DOCSLIB.ORG

Emergence of Producer Companies As Innovative Institutions for Agriculture Development in India: Issues and Challenges

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Emergence of Producer Companies As Innovative Institutions for Agriculture Development in India: Issues and Challenges Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development Volume 17 | Number 2 | 79 Emergence of Producer Companies as Innovative Institutions for Agriculture Development in India: Issues and Challenges S K Shilpa Indian Institute of Plantation Management, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, [email protected] Check the complete lineup ABSTRACT of the Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development (AJAD) 17.2 Small and marginal farmers encounter several challenges in managing their farms, Foreign Labor Shortages in the the major being limited investment capacity, access to inputs, water, power, and Malaysian Palm Oil Industry: credit. In India, the Ministry of Agriculture recognized the collectivization of these Impacts and Recommendations Megan Zellers Crowley farmers into producer organizations (POs) as the most appropriate institutional Rice Value Chain Analysis form to leverage farmers’ production and marketing capacities. The study aims in the Philippines: Value Addition, to understand the characteristics of producer companies (PCs) and identify the Constraints, and Upgrading Strategies issues and challenges in the emergence of PCs through a quantitative study of all Alice B. Mataia, Jesusa C. Beltran, PCs registered in the country using secondary data and a qualitative study based Rowena G. Manalili, Betzaida M. Catudan, Nefriend M. Francisco, on interviews with 192 PC directors, members, and 11 promoting institutions. The and Adrielle C. Flores formation and development of PCs are being actively undertaken by government Sustaining Rice Productivity, and their agencies with major financial support from the Small Farmers Agri-Business Soil Fertility, and Income from Prawn-Rice Joint Culture in the Consortium (SFAC) and the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Gher System in Bangladesh (NABARD), with technical support from resource support agencies. A total of 7,381 Basanta Kumar Barmon and Sanzidur Rahman PCs were registered by March 2019, across 33 states and union territories, and 2,749 Impact of Climate Change PCs were active as of March 2018. PCs face numerous challenges, the major being on Paddy Production: shortage of investment and working capital, compliance-related problems, lack Evidence from Nepal Niranjan Devkota and Nirash Paija of vision and direction from the board and poor professional management. From Emergence of Producer the perspective of the producer organization promoting institutions or POPIs, the Companies as Innovative major issues were attitude of farmers, limited number of members, poor equity Institutions for Agriculture Development in India: Issues base, subsidy driven process, and non-result-oriented approach of the PCs. and Challenges S K Shilpa Keywords: producer organization, producer companies, India Upland Rice: Cultural Keystone Species in a Philippine Traditional Agroecosystem JEL Classification: Q01, Q13, Q18 Florence L. Zapico, Josefina T. Dizon, Edwino S. Fernando, Teresita H. Borromeo, Kenneth L. McNally, and Jose E. Hernandez Non-timber Forest Products Value Chain Toward Sustainable Livelihood: Exploring Linkages and Trends Using Visual Optimization Network Analysis Ravi Sharma and Nisha Bharti Contact S K Shilpa [email protected] https://doi.org/10.37801/ajad2020.17.2.5 80 | S K Shilpa INTRODUCTION other constraints, such as poor market information, high transaction costs, no access to credits, and griculture and allied sector activities high indebtedness, leading to low production (Gill support livelihoods of 54.6 percent of 2004; Mondal 2010; Bhattacharjee 2010). India’s rural population and accounts Community institutions in agriculture offer for 17.1 percent of the Gross Value small farmers an opportunity to increase their AAdded for the year 2017–2018 (DAC&FW 2018). productivity, income, and resource efficiencies. A macro level examination of the agriculture A study by FAO (2014) reveals that various sector shows that small and marginal farmers institutional arrangements have empowered below 2-ha land per household account for the small-scale producers socially, economically, and majority of farms in India, comprising 86 percent politically as they overcome market constraints, of all farmers and contributing 47 percent of the build their skills, and improve access to information crop area. Most of these farmers still work for and technologies. Primary producer organizations subsistence farming (DAC&FW 2019). (POs) or collectives are being considered to protect Small and marginal farmers face several small farmers from the impact of globalization, challenges in managing their farms, the major and help them take part productively in the ones being lack of information, lower scale of competitive markets (Trebbin and Hassler 2012). operation, poor communication linkages with Therefore, government and practitioners are the wider markets, and consequent exploitation promoting producer collectives for improving the by intermediaries in procuring inputs and socioeconomic condition of small farmers. The marketing (Dev 2005). Shortage of capital, collectives are expected to decrease transaction adequate information, and lack of education costs, offer scale advantages from bulk purchase of (Gulati et al. 2007) lead to the use of obsolete inputs, exchange of information and knowledge harvesting practices, impacting productivity and, among members, cost efficiencies in marketing consequentially, 25–30 percent of the produce and value-addition, better price realization, and gets wasted (Desai and Joshi 2014). Singh (2012) reduction of risk (Kanitkar 2016; NABARD 2019; adds that in the present economic scenario, Indian Singh 2008). farmers have less bargaining power in input and Kirsten and Sartorius (2002) observed that output marketing because of the risks associated in the absence of a collective approach, the small- with weather uncertainties, uneven access to scale operations of the farmers will significantly technologies and natural resources, unreliable reduce their bargaining power in procuring input supplies, stressed infrastructure in power and inputs as well as in marketing of output. Against irrigation, and uncertain marketing arrangements. this backdrop, the government of India has Even though smallholder farmers have better been promoting a new form of collective called understanding of local agriculture and employ “farmers producer organization” (FPO) to enable family labor, they often face the issue of high costs the access of small farmers, notably, to technology, for non-labor transactions (Poulton, Dorward, and inputs, finance, and markets (Hellin, Lundy, and Kydd 2010). Meijer 2009; Department of Agriculture and Difficulty in accessing insurance and Cooperation 2013). credit services and susceptibility to weather The FPO aims to create a connection eccentricities further obscure the condition of between farmers and market, present access to smallholder farmers in general (World Bank 2007; capital for farmers, set standards in the market, with import competition adding to the problems manage risk for farmers, offer more competitive (Desai and Joshi 2014). In India, about 80 percent market conditions, and promote social equality of the farmers are small farmers whose income at the grassroots level (Singh and Singh 2013). is less than their consumption expenditure. This According to Stockbridge, Dorward, and Kydd condition is due to drought, failure of crops and (2003), farmer organizations shape up trust in Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development Volume 17 | Number 2 | 81 relationships during market access linkages, thus, areas. However, there lies a gap in understanding defending farmer interest and improving their the characteristics of PCs across India in terms market participation. Farmer organizations have of their number, geographical spread, number of the prospective to contribute to the espousal of members, capital structure, and active companies. sustainable and prolific management practices Understanding the characteristics of PCs is (Meinzen-Dick et al. 2004) and augment the necessary for policy decision-making. Data on incomes of the members (Aku et al. 2018). all PCs is not available even after 17 years of Traditionally, POs functioned as cooperatives. the Producer Companies Act 2002. Moreover, Recently however, the cooperatives have been there are concerns related to the promotion and criticized in terms of their financial performance operations of PCs, as many PCs are struggling to be as they have not developed into self-sustainable profitable business ventures without the support of organizations (Shah 2016). This has led to poor government. The above concerns led to this study commitment of the members (Trebbin and Hassler of PCs in India with two objectives, to understand 2012) and overdependence on government the characteristics of PCs in India, and to know funds, political intrusion, and corruption (GOI the issues and challenges in the emergence of PCs. 2000). Shah (2016) cited political interference in cooperative elections to be the prime reason for failures of cooperatives in India. These factors have METHODOLOGY encouraged the emergence of producer companies (PCs) as innovative institutions for agriculture The study consist of two parts: a brief development. PCs are considered as hybrid model quantitative analysis of data on all PCs registered of private companies and cooperative businesses. in the country, based on the Ministry of Corporate PCs as a new institutional framework will Affairs Corporate Data Management
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Politics of Coalition in India
    Journal of Power, Politics & Governance March 2014, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 01–11 ISSN: 2372-4919 (Print), 2372-4927 (Online) Copyright © The Author(s). 2014. All Rights Reserved. Published by American Research Institute for Policy Development Politics of Coalition in India Farooq Ahmad Malik1 and Bilal Ahmad Malik2 Abstract The paper wants to highlight the evolution of coalition governments in india. The evaluation of coalition politics and an analysis of how far coalition remains dynamic yet stable. How difficult it is to make policy decisions when coalition of ideologies forms the government. More often coalitions are formed to prevent a common enemy from the government and capturing the power. Equally interesting is the fact a coalition devoid of ideological mornings survives till the enemy is humbled. While making political adjustments, principles may have to be set aside and in this process ideology becomes the first victim. Once the euphoria victory is over, differences come to the surface and the structure collapses like a pack of cards. On the grounds of research, facts and history one has to acknowledge india lives in politics of coalition. Keywords: india, government, coalition, withdrawal, ideology, partner, alliance, politics, union Introduction Coalition is a phenomenon of a multi-party government where a number of minority parties join hands for the purpose of running the government which is otherwise not possible. A coalition is formed when many groups come into common terms with each other and define a common programme or agenda on which they work. A coalition government always remains in pulls and pressures particularly in a multinational country like india.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Indian Politics
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Introduction to Indian Politics Borooah, Vani University of Ulster December 2015 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/76597/ MPRA Paper No. 76597, posted 05 Feb 2017 07:28 UTC Chapter 1 Introduction to Indian Politics In his celebrated speech, delivered to India’s Constituent Assembly on the eve of the 15th August 1947, to herald India’s independence from British rule, Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, famously asked if the newly independent nation was “brave enough and wise enough to grasp this opportunity and accept the challenge of the future”. If one conceives of India, as many Indians would, in terms of a trinity of attributes – democratic in government, secular in outlook, and united by geography and a sense of nationhood – then, in terms of the first of these, it would appear to have succeeded handsomely. Since, the Parliamentary General Election of 1951, which elected the first cohort of members to its lower house of Parliament (the Lok Sabha), India has proceeded to elect, in unbroken sequence, another 15 such cohorts so that the most recent Lok Sabha elections of 2014 gave to the country a government drawn from members to the 16th Lok Sabha. Given the fractured and fraught experiences with democracy of India’s immediate neighbours (Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar) and of a substantial number of countries which gained independence from colonial rule, it is indeed remarkable that independent India has known no other form of governmental authority save through elections. Elections (which represent ‘formal democracy’), are a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for ‘substantive democracy’.
    [Show full text]
  • Hindu Nationalism in the United States: a Report on Nonprofit Groups
    Hindu Nationalism in the United States: A Report on Nonprofit Groups July 2014 J. M. [email protected] This report compiles publicly available tax records, newspaper articles, and other materials on non-profit groups in the United States affiliated with the Sangh Parivar (family of Hindu nationalist groups) from 2001-2014, documenting a segment of the projects and priorities of U.S.-based Hindu nationalism. Released via sacw.net Table of Contents Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. 3 Figure 1. Four Areas of Hindu Nationalist Activities in the U.S. Indian Diaspora ................... 5 The Sangh Parivar in the United States .............................................................................................. 6 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 8 The Sangh’s Youth and Family Programs ....................................................................................... 10 Figure 2. U.S. Cities with HSS Shakhas/Balagokulams, 2014 ................................................ 12 Table 1. VHP-America Chapters, 2014 ................................................................................... 13 Table 2. Attendance and Monies Allocated toward HSS Shakhas and VHPA Bal Vihars, 2002-2012 ............................................................................. 14 Charities: Funding Sangh Projects ..................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Indian Media and Authoritarian Politics
    [Special Issue: The Future of Democracy in India] The Indian Media and Authoritarian Politics PHILIPOSE Pamela I. The Indian media and authoritarian politics The 16th general election of 2014 in India brought to power the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a Hindu majoritarian party, under the leadership of Narendra Modi. Hindutva, the core ideology of the BJP, was propounded by V. D. Savarkar, who in 1923 formulated the idea of the true Indian being “someone who looked upon this land of his forefathers as his holy land; someone who inherited the blood of the race of the SaptaSindhus; and one who expressed a common affinity to the classical language, Sanskrit...” (Sampath, 2019: 416–417). In other words, it propounds that those who are not Hindus cannot be wholly Indian. Today, Hindutva has come to permeate Indian politics through the innumerable networks associated with the ruling party, the BJP, and linked to its flagship organization, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Simultaneous with the growth of Hindutva has been the retreat of the values once considered fundamental to Indian democracy and which figure in the preamble to its constitution, including those of secularism and fraternity. The general election of 2019 saw the BJP return with a win even more emphatic than the one it achieved in the last general election of 2014, flagging the electoral supremacy of Narendra Modi and his brand of authoritarian populism. Across the world, political leaders from Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of Turkey to Brazil’s Jair Bolsanaro have used impressive election victories as pathways to authoritarian rule. They have demonstrated an ability to sway large numbers of supporters by speaking to their insecurities and stoking their deepest desires through a process of mediatized cult building.
    [Show full text]
  • ROLE of SOCIAL MEDIA and YOUNG VOTERS Role of Social
    NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY (NLU), DELHI IN COLLABORATION WITH INDIA INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR DEMOCRACY AND ELECTION MANAGEMENT (IIIDEM), DELHI PROPOSAL FOR ONE DAY SEMINAR ON ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND YOUNG VOTERS National Law University(NLU), Dwarka, Delhi and India International Institute of Democracy and Election Management (IIIDEM), Dwarka, Delhi are jointly organising a one day Seminar on “Role of Social Media and Young Voters.” Date: 25th March, 2019, Monday Venue: India International Institute of Democracy and Election Management (IIIDEM), Dwarka Timing: 10:00 am onwards Role of Social Media and Young Voters In 2014, the 16th Lok Sabha elections witnessed the highest turnout amongst young voters. The youth of the country may have experienced a wave of euphoria after being sparked to action by Anna Hazare’s anti corruption movement of April 2011. Protests occurred throughout the country against the Delhi rape and fatal assault case of December 2012. Online as well as social networking sites Facebook and Whatsapp were used extensively. Tens of thousands signed online petitions while raising their concerns and to register their protests. The focus of political parties also got diverted from exploiting the traditional caste cleavage of the country to mobilize young voters who constitute a whopping 13.3 crore of the population. It was realized that these young voters who constitute a little over 15% of the total voters in the country hold the key to the making and unmaking of political parties’ electoral destinies in the ensuing 2019 Lok Sabha elections and they must not be ignored or taken lightly. The youth being better informed, educated and tech-savvy are the future opinion-makers and influencers who have the capacity to take a stand against the established political leanings of their family and friends.
    [Show full text]
  • UNITED STATES SECURITIES and EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 20-F REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT to SECTION
    UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 20-F REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 OR ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2014 OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 OR SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 Date of event requiring this shell company report For the transition period from to Commission File Number: 1-15182 DR. REDDY’S LABORATORIES LIMITED (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) Not Applicable TELANGANA, INDIA (Translation of Registrant’s name (Jurisdiction of incorporation or into English) organization) 8-2-337, Road No. 3, Banjara Hills Hyderabad, Telangana 500 034, India +91-40-49002900 (Address of principal executive offices) Saumen Chakraborty, Chief Financial Officer, +91-40-49002004, [email protected] 8-2-337, Road No. 3, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 034, India (Name, telephone, e-mail and/or facsimile number and address of company contact person) Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act. Title of Each Class Name of Each Exchange on which Registered American depositary shares, each New York Stock Exchange representing one equity share Equity Shares* * Not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of American depositary shares, pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • Promoting Gender Equality in India
    August 2015 PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY IN INDIA Three Approaches to Scale-up This publication was prepared by Sara Pappa, Arundati Muralidharan, Radhika Dayal, and Madhumita Das. HEALTH POLICY PROJECT Suggested citation: Pappa, S., A. Muralidharan, R. Dayal, and M. Das. 2015. Prom oting Gender Equality in India: Three Approaches to Scale-up. W ashington, DC: Futures Group: Health Policy Project. ISBN: 978-1-59560-111-7 The Health Policy Project is a five-year cooperative agreement funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development under Agreement No. AID-OAA-A-10-00067, beginning September 30, 2010. It is implemented by Futures Group, in collaboration with Plan International USA, Av enir Health (formerly Futures Institute), Partners in Population and Development, Africa Regional Office (PPD ARO), Population Reference Bureau (PRB), RTI International, and the White Ribbon Alliance for Safe Motherhood (WRA). Promoting Gender Equality in India Three Approaches to Scale-up AUGUST 2015 This publication was prepared by Sara Pappa, 1 Arundati Muralidharan, 2 Radhika Dayal, 2 and Madhumita Das.3 1 Health Policy Project, Futures Group, 2 Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), 3 International Center for Research on W omen (ICRW ) The information prov ided in this document is not official U.S. Gov ernment information and does not necessarily represent the v iews or positions of the U.S. Agency for International Dev elopment. CONTENTS Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • India Behavioral Energy Efficiency Potential | Oracle Utilities Opower
    Behavioural Energy for India Efficiency Potential WHITE PAPER / 2019 WHITE PAPER / Behavioural Energy Efficiency Potential for India | 2 Behavioural Energy for India Efficiency Potential WHITE PAPER / Behavioural Energy Efficiency Potential for India | 3 This White Paper was co-authored by the Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE) and Oracle Utilities. The individuals most responsible for the development of this paper are as follows: AEEE Team Ms. Sneha Sachar Mr. Shyamasis Das Mr. Akash Goenka Oracle Team Ms. Marisa Uchin Dr. Ken Haig Mr. Sabyasachi Pattanaik Ms. Kristen Emhoff Suggested Citation Sachar, S., Das, S., Emhoff, K., Goenka, A., Haig, K., Pattanaik, S., Uchin, M. (2019). “White Paper on Behavioural Energy Efficiency Potential for India.” New Delhi: Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE). Disclaimer This report is based on the best available information in the public domain. Every attempt has been made to ensure correctness of data. However, AEEE and Oracle Utilities do not guarantee the accuracy of the data or accept responsibility for the consequences of the use of such data. Copyright © 2019, Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE) Saira Tower, 4th Floor, N-161A, Gulmohar Enclave, Yusuf Sarai, New Delhi -110049 [T] +91-11-40567344, 46635600 [E] [email protected] [W] www.aeee.in © 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle India Private Limited F-01/02, First Floor | Salcon Rasvillas | D-1, District Centre, Saket, New Delhi - 110017 For more information, visit oracle.com/utilities or email [email protected] Published: 2019 WHITE PAPER / Behavioural Energy Efficiency Potential for India | 4 Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE) and Oracle Utilities express their sincere gratitude to the following individuals for their support and input during the development of this White Paper: Acknowledgements BSES Rajdhani Power, Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized In the Dark SOUTH ASIA DEVELOPMENT FORUM In the Dark How Much Do Power Sector Distortions Cost South Asia? FAN ZHANG © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 21 20 19 18 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Zhang, Fan.
    [Show full text]
  • Meeting the Unmet Need a Choice-Based Approach to Family Planning
    Meeting the Unmet Need A Choice-Based Approach to Family Planning Introduction Family planning is an important tool for altogether, but are not using a fulfilling people’s reproductive health and contraceptive method, or fertility needs and has rightly been at the (2) have a mistimed or unwanted current heart of political and programmatic pregnancy, or interventions in India as well as globally. (3) are postpartum amenorrhoeic and their However, India’s family planning last birth in the last two years was programme, despite its numerous mistimed or unwanted”1. successes, has had to contend with misconceptions, lack of information around Unmet need can be further disaggregated contraceptives, and a continuing gap in into unmet need for limiting births and public perception on the importance and unmet need for spacing births2. Unmet need need for family planning. There has also also varies across parameters, like been a recognition of the persisting unmet geography, age, education, religion, caste, need for family planning (henceforth, unmet and economic status, among others (New et need), which can be a barrier to women’s al. 2017). In India, women in rural areas realisation of their optimal reproductive report a higher unmet need than their urban health and fertility needs. counterparts and there are interstate variations in unmet need.3 Unmet need also Simply put, unmet need refers to the varies across social indices, with “condition of wanting to avoid or postpone contraception use at its lowest (45%) among childbearing but not using any method of women from Scheduled Tribes, followed by contraception” to do so (Casterline and Other Backward Classes (47%) and those Sinding 2000: 3).
    [Show full text]
  • Road Accidents in India 2014
    RROOAADD AACCCCIIDDEENNTTSS IINN IINNDDIIAA 22001144 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF ROAD TRANSPORT & HIGHWAYS TRANSPORT RESEARCH WING NEW DELHI www.morth.nic.in TEN GOLDEN RULES FOR ROAD SAFETY 1. STOP OR SLOW DOWN : Allow pedestrians to cross first at uncontrolled zebra crossings. 2. BUCKLE UP : So that your family and you are safe in the car. Seat Belts reduce the chances of death of a car occupant in accidents . 3. OBEY TRAFFIC RULES AND SIGNS : To prevent road accidents. 4. OBEY SPEED LIMITS : For your own safety and that of others. In residential areas and market places, ideal speed should be 20 kmph and the maximum speed limit is 30 kmph. 5. KEEP VEHICLE FIT : To prevent breakdown and accidents on road. 6. NEVER USE MOBILE WHILE DRIVING : To avoid distractions that largely lead to accidents. 7. WEAR HELMET : To protect your head while riding a two wheeler. A good quality helmet reduces the chances of severe head injury. 8. NEVER DRIVE DANGEROUSLY : To ensure your own safety and that of other road users. 9. BE COURTEOUS : Share the road with all and be considerate. Never rage on the road. 10. NEVER MIX DRINKING AND DRIVING : Be Responsible... Don’t drink while driving. ~ SECRETARY ~ fi,,!cpl"! ~ iiI<ffl GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ret\J1~ ft9&l '! ~ qRcjg"i 3fR xl\JPilll ~'5lIC'i(1 VIJAY CHHIBBER MINISTRY OF ROAD TRANSPORT & HIGHWAYS FOREWORD Over the years, the significant growth of vehicles on road has been the leading cause of accidents resulting into deaths, disabilities and hospitalizations with severe socio-economic costs across the country.
    [Show full text]
  • International Migration of Health Professionals and the Marketization and Privatization of Health Education in India: from Push-Pull to Global Political Economy
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Wilfrid Laurier University Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Geography and Environmental Studies Faculty Publications Geography and Environmental Studies 1-2015 International Migration of Health Professionals and the Marketization and Privatization of Health Education in India: From Push-Pull to Global Political Economy Margaret Walton-Roberts Wilfrid Laurier University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/geog_faculty Part of the Geography Commons Recommended Citation Walton-Roberts, M. (2015). International Migration of Health Professionals and the Marketization and Privatization of Health Education in India: From Push-Pull to Global Political Economy. Social Science and Medicine, 124: 374-382. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Geography and Environmental Studies at Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Geography and Environmental Studies Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT Health worker migration theories have tended to focus on labour market conditions as principal push or pull factors. The role of education systems in producing internationally oriented health workers has been less explored. In place of the traditional conceptual approaches to understanding health worker, especially nurse, migration, I advocate global political economy (GPE) as a perspective that can highlight how educational investment and global migration tendencies are increasing interlinked. The Indian case illustrates the globally oriented nature of health care training, and informs a broader understanding of both the process of health worker migration, and how it reflects wider marketization tendencies evident in India’s education and health systems.
    [Show full text]