel : +62 (251) 622622 Fax : +62 (251) 622100 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.cifor.cgiar.org Table of of Contents Contents Abstract iv A preamble regarding CIFOR’s work in Malinau v Introduction 1 Aims of This Study 2 Material and Methods 3 Results 4 Conclusions 19 Acknowledgments 20 Literature Cited 21 Abstract The amphibians and reptiles of CIFOR’s field with logging activities because diversity levels are site in Malinau were investigated for a one month similar to those in undisturbed forests. All streams period in June - July 2000, a study which was then contain roughly the same species, indicating that the continued by two interns from Aberdeen, so that the habitat itself is essentially homogenous. Knowledge total length of study was about 72 days.
  • Leptopelis Palmatus)

    Leptopelis Palmatus)

    Volume 31 (July 2021), 162-169 Herpetological Journal FULL PAPER https://doi.org/10.33256/31.3.162169 Published by the British New evidence for distinctiveness of the island-endemic Herpetological Society Príncipe giant tree frog (Arthroleptidae: Leptopelis palmatus) Kyle E. Jaynes1,2,3,4, Edward A. Myers2, Robert C. Drewes5 & Rayna C. Bell2,5 1 Department of Biology, Adrian College, Michigan, USA 2 Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA 3 Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA 4 Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA 5 Herpetology Department, California Academy of Sciences, California, USA The Príncipe giant tree frog Leptopelis palmatus is endemic to the small oceanic island of Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea. For several decades, this charismatic but poorly known species was confused with another large tree frog species from continental Africa, L. rufus. Phylogenetic relationships within the African genus Leptopelis are poorly understood and consequently the evolutionary history of L. palmatus and its affinity to L. rufus remain unclear. In this study, we combined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), morphological, and acoustic data for L. palmatus and L. rufus to assess different axes of divergence between the species. Our mtDNA gene tree for the genus Leptopelis indicated that L. palmatus is not closely related to L. rufus or other large species of Leptopelis. Additionally, we found low mtDNA diversity inL. palmatus across its range on Príncipe. We found significant morphological differences between females of L. rufus and L. palmatus, but not between males.
  • A New Species of Arboreal <I>Leptopelis</I> (Anura

    A New Species of Arboreal <I>Leptopelis</I> (Anura

    HERPETOLOGICAL JOURNAL, Vol. 16, pp. 183-189 (2006) A NEW SPECIES OF ARBOREAL LEPTOPELIS (ANURA: ARTHROLEPTIDAE) FROM THE FORESTS OF WESTERN KENYA JÖRN KÖHLER1,2, BERYL A. BWONG3, SUSANNE SCHICK4, MICHAEL VEITH4 AND STEFAN LÖTTERS4 1Department of Zoology, Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany 2Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany 3Department of Herpetology, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya 4Zoological Institute, Department of Ecology, Mainz University, Mainz, Germany A new species of arboreal Leptopelis is described from Kakamega Forest, western Kenya. It is a small, brown forest species formerly referred to L. modestus, but distinguished by differences in advertisement call and the sequence of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. The specific allocation of certain related populations of Leptopelis in East and West Africa is briefly discussed. Key words: Amphibia, bioacoustics, DNA, systematics, taxonomy INTRODUCTION The confusing systematic status of East African The Kakamega Forest in western Kenya is an iso- Leptopelis modestus-like frogs led us to reinvestigate lated forest remnant of the Guineo-Congolean the status of the Kakamega Forest population. We con- rainforest belt. Its herpetofauna exhibits strong relation- cluded that it represents an unnamed species, which we ships with Central Africa (Köhler et al., 2003). describe here. Currently, 27 anuran species are known from the MATERIALS AND METHODS Kakamega Forest and its vicinity (unpubl. data). Among them are two species of the genus Leptopelis Specimens examined are deposited at the National Günther. Schiøtz (1975) tentatively referred the Museums of Kenya, Nairobi (NMK), the Zoologisches populations from Kakamega Forest to the terrestrial Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn (ZFMK) Leptopelis bocagii (Günther, 1864) and the arboreal L.
  • LCSH Section T

    LCSH Section T

    T (Computer program language) T cell growth factor T-Mobile G1 (Smartphone) [QA76.73.T] USE Interleukin-2 USE G1 (Smartphone) BT Programming languages (Electronic T-cell leukemia, Adult T-Mobile Park (Seattle, Wash.) computers) USE Adult T-cell leukemia UF Safe, The (Seattle, Wash.) T (The letter) T-cell leukemia virus I, Human Safeco Field (Seattle, Wash.) [Former BT Alphabet USE HTLV-I (Virus) heading] T-1 (Reading locomotive) (Not Subd Geog) T-cell leukemia virus II, Human Safeco Park (Seattle, Wash.) BT Locomotives USE HTLV-II (Virus) The Safe (Seattle, Wash.) T.1 (Torpedo bomber) T-cell leukemia viruses, Human BT Stadiums—Washington (State) USE Sopwith T.1 (Torpedo bomber) USE HTLV (Viruses) t-norms T-6 (Training plane) (Not Subd Geog) T-cell receptor genes USE Triangular norms UF AT-6 (Training plane) BT Genes T One Hundred truck Harvard (Training plane) T cell receptors USE Toyota T100 truck T-6 (Training planes) [Former heading] USE T cells—Receptors T. rex Texan (Training plane) T-cell-replacing factor USE Tyrannosaurus rex BT North American airplanes (Military aircraft) USE Interleukin-5 T-RFLP analysis Training planes T cells USE Terminal restriction fragment length T-6 (Training planes) [QR185.8.T2] polymorphism analysis USE T-6 (Training plane) UF T lymphocytes T. S. Hubbert (Fictitious character) T-18 (Tank) Thymus-dependent cells USE Hubbert, T. S. (Fictitious character) USE MS-1 (Tank) Thymus-dependent lymphocytes T. S. W. Sheridan (Fictitious character) T-18 light tank Thymus-derived cells USE Sheridan, T. S. W. (Fictitious
  • Preliminary Assessment of the Frog Assemblages from Sites Adjacent to Three National Parks in Gabon

    Preliminary Assessment of the Frog Assemblages from Sites Adjacent to Three National Parks in Gabon

    Herpetological Conservation and Biology 13(1):240–256. Submitted: 8 August 2017; Accepted: 1 March 2018; Published 30 April 2018. PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE FROG ASSEMBLAGES FROM SITES ADJACENT TO THREE NATIONAL PARKS IN GABON JOANNA G. LARSON1,2,3 AND BREDA M. ZIMKUS2 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA 2Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA 3Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract.—We report on preliminary frog inventories from three sites in Gabon that are located in close proximity to three national parks. In the lowland forest surrounding Ossélé Village, located north of Batéké Plateau National Park, we documented 14 species from nine genera and six families. The species assemblage within the area of Ossélé Village was markedly different from what is known in the Batéké Plateau National Park from recent inventory work, likely due to the secondary rainforest located outside of the national park and the savanna grassland interspersed with gallery forest within the protected area. We recorded 10 species from eight genera and five families in the buffer zone of Birougou National Park. From the buffer zone of Minkébé National Park, we documented 16 species from eight genera and six families. The majority of these species are widely distributed in the lowland forests of Central Africa. No amphibian surveys have yet been undertaken within Birougou and Minkébe National Parks, but the information provided by these inventories provides insight into species that are likely present since the habitat in these buffer zones is found in the adjacent protected areas.
  • The Amphibians and Reptiles of Malinau Region

    The Amphibians and Reptiles of Malinau Region

    Cover photo by Duncan Lang Published by Center for International Forestry Research Mailing address: P.O. Box 6596 JKPWB, Jakarta 10065, Indonesia Office address: Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor Barat 16680, Indonesia Tel : +62 (251) 622622 Fax : +62 (251) 622100 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.cifor.cgiar.org The Amphibians and Reptiles of Malinau Region, Bulungan Research Forest, East Kalimantan: Annotated checklist with notes on ecological preferences of the species and local utilization Djoko T. Iskandar Edited by Douglas Sheil and Meilinda Wan, CIFOR Abstract The amphibians and reptiles of CIFOR’s field site unable to link this fact with logging activities in Malinau were investigated for a one month period because diversity levels are similar to those in in June - July 2000, a study which was then undisturbed forests. All streams contain roughly the continued by two interns from Aberdeen, so that same species, indicating that the habitat itself is the total length of study was about 72 days. A essentially homogenous. Knowledge of the habitat number of amphibian and reptile species were of amphibian species should be explored more directly observed in the area during this time. deeply for future monitoring of logging activities. Following that work and interviews with local The local people used turtles, monitor lizards and people, a total of 97 species are noted, and 76 among pythons as food, but they rarely eat frogs, although them are confirmed. This is an ecologically rich they acknowledge that at least six species are known area for an exploited forest and researchers found to be edible.
  • Asian Renewable Energy Hub Terrestrial Fauna and SRE Fauna Survey

    Asian Renewable Energy Hub Terrestrial Fauna and SRE Fauna Survey

    Asian Renewable Energy Hub Terrestrial Fauna and SRE Fauna Survey Prepared for NW Interconnected Power November 2018 Asian Renewable Energy Hub Level 2 Terrestrial Fauna and SRE Fauna Survey © Biota Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd 2019 ABN 49 092 687 119 Level 1, 228 Carr Place Leederville Western Australia 6007 Ph: (08) 9328 1900 Fax: (08) 9328 6138 Project No.: 1290C Prepared by: V. Ford, J. King Document Quality Checking History Version: 1 Peer review: S. Schmidt, P. Brooshooft Rev 0 Director review: G. Humphreys Rev 0 Format review: G. Humphreys Approved for issue: G. Humphreys This document has been prepared to the requirements of the client identified on the cover page and no representation is made to any third party. It may be cited for the purposes of scientific research or other fair use, but it may not be reproduced or distributed to any third party by any physical or electronic means without the express permission of the client for whom it was prepared or Biota Environmental Sciences Pty Ltd. This report has been designed for double-sided printing. Hard copies supplied by Biota are printed on recycled paper. Cube:Current:1290C (AREH Fauna):Documents:AREH Fauna Rev A.docx 3 Asian Renewable Energy Hub Level 2 Terrestrial Fauna and SRE Fauna Survey 4 Cube:Current:1290C (AREH Fauna):Documents:AREH Fauna Rev A.docx Asian Renewable Energy Hub Level 2 Terrestrial Fauna and SRE Fauna Survey Asian Renewable Energy Hub Level 2 Terrestrial Fauna and SRE Fauna Survey Contents 1.0 Executive Summary 9 1.1 Project Background 9 1.2 Methods
  • The Amphibians of Kenya

    The Amphibians of Kenya

    The Amphibians of Kenya Stephen Spawls, Domnick V Wasonga and Robert C Drewes Introduction There are two orders of amphibians in In the early 19th Century, the Kikuyu Kenya; the frogs and the caecilians. Few seer Mugo wa Kibiru prophesied that people are aware of caecilians, as they ‘strangers would come, with skin the are wormlike, burrowing amphibians colour of the banana frog’; he was talking that live in damp soil. However, we know of the Mountain Reed frog, Hyperolius a lot more about frogs. We know the montanus, whose skin is pinkish white. sounds they make; we have seen them The man was right; seemingly predicting at night on wet roads or around our the advent of the colonial era in East outside taps, or by day near the shores of Africa. People sometimes fear frogs and lakes and rivers. And yet little is known toads, believing them to be dangerous. of their lifestyle. The humble chura is a They are not. A few of Kenya’s frogs, for secretive, and yet spectacular creature of example the Red-banded Rubber Frog, the dark and of water, often mysterious, Phrynomantis bifasciatus, and some active only in the rainy season. We hear toads, have toxic skin secretions but them more often than we see them; the these are only dangerous if the skin toxin boom of frogs and toads in the night has accidentally enters a cut. often disturbed our sleep. However, frogs are good for humanity. They eat mostly Kenya’s frogs range widely in size. Females insects; in Kenya’s rice and maize fields it are usually larger than the males, as they is the frogs that keep the insect numbers have to carry the eggs.