Melbourne Vice-Chancellors’ Forum Melbourne Australia’s knowledge capital

The contributions of Melbourne’s universities to the City’s economic, cultural and community development

May 2007 2 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

Howard Partners Pty Ltd ABN 89 090 817 360 Suite G1 15 Beauchamp Street Deakin ACT 2600 www.howardpartners.com.au Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 3

Contents From the Lord Mayor 4 Summary 5 1 Context 12 1.1 The City of Melbourne and metropolitan Melbourne 12 1.2 Towards engagement 12 1.3 Key constituencies and stakeholders 13 1.4 Data sources 15 1.5 Location of Victoria’s universities with a Melbourne presence 15 2 the economic roles and contributions of universities 16 2.1 Melbourne universities in a global context 16 2.2 The economic impact of Victorian universities 19 2.3 The economic contribution of overseas students 21 2.4 Investment in student housing and accommodation 22 3 universities as developers of human capital 23 3.1 The student population 23 3.2 Education and training for the professions 24 3.3 Work integrated learning (WIL) 24 3.4 The student experience 27 4 universities as “engines of innovation” 29 4.1 Knowledge products and services 29 4.2 Intellectual property protection and technology licensing 29 4.3 Melbourne’s universities areas of research strength 30 4.4 Cooperation and collaboration with industry and the community 43 4.5 Research precincts and technology parks 45 4.6 Universities as incubators for new business development 48 5 universities in a community, cultural and social setting 50 5.1 Universities as communities 50 5.2 Universities and community service 51 5.3 Universities as centres for the arts, culture and discourse 53 5.4 Universities as providers of sporting and recreational facilities 60 6 universities as custodians of knowledge assets 62 6.1 Scientific facilities and instruments 62 6.2 Libraries 64 6.3 Archives 64 6.4 Publishing and bookstores 64 7 universities making a difference to the urban environment and infrastructure 65 7.1 Planning and development 65 7.2 Universities in the city 66 7.3 Preservation and restoration of heritage assets 67 7.4 Marketing and promotion of the City 69 8 issues and implications 69 References 71 4 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

From the Lord Mayor

Local governments and universities have impor- our reputation for a quality tant roles to play in a city’s future growth and and affordable lifestyle. sustainability. In Melbourne, the long-term Given the council’s vision success of our educational institutions is linked to for Melbourne as an inno- the long-term success of our city. Melbourne has vative and engaging city, a large student population and many of our this study highlights that industries and cultural activities have strong con- universities and the City of nections to our universities. Melbourne have the In 2005, the first Melbourne Vice Chancellors’ potential to become valu- Forum was held to explore the possibility of closer able partners. The study also provides the basis collaboration between all Melbourne-based for increased and sustained government and ­universities and the City of Melbourne. community support for Melbourne’s universities The forum agreed to commission a study to iden- and the benefits of helping universities work with tify the roles played by Melbourne’s eight universi- business and all levels of government, to develop ties in Melbourne’s economic, social and cultural and promote Melbourne as a knowledge capital. life. This study, the Metropolitan Melbourne Uni- Thank you to all who contributed to the develop- versities’ Contributions Study was conducted by ment of this study. I would like to particularly Howard Partners and adopted by the Melbourne acknowledge the contributions made by members Vice Chancellors’ Forum in March 2007. of the Vice Chancellors’ Forum: The business and knowledge-sharing opportuni- • Professor Gabrielle McMullen, ties and the economic benefits that universities PVC Academic Affairs, Australian Catholic bring to a city are well known and initially the University, Melbourne; plan for this study was to focus on these economic • Professor Sally Walker, impacts. Vice Chancellor, Deakin University; However, the study soon revealed that universi- • Professor Paul Johnson, ties bring many other benefits for Melbourne. Vice Chancellor, La Trobe University; • Professor Richard Larkins, While the university sector is important for employ- Vice Chancellor, Monash University; ment, income and research-commercialisation in • Professor Margaret Gardner, the city, this study also found that the social, Vice Chancellor, RMIT University; ­cultural and community contributions of • Professor Ian Young, Vice Chancellor, ­universities are significant. Universities in Swinburne University of Technology; ­Melbourne are centres for the arts, for culture • Professor Glyn Davis, Vice Chancellor, and for community services and universities University of Melbourne; and themselves hold important places in Melbourne’s • Professor Elizabeth Harman, urban landscape. Vice Chancellor, Victoria University. Melbourne’s universities have a strong presence This study will now inform the Melbourne Vice in the international tertiary education market. Chancellors’ Forum in its future activities. With international offices that nurture relation- ships and attract diverse international popula- tions, metropolitan Melbourne hosts 25,000 international tertiary students, who are attracted Lord Mayor John So by both the excellent educational institutions and Chair, Melbourne Vice Chancellors’ Forum Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 5

Summary

Victoria’s eight universities with a Melbourne Overseas students make an important contribu- metropolitan presence are an integral part of the tion to the culture and lifestyle of Melbourne as urban economy and community and make a well as to Victorian regional centres. International ­substantial contribution to Victoria as a whole. student spending on tuition, accommodation, The City of Melbourne, in partnership with the and retail makes a further contribution to local Vice-Chancellors of the eight universities, recog- economies and accounts for a very significant nises that the potential exists to strengthen further proportion of Australia’s trade in services. the synergies between these universities and the While education of Australian and international wider economic, social and urban context in students is an important part of higher education which they operate. in Victoria, this function comprises only one The existence of these synergies is already recog- aspect of its activities. A very significant propor- nised in the City’s plans for the future: City Plan tion of the attention, resources and faculty of a 2010. This plan stresses the importance of the university is devoted to research, graduate and tertiary education sector to the future of­ professional education, continuing education and Melbourne as a knowledge city – as part of the service to society. These missions of teaching, growth and retention of priority business sectors. research and industry and community engage- The purpose of this Study has been to document ment are commonly referred to as a ‘triad’ of the nature and extent of these impacts in as broad university missions. a manner as possible with a view to informing future strategies and plans. Through research, universities produce new These Victorian universities with Melbourne cam- knowledge essential for economic progress, puses are Australian Catholic University, Deakin social wellbeing and sustainability in the University, La Trobe University, The University environment and natural resources. Through of Melbourne, Monash University, Swinburne graduate and professional programs universi- ­University, RMIT University and Victoria ­University. ties train the teachers, the scholars, the Several of these institutions offer both university leaders, the managers and decision makers and vocational education and training courses necessary to apply this knowledge. Through and programs. publications, information services and out- reach, universities engage with industry and For many people, including parents, politicians the community in a wide range of cooperative, and the press, a university is ‘where people go collaborative and partnership arrangements. to get an education’. Once seen as a privilege for the few who had the capacity to pay, This ‘classic triad’ of teaching, research and higher education is now accessible by all engagement has formed the basis of a long stand- sections of society who have the capacity, ing social contract between universities and ability and motivation to learn. Over the past society. With the emergence of the knowledge 50 years higher education has moved from economy and the recognition of higher education an ‘aspiration’ to ‘a right’ for all qualified as an industry, this social contract is being re- ­Victorians. negotiated and higher education is being expected to contribute more to economic and social Victorian higher education is also accessible by progress, cultural enrichment and community an increasing number of international students. development (Bjarnason and Coldstream 2003). 6 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

In the context of this broader social contract this represent a significant proportion of residents in study has generated a number of findings. new apartment buildings being constructed in and around the City. Melbourne’s universities are major export earners Consistent with this export orientation, higher education is becoming globalised and Victorian Exports of education services are becoming universities are major players. All Victorian uni- increasingly important to the Australian and Vic- versities have agreements with Chinese universi- torian economies. In 2004-05 exports of educa- ties as well as with universities in other South tion services from Victoria exceeded $2 billion. and South East Asian countries. In addition, they This puts higher education in the same league as have investments in campuses around the world. tourism as an export earner. Most Victorian universities are also members of In 2005 there were 69,700 overseas students an international partnership or alliance. studying in Victorian universities – 48,600 were There is also a number of less tangible benefits to attending Melbourne campuses of the eight uni- Melbourne that arise from a large number of versities included in the study. It is estimated that international students moving through education overseas students spend $600 per week (more programs – for example, through tourism associ- than $30,000 per annum) on housing, food and ated with family members and alumni, business other living expenses. linkages and medium to long term visibility of Victoria’s universities with a Melbourne presence Melbourne in the South East Asian region. account for 28 per cent of Australia’s international student enrolments. Studies indicate that inter- Given the global mobility of people and business, national students have a preference for the safer the fact that Melbourne is a ‘port of call’ for so living environment of Melbourne and the suburbs many international students who may then assume surrounding Melbourne’s universities. positions of influence in their society is a plus.

Figure 1: Overseas students – Melbourne’s universities are ‘businesses’ State of study, 2005 in a global higher education industry Melbourne’s eight universities with a Melbourne Other States/ Territories 12% presence create and market a range of knowledge products and services for the knowledge Western Australia 11% economy. Victoria 28% In 2005 Victoria’s universities with a Melbourne presence, together with one small regional ­university, generated revenues of $4.0 billion. In this regard, universities are a very significant component of the overall services sector. Queensland 21% New South Wales 28% In addition, the eight universities paid their 22,500 employees $2.3 billion in salaries and entitlements and made investments of $1.6 billion. Victorian universities with Melbourne campuses Total non-current assets of universities amount to are making substantial investments in facilities $9.2 billion. Universities are also substantial and resources for overseas students in the City. investors and purchasers of facilities, equipment Overseas students are making a major contribu- and services. These purchases support and tion to the re-vitalisation of the social and cultural sustain a wide range of businesses in construc- life of inner Melbourne. Overseas students now tion, technology and retail services sectors. Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 7

Previous studies have indicated that the economic Figure 2: Enrolments by broad field of education ‘multiplier’ effect of university expenditure is in at Victoria’s universities with a Melbourne the region of 2:1. metropolitan presence – 2005 (per cent) The products and services of universities are rep- resented in the knowledge and skills of graduates Creative Arts 6% Natural and Physical Sciences 9% who work in business, industry and government Information Technology 9% as well as in scholarly publications, intellectual Society and Culture 19% Engineering and Related property (IP) rights, research contracts, academic Technologies 8% consultancy services and knowledge based start- Architecture and up companies. Building 2% Agriculture, Environmental and The downstream economic and industry impact Related Studies 1% of these university knowledge outputs are Health 10% Management and ­difficult to measure with precision, but there is Commerce 29% Education 7% little doubt that business location decisions are strongly influenced by an ability to recruit high calibre university graduates as well as Among universities the combination of teaching access the knowledge capacity and capability and learning profiles differs greatly. This is of ­university research centres. reflected in Figure 3 where it is apparent that some universities have relatively stronger com- At the end of 2004, 91 start-up companies that mitments in education, health, society and culture, had been spun out of Victorian universities whilst others concentrate on the natural sciences, between 2000 and 2004 were still operational. information technology and engineering. Nearly The estimated value of the universities’ equity all universities have a strong commitment to stake in these companies is $43 million – the management and commerce. eventual realised value of equity holdings could be substantially higher than this estimate. The diversity of Melbourne’s universities in their teaching and research profiles provides a unique In 2004, 56,000 students graduated from­ capability to provide for all facets of post second- Victorian universities. Researchers generated ary education and learning requirements. 194 books, 1,005 book chapters, 5,763 articles in scholarly journals and 2,738 refered papers Reflecting their diversity, Melbourne’s universi- ­presented at conferences. ties also differ in the relative mix of income sources. For example, reliance on Australian Melbourne’s universities are diverse Government grants for teaching and learning averages 21.3 per cent, with The University of Victoria’s eight universities with a Melbourne ­Melbourne relying on only 14.7 per cent of income metropolitan presence provide a broad range from this source. Income from other Australian of teaching, research, outreach and engagement Government sources including scholarships, services. Student enrolments in the disciplines of research grants and other forms of financial assist- science, technology, engineering and architecture ance – makes up a further 9.9 per cent of revenue. amount to 28 per cent of total enrolments and enrolments in management and commerce (cov- More than a quarter of universities’ income is ering business, economics, finance and the law) derived from fees and charges – predominantly amount to 29 per cent. Enrolments in studies of fees from international students. In 2005, income society, culture and the creative arts amount to from overseas students amounted to 16.9 per cent 25 per cent. The distribution of enrolments are of income. At RMIT University this proportion is indicated in Figure 2. 25.4 per cent and at Monash it is 19.0 per cent. 8 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

Figure 3: Melbourne’s universities – Student enrolments by field of education (per cent)

100% Creative Arts

Society and Culture 80% Management and Commerce

Education 60%

Health 10%

Agriculture, 40% Environmental and Related Studies

Architecture and Building

20% Engineering and Related Technologies

Information Technology 0% Australian Deakin La Trobe Monash RMIT Swinburne The University Victoria Victoria Natural and Catholic University University University University University of Melbourne University Total Physical Sciences University

The sources of revenue for Melbourne’s universi- This internationalisation of Victoria’s universi- ties are depicted in Figure 4. ties has had a profound impact not only on Student fees paid through the Higher Education university finances and strategies, but also on Contribution Scheme (HECS) provide 12.8 per cent the life and culture of the city. of income and support from state and local gov- The areas where Victoria’s universities with a ernment amounts to 7.3 per cent. This source of Melbourne metropolitan presence make a major income is particularly important for ‘dual sector’ contribution to the economic, social and cultural universities – RMIT, Swinburne and Victoria Uni- outcomes of the city are summarised below. versities. Melbourne’s universities are far less reliant on Melbourne’s universities nurture Australian Government financial assistance the development of human capital and support than they were when the Com- for the services sector monwealth assumed full funding responsibility The services sector is becoming increasingly 30 years ago. Prior to 1974, funding had been important for the Australian and the Victorian cost shared with state governments. economies. Almost 50 per cent of students in The provision of education services to overseas ­Victorian universities are studying courses and students has meant that this area of activity has programs in management and commerce (includ- shifted from a subsidiary and add-on services ing accounting, finance, the law), healthsciences ­ within pre-existing structures of courses and pro- and services and education (teaching). grams to core business – developed around specific For a long time a university education was a strategies, commitments and actions. Melbourne’s pre-requisite for entry into areas of professional universities are making substantial investments in practice such as medicine, the law, engineering physical infrastructure in both Melbourne and in and architecture. More recently a university edu- overseas locations, particularly in Asia. cation has become a requirement for professional Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 9

Figure 4: Melbourne’s universities – revenue sources (per cent)

100% Other Income

Consultancy and Contracts

Royalties, Trademarks and Licenses 80% Investment Income

Other Fees and Charges Fee Paying 60% Overseas Students Upfront Student Contributions

State and Local Government Financial Assistance

40% HECS and Fee Help

Other Australian Government Financial Assistance

Australian Research Council

20% DEST Research Grants

Commonwealth Scholarships Commonwealth Grants Scheme 0% Deakin La Trobe The University Monash RMIT Swinburne Victoria Australian Total University University of Melbourne University University University University Catholic University

accreditation in areas such as health care (includ- learning are being implemented through industry ing nursing and a range of allied health services), placements and internships designed to integrate teaching, journalism, agricultural extension, teaching and learning with the workplace. accounting, finance and other ‘knowledge based’ vocations. Melbourne’s universities are nodes in the A qualification from a university with a Melbourne global higher education research sector presence gives industry and society confidence in Higher education research and development the quality and credibility of the information, (R&D) represents 16 per cent of identified global advice and service they are receiving – or are R&D (US$139 billion out of US$859.6 billion). about to receive. University discoveries and technological inven- Melbourne’s universities are working closely with tions are important for continuing innovation in business and the peak professional bodies in the industries such as agriculture and mining and design of courses, programs and higher degrees in the ‘new economy’ industries such as bio- that specifically meet industry and business pharmaceuticals. needs. In particular, universities are responding A substantial proportion of R&D expenditure is to short to medium term skills shortages, but at invested in research facilities and instruments the same time they are anticipating longer-term that are available for use by industry and govern- skills and knowledge requirements and are ment. Victorian universities operate 25 stand- actively shaping industry and labour force pre- alone research facilities including nodes of major paredness through development of new knowl- national research facilities (MNRFs). Most of edge and applications. these are collaborative in nature and involve New and innovative approaches to workplace industry participants. 10 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

In 2004, Victorian universities participated in 41 Through their commitments to outreach and com- Cooperative Research Centres, were awarded munity engagement universities are taking a lead 123 Australian Research Council linkage grants in providing a wide range of community-based with industry contributions of $34 million and education, health, social welfare and environ- performed $182 million in contracts and consul- mental services. tancies (an important mechanism for knowledge transfer to business and government). Melbourne’s universities provide and maintain a cultural infrastructure Melbourne universities are leading for the City service providers for government, Melbourne’s cultural infrastructure, which is an industry and the community important asset in retaining and attracting corpo- In addition to teaching, learning and research, rate headquarters and other sources of economic Melbourne’s universities are playing a major role vitality, is closely linked to its universities. in providing services for and on behalf of govern- Universities are owners, patrons and agents in ment, industry and the community: cultural life as well as being education institu- • university medical centres and teaching hospi- tions that have a significant role in training and tals are internationally recognised leaders in the showcasing professional writers, visual and provision of quality health care in ­Melbourne ­performing artists, filmmakers and designers, as well as in the Victorian regions; arts teachers, curators and administrators and the • agricultural research institutes attached to education of their audiences. metropolitan universities play an important Numerous libraries, museums, archives, galleries role in maintaining animal and plant health and bookstores and the use of these assets to and in agricultural extension in key primary hold performances (plays, music, readings, etc) producing areas; revolve around the existence of the universities. • scientific facilities are available to industry for In addition, a wide-range of sporting facilities are experimentation, testing and scale up; provided that are available for wider community • universities are strongly committed to outreach use. and community service providing education, Universities are active in creating and supporting health, social welfare, housing and environ- ‘cultural precincts’ and cultural activities across mental services; and the City – for example, University Square, Federa- • university owned performing arts centres and tion Square and the RMIT Design Hub on the sporting and recreational facilities are Carlton and United Breweries (CUB) site. available for community use (many are funded Melbourne’s universities are the cornerstone of a on a partnership basis with State and local ‘university city’ through extension of student life government). into the CBD – for example, support for cultural University based research underpins the technol- activity and services such as wireless access to ogy for a great deal of industrial innovation and university networks through urban infrastructure. national preparedness. Universities are also being called upon to address issues concerning the Melbourne’s universities are becoming impact of climate change and global warming. drivers of the built environment University-industry collaborations are becoming Melbourne’s universities actively create and increasingly important for industry as require- renew the built environment through new build- ments for new knowledge and breakthrough ings and precinct developments. In so doing they technologies to underpin new product develop- shape the urban environment in new and inter- ment in globally competitive industries. esting ways – contributing to the aesthetic as well Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 11

as the economic dimensions of the urban experi- ­cultural and arts institutions. Their contribution ence. This can be an important factor in attracting is also reflected in the generations of accumulated and retaining business investment. human capital and wisdom of former and current staff, students and others who are associated with Summary universities on an ongoing or periodic basis. The economic, social and community contribu- Universities are partners and collaborators with tions of Melbourne’s universities are multifaceted government, industry and the community in the and complex. These contributions need to be growth and development of the knowledge viewed not simply from any one perspective – such economy, the knowledge society and the knowl- as academic ‘factories’ producing industrially edge community. A great deal has been achieved applicable knowledge – but from all perspectives. through the contributions of universities and This multifaceted role and the synergies there is much to build on in the development and between the universities and their constituencies implementation of future plans and strategies gives ­richness to university-industry-community for knowledge based economic, industry and ­relationships. community development. Any one university role only makes a small contri- From a national perspective, it is important that bution – the strength of contribution lies in the universities are seen in a much broader frame- combination of all these different roles. Conse- work than instruments of economic and industrial quently, future metropolitan and state planning development. Whilst these contributions are should focus on further strengthening this multi- important in the framework of the knowledge faceted contribution. Restricting the analysis to economy and national innovation system, there what can easily be measured distorts the picture are other dimensions. of how universities contribute to the metropolitan Universities are assets that form an integral part environment. of Australia’s economic, social, cultural and rec- The findings support the view that the higher reational infrastructure. Their value is reflected education sector is integral to the vitality of the not only in the tangible outputs of educated stu- urban economy and social community. Not only dents, scholarly publications, patents and papers, is the current scale of economic activity significant but also in the intangible contribution they make to the urban economy, the scope of the universi- to society and the community through participa- ties’ impacts is broad and exhibits strong tion and partnership with industry, all spheres of and complex synergies with the wider urban government and the non-government sector. environment. Public policy should reflect these broad Victoria’s universities with a Melbourne metro- ­contributions of universities – and the effort and politan presence are playing a key role in the commitments that are being made by students, economic and industrial development of Victoria. staff and administrators to achieve social and But they are also playing a much wider role in community outcomes – as well as economic and social and community development as well as in industrial ones. preserving the State’s and the nation’s heritage. In particular, policy should not detract from, or Victoria’s and Melbourne’s universities are remove, the motivations and incentives that uni- important public assets and resources for the versities have to work effectively with all of their knowledge economy. Their contribution is constituencies in industry, government and the reflected not only through their economic and broader community. Policy should recognise and financial transactions with industry, government support university roles and contributions in all and society, but also as custodians of investments areas. These are matters for local and state gov- in facilities, equipment and libraries and in ernment as well as the Australian government. 12 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

1 Context

The City of Melbourne and the Vice-Chancellors of The City of Melbourne has a population of 62,000 eight of the State’s universities have recognised and metropolitan Melbourne has a population that there is the potential to further enhance of 3.6 million. Key demographic characteristics ­Melbourne’s and Victoria’s competitiveness include: through a deeper appreciation of the role of uni- • 16 per cent of residents in metropolitan versities as generators of knowledge, innovation, ­Melbourne are aged between 25 and 34; productivity, social cohesion and economic devel- • 29 per cent of residents in metropolitan opment. ­Melbourne were born overseas; Victoria’s universities with a Melbourne presence are key economic, social and cultural institutions. • 26 per cent of residents in metropolitan They provide the intellectual capital and capacity ­Melbourne speak a language other than necessary to build and sustain national, state and English; regional prosperity. • more than 23,700 students live in the City of But whilst the economic and utilitarian role of Melbourne; and universities is important to recognise, it cannot • the property and business services sector and overshadow the broader social and cultural the finance and insurance sector employ more context. The success and contribution of univer- Melburnians than any other sectors. sities have been built on foundations of intellec- tual excellence, innovation, integrity, openness, The Melbourne City Council is developing deep scholarship and independent criticism ­Melbourne’s standing as a ‘knowledge city’. The (Vest 2005). eight Victorian universities with a Melbourne presence are working with Council to achieve 1.1 The City of Melbourne and this. metropolitan Melbourne 1.2 Towards engagement The City of Melbourne is Victoria’s national and international gateway, the seat of the Victorian Melbourne’s universities do not conform to the government and the headquarters of many Victo- image of universities as ivory towers detached rian, national and international companies. from the regions and communities in which they Melbourne is a growing city with an increasing are located. population and expanding boundaries. It is home to people from more than 140 countries and hosts Universities are major players in many activi- an impressive calendar of international events. ties not traditionally associated with the ‘ivory The City has won awards for ‘liveability’, green tower’. They are employers, purchasers, building design and business innovations. engines of economic growth, innovators, ­cultural meccas, branders of place and, Melbourne is a cosmopolitan city, a happy increasingly, major real estate developers. community, a thriving business hub, a focal This last role creates a web of opportunities point for arts and culture and a great place to and challenges that are not only important to work and play. the future of universities but also extend Melbourne City Council throughout the politics and economics of cities Annual Report 2005-2006 (Barbara Sherry, Land Lines, January 2005). Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 13

Universities work with government, industry The consultations for this study indicated that and communities to find solutions to problems universities want to be seen as key partners which may encompass research and teaching in regional economic, social and community and learning. In this respect, government, development as an integral element of their ­industry and the community have become engagement and outreach strategies. Universi- ­important stakeholders and constituencies within ties are developing strategies and programs a broader higher education sphere of activity and that involve greater openness and commitment influence. to government, industry and the community. Genuine engagement is being sought to position These are reflected in changing structures, Melbourne as a university city rather than a city ­communication programs, policies and processes with a number of universities. Melbourne City for engagement. Council, with a charter relating to planning and This study addresses the extent of engagement regulation in relation to the use of land and by looking at the economic and the wider social ­buildings, provision of infrastructure facilities and and cultural contributions of universities to services, protecting the environment, promoting ­Melbourne’s character, culture and style as well industry and community development, preserving as ways of doing business in a local and global the city’s heritage and supporting its culture economy. The study draws on the methodologies and way of life, has a key role in positioning and approaches of previous studies of the ­Melbourne in this way. ­economic and social impact of universities in 1 The concept of university and community engage- other cities . ment must also be seen in the context of expecta- tions. In practice, engagement is intended to 1.3 Key constituencies address the challenges facing a knowledge and stakeholders society; creating genuine learning communities; University constituencies and stakeholders cover encouraging lifelong learning; finding effective a very broad and diverse range of external influ- ways to overcome barriers to change; building ences and interests. The way in which universities social and human capital; encouraging economic work with these constituencies impacts on the development; and a collaborative approach to ways in which universities contribute to the addressing and resolving issues from the perspec- economy, society and the community. tive of all involved – that is, achieving mutually beneficial outcomes. State and local government departments and agencies The way in which universities engage and work with their stakeholders and constituencies is The Victorian Government determines the regula- defined in their plans and prospectuses, but most tory and governance framework for universities in importantly, it is defined by the actions of their the State. In addition, State Government depart- people – the executive leadership, academic ments and agencies recruit university educated staff and students. Approaches to engagement people to work in a range of professions, includ- differ among institutions, reflecting traditions, ing school teachers, health services professionals, capabilities, priorities and perhaps most social workers, agricultural extension officers, ­importantly, funding. urban planners, policy analysts and economists.

1 See GLA Economics. 2004. “World City, World Knowledge: The Economic Contribution of London’s Higher Education Sector.” GLA Economics: London, GLA Economics and KPMG. 2006. London: The Knowledge Capital – The Economic and Wider Impact of London’s Universities and Higher Education Colleges. London: London Development Agency. Appleseed Consulting. 2003. Engines of Economic Growth: The Economic Impact of Boston’s Eight Research Universities on the Metropolitan Boston Area. Boston: Masscolleges, Appleseed Inc. 2004. “Innovation & Opportunity: Harvard University’s Impact in the Boston Area Economy.” Appleseed: New York. 14 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

The State Government also expects universities Companies are looking towards developing closer to address skill shortages and state research relationships and interactions with universities at ­priorities. senior executive levels – in addition to collabora- Victorian local governments and regional statu- tions at the teaching and research centre level. tory authorities regulate and control land use, The Australian Government manage road access and parking, undertake urban planning and design, protect heritage The Australian Government provides funding for assets and provide a range of infrastructure universities through the Australian Research ­services used by universities. Access to these Council, the National Health and Medical Council, services requires effective cooperation and the Department of Education, Science and Train- ­collaboration. These bodies are also important ing (DEST) as well as through the programs of clients of universities – recruiting planners, engi- other departments and agencies, including the neers, architects, public health professionals, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry social workers, economists and accountants. and the Department of Health and Ageing. The Australian Government is also an important Professions that require university client – relying on universities to address national education for accreditation and skill shortages in science and engineering and to right to practice address national research priorities. Professional services firms in the law, accounting, Universities, collectively and individually, are finance, banking, engineering and architecture looking to engage more effectively with the Aus- rely on Melbourne’s universities to educate and tralian Government and move away from the train young people to work in their practices. conditional granting culture that currently pre- Members of the professions contribute through vails. ‘industry teaching’, faculty membership, curricu- lum development and work experience place- Other important constituencies ments. There are several other important constituencies As work in professions becomes more evidence that affect the way in which Melbourne’s univer- based and bodies of knowledge accumulate, sities contribute to effective relationships and practitioners look to universities to provide a more interactions with government, business and the intensive, as well as extensive, range of education community. They include: services. Professional bodies also contribute to the design and funding of research programs. • the finance sector, including commercial and investment bankers, ratings agencies and Mining and manufacturing companies financial agents who manage university ­investments, as well as investors who finance Mining and manufacturing represents an impor- university capital projects, business enterprises tant constituency for Melbourne’s universities. and start-up companies; The headquarters of several global corporations are located in the City. • a range of non-government organisations and community based health, welfare, environment These businesses recruit graduates in a range and recreation organisations that ­collaborate of science and engineering disciplines. Several on projects and who use the facilities and companies are involved in joint research and campus based services of Melbourne’s univer- learning programs with Melbourne’s universities. sities; Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 15

• the print and electronic media which interacts 1.5 Location of Victoria’s universities with staff (and students) for comment and with a Melbourne presence opinion on scientific, environmental, social, economic and political issues; and The location of the campuses of Victoria’s univer- sities in the Melbourne metropolitan area is listed • citizens who access and use university facilities in Table 1. and services. Citizen interest and involvement cover a spectrum from continuing education, Table 1: Location of Victoria’s Universities access to research and using galleries, with a Melbourne Presence museums, performing arts centres and recrea- tion and sporting facilities. University Campus Name (Location) Working with stakeholders and meeting expecta- Australian St Patrick’s Campus tions creates major challenges for universities. Catholic (Melbourne, Fitzroy) These challenges relate to the way in which University ­universities engage with government, industry, Deakin Melbourne Campus society and the community. University (Burwood), Toorak 1.4 Data sources La Trobe Bundoora, La Trobe St, City University The source data for this study are university annual reports, financial statements and Web Monash Berwick, Caulfield, Clayton, sites, aggregated financial data published byD ET, University Frankston, Parkville (Victoria data from the DEST Higher Education Research College of Pharmacy) Data Collection (HRDC) and reports by universities on commercialisation activity. RMIT City, Bundoora, Brunswick University Members of the Study Steering Committee have validated information and provided additional Swinburne Hawthorn, Pratt (Lilydale), material and commentary for inclusion in the University of Prahran study report. Technology The report includes a number of case examples The University City (Parkville), Werribee, of Melbourne Richmond and profiles of economic, industry, social and cultural contributions of universities. These are Victoria City (Flinders St, Flinders intended to be illustrative of the diversity and University Lane, Queen St), Footscray excellence of contributions rather than represent- Park, Footscray Nicholson, St Albans, Sunbury, Werribee ing the outcome of an exhaustive survey of best practice. Moreover, the examples and profiles are indicative and are not intended to capture all Melbourne’s universities also have a regional areas of institutional strength. presence resulting from mergers with former Colleges of Advanced Education. These locations are listed in Table 2. 16 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

Table 2: Victoria’s universities with a The connection to a regional university is Melbourne Presence – Regional Campuses ­important in the context of the thinking under­ pinning the State Government’s planning strategy, University Campus Name (Location) Melbourne 2030 which seeks to shift develop- Australian Aquinas Campus (Ballarat) ment from a city-centric hub and spoke view of Catholic Victoria to one that sees the State as a network of University cities, towns and regions that relate to and depend Deakin Geelong, Warrnambool on each other. It follows that Victoria’s metro- University politan universities have had and will continue to have, important links to their regional campuses. La Trobe Albury-Wodonga, Bendigo, This network arrangement is substantially differ- University Mildura, Beechworth, ent from other states. Shepparton Monash Gippsland University RMIT Hamilton, Sale, Bairnsdale University

The University Creswick , Dookie College of Melbourne

2 The economic roles and contributions of universities

Universities make a major contribution to the with overseas universities and international economy. This occurs firstly in their nature as ­university networks2. ‘businesses’ that generate revenues to finance Globalisation is increasing as external courses their activities and manage assets. They also offered by overseas providers increase. The falling contribute through the export of education serv- costs of telecommunications and the capability of ices, the development of human capital and the the Internet are providing opportunities in the provision of research services. Universities also provision of education across national borders. nurture new businesses as start-up companies as well as being places from where staff and Students in Australia and overseas are increas- ­students launch new businesses. ingly prepared to travel internationally to obtain a quality education. External education, where there is a higher level of globalisation, offers stu- 2.1 Melbourne universities dents a convenient way of undertaking a higher in a global context education course while they are also working. Universities not only serve a local constituency. In total, there are more than 67,000 overseas Higher education is a global phenomenon. Most ­students enrolled in Victorian universities. RMIT Victorian universities have linkages and alliances enrols around 18,000 international students.

2 The first foreign owned university opened in Adelaide in May 2006. The H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management of Carnegie Mellon University will provide American postgraduate degrees in public policy and IT and will focus on attracting students from the broader Asia-Pacific region. Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 17

Approximately 10,000 RMIT students study off- research-led, comprehensive universities shore. RMIT is building on this presence to ­providing a strong quality assurance frame- achieve its aspirations as a global university of work to the network’s activities. technology grounded in Melbourne and con- Universitas 21, in collaboration with Melbourne nected to communities, enterprises and industry University Publishing, will be publishing a around the world. series of high profile electronic books that Monash University reports that it attracts annually make innovative use of the medium. Each more than 17,000 international students from book will be edited by Universitas 21 more than 100 countries to its six Australian and academics and will consist between six and two international campuses in Malaysia and eight essays on an international theme in the South Africa. Humanities and Social Sciences (including The University of Melbourne is a founding member Business, Education and Law). and played a leading role in the establishment of Universitas 21, an international network of 20 Other Victorian universities with a Melbourne research-intensive universities from Asia, Europe, presence are involved in other global networks. North America, Australia and New Zealand. RMIT is a member of the Global U8 consortium of universities with campuses in Vietnam (Ho Chi The University of Melbourne – Universitas 21 Minh City and Hanoi) and significant teaching Universitas 21 is an international network of partnerships in Hong Kong, Singapore, China and 20 leading research-intensive universities in Malaysia, has established a significant educa- eleven countries. Collectively, its members tional presence in South-East Asia. La Trobe enrol more than 600,000 students, employ University is involved in the International Network more than 80,000 academics and researchers of Universities. and have more than two million alumni. Their collective budgets amount to more than US$10 La Trobe University – billion. The network’s purpose is to facilitate The International Network of Universities collaboration and cooperation between the La Trobe University is a founding member of member universities and to create opportuni- the International Network of Universities, INU, ties for them on a scale that none of them comprising 13 universities in eight different would be able to achieve operating independ- countries committed to advancing internation- ently or through traditional bilateral alliances. alisation through global cooperation. Through Established in 1997, Universitas 21 engages in collaboration in student and staff mobility, a number of activities on three different research, staff development and co-operation levels: in university management, the university • the first level encourages traditional colle- can provide a richer array of international gial activities, such as student exchange educational and research opportunities than programs; acting alone. • the second level facilitates greater interna- The INU has endorsed the theme of Global tional collaboration between members, such Citizenship as a common element across as the sharing of learning materials; and the teaching and research of its member • the third level focuses on opportunities for universities. entrepreneurial activities. An example of this is U21Global (an online university created in Swinburne University has developed successful partnership with Thomson Learning). relationships with universities around the All Universitas 21 member institutions are world and established Swinburne University of 18 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

­Technology (Sarawak campus) in Malaysia, in The University commenced teaching in Ho Chi 2000. There is extensive collaborative research Minh City in 2001 and in Hanoi in 2004. RMIT and mobility of teaching staff between Swinburne Vietnam currently has more than 2,000 effec- University and partner universities. tive full-time students including international Swinburne University is the only Australian uni- students from 18 countries such as the USA, versity invited to be a member of the European Germany, France, Russia, Singapore, Malaysia, Consortium of Innovative Universities (ECIU), South Africa, China, Korea and Australia. This which aims to foster student and staff mobility is a unique opportunity for students to partici- and share innovative programs to give students a pate in a truly international educational competitive edge in today’s global employment ­experience without the costs usually associ- market. Swinburne University has also recently ated with overseas study. negotiated an alliance with North-Eastern Places are made available for RMIT Vietnam ­University in the United States. students to study at RMIT Melbourne as There has also been an increasing trend for Aus- exchange students and Australian students tralian universities to open up offshore campuses also go to Vietnam. and learning centres. All Victorian universities have agreements with Chinese universities. La Trobe University has offshore programs with Monash University currently has overseas cam- partner institutions in Bhutan, China, Hong Kong, puses in Malaysia and South Africa as well as France, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia, learning centres in Italy and London. Deakin New Zealand, Singapore and Vietnam. ­University has agreements with the United Arab Victoria University delivers a diverse range of Emirates and Malaysia to provide education programs from diploma to doctoral level in nine ­programs in those countries. RMIT University has overseas countries including China, Hong Kong, campuses in Vietnam. Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, New Zealand, Vietnam and Bangladesh. RMIT University – RMIT International Students participating in these programs have the University Vietnam option of completing their academic program in In 1998, RMIT University was invited by the their own country or transferring to Victoria Vietnamese government to establish a fully ­University in Melbourne for part of their studies. foreign-owned university in Vietnam. In 2000, For example, since 2002, Victoria University and RMIT Vietnam was granted a licence from the The University of Applied Sciences, Bad Honnef Ministry of Planning and Investment to deliver Bonn, Germany have enjoyed a relationship undergraduate and postgraduate education, which allows staff and student exchange, training and research in Vietnam. Degrees common research projects as well as permitting are awarded by RMIT University in Australia, students in Hospitality Management and Tourism allowing Vietnamese students to receive an ­Management to complete their compulsory study overseas education without having to leave abroad year in Australia. home. All degree programs are recognised by the Victorian universities with a Melbourne presence Vietnamese Ministry of Education and Training are investing in purpose-built facilities and serv- (MOET) and are audited by the Australian Uni- ices for international students, predominantly in versities Quality Agency. All teaching is in Melbourne. For example, Deakin University will English. open a new International Centre at its Melbourne campus in Burwood in 2007. Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 19

R&D. As the Australian Group of Eight universi- Deakin University – new International Centre ties have recently stressed, the relatively free flow The new International Centre and Business of knowledge and data between universities glo- Building on the Melbourne campus at Burwood bally means that the leading research-intensive is a $65 million project that will provide universities in any particular nation act as a ­students with state of the art facilities. The “conduit” for tapping into and leveraging this far project is a substantial investment allowing greater intellectual resource3. Deakin University to fulfil its ­responsibilities This conduit is of particular benefit to the busi- as a leading higher education institution. The ness sector because linkages with local research scope of the International Centre and Business teams provide a valued mechanism for staying Building covers the following: abreast of the scientific and technological • an International Centre includes offices, advances being made globally. This can be par- teaching activities and student support ticularly important in relation to providing early facilities, as well as the offices of Deakin warning of and responses to, disruptive technolo- International, Deakin University English gies that may threaten the market value of a large Language Institute (DUELI) and the corporation. Indeed, this is precisely why many ­Melbourne Institute of Business and corporations fund university research. ­Technology (MIBT); • a new Business Building will house the 2.2 The economic impact business component of the Faculty of Busi- of Victorian universities ness and Law including teaching spaces, academic and administrative offices and Victorian universities as economic entities student support spaces; and Universities are substantial businesses. In 2005 • it will also house a 200 seat lecture theatre, Victorian universities, predominantly located in 24-hour computer lab and a cafe. Melbourne, generated income of $4.1 billion: The buildings have been designed with a dis- • The University of Melbourne has revenues of tinctive curved form to give them ‘landmark’ $1.1 billion; status in accordance with their importance as • Monash University has revenues of $1.02 the first buildings to be constructed on the billion4; and western side of the campus. • seven of Victoria’s universities with a ­Melbourne presence are listed in Australia’s largest 1000 Building on the attractiveness of Melbourne for businesses. overseas students, other Australian universities The breakdown between major categories of have established campuses in Melbourne for revenue is indicated in Figure 5. It shows that 34 overseas students. These include the University per cent of revenue is derived from the Australian of Central Queensland which has 3,000 students Government in the form of operating grants and enrolled in Melbourne. research grants and that 13 per cent is derived Another pertinent aspect of globalisation con- from the Higher Education Contribution Scheme. cerns R&D. The higher education sector as a These proportions are significantly less than the whole performs 16 per cent of identified global average for all Australian universities.

3 Group of Eight (2006). Submission to the Productivity Commission’s Research Study on Public Support for Science and Innovation in Australia. Canberra: Group of Eight. 4 In addition, RMIT reported revenues of $511million, Deakin $402 million, La Trobe $372 million, Victoria $314 million, Swinburne $277million and ACU (Victorian component) $41 million. 20 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

Figure 5: Victorian Universities – Universities as employers Sources of income (%) Universities are substantial employers in the Vic- Other Income 9.2% torian economy. In 2005 universities paid their Consultancy and Contract Research 4.8% Total Commonwealth staff a total of $2.3 billion in salaries and entitle- Royalties, Trademarks Government and Licenses 0.4% Grants 34.0% ments. This is approximately two per cent of all

Investment employee compensation paid in Victoria. It is Income 3.0% also substantially more than the total of wages Other Fees and Charges 5.8% and salaries paid to employees in the agriculture and mining industries. Fee Paying Non-Overseas Students 2.5% In 2004 universities employed a total of 22,529 staff. Of these: Higher Education Fee Paying Overseas Contribution Students 16.7% Scheme 13.0% • 10,194 were employed in academic classifica- State and Local Government tions Financial Assistance 7.2% – 2,833 were employed in research only positions The data in Figure 8 also indicate that universities – 7,059 held both teaching and research rely on overseas student fees for 16.7 per cent of responsibilities revenue and other fee paying students contribute • 12,335 were employed in non-academic roles. 2.5 per cent of revenue. Only 0.4 per cent of revenue is derived from royalties, trade marks and Figure 6: Victorian universities staffing profile licences. Teaching only 1% In 2004, Victorian universities made investments Research only 12% of $2.4 billion. They are also holders of substan- tial asset portfolios. In 2005, universities reported: • total holdings of non-current assets amounting Teaching and to $8.6 billion; research 31% Non • buildings estimated to be worth $4.1 billion Academic 56% and equipment worth $238 million; and • libraries valued at $537 million. The reported value of assets does not include the value of knowledge held in the form of registered Universities also appoint a large numbers of visi- intellectual property assets, or the intangible and tors, honorary clinicians and adjunct professors tacit value of the knowledge, skills and experi- and associate professors who make important ence of university staff, visitors and adjuncts. contributions to the university community. While it is possible to identify and quantify codi- fied knowledge, held in the form of patents Universities as purchasers of (amounting to 1,825 in 2004) and holdings of goods and services in the region library materials, the task of identifying tacit In 2005 university cash expenditure, a primary knowledge is daunting. economic indicator of demand for goods and Overall it is estimated that higher education services, amounted to $5.6 billion: ­contributes 1.5 per cent of Victoria’s Gross State • $3.3 billion was for operating activities Product. (including payments to staff); and Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 21

• $2.3 billion was allocated to investing activities. Figure 7: International trade in education services, estimated credits 1999-2000 – 2004-05 University purchasing and procurement strategies and practices have significant impacts on the local 6000 economy. These range from purchases of ICT Victoria Other States equipment and services, repairs and maintenance 5000 and construction through to travel and food 4000 service. $m 3000

Monash University, for example, spent $23 million 2000 on information technology related purposes in 1000 2004 and $26 million on building related pur- 0 poses. Travel and related costs amounted to 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 $23 million. Year Due to differences in accounting and financial reporting comparative aggregate data are difficult 2.3 The economic contribution to obtain for all universities. of overseas students

Universities as contributors to As indicated earlier, overseas students are an international trade in services important component of university education in International trade in services is becoming Melbourne. In 2005 Victorian universities gener- increasingly important to the Australian and the ated $687 million in fees from overseas students. Victorian economies. In 2005 Australia’s services Using calculations developed for Australian Edu- exports rose four per cent to $37.2 billion, com- cation International by the University of Queens- pared with a six per cent growth in 2004. land, overseas students living in Victoria spend, In 2005, total education exports amounted to $7.5 on average, $599 per week on housing, food and billion. This compares with personal travel serv- other living expenses. ices (relating mainly to tourism, but excluding education travel) of $10.9 billion in 2005 – an Figure 8: Estimated expenditure increase of 2.2 per cent over 2004. by overseas students in Victoria

The Economic Significance of Other Expenses 11% Trade in Education Services Utility Costs 2% Food and Travel 2% Groceries 24% Education services are among Australia’s Alcohol and Cigarettes 2% fastest growing exports. In 2005 they were Household Goods 3% the nation’s fourth largest export earner. Health Costs 3% ­Victoria accounts for just over 29 per cent of Clothing 3% Australia’s exports of education services. Transport 3% Car Costs 5% Over the period 1999-2000 to 2004-05 expend- Housing 23% iture on Victorian exports of education services Course Related Expenses 6%

doubled from $1.0 billion to $2.0 billion. Entertainment and Recreation 6% Telephone Costs 7%

The overall trend in exports of education services is indicated in Figure 7. 22 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

This expenditure amounts to a significant eco- • student care and support services; and nomic injection into the Melbourne and Victorian • a student community atmosphere. economies and is reflected in the pattern of housing in inner-Melbourne and the emergence UniLodge Group of supermarkets and convenience stores in the UniLodge is a privately owned specialist student Melbourne CBD. accommodation group that provides property The 2001 Census of Population and Housing indi- and accommodation management, property cated that 51 per cent of the 22,635 people aged development and consultancy services, project between 15 and 29 years resident in the City of management and real estate services. Melbourne were enrolled in a tertiary institution. Commencing operations in 1996, UniLodge has Of all students residing in the City of Melbourne, more than 3,700 beds under contract. It oper- 54 per cent were overseas students. According to ates student housing facilities in Melbourne as Department of Education, Science and Training well as in Sydney, Brisbane and Auckland. In data, nearly 60 per cent of overseas students selected properties it also provides boutique ­resident in the City were aged between 20 and hotel facilities to cater for visiting parents, 24 years. academic staff and other visitors. Fifty-seven per cent of students residing in the In creating new facilities, UniLodge works City of Melbourne were from South-East Asia and closely with a range of stakeholders, including a further 20 per cent were from North-East universities, owners, property developers, Asia. A substantial number of younger overseas architects and financiers to design and imple- students also choose to study in outer suburban ment proven student accommodation models. and regional centres. UniLodge, an accepted and widely recognised brand in Asia and North America amongst 2.4 Investment in student students, education agents and the study housing and accommodation abroad market, is owned by property devel- Melbourne has a particular advantage for inter- oper Meridien. national students flowing from its reputation as a ‘safe-city’. Overseas students stimulate demand Universities also own and manage residential for rental housing and accommodation. colleges and student villages for international Inner Melbourne has always had a relatively large students and students from rural Victoria. Uni- number of rental properties available for students. versities also assist with locating rental accom- However, overseas students represent a signifi- modation and home-stay arrangements. cant new source of demand for accommodation and housing, particularly in the newer inner city Victoria University – Student Village apartment blocks that have been recently con- structed in the City of Melbourne. Student Village is a residential campus of ­Victoria University. It is located in Maribyr- The market has responded to this growing demand nong, 9km from the centre of Melbourne and for temporary student accommodation through provides accommodation for more than 500 the emergence of serviced apartment and accom- tertiary students. It physically comprises six modation management businesses that provide: individual colleges, however all colleges inter- • safe and comfortable living environments; act as part of a strong community. • purpose designed facilities ; The residences offer a unique student lifestyle • trained, on site, multi-lingual staff; Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 23

The sustainability of Melbourne’s and Victoria’s and community that not only provides aca- export of education services will depend not only demic encouragement with onsite tutoring, on the quality of and innovation in, education dinners, study groups and 24 hour computer services delivery, but also on the quality and lab access, but also Res Lifers, who organise amenity of the accommodation and related serv- social and recreational activities including ices. This has important implications for land use camps, meals, outings, dances, drama, aero- planning and urban and regional development bics, netball, volleyball, basketball, tennis and strategies. a host of fun orientation activities.

3 Universities as developers of human capital

Universities contribute to the development of The pattern of enrolments indicates the impor- human capital through teaching and provision of tance of universities for education and training a learning environment. for careers in the service industries – notably management and commerce, health and educa- 3.1 The student population tion. Taken together, these three areas account In 2005 Victorian universities had a student for 46 per cent of all enrolments. Universities also ­population of 243,000. The largest proportion of maintain a strong commitment to traditional enrolments was in the area of management and liberal arts education, with 19 per cent of commerce, followed by studies relating to society ­enrolments in disciplines relating to society and and culture. These two areas made up almost culture. half of all enrolments. Further detail is provided Enrolments in science, engineering and technol- in Figure 9. ogy related disciplines account for 26 per cent of enrolments. Figure 9: Enrolments in Victoria’s universities by field of education (per cent) Approximately 86 per cent of students study ­internally with a further 11 per cent enrolled for external study. Three per cent of students are Creative Arts 6% Natural and Physical Sciences 9% enrolled in ‘multi-modal’ university-vocational Information Technology 9% education and training facilities. These are located Society and Culture 19% Engineering at RMIT, Swinburne and Victoria Universities. and Related Technologies 8% As well as universities, there are in addition, a Architecture and Building 2% number of private higher education providers. Agriculture, Environmental and Many are associated with public universities for Related Studies 1% the delivery of courses to international students. Health 10% Management and There are also a number of theological colleges. Commerce 29% Education 7% Several VET institutions in Melbourne offer degree courses, including Box Hill, Caulfield and Northern Melbourne Institutes of TAFE. 24 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

3.2 Education and training nership with government, major corporations and for the professions professional associations – such as IBM, Coca- Cola, Amatil, Coles Group, General Motors-Holden, For a long time a university education was a ­ Ford, Qantas and CPA Australia. The University pre-requisite for entry into areas of professional recently entered into an agreement with the Coles practice such as medicine, the law, engineering Group. and architecture.

More recently a university education has become Deakin University – a requirement for professional accreditation in Coles Group Institute for the Future areas such as health care (including nursing and Coles Group and Deakin University have a range of allied health services), teaching, ­collaborated in the formation of a unique ­journalism, agricultural extension, accounting, ­education and development centre for the finance and other ‘knowledge based’ vocations. ­corporation’s 165,000 staff. Professions are calling for their areas of practice The Institute provides a wide range of devel- to be more strongly science and evidence based. opment opportunities for employees through- University-based research is making a major con- out the Group’s major retail brands and tribution to the development of bodies of knowl- support functions, ranging from customer edge that are available for transfer and translation service training at store entry level right into practice. through to MBA programs. A qualification from a university with a Melbourne The Coles Group Institute was a company-wide presence gives industry and society confidence in extension of the successful Coles Institute the quality and credibility of the information, which offered training and development advice and service they are receiving or are opportunities within Coles Supermarkets, also wanting to access. through a partnership with Deakin. Melbourne’s universities are working closely with The Vice-Chancellor of Deakin University, Pro- business and the peak professional bodies in the fessor Sally Walker, has said that the agree- design of courses, programs and higher degrees ment between the Coles Group and Deakin (including corporate master’s programs) that presented a clear and positive message to ­specifically meet industry and business needs. corporate communities ‘that sees Deakin Teaching and research are often undertaken in making education available, not just parallel through industry funded research centres on-campus and off-campus, but also in the and programs. workplace’. Recently, business schools have been offering corporate MBAs, tailored specifically to the requirements of a large business or corporation. 3.3 Work integrated learning (WIL) Student work can be undertaken and recognised To meet the requirements of the professions and as part of a work related assignment. Many uni- the development of industry and professionally versities also offer courses and programs tailored relevant and applicable skills, universities are specifically to small ICT business owners and giving a greater emphasis to integrating their managers through business schools and faculties teaching and learning with the workplace through of management. work integrated learning initiatives. This contri- Deakin University has grown to become Austral- bution is of particularly importance to addressing ia’s leading provider of education and training for the skills shortage in key professional areas. private and public organisations, working in part- RMIT University aims to be the first choice­ Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 25

provider of work relevant learning in Australia, Designs for Denim preparing students for professions and vocations of the future. Many of its programs include work- RMIT was contacted by the CEO of Guess Jeans place experience and/or are shaped directly by (Australia and NZ) to collaborate on an indus- industry. For example, all business programs at try based project to design a new clothing RMIT have a work integrated learning component product. ‘Designs on Denim’ involved the CEO or include a ‘cooperative year’ – where students personally presenting a design brief to stu- learn ‘on the job’. dents and delivering lectures on the company’s target markets and business plans. Fifty-seven Melbourne businesses have been employing students participated and their garments were RMIT Business Cooperative students for more displayed in a city gallery and promoted during than 30 years and more than 3,000 students have the City of Melbourne retail week. The best successfully completed the program. Currently, five designs were displayed in the Guess more than 300 organisations support the program Queen Vic store. with more than 700 students employed each year. Overseas work placements are also available and Other companies in Melbourne involved in RMIT recent destinations include China and South-East work placements include Nortel, ANZ, APRA, Asia. Employers, academic staff and students Australian Bureau of Statistics, Holden and Vic cite work integrated learning as an important Super. teaching and learning opportunity. The program RMIT’s School of Global Studies, Social Science offers students ‘real-world’ learning and exposure and Planning and the Salvation Army’s Crisis to future employers, while business benefits from Services have a formal agreement to work together the energy and ideas of students and access to in areas of student learning, research, profes- work-ready graduates. RMIT business programs sional development and consultancy. RMIT stu- also benefit from new ideas and information on dents undertake work placements with crisis current business practice. services. Crisis services staff are encouraged to further their knowledge and skills through study RMIT University – at RMIT. Student internships in advertising RMIT was approached by a large advertising RMIT University – agency in the CBD to develop student intern- The Salvos’ Crisis Contact Centre ships. The agency identified a need for work- The Centre, in Grey Street, St Kilda, is a ­ ready graduates. This was the basis for the referral, support and advocacy network that internship which RMIT then developed. Stu- helps people with housing, financial, legal dents are selected through a competitive and health concerns. It provides emergency process in the final year of their degree and accommodation, support for victims of domes- undertake a three-month summer internship tic violence and health and counselling ­ where they gain experience working on `live’ services for street drug users and sex workers. projects. This not only enables students to get Students from a range of disciplines – social into the workforce more quickly, but gives science, youth work, social work and many them exposure to a potential employer. This others – learn professional skills within this pilot project may serve as a model of industry real-world environment, while experienced engagement for other advertising agencies in Crisis Services staff become teachers, peers the City of Melbourne. and role models – and potentially fellow ­students. 26 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

relationships with local and small business There are already strong research links ­operators in the West (for example, Qenos, SPE, between RMIT students and staff and the Createl, George Weston Foods). Centre. RMIT has been involved in research into homelessness among the Centre’s users. Students from the University’s courses in Interna- Youth and social work students have been tional Trade and Global Logistics and Transport engaged in the design and delivery of Centre are highly regarded and sought after by trade programs that develop the independent living facilitators in the local region, mirroring the skills of young people. RMIT researchers have importance of Melbourne as a national transport been working with the Centre’s Health Infor- hub. Local and national export/import firms such mation Exchange, a primary health care as ANL, Seaway, Toll (and formerly Patricks), PLM service. Global and others have consistently recruited ­Victoria University’s students in these important Many of Deakin University’s courses have a built- courses. in internship component which allows students to Victoria University has had the benefit of several combine work integrated learning with theoreti- marquee courses in the area of hospitality and cal knowledge in an Australian context. A diverse tourism management, which attract key employ- range of areas are offered, such as business, jour- ers from Melbourne, interstate and internation- nalism, public relations, media and sociology. ally. Many of these organisations visit the univer- Most work placements are located throughout sity to recruit Victoria University’s students Australia, so as well as receiving valuable job exclusively. Organisations such as Crown and training, students experience a new area of Aus- Hotel Sofitel and Australian Pacific Tours in Mel- tralia as well. Past participants have worked with bourne create inter-departmental rotational Great White Shark Expeditions, Seaworld and the training programs from which graduate trainees Dolphin Research Institute. are often selected. Victoria University’s business students have also Additionally, up to 50 students per semester enjoy participated in work integrated learning as a fea- overseas work integrated learning positions in tured component of all courses dating back to North America, Europe and Asia, with established the early 1970’s. Students now fully integrate partners in these sectors, consistent with the their learning in the workplace with an on-line ever-increasing respect for Australia’s tourism curriculum that explores the development of the and hospitality education. key skills and attributes that business graduates require. This ensures that the positive link Victoria University – Qantas and Victoria between university-based learning and graduate University students at Los Angeles employment outcomes are optimised. International Airport Victoria University’s Centre for Work Integrated Qantas Airways, through Hallmark Aviation Learning attracts a wide variety of high-profile Services in Los Angeles, has exclusively employers across all major business disciplines, recruited Victoria University tourism students locally and abroad. Host organisations include to train as Customer Service Agents since 2002. Ford (Australia’s largest work integrated learning The program which sees students training in employer), major accounting, banking and finance an operational airline position with Qantas for firms as well as most of the Faculty’s and theU ni- 12 months at Los Angeles airport is unique in versity’s strategic partners including the Western the Australian higher education sector. Upon Bulldogs, Hotel Sofitel, Melbourne Airport and return to complete their studies, students have the Melbourne Magistrates Court. This activity readily snared impressive jobs with Jetstar and is complemented through the development of other carriers serving Melbourne’s airports. Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 27

Bachelor of Laws students at Victoria University method of legal education. In 1978 the Depart- have also engaged regularly with the profession ment of Legal Studies appointed a solicitor/lec- through a dedicated work integrated learning turer to establish the West Heidelberg Legal program, Professional Legal Practice. Service. This relationship continues today. The School of Law and Legal Studies also works Victoria University –Lawyers in practice with Victoria Legal Aid and a number of non-profit at the Melbourne Magistrates Court and government agencies. These arrangements Victoria University law students have volun- enable students to participate, under supervision, teered at the Melbourne Magistrates Court on in the legal and community work of the agencies. a daily basis assisting Victoria Legal Aid since In this way students provide services to the local 2004. Approximately 50 students a year par- and wider communities whilst enriching their ticipate on a roster gaining experience in the understanding of legal theory through their prac- jurisdiction of the court, working with magis- tical experience. trates on legal research and client support In nursing, social work and physiotherapy clinical roles. placements also form part of the curriculum at La Many students move into other positions at Trobe. The University also facilitates internships the courts in Corrective Services and other in tourism and hospitality programs government assistance programs for disad- vantaged groups. Other students undertake paid and unpaid work at various Community 3.4 The student experience Law Centres (CLCs) such as North Melbourne In addition to the more instrumental aspects of and Flemington/Kensington CLC and the learning and education, Melbourne’s universities Refugee and Immigration Legal Centre. also provide a very high quality ‘student experi- The Magistrates Court program has been ence’ through the range of learning opportunities extended to embrace the Sunshine Magistrates provided. This also becomes part of the universi- Court. ties’ contribution to the cultural and social life of the City. This has indirect benefits in terms of Victoria University maintains an anatomy labora- business development, as indicated in the explo- tory in the basement level of 300 Flinders Lane sion of businesses on Swanson Street addressing that serves as a teaching resource primarily for students’ recreational needs. students enrolled in the osteopathy program. The In some cases, the borders between campus and laboratory houses both dry (bones, models) and city are dissolving. For example, RMIT has wet (cadavers) specimens. The osteopathy stu- extended wireless access to its network to users dents participate in cadaver dissection as part of of the State Library. This benefits students, many their study in anatomy. of whom use the library as a study space and Final year Agricultural Science students at La social gathering point, but also benefits other Trobe University are trained as global scientists library users. Wireless access is also available through a unique case study program that involves through RMIT at the large Melbourne Central interactions with communities from both Australia shopping complex, which covers three city blocks and developing countries. During this program in the heart of the city and encompasses a number students are exposed to issues that consider social of cafes, food halls and restaurants. and cultural practices within the community. Victoria University has a strategic commitment to La Trobe University has a strong commitment to provide high-standard facilities that optimise the clinical legal education – a legal practice based learning environment to meet the teaching, 28 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

­learning and social needs of the University com- munity. To this end, in November 2006 Victoria Swinburne and RMIT Universities – The University opened a world standard Learning Formula SAE Project Commons facility on the 15th floor of its campus at A number of Victorian universities participate 300 Flinders Street. in FSAE. At Swinburne, FSAE began in 2000 as a dynamic and exciting final year project for Victoria University – The Knowledge mechanical engineering students and has Commons evolved to become an interdisciplinary project within the Faculty of Engineering and Indus- The student centred environment provides trial Sciences, involving a large group of stu- integrated library, IT and learning support for dents from engineering, business and multi- students. The modern facilities and extensive media design. It is a final year project unlike views over the City provide an excellent back- any other and gives students an opportunity to drop for independent learning as well as col- work in a real-world environment under the laborative study that characterises the current sort of pressure experienced in industry. generation of students. They also provide an attractive social and interactive hub for local The Formula SAE (Society of Automotive Engi- and international students who study at this neers) competition began in the USA in 1981, busy City campus. A large number of comput- with the Australasian competition beginning ers are popular with Victoria University’s in 2000. Teams are run solely by current uni- technically savvy and highly mobile students. versity students with the concept being to The ‘one stop shop’ approach also enables conceive, design and fabricate a small open students to access personalised learning wheeled formula style race car. Strict design support services to maximise learning, career rules are put in place by the SAE in order to and personal opportunities. challenge the students in all aspects of the engineering of a performance vehicle. From another dimension, the learning experience The project itself sees a team of highly moti- involves participation in external projects and vated and dedicated students working together competitions where students can use and extend to design, build, test, race and manage a their knowledge in practical situations. For formula-style open wheel race car to compete example, final year mechanical engineering stu- at the Formula SAE-A competition, held in dents at Swinburne University are now regular December each year. Swinburne competes entrants in the Formula SAE (Society of Automo- against other universities from across Australia tive Engineers) competition. RMIT also has a and overseas and has continually developed strong involvement with the Formula SAE project and evolved its car into a highly performing and in 2006 RMIT’s team – comprising students package that exemplifies the skill and commit- from the School of Aerospace, Mechanical and ment of the team. Manufacturing Engineering – won both the Aus- Team Swinburne has enjoyed many successes tralasian event and the USA FSAE East Coast event since 2000, including winning the prestigious at the Ford Proving Grounds near Detroit. Design Event in 2000 and the National ­Instruments Test Award in 2002 and 2003. Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 29

4 Universities as “engines of innovation”

Universities are seen by some policy makers and of collaborations under ARC Linkage grants be scientists as a key source of knowledge for indus- published. trial innovation. The way in which teaching and The level of academic publication has increased research translates into industrial products and substantially, namely by 57 per cent in all ­ services is complex, but the role of universities in Victorian universities over the period 2000-04. educating students for careers in industry and The trend is indicated in Figure 10. undertaking research with an industrial applica- tion is widely acknowledged. Figure 10: Victorian universities – In 2004 Victorian universities were awarded $1.3 Weighted publications billion in Australian Government grants for teach- ing and research. State and local government 3,500 grants totalled $278 million. Grants amounting to 3,000 2,500 $135 million were also received from international 2,000 and industry sources for research. These resources Number 1,500 are used to create valuable knowledge products 1,000 and services which are transferred to end users 500 0 through publication, collaboration and access to 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 facilities and equipment. Year The University of Melbourne Monash University RMIT University La Trobe University Deakin University Swinburne University 4.1 Knowledge products and services

The research outputs of Victorian universities are Melbourne is a global hub for bio-medical impressive. In 2004 scholars in Victorian univer- research. In 2004 there were 1,521 research staff sities produced: employed in Melbourne’s world class medical • 194 books and 1,005 book chapters research institutes (MRIs). This compares favour- ably with research staff numbers in overseas bio- • 5,763 articles published in scholarly journals medical research clusters including Toronto • 2,738 refered papers presented at conferences. (1,149); San Diego (1,430); Montreal (822) and Whilst scholarly publication principally serves Raleigh-Durham (910). In 2004 Melbourne’s academic purposes, industry, government and MRIs held 82 overseas funded research grants non-government organisations are also users of with a value totalling $20.2 million – an increase these research outputs. Sometimes this is merely of more than 50 per cent on 2001 levels. for information – to gain insights on where schol- arly research is heading and the direction of 4.2 Intellectual property protection leading edge thinking. and technology licensing Publication also identifies researchers with Universities seek to protect intellectual property whom industry and other stakeholders may wish and licence it to industry and other users for a to make contact and engage in further research. number of reasons: Publication is also an important outcome of ­university-industry collaboration: the Australian • to promote the application of the results of Research Council (ARC) requires that the results scientific research for the public good; 30 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

• to recruit, reward and retain faculty interested commitments are reflected in areas of research in seeing their technologies further devel- strength. oped; • to provide opportunities for exchanges of infor- 4.3 Melbourne’s universities mation and materials with industry; areas of research strength • to promote economic development; and Universities adopt a variety of approaches in • to generate an income stream for reinvestment identifying their research strengths. Some have into research and teaching. used traditional indicators such as research income, the number of research active staff, the The management of strategies to achieve these number of publications, higher degree by research purposes involves complex trade-offs-as well as completions and success in winning research resourcing. There are substantial public and grants. industry benefits that flow from licensing technol- ogy over and above the returns to a university. The emergence of new forms of knowledge crea- Few universities are sufficiently resourced to carry tion has seen the emergence of the university out these functions efficiently and effectively. research centre as a significant organisational and management vehicle. Research centres have Most universities and medical research institutes facilitated interdisciplinary research that has been have established technology transfer offices to the hallmark of knowledge based industrial arrange for the protection of intellectual property ­innovation. All Melbourne’s universities have and licensing of technologies to industry. In 2004 established research centres to pursue research, there were a total of 61 people employed in these teaching and industry/community collaboration roles in Victorian universities. The largest office objectives. was at Monash University. The University of Melbourne lists 70 centres for In 2004 Victorian universities reported a total of teaching and research, not including ARC funded 86 invention disclosures and filed applications for research centres. Monash University has more 156 patents. Medical research institutes reported than 100 research centres at a departmental, 121 invention disclosures and filed 140 patent faculty and university level to provide critical applications. A total of 67 patents were issued to mass, foster a community of scholars and enhance universities and 17 to medical research institutes. international collaboration. La Trobe University In terms of licensing intellectual property for supports more than 40 research centres and application in industry, universities executed 67 ­institutes at various levels. new licences in 2004, giving a total of 102 active Other universities have fewer centres but they are licences. These generated $5.7 million in income. nonetheless regarded as important vehicles for Medical research institutes had a total of 278 increasing the range of sources of external income active licences, generating $10.3 million in to support the research of the university, in par- revenue. ticular from non-government and international agencies. Consistent with experience and practice both RMIT University, for example, is in the process of inter-state and overseas, technology licensing establishing four research institutes – Health is not a major source of income or a priority Innovation, Design, Global Cities and Platform ­activity for Melbourne’s universities. However, Technologies. These institutes are built around Melbourne’s universities have a commitment to areas of research excellence and the interests of undertaking research that is both excellent and industry partners and bring together expertise of relevant for adoption, application and use in researchers from across RMIT. This initiative is industry, government and the community. These Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 31

central to RMIT’s research, industry and commu- nity engagement strategies. Deakin University – Stamping Technology in Automotive Manufacturing Process (STAMP) Major research activities associated with the ­Melbourne campus of Australian Catholic STAMP is an industrially and government ­University are defined by the a number of centres funded collaboration between Ford Australia, and flagships, including: the Centre for Early BlueScope Steel, Castrol, SIRF, the ARC and Christian Studies; the Centre for Lifelong Learn- Deakin University. The program’s main focus ing; the Centre of Physical Activity Across the is to optimise the sheetmetal-forming proc- Lifespan (CoPAAL); the Flagship for Creative and esses used by the Ford Motor Company of Authentic Leadership; the Mathematics and Australia. ­Literacy Education Research Flagship; and the STAMP is funded by contributions from each of Quality of Life and Social Justice Flagship the industry partners. In addition, further Indeed, most universities have strategically funding has been obtained from state and selected research strengths and established federal government sources. research centres that reflect their institutional STAMP’s major areas of interest are: Metal vision. In a number of instances, universities flow during forming operations; the optimisa- have identified and committed to selected research tion of lubrication in sheet metal forming; die- strengths following a competitive institutional coatings on sheet metal forming – chromium; process. A snapshot of research strengths in Mel- the effect of new steels such as bake harden- bourne’s universities (which is illustrative rather able steels; the effect of coatings on steels – than exhaustive) follows. e.g. zincalume coatings; wear of dies during metal forming operations. Advanced materials and manufacturing The research of the STAMP program is per- Melbourne’s universities have established inter- formed in the industrial partners’ production nationally regarded research capabilities in facilities, using actual production equipment. advanced materials and manufacturing. These This research is performed by Masters capabilities represent a major contribution to students who spend 80 per cent of their time Melbourne’s industrial research and development on-site. Whilst on-site the students act as infrastructure. employees of the industrial partner and are Deakin University identifies a research priority in entered into the companies graduate training advanced materials manufacturing and perform- programs. Several students have moved on to ance. The University carries out research on two challenging new positions within the indus- key themes: metals manufacturing and perform- trial partners. ance and advanced fibres and polymers. The students spend the remainder of their time at Deakin University where they receive super- The Materials Manufacturing and Performance vision and conduct necessary background Research Group is equipped with a wide range of work such as literature searches. experimental equipment. This includes a large laboratory rolling mill, complete metallographic facilities and advanced numerical modelling Melbourne University identifies major research facilities, pilot fibre processing and textile dyeing strength in advanced materials science and engi- facilities and ISO accredited fibre and textile neering. The major emphasis in this area is on testing laboratories. the creation of a range of novel materials with biological and industrial uses including biocom- patible materials based on innovative nano- ­technologies. Dental Science has developed ­ 32 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

bio-materials with the mechanical properties of the Cooperative Research Centre for Advanced teeth. Research on novel non-Newtonian fluids Automotive Technologies and major industry and intelligent polymers has been strongly sup- partners such as Futuris (which is engaged in ported by industry. Minerals processing and automotive component manufacture through metals refining have also been core activities. Air International, Australia’s largest supplier RMIT’s industry-relevant research strengths and of seating and interior systems for passenger technology focus is also reflected in its research vehicles). around sensitive materials and systems. Aero- space is a significant area of research strength, Swinburne University also has strength in where researchers have, for example, created a advanced industrial technologies. Research in sensitive strain gauge the size of a band aid that the area of intelligent manufacturing systems and can be used on aircraft panels and which can materials has been undertaken at Swinburne for transmit readings back to base. Some 94 per cent more than 15 years. Although engineering based, of gold medal-winning Australian athletes at the the research is often multidisciplinary and spans last Olympics wore cooling vests using RMIT a number of the University’s units, notably the research into materials that absorb heat without School of Engineering and Science and the Indus- the burning effect of ice. trial Research Institute Swinburne (IRIS). IRIS is RMIT University is also focussing research on the one of Australia’s longest established advanced challenge of producing vehicles that are up to 85 manufacturing research and development centres, per cent recyclable. By meeting this need at having completed more than two decades of home, the future of the automotive industry will service to Australian industry. be reflected in global relationships and export opportunities for Australian products. RMIT has Swinburne University – The Industrial been addressing this issue through the Centre for Research Institute, Swinburne (IRIS) Design. IRIS provides a range of manufacturing R&D support mechanisms including collaborative RMIT University – Functional Design for research, leveraged research grants and indus- Automobiles try placement of postgraduate researchers. Using virtual design as the main medium, This capability is backed up with academic together with modelling, simulation and expertise and multimillion dollar facilities virtual prototyping, the automotive industry including low and high powered lasers; state expects to see mass customisation of vehicles of the art metal deposition machinery, micro- within 10 years. This necessitates the devel- fabrication and non-contact inspection facili- opment and implementation of new design ties. IRIS can provide an interface between and manufacturing technologies, which will universities and companies, be they small allow new models of vehicles to be developed technology start-ups or large established cor- within a few months rather than years as is porations. currently the case. In addition to research and development, the RMIT has been working on the function and range of services includes feasibility studies, flexibility of the car seat – providing a new design and testing of developments and generation of products that are innovative, ­customised short term training. It also has an easier to manufacture and therefore more important educational role in providing post- ­economical. This major research project ben- graduate courses in niche areas of relevance efits from close relationships between RMIT, to industry. Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 33

­computer science and software engineering. It The research component is conducted under also has expertise in the fields of declarative pro- five programs: Intelligent Manufacturing gramming, artificial intelligence, information Systems; Laser Technology; Microtechnology; retrieval and knowledge management database Microwave Technology; and Robotics and Non systems that complement the research in electri- Contact Inspection. IRIS is a member of seven cal and electronic engineering. CRCs. Monash University has established a Research Swinburne University also has research strength Centre for Synchrotron Science. The University in optics and applied laser technology. Four has contributed land to the Synchrotron Facility major research centres have been created under and to the establishment of synchrotron beam the umbrella of the new purpose-built Swinburne lines. Optronics and Laser Laboratories (SOLL). The Swinburne University has a research strength in centres have a wide range of world-class, state- how new information and communications tech- of-the-art laser research facilities. Research areas nologies are put to use by users, communities, cover a broad spectrum ranging from industrial organisations and societies in a way that creates applications of lasers to laser-based technologies new intersections of technology, content and use. of the future and laser studies of atoms and mol- Research activity is concentrated in the areas of: ecules at the most fundamental level. convergent communications and technologies; human computer interaction; internet computing Information, communications and ecommerce; affective human-computer inter- and related technologies action and information technology innovation. Melbourne’s universities have research strength A key resource of new communication technolo- in information, mathematical and communication gies is the SCHIL Usability Laboratory, a state of sciences, telecommunications, photonics, signal the art observational facility in which human processing and intelligent systems. These areas interaction can be studied under controlled con- of research also make a major contribution to ditions with a wide range of information and Melbourne’s industrial research infrastructure communications technology-based systems. base. Victoria University also has research strength in For example, RMIT has research strengths relat- telecommunications and micro-electronics. The ing to information retrieval from very large data- University’s Centre for Telecommunications and bases, including the Internet. One research group Micro-Electronics provides excellence in research has developed into a commercial enterprise which and development in telecommunication and has been spun out as a successful company with micro/nano-electronics and micro-technologies. clients in many sectors including defence, educa- The Centre has established strong partnerships tion and government in Australia and overseas. with government, industry and other research Deakin University has a comprehensive range of centres both nationally and internationally expertise and excellence with specialisation in signals and systems identification (SSI); robotic Architecture and design and haptics (RH); visual information processing At Deakin University research aims to provide (VIP); systems modelling and control (SMC); auto- intellectual services to the building, construction, mation in bio-medicine (AB) and manufacturing property and facilities management industry assembly multi-stage benchmark algorithm (MB). through a collaborative network of research-active The University of Melbourne undertakes major academics, external experts and industry part- research activities involving mathematical, ners. Such services include pure research, applied 34 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

research, research training, consulting and lever- astronomy, condensed matter physics, surface aging resources and infrastructure using funds and interface studies, geophysics and geochem- primarily won from competitive government istry. The University has a commitment to preserve sources and private organisations. a strong international research presence in the RMIT University has longstanding research basic enabling sciences for the advancement of strengths in areas relating to architecture and fundamental scientific discoveries as central design. The University’s new Research Institute pillars to support excellence in more applied in Design aims to lead communities to technolo- areas. gies and tools to support a more proactive con- Swinburne University’s Centre for Astrophysics struction of the world around us – that is, its and Supercomputing, one of Australia’s premier navigation through design. astronomy groups, has an international reputa- RMIT University will also deepen its engagement tion. The Centre is dedicated to inspiring a fasci- with industry with the construction of a landmark nation in the universe through research and building to house a new Design Hub. The Design education. The Centre undertakes research in the Hub will be built on 3,000 square metres retained areas of: galaxies, globular clusters, pulsars, by RMIT when it sold the former Carlton and square kilometre array simulations, star and United Breweries site, on the corner of Swanston planet formation, supermassive black holes, big and Victoria streets, Carlton. bang cosmology and astronomy visualisation. The Centre is a regular user of many large astro- RMIT University – RMIT Design Hub nomical instruments including the Hubble Space The Design Hub will bring together academics Telescope, the Parkes 64m radio telescope and and research students from across disciplines, the Keck 10m observatory (the world’s largest creating the space for vibrant interaction optical telescope). State-of-the-art visualisation between RMIT and industry partners. It will capability is provided by a virtual reality the- include RMIT’s new Design Research Institute, atrette. postgraduate education in design, exhibition space, modelling and prototyping workshops, Swinburne University – Centre for facilities and collaboration space. Astrophysics and Supercomputing The Design Hub will provide space within Astrophysics research within the Centre spans which researchers and industry can combine the entire electromagnetic spectrum covering expertise and facilities to deal with design and computational, theoretical and observational innovation issues and where industry can astronomy. The Centre hosts a supercom- engage in more speculative, long-term puter – the fastest within Australia dedicated projects. Design and consultation on the to astrophysical research. Centre astronomers Design Hub will take place over 2007, with are regularly awarded observing time on architects appointed in late 2006. Construc- major telescopes including the Anglo-Austral- tion will begin in early 2008 and is expected to ian Telescope, Parkes Telescope, Australia be completed in early 2009. ­Telescope Compact Array, Keck Observatory and the Hubble Space Telescope. The commercial arm of the Centre, Space- Fundamental science Works, uses the synergy of astronomers, visu- The University of Melbourne undertakes leading- alisation researchers, animators, artists and edge fundamental scientific research programs programmers to create new dimensions in relating to the synthesis and characterisation of astronomy and visualisation through a range complex molecules, x-ray and neutron optics, of virtual reality projection systems and edu- Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 35

cational content. Projects include constructing ­physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech the innovative virtual reality environment therapy and nursing, to neurophysiology, psy- called VROOM – currently housed at the Mel- chology, neuroimaging, neuroepidemiology bourne Museum and Astrotours, an interactive and public health. 3D experience for school children. The Centre was established in 2003 and builds The online astronomy program, Swinburne upon the achievements of the Centre of Clini- Astronomy Online (SAO), is perhaps the largest cal Excellence in Hospital Based Research from Internet-based astronomy learning program in 1998-2001. The Centre is based at the Austin the world. Health Repatriation campus in Heidelberg, Victoria and administered by the Department At La Trobe University physical and mathematical of Medicine Austin Health/Northern Health, sciences are an area of research strength that The University of Melbourne. enjoys a high international reputation in materi- The Centre offers an innovative multi-discipli- als and surface science, space physics, complex nary model for clinical research into the neu- systems and algebraic structures. rosciences, which integrates nursing, physio- therapy, occupational therapy, medicine and Medical and health sciences other related disciplines. Melbourne’s universities have a particular The Centre has strong working relationships strength in neurological sciences. At The Univer- with the Brain Research Institute, the Depart- sity of Melbourne, research to investigate various ment of Medicine Austin Health/Northern neurological functions of the brain is frontier Health, the Epilepsy Research Centre, the science being pursued by expert teams from a National Stroke Research Institute, the Reha- number of perspectives. Researchers are at the bilitation Sciences Research Centre, the School forefront in areas such as ageing, stroke and of Nursing at The University of Melbourne and Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and other neuro-degen- the School of Occupational Therapy at LaTrobe erative diseases. Magnetic Resonance Imaging University. collaborations with the Howard Florey Research Institute and the Austin Brain Imaging Research Since the 1970s Monash University has been a Institute are providing new insights into the driving force in the development of assisted structure and functioning of the brain. reproductive technologies in both Australia and The University is lead collaborator in the Centre overseas. The Queen Victoria Medical Centre’s of Clinical Research Excellence (CCRE) in clinical IVF program, which is the Monash Univer- ­Neurosciences, a multi-disciplinary clinical sity IVF program, is now called Monash IVF (pre- research model focusing on producing innovative viously the Infertility Medical Centre) and has patient centred research, training and education Victorian clinics at the Epworth Hospital in into stroke, epilepsy and other neurological ­Richmond, the Monash Day Surgery in Clayton ­disorders. and five regional clinics throughout the state: Bendigo, Casterton, Geelong, Sale and Northern The University of Melbourne – CCRE in Melbourne. Neurosciences Monash University: IVF Clinics The Centre operates as a multi-disciplinary network of expert clinical researchers investi- In Melbourne during 1979 and 1980, Professor gating all aspects of neurological health Carl Wood and Associate Professor John and diseases. Research disciplines range Leeton, Dr Alan Trounson (a world renowned from neurology and medicine through embryologist), Dr Alex Lopata and Mr Ian 36 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

this research is being pursued through Deakin’s Johnston investigated the use of artificial hor- Clinical Partnerships Program initiative. mones to control the ovulation cycle of women on IVF treatment. This became known as the Deakin University – Clinical Partnerships Fertility Drug Schedule. The School of Nursing’s Clinical Partnership In June 1980, the world’s fourth IVF baby was Program is the first coordinated program of its born in Melbourne as a result of the combined kind in Australia. This extensive program con- efforts of doctors and scientists from Monash nects Deakin University’s School of Nursing to University’s Department of Obstetrics and nine health care organisations in the public Gynaecology at Queen Victoria Medical Centre and private sector and in metropolitan and and The University of Melbourne’s Department non-metropolitan areas. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the Royal Women’s Hospital. The goal of this innovative program is to facilitate clinical multi-disciplinary research. In 1998 Monash IVF established a clinic in The program enables research to be strategi- Brisbane, four in Queensland regional centres cally focussed in areas of clinical importance and one in Northern NSW. to the health care field. These alliances facili- In 2005 Monash IVF signed a joint venture tate major multi-site clinical trials to be with Wesley IVF (Brisbane) creating Wesley undertaken and provide a base for national Monash IVF. Monash IVF is also affiliated with and international involvement. clinics in New Zealand, Sri Lanka, China and Each partner health care organisation has a Hungary. joint appointment with the School of Nursing in the form of either a Professor of Clinical Since the early 1970’s Monash IVF has helped Nursing or a Senior Research Fellow. This many families achieve their goal of having a model facilitates research and relates the healthy baby. More than 18,000 children have School’s education offerings to specific health- been born as a result of successful treatment in care needs of the community. these programs. Twelve out of the first 15 IVF babies born in the world are Monash IVF babies. Deakin University also has a strong research Swinburne University has research strength in capability in physical activity and nutrition. human brain function and cognition, commonly Research is directed towards the biological, termed cognitive neuroscience. Specific areas of behavioural, social and environmental determi- research include: the biological basis of human nants of physical activity and nutrition, with a intelligence; computer modelling of brain func- particular emphasis on the health impacts of tion; functional brain imaging studies; neurobio- obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseas and logical effects of electromagnetic fields; neurobi- ­osteoporosis. ology of learning disorders with particular reference to dyslexia; neuroscience of visual Deakin University has a commitment to research processing, visual attention and conscious aware- excellence in social and mental health. Research ness; psychopharmacology of anxiety, mood dis- work involves two streams: the identification of orders and cognition, sensory neuroscience with health risk behaviours that impact on social and particular reference to taste and smell. mental health at the individual level, which will lead to the development of early prevention and Deakin University has a research focus on ageing intervention strategies and the way in which and chronic illness. Research is concentrated social exclusion and marginalisation contribute within two program areas: risk and symptom to poor health, educational disadvantage, management and community wellbeing. Much of Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 37

­unemployment and other social outcomes and broader social, material and environmental Monash University Accident Research Centre factors. (MUARC) MUARC conducts research of the highest La Trobe University has research strength in health standard, creates new and improved methods systems, reform and delivery. One of the major and provides incisive interpretations of developments in this area was the establishment research findings. The Centre identifies emerg- of the Refugee Health Research Centre in Decem- ing injury problems, monitors progress, deter- ber 2003. The Centre is a partnership between mines and evaluates solutions and advises on the Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture safety strategies. It works cooperatively with and the Faculty of Health Sciences. Through the both public and private sector organisations to Centre, the University seeks to develop further its define the scope of research projects and research, as well as its community engagement, encourage the adoption of recommended in refugee youth, refugee protection, newly injury prevention measures. emerging communities and health services research. The Centre has 90 staff and postgraduate stu- dents. One hundred projects are current at Health is the focus of one of RMIT University’s any one time, covering all aspects of injury new research institutes, which brings together prevention. The disciplines in which Centre researchers across disciplines and reflectsR MIT’s staff has expertise include: epidemiology, psy- research strengths in medical and life sciences. chology, medicine, many branches of engi- Its research is focused on four-interrelated neering, industrial ergonomics, biostatistics, themes: lifestyle solutions for healthy communi- public health, nursing, human factors, compu- ties, evidence-based Chinese medicine, advanced ter science and statistical analysis. MUARC’s technologies for therapeutics and diagnostics and reliance on external funding and its commit- molecular therapies and solutions for ‘lifestyle’ ment to delivering quality outputs means that diseases. it is more client-focused than conventional Much of this research is linked with the quest for academic research centres. industry-relevant solutions: for example, the While some MUARC staff have experience in RMIT Drug Toxicology and Testing enterprise at teaching university undergraduates, the Cen- Bundoora assists organisations in rapidly identi- tre’s focus is on transferring knowledge and fying compounds of low toxicity and high activity expertise to organisations and individuals before entry into animal testing models and who can implement safety improvements in human clinical trials, thereby reducing the invest- their organisations. ment risk and increasing the success rate. In recent years, the Centre has run a short Monash University has a major commitment to course in the Biomechanics of Crash Injury injury prevention. The Monash University Accident and Vehicle Crashworthiness. This course is Research Centre (MUARC), formed in 1987, is Aus- aimed at injury prevention specialists, practis- tralia’s largest multi-disciplinary, injury and ing engineers and road safety professionals injury prevention research institute. Research seeking specific training in how to prevent spans all settings in which injury occurs – ­transport, injuries by the application of modern safety the workplace, the home and recreational and design principles and the use of latest tech- other community locations. Research relevance nology. and excellence have produced results which have In addition, MUARC senior staff have devel- had a significant impact upon both government oped and presented safety training courses and industry injury prevention efforts. to road safety professionals in Victoria, 38 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

Queensland and Western Australia, including pose serious health threats when their balance tailored courses for staff in specific govern- is disturbed by genetic or environmental dis- ment organisations (for example, VicRoads). orders. Researchers in the Centre have isolated the Biotechnology gene responsible for the genetic copper defi- ciency disorder, Menkes disease. The defect in Melbourne is recognised as a global hub for bio- both cultured cells from Menkes patients and medical research and is a platform for the Victo- in a mouse model of Menkes disease has been rian Government’s Biotechnology Strategy. Most corrected. Centre researchers are also investi- universities have commitments to research and gating another potentially fatal copper related knowledge transfer in biotechnology. disorder, Wilson’s disease. This work will help Deakin’s University’s Institute for Biotechnology, to develop treatments not only for copper dis- BioDeakin, draws together existing strengths in eases but also for other diseases, such as bio-medical and bio-health sciences, plant and Alzheimer’s disease and some motor neurone aquatic biology, biotechnology, bio-processing, diseases. bio-informatics and bio-ethics. Research into human and veterinary medicines is Deakin University – BioDeakin an area of central importance to The University of BioDeakin is a new whole-of-university initia- Melbourne. The Bio21 project was initiated with tive, created to advance scholarship, research the prospect of discovering and developing new and teaching across a range of applied bio- protein and medicinal chemical pharmaceuticals technology areas. This multi-disciplinary for human and veterinary use. It is a multidisci- grouping of scientists encompasses the Uni- plinary research area of excellence involving versity’s strengths in bio-medical and bio- several expert groups: health sciences, plant and aquatic biology, • bio-prospecting, functional genomics, medici- biotechnology, bio-processing, biotech man- nal and natural product chemistry groups are agement, bio-informatics and bio-ethics. The located in biochemistry and molecular biology, goal is to generate and transform knowledge chemistry and pharmacology; from biotechnology into practical solutions, • immunological studies and vaccine research which will advance health, social, environ- are pursued in microbiology and immunology, mental and economic development. veterinary science and by groups collaborating Deakin’s Metabolic Research Unit works with affiliated medical research institutes; and closely with ChemGenex Pharmaceuticals, a • exploratory drug discovery and industry-spon- publicly listed biotechnology company that is sored drug development groups in pharmacol- focussed on gene and protein discovery and ogy and combinatorial chemistry and bioinfor- validation. Deakin/ChemGenex Pharmaceuti- matics groups in various departments form part cals research has been partnered with a of this focused effort. The research impacts on leading European pharmaceutical company to such areas as cardiovascular and respiratory develop new therapeutic treatments for diabe- science, neuroscience, parasitology, endo- tes and obesity. crinology and immunology. Deakin’s Centre for Cellular and Molecular The University has created a Bio21 Molecular Biology is at the forefront of the investigation Science and Biotechnology Institute to focus aca- of the effects of heavy metals on biological demic research activities. Monash University has systems. Metals such as copper, zinc, chro- established an international reputation for mium and arsenic are essential for life, but research excellence in bio-medical sciences Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 39

(including biochemistry and molecular biology, disinfectants used in the Australian and New microbiology and physiology). Zealand veterinary markets. At Swinburne University biotechnology and bio- Patented analytical microarray technologies engineering technology are being applied to both are also being developed for commercial use. fundamental and applied studies, many of which are in response to an industry-identified issue, or Deakin University has a particular focus on agri- a problem that requires expertise in this area. cultural biotechnology. In plant systems the Major research activities include: development of research focuses on the responses of plants to novel drug-delivery systems; development of environmental stresses and aims to enhance methods to biodegrade plastics (for example, by human wellbeing, increase the efficiency of plant using environmentally friendly wood decompos- breeding and produce plants with increased ing fungi); application of enzyme technology in resistance to detrimental environmental factors. industrial processes; extraction of bioactive com- Research in animal systems is similarly concen- pounds from biological substrates; formulation of trated on resistance and adaptation to different spreading formulations for the non-lethal repel- environments and is directed towards promoting lency of birds and development of methods for animal reproduction, enhancing natural produc- efficiently removing heavy metals from waste tion of economically important marine species water streams. and control of the salt and water balance of Swinburne’s commitment to bio-medical research animals in different environments. is reflected in its Bio-S initiative. At The University of Melbourne significant strengths have been established in plant biology, Swinburne University – Bio-S at Swinburne particularly in the fields of molecular and cellular Swinburne’s Bio-S hub has research strengths biology and the chemistry of complex carbohy- in polymer science, natural product discovery, drates. Genetic modification of food products, biosensor development, plant molecular especially cereal crops and pastures, to improve biology, tissue engineering, environmental pest resistance, yield and quality is the major microbiology and sensory neuroscience. ­ emphasis of collaborative research in agriculture, Bio-S coordinates seven research groups from including at the Joint Centre for Crop Innovation. three faculties across the University, enhanc- Equine Virology, Zoological Studies and Animal ing the flow of information and resources Biotechnology are key areas with strong industry between these groups to promote highly inter- and international collaborations. disciplinary and collaborative projects. In February 2006 a new $20 million Victorian The initiative is supported by world class AgriBiosciences Centre (VABC) was opened at La imaging, micro-fabrication and analytical Trobe University. The Centre acts as a science and facilities and houses the only facility in the business incubator to support research discover- southern hemisphere capable of testing to the ies through conversion to delivery for the current international standards for biodegrad- ­agricultural biotechnology sector. The Centre is a able plastics. consortium comprising La Trobe University, the Bio-S research has led to the development of Department of Primary Industries, the Molecular products with environmental and health ben- Plant Breeding CRC, Florigene Ltd (a division of efits for the local and international communi- Suntory), Monash and RMIT Universities. The ties, including biodegradable packaging consortium is chaired by Professor Roger materials now sold on world markets and new Parish, Head of La Trobe University’s School of Life Sciences. 40 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

The research will focus on helping plants survive La Trobe University has research strengths in a drought and cold, boosting their salt tolerance, number of arts and humanities related disci- controlling when crops flower, enhancing crop plines: yields, reducing crop losses to pest and diseases • Archaeology. Researchers here have continued and improving quality. Twelve La Trobe University to develop archaeology to enrich understand- staff members and 25 postgraduate scholars are ing of human settlement in Victoria, Australia involved in research projects connected with the and internationally. Much of the work has been new Centre. The VABC also houses a Research funded privately by development projects, Hotel to provide an additional science and busi- including mining and urban growth initiatives. ness incubator for the agricultural biotechnology Significantly, these partnerships have been sector on the La Trobe R&D Park. incorporated into teaching programs. The Uni- versity has an international reputation in the La Trobe University – Victorian archaeology of Central America. AgriBiosciences Centre (VABC) • Linguistics. The University is a leading interna- The VABC co-locates and clusters academic tional centre in language history, documenta- and commercial research and development tion and typology, in particular in relation to groups in the agricultural biotechnology the languages of Asia, Australia and South sector, fostering an environment that promotes America and in language pathology and lan- effective interactions, networks and the incu- guage acquisition. In 2004, the University took bation of spin off companies. major steps in building its expertise in Sino- Co-locating academic and commercial R&D Tibetan languages, instrumental phonetics and groups fosters an environment that promotes the languages of Papua New Guinea. The effective interactions, networks and the incu- Research Centre for Linguistic Typology has a bation of spin-off companies. La Trobe Uni- focus on developing inductive generalisations versity also provides opportunities for VABC about human language. tenants to collaborate with visiting scholars • Modern Asian Studies. La Trobe University has and to access overseas speakers for seminars, the highest concentration in Australia of promi- forums and conferences. nent Asianists in the social sciences and The new Centre is seen as a watershed in the humanities. The research continues to inform trend to successfully combine research, aca- the University’s teaching program at all levels: demic and industry requirements into facilities La Trobe is one of only two universities in Aus- that satisfy high-end research needs as well tralia to teach all four of the great Asian lan- as the commercial demands of industry. guages, Mandarin Chinese, Hindi, Indonesian and Japanese. Arts, humanities and social sciences La Trobe University provides, on a national level, academic leadership and guidance on literature, Deakin University has directed research towards linguistics, the history of the Hellenic Diaspora extending knowledge and understanding of the and socio-economic issues by maintaining and problems associated with citizenship and globali- developing programs and activities in support of sation and to communicate them to a wider audi- the Greek language and culture and the Hellenic ence. A key focus is on contemporary and his- civilisation in the broader Australian society. This torical issues, arising from the research spheres is especially important in the context of Australia’s of state and society, culture and heritage, economy large Greek immigrant population. and society, gender and health and the interna- tional system. The University of Melbourne has research strength in historical studies, policy, culture and society. Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 41

Strengths include historical and urban studies, of research consultancies for business and literature, art, music, languages and philosophy. government, often for a national audience. In There is a highly regarded public policy research addition, each year it collaborates with The base in key areas such as criminology, politics, Australian to hold the Economic and Social social work, urban planning and in the ARC Outlook Conference. This attracts political Special Research Centre for Applied Philosophy leaders from the Commonwealth and the and Public Ethics. states, senior government officials, leaders of RMIT University also has strength in applied social business and community organisations and sciences with strong links to industry and the leading academics to discuss and debate such community. The RMIT Centre for Applied Social issues as: how long will the resources boom Research, for example, conducts research which continue and what are its implications for focuses on key social challenges affecting Mel- other sectors of the economy?; what are the bourne and Australia more broadly. The newly medium term policy options to better provide formed Global Cities Institute conducts research education and health for a more prosperous around urban sustainability, with key themes and equitable future?; the pros and cons of focussing on Melbourne and a number of cities in different policy approaches to the issues of the Asia-Pacific region. Its research programs water, greenhouse gas emissions and urban have significant ‘on-the-ground’ impact, empha- congestion; and, fresh approaches to Com- sising questions of security, sustainability and monwealth-State relations. resilience in the face of globalisation and global climate change. The Melbourne Business School hosts the follow- ing industry oriented research centres: Economics, business and management • Centre for Management of Information Tech- Universities contribute to Melbourne’s and the nology; nation’s commercial and economic life through • Centre for Manufacturing Management; applied theoretical and applied economics and • Coles Myer Centre for Retailing and Marketing; financial analysis on many aspects of the Austral- and ian economy and social services. • Ian Potter Centre for Financial Studies. Policy orientated research is undertaken in the RMIT University’s Centre for Management Quality Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Research contributes to the science of organisa- Social Research and the Departments of Econom- tional performance measurement and quality. ics and Finance. Strong links exist with­ With expertise in the public, manufacturing, government departments and business for fore- higher education, small to medium enterprise, casting, economic modelling and securities industrial and service sectors, this centre is now investigations. recognised as a national and international centre of excellence in its field. The Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research RMIT University – Through its programs the Melbourne Institute Centre for Management Quality Research of Applied Economic and Social Research gives The core aim of the Centre is to identify and business, government and the broader public generate policy level information in the small access to the leading practitioners and business sector, thereby contributing to the researchers with whom it engages, improving understanding of the economic sustainability decision-making and public debate. of communities. The Melbourne Institute provides a wide range Supporting RMIT’s commitment to applied and 42 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

an active part in related research areas. Major inter-disciplinary research programs, the research activities include: Centre focuses on organisational performance measurement, improvement and quality. This • the management of deliberate creativity and occurs through taking the systemic view of an innovation activities in organisations; organisation as typified by ‘business excel- • the effective commercialisation of innovation lence’ models and frameworks developed in and the process of new-venture creation, its Australia and internationally. Work is under- organisation and management; taken within broad categories that include • the financing of new ventures and the related small and medium enterprises, industrial means of exploiting intellectual property research and development functions, higher including angel finance and formal and infor- education, healthcare, tourism and govern- mal venture capital; ment. • the study of entrepreneurial business planning The current focus is on improving the com- and its application to the analysis and solution petitiveness of the small-to-medium enter- of a diverse range of managerial and social prise sector through comparison with interna- problems; tional competitors. This benchmarking • the study of social entrepreneurship including initiative has been piloted in Melbourne’s new not-for-profit ventures and the renewal of northern suburbs and is supported by the mature third sector enterprises; and Northern Area Consultative Committee. This • research into the effective teaching of entrepre- assessment of performance in small to medium neurship and the development of ethical, businesses covers financial, service, quality, ­professional entrepreneurs. people management, R&D and marketing. Victoria University has a major commitment to One of the findings is that while many small to economic policy and collaborative management medium businesses are actively involved in research through the Centre for Strategic Economic R&D, little is understood about their initiatives. Studies. A current project has the objective of The discovery of how these businesses, includ- improving the knowledge base of the pharmaceu- ing those established as family trusts, conduct tical industry, in both a global and Australian and fund R&D activity, is passed on to policy context, with the aim of developing policy options, makers and strategists. which seek to satisfy the sometimes competing The Centre has also addressed the manage- objectives of accessibility, efficiency and industry ment of innovation and marketing in this busi- development. ness sector. Working with companies in part- nership with small business consultants and Victoria University – again supported by the Northern Area Con- Centre for Strategic Economic Studies: sultative Committee and Commonwealth Pharmaceutical Industry Project funding, the Centre is assisting small to medium businesses in their desire to be com- Most countries seek access for all their citizens petitive in globalised markets. The outcomes to the health benefits delivered by the latest of this research contribute to evidence-based range of innovative drugs at minimum cost. policy in this sector of the Australian They also generally provide an intellectual economy. property regime and sometimes a range of other incentives, to encourage the develop- ment of the pharmaceutical and biotechnology Swinburne University, in Australia in the mid sectors, through the discovery of new medi- 1980s, pioneered the teaching of entrepreneur- cines and other medical devices. ship, at a graduate level and since then has played Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 43

­economic and political changes associated with At the same time, pharmaceutical and bio- globalisation and privatised welfare delivery. technology companies and other stakeholders, Major research activities include: social policy, such as investors and the scientists themselves, housing studies and individual health. require adequate financial incentives to devote the necessary resources to the task. 4.4 Cooperation and collaboration The implications for business strategies and with industry and the community business models of the rapidly evolving struc- ture of the industry, arising from the radical In addition to working with industry in specific transformation in its technological basis, have areas of research strength, Victoria’s universities been considered. A particular focus of this with a Melbourne presence also collaborate work has been to document the increasing extensively through a number of structured col- importance of alliance formation in the diffu- laborative and cooperative arrangements sup- sion and adoption of these new technologies. ported by Australian Government finding. Avail- able data for 2004 indicate that Victorian The project is ongoing and the insights gained universities: from this intensive analytical phase are used to inform the development of policy options • participated in 41 Cooperative Research to help address the identified pricing, regula- Centres; tory and industry development issues of the • were awarded 123 ARC Linkage grants involv- industry. ing an industry contribution of $33 million Financial support for this project has come ($10 million in cash and $23 million in kind); from industry and government sources. Of • received $182 million for contract research and particular importance has been a major three- consultancy for industry and government in year grant through the Merck Company Foun- Australia and overseas; and dation’s Program on Pharmaceutical Industry • worked with industry and the community Issues with matching funding provided by the through a very large number of research centres Victorian Government. The Merck program and institutes in science, engineering, technol- involves an international group of centres ogy, the social sciences, the humanities and researching the pharmaceutical industry, the arts. which meets biennially. Industry funding for research and development Sustainability Excluding consultancy work and fee for service Deakin University has developed a national and contracts, Victorian universities received $135 internationally recognised research capability in million in research income from industry and sustainable natural resources management. other non-government sources in 2004. This rep- Research encompasses collaboration across areas resented 30 per cent of all income for Australian of integrated catchment management, resource universities from this source. The proportion has management, environmental engineering and increased from 25 per cent in 2000. conservation biology and ecology. Overall, the level of industry funding for Swinburne University has research strength in research in Victorian universities has increased social sustainability. Research seeks to improve by two thirds between 2000 and 2004. This the wellbeing and social integration of individu- compares with an increase in industry funding als, organisations and societies. Social sustain- for all Australian universities of just under 40 ability and wellbeing have become key problems per cent over the period. in recent times as a result of the sweeping 44 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

The level of industry funding for research at The tive programs including an annual research University of Melbourne has more than doubled workshop, supervision of postgraduates, over the period and has increased by 94 per cent special guest professorships and credit trans- at Monash University. At Deakin University, there fers in undergraduate engineering programs has been an increase of more than 60 per cent in between Monash and the Chinese member industry funding. This reflects a substantial universities. increase in the level of engagement between these universities and industry. Trends in research Specific research collaborations will focus on income from industry are indicated in Figure 11. nano-materials, light alloys, digital control and the aerodynamics of rapid trains. The Figure 11: University research income from ­collaborations will lead to mutual visits by industry postgraduates and researchers from the ­universities and industry from next year. 80,000 70,000 The industrial members provide assistance to 60,000 facilitate student exchanges and opportunities 50,000 $‘000 40,000 for engineering students to gain work experi- 30,000 ence with leading industrial companies in both 20,000 10,000 countries. 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Monash University is now holding discussions Year with the Victorian and Australian Governments, The University of Melbourne Monash University Deakin University RMIT University La Trobe University Victoria University BHP Billiton and a number of Australian Swinburne University ­companies, in relation to joining ACCEER.

With the globalisation of research and industry, collaborations are becoming international in their Collaboration between universities orientation. An agreement signed in early The strength of Victorian universities’ research November 2006 with Monash University and a and their links into teaching and learning and number of Chinese Universities and industry is service to industry and the community, are also indicative. reflected in some key collaborations between universities. The Victorian Institute of Chemical Monash University research and industrial Sciences, for example, is a collaboration between engagement with China RMIT, Melbourne and Monash Universities, with Monash University has established a new con- support from the Victorian Government. sortium to provide a platform for research and industrial engagement between Australia and The Victorian Institute of Chemical Sciences China. The Institute fosters research linkages and The Australia-China Consortium on Engineer- outreach with industry and communities across ing Education and Research (ACCEER) will Melbourne and beyond. Its purpose is to be foster active interaction between Monash, the leading multi-campus institute in Australia Wuhan University of Technology and Central for teaching and research in chemical sciences South University. Industrial partners include and it is recognised internationally for its Rio Tinto, the Aluminium Corporation of China research quality and breadth and through Ltd (CHALCO) and the Wuhan Iron and Steel opportunities provided by its educational pro- (Group) Corporation. grams. The consortium has set up several collabora- The institute was established with an infra- structure grant from the State Government’s Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 45

• Monash Strategy for Regional Growth – Monash science, technology and innovation (STI) initia- University – CSIRO supported collaborations tive in 2003. Stakeholders in industry, educa- around manufacturing and materials; tion and government now have the opportunity to engage with a centrally managed, broadly • Parkville Precinct Strategic Plan – a significant based chemical sciences resource, offering a hub for bio-medical and biotechnology range of products and services. research, including the Bio21 project; and The Institute has established activities in four • Werribee Technology Precinct Strategic Plan – a areas: Drug Discovery and Chemical Synthesis; major agri-food hub. Chemistry Education and Outreach; Environ- Monash University’s Clayton campus and the mental Solutions and Molecular Analysis and Monash Institute for Medical Research are located Dynamics. The Institute provides services to at the centre of an industry cluster in the south external clients through its Molecular Resolu- east region of Melbourne. This is a major centre tion Facility, School Outreach Programs and of enterprise in the state and is known for its high Centre for Scientific Instrumentation. technology industries and research facilities, including those of the University, CSIRO and the Collaborations are also international in their Australian Synchrotron. focus. For example, The Centre for China Studies was established in September 2005 jointly by La The Monash Science Technology Research and Trobe University, Peking University and Beijing Innovation Precinct (STRIP) Foreign Studies University. It is the first such joint Monash University has established the Monash Centre specifically dedicated to China Studies to Science Technology Research and Innovation be established in Australia. Precinct (Monash STRIP). This is a $300 million The Centre aims to promote Chinese language development on the Monash Clayton campus and culture in Australia and strengthen the links with plans to create jobs for thousands of Aus- between China and Australia through the estab- tralians through research into next-generation lishment of long-term programs of cooperation industries. and exchange between universities in the two The STRIP houses University and corporate countries. It also aims to serve as a resource enterprises that are developing novel products Centre for China Studies for academics, students from leading edge technologies Tenants in the and the wider community as well as enhancing STRIP are working across a range of disciplines the reputation of the University in China by the including human therapeutics, stem cell facilitation of co-operative research and training research, green chemistry, nanotechnology, programs. bioinformatics, health economics and IT.

4.5 Research precincts The Monash Institute of Medical Research, located and technology parks in the Precinct, has been pioneering research into Victorian Government policy for technology parks the characterisation and application of stem cells, aims to increase the performance of existing and the cause and treatment of inflammation and future parks to international best practice levels. cancer and the improvement of women’s, men’s A particular focus for long term development of and children’s health. Its outstanding reputation technology precincts is to encourage the develop- has been built on ground-breaking advances in ment of a community in and around the precincts. assisted human reproduction, the reduction of These communities cover technological, scientific, SIDS, advances in stem cell research and the treat- economic and social dimensions. Current projects ment of arthritis. cover: 46 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

Monash Institute for The University of Melbourne – Medical Research (MIMR) The Bio21 Initiative Close collaboration with the resources of Bio21 is a bio-medical, biotechnology research Monash University and the Monash Health cluster supporting collaborative projects, Research Precinct enables MIMR to increase shared technology platforms, business devel- the impact of its research by translation from opment and education programs. The 15 ‘bench to bedside’ and by the commercialisa- members encompass universities, tertiary tion of its activities. MIMR’s core facilities health services, medical research institutes, provide scientists with the opportunity to CSIRO and other member-based organisations access equipment and services that are too providing international strengths in bio- costly for individual laboratories to maintain. medical research, education and healthcare. All services are available to MIMR researchers Bio21 is a medical research and discovery dis- and the wider scientific community. trict or precinct, similar to such places in The Gandel Charitable Trust Sequencing Toronto and Boston. These precincts all have Centre, a facility MIMR shares with its fellow a ‘centrepiece’ building and organisation, like Monash Research Precinct Members, Prince the Bio21 Institute, for carrying out interdisci- Henry’s Institute and Southern Health, pro- plinary and translational research, performing vides high quality, long read DNA sequences. a pivotal role in knowledge transfer, engaging The Monash Gene Targeting Facility provides with industry and government and providing customised, genetically modified mice to the management services and funds to new com- academic research community. panies. The Bio21 bio-medical research precinct The Parkville Precinct, located on the northern reflects the intent of the Victorian Govern- edge of Melbourne’s CBD, is home to a number of ment’s Biotechnology Strategic Development well-established health, research and education Plan. It is expected to make an important con- institutions, which deliver high levels of health, tribution to building Parkville as a world class social and economic benefits to Victoria and bio-medical research precinct as well as con- ­Australia. The Precinct is highly developed and tributing to developing Melbourne as a leading has many significant commercial, residential and bio-medical cluster. parkland interfaces. The Precinct is the focus of the Bio21 initiative. The Geelong Technology Precinct (GTP) is based The Government of Victoria, through the Bio21 at Deakin University’s 376 hectare Waurn Ponds initiative, has co-invested in two major develop- campus. The Precinct is an important part of the ments, the newly opened Bio21 Institute and the whole of university approach to discovery-with refitted Joint Proteomics Facility and in six col- convention facilities and student accommodation, laborative infrastructure projects involving many in addition to a wide range of well-equipped Bio21 members. Bio21 provides a unique platform laboratories and work areas. for innovative discovery from basic science, through translational research, to delivery of com- Deakin University – munity outcomes. The Geelong Technology Precinct (GTP) The GTP allows Deakin University to bring together significant numbers of researchers who work alongside each other. It is already home to four core research areas – biotechnology, Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 47

nanotechnology, prototyping and wine science. ­pharmaceutical partners in the validation of Key tenants and initiatives are: genes and proteins as therapeutic leads. Advanced Materials Research: covering Water Resource Management: Water resource advanced manufacturing and performance of management focuses on environmental engi- materials, materials manufacturing, intelli- neering, combining expertise in industrial gent systems and advanced fibres, textiles and systems, environmental technologies and polymers. Researchers in this area work in catchment and ecosystem management. collaboration with industry to develop new The Mobile Architecture and Building Environ- materials, material technologies and material ment Laboratory (MABEL): MABEL is the processing techniques suitable for the textiles, world’s first mobile facility to offer integrated metals and automotive manufacturing indus- on-site measurements of power, sound, light tries. and comfort for buildings. This innovative The Victorian Centre for Advanced Materials project aims to improve building design and Manufacturing (VCAMM): VCAMM focuses on energy efficiency for the purpose of achieving delivering commercial outcomes to the auto- environmental and economic savings. motive, aerospace and high-performance The International Fibre Centre (IFC): The IFC materials sectors. Specific materials include supports training and education in the fibre steel, light metals and composite materials. and textile industries. It is a collaborative Textiles Research: The textiles and fibres partner in Deakin University’s advanced fibre research group works with natural and syn- research. thetic fibres. It covers a wide range of fields such as chemistry, fibre metrology, dyeing, La Trobe University has invested in a Research polymers, extrusion, processing and conduc- and Development park at Bundoora. It is one of tive polymers. Research is conducted in areas Australia’s largest wholly university–owned and such as the application of nano-materials and managed technology parks. conducting fibrous materials. This group works in collaboration with partners such as La Trobe University – R&D Park, Bundoora Australian Wool Innovations. The Park is also home to the Technology Enter- National Centre for Cool Climate Wine Science: prise Centre, a business incubator for new The Centre is a teaching and research winery, ventures in information technology, biotech- which addresses critical questions for premium nology and the life sciences. The Centre is wine production in cool climates. The research integrated into the Master Plan of the La Trobe focus is on canopy management, clonal selec- University R&D Park to provide new start-ups tion and integrated disease control. Its aim is with a support growth plan to take their to develop new markets and production tech- venture from idea to fruition. niques for the industry. A 10-hectare vineyard The Park provides, within the La Trobe Univer- with mixed plantings was established at the sity environment, accommodation and facili- site in 2001. ties for the promotion and support of commer- ChemGenex Pharmaceuticals: AGT is a leading cial science and technology R&D so as to build Australian ASX listed biotechnology company, on the particular strengths of the University’s which focuses on gene discovery and valida- teaching and research facilities and expertise tion. It incorporates the commercialisation and to provide a means of further developing of in-house intellectual property together those strengths in collaboration with outside with a fee for service technology platform. researchers, teaching institutions, government The company serves biotechnology and agencies and private industry. 48 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

The La Trobe R&D Park is also home to the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute Biotechnology Centre. The Monash University – Cortical Centre provides laboratories for the commercial Cortical’s mission is to produce small-molecule incubation of the Institute’s discoveries, including solutions to therapeutic targets in inflamma- the establishment of start-up biotechnology com- tion and commercialise these via R&D and panies. The Centre provides state of the art facili- where appropriate via strategic partnership ties for high throughput chemical screening, with pharmaceutical and biotechnology com- medicinal chemistry, gene mapping and genotyp- panies. Diseases as diverse as arthritis, pso- ing, monoclonalantibody production and mouse riasis, asthma, multiple sclerosis and colitis genetics. are characterised by inflammation and may be targeted with drugs from Cortical’s R&D. 4.6 Universities as incubators Based in Melbourne, Cortical operates its R&D for new business development in fully complemented laboratories within the Monash research precincts. Universities have taken on an increasing role in Cortical has raised A$2 million in first close the formation and operation of new businesses. venture capital financing – $1 million from GBS Available data indicate that the creation of start- Venture Partners’ Genesis Pre-Seed Fund Ltd up companies is a preferred route for commer- (formerly Rothschild Bioscience Managers cialisation of university research in Australia, Ltd) and $1 million from Start-up Australia particularly in the life sciences. Ventures Pty Ltd. Research teams commonly form start-up compa- nies with the support of university technology Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Limited, another transfer offices in order to access research grants Monash spinout company, has the mission of that finance continued research and funds from developing novel therapies for diseases with enterprise development programs, including ‘pre- application to worldwide markets, including seed’ funds, in an endeavour to be ‘investment obesity, obesity-related diseases such as type 2 ready’ for venture capital funding. diabetes and more recently, pain management In 2004 there were 91 operational start-up com- and osteoporosis. Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd panies that were dependent on licensing/assign- has also established modern laboratories at the ment of technologies from Victorian universities Baker Heart Research Institute (Melbourne) for and medical research institutes. Furthermore, some in-house activities. Victorian universities and medical research insti- Spatial Vision Innovations was incubated within tutes held equity in 60 start-up companies. The RMIT’s then-Faculty of Applied Science and spun value of this equity is estimated for financial out as an incorporated venture in 2000. reporting purposes to be in the region of $43 million. Many companies are making important RMIT University – Spatial Vision Innovations contributions to health and medical outcomes, as Spatial Vision works at the leading edge of well as environmental and business solutions. geospatial and information technology and Some examples follow. integrates geographic information with busi- Cortical is a Melbourne based drug discovery and ness applications delivered through web- development company, which was formed in 2003 based systems. around the work at Monash University’s Centre The company has accumulated significant for Inflammatory Diseases and Monash’s Victo- experience in the development of land, natural rian College of Pharmacy. resource management and applied social and economic research systems for organisations in Australia and internationally. Its client Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 49

designed to meet the needs of the burgeoning base has expanded substantially to include Victorian complementary medicine industry and ­catchment management and other resource to sow the seeds for a future export industry. The ­management organisations, emergency man- project reflects a university contribution to new agement authorities and national parks business development-based on an innovative applied research. InQuirion Pty Ltd is another highly successful spin-off based on intellectual property developed RMIT University – Whittlesea Herb Farm by RMIT. The company develops and markets TeraText software – a text database system and The venture grew out of RMIT’s School of search engine built for the management of very Health Science’s Chinese Medicine Division, large (terabytes) text-based databases. Since which recognised the need for authentic herbal 2001 it has built an impressive client base includ- medicine ingredients free from contaminants ing defence and police organisations both here and which met requirements of Victorian and and overseas as well as legislatures, libraries and Commonwealth medicines regulatory agen- other archives. cies. At the same time, the City of Whittlesea was concerned about local unemployment and Laser Surfacing Solutions Pty Ltd is a joint venture the number of small farms in the municipality company between the Industrial Research Insti- which were no longer economically viable. tute of Swinburne (IRIS) and Hardchrome Engi- A partnership involving RMIT, the City of Whit- neering. It is offering industry advanced surfacing tlesea, the Whittlesea chapter of the Victorian solutions based on laser technology. Farmers Federation and Northern Metropoli- tan Institute of TAFE is piloting the cultivation Swinburne University – and harvesting of a broad range of medicinal Laser Surfacing Solutions Pty Ltd herbs for which there is high demand. The The company utilises a state-of-the-art laser project has had funding assistance from the facility based at Swinburne’s Hawthorn Commonwealth and State Governments. The campus in Melbourne and comprises a high- farm is now producing small quantities of power Nd:YAG laser delivered through a 0.6 herbs for the local market, with certification mm diameter opticalfibre. This has been com- undertaken by RMIT. bined with a four-axis integrated CNC system The next stage of the project will be to scale- providing a wide range of manipulation up the production of herbs to commercially options. Laser surfacing offers a number of viable levels. The total global market for advantages compared to conventional surfac- medicinal herbs is around $US60 billion per ing technologies. year. An ARC Linkage funding application has This facility can provide advanced hardfacing been prepared focusing on two herbs for which or cladding options, especially on thin walled there is significant market demand and which or heat sensitive substrates. The laser can also have potentially invaluable health effects – be used for surface alloying or surface modifi- artemisia annua, which is being explored as a cation by melting or heat treatment. possible cure for malaria and salvia miltior- rhiza, a common ingredient in many Chinese In addition to start-up companies, universities medicines. work in partnerships with businesses that support research, teaching and learning. For example, a Over time, start-up companies such as these are group of Whittlesea farmers are participating with expected to have a substantial economic impact RMIT University in a herbal farming project through sales, employment and exports. 50 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

There are also businesses formed by faculty in known as the Infra-Red Traffic Logger (“TIRTL”). collaboration with external investors and by stu- This unique product counts, classifies, deter- dents following (or prior to) graduation. This mines the lane and measures the speed (1% form of new business development is practiced accuracy @ 250 km/hour) of passing vehicles. more widely in ICT related disciplines, engineer- ing, management and the social sciences. Typi- CEOSI has more than 100 units of TIRTL cally, these businesses require little in the way of to state instrumentalities in Australia and start-up capital and investment in complementary partners in the USA, Singapore and Europe. assets. ­Significant growth in sales is forecast both in Australia and overseas for the coming fiscal CEOS Ltd year. In 2000, CEOS obtained industry and Australian and Victorian State Government CEOS was founded and incorporated in 1994 by support for the establishment of REDlab, a three PhD graduates from The University of premier ­laboratory, managed and operated Melbourne. Their initial business focus was by CEOS, that offers state of the art test on the development of broadband telecom- ­equipment to new high technology start up munications, opto-electronics and electronics companies and universities. products. These developments resulted in a Portfolio of Leading Edge Products in dense REDlab has been supported by the REDcentre, wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) Nokia Australia, Pacific Broadband Networks optical access networks, gigabit backplanes and the Australian Photonics CRC. It has also and interconnections, broadband electronics, been supported by the Commonwealth through burst-mode receivers, wireless RF sub- the Test-IT Program of the Department of systems, ultra-sensitive analogue electronics ­Communications, IT and the Arts and by the and high reliability software controlled Government of Victoria through the Science, ­electronic products. Technology and Innovation (STI) Program. Agilent Technologies, a world leader in test In 1998, the company began the development products, generously supported REDlab of a photonic based vehicle counter, classifier by providing it with leading edge test and speed measurement product that became ­instruments.

5 universities in a community, cultural and social setting

Universities are, in general, open communities. sal reservoir of knowledge’. As Clark Kerr Citizens have access to their facilities and services observed, a university is not one community but not only for the purposes of learning and scholar- several: ship but also for a wide range of social and ... the community of the undergraduate and ­cultural interactions. the community of the graduate, the ­ com­munity of the humanist, the community of 5.1 Universities as communities the social scientist, the communities of the Universities work as communities that provide professional schools, the community of all the places for learning and inquiry in all fields of non-academic personnel, the community of knowledge and serve as ‘gateways to the univer- the administrators. Its edges are fuzzy – it Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 51

reaches out to the alumni, legislators, farmers, committed to building a strong, involved and businessmen, who are all related to one or active Monash community. With alumni num- more of these internal communities5. bering more than 150,000 in more than 120 This perspective sees universities as promoting countries, Monash claims one of the strongest liberal education, protecting freedom of inquiry and largest alumni networks in the world. and fostering the preservation and advancement Every Monash graduate is part of this network of knowledge by providing a social space for and is entitled to the services provided to all intelligent conversation, social criticism and alumni by the University. 6 dissent . The RMIT alumni community comprises A university community offers a wealth of cultural, approximately 200,000 graduates and includes institutional and recreational opportunities for more than 50 alumni representatives to assist social interaction, leadership and personal graduates in linking with other alumni in their ­development. It is an environment in which stu- location, profession, or area of interest. dents will be challenged and supported to extend Through these representatives, members can themselves intellectually and creatively, so that participate in social and career networking graduates are prepared for the 21st century and activities and take on leadership roles. are at home anywhere in the world. Victoria University alumni receive a range of Victoria’s universities with a Melbourne presence services and benefits provided through the constitute a community of more than a quarter of Alumni Relations Program. These include the a million people. In 2004 it consisted of 241,000 personal and professional development students and 22,500 staff. This academic com- program to update skills, benefits such as munity represented 5.3 per cent of Victoria’s resi- library access (for financial members) and a dent population in 2004. This does not include range of social events including reunions, visiting, honorary and adjunct appointments. anniversaries and general celebrations. University graduates, as active alumni, represent La Trobe University keeps close contact with its an extension of the university community. Uni- 114,000-strong alumni worldwide across 100 versities are currently giving more attention to countries through events, seminars, emails, their alumni – not only as a source of philanthropy its web site, loyalty card and magazine for but as an important and continuing extension of La Trobe University graduates. the university community. 5.2 Universities and community service Melbourne Metropolitan University Alumni Communities and Networks Victorian universities are committed to advancing the intellectual, cultural, economic and social The University of Melbourne alumni commu- welfare of Melbourne. The social welfare compo- nity consists 140,000 men and women in 125 nent is receiving greater attention as universities countries. The University has established give a greater commitment to their third mission international alumni networks in Europe, of service, community outreach and engage- Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the People’s ment. Republic of China, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, the United The study has indicated that universities with a Kingdom and the United States of America. Melbourne presence are involved in and provide assistance to, a wide range of community based The Monash Alumni Association is a network education, health, social welfare and housing for Monash graduates, staff, family and friends, services.

5 Kerr, Clark. 2001. The Uses of the University. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press. 6 Altbach, Philip G, Robert O Berdahl and Patricia J Gumport eds. 1999. American Higher Education on the 21st Century: Social, Political and Economic Challenges. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press. 52 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

In the community education area, Australian around 110 academics from 24 Australian Catholic University has made a major commitment ­universities, serving as “Critical Friends” to to mathematics education in the Victorian schools around 300 projects in all parts of Australia. system. Australian Catholic University and the MTLC Australian Catholic University – Mathematics place a high emphasis on sharing the findings Teaching and Learning Centre (MTLC) of the University’s research with practitioners and more than 1,000 teachers have partici- The MTLC at Australian Catholic University has pated in postgraduate and professional devel- conducted a wide range of research, evalua- opment programs at the University in the past tion and professional development programs five years, where participants relate research related to mathematics education over the findings to their day-to-day work. past 17 years, with considerable impact on teachers, students and parents in Victorian Australian Catholic University has a strong schools. commitment to social justice. This is also reflected in research activities and, by way of The project with the greatest impact on example, the University has just commenced a ­Melbourne and Victorian schools and class- project on understanding and enhancing the room practice was the Early Numeracy mathematical development of children with Research Project, jointly conducted by Austral- Down’s syndrome. ian Catholic University (85%) and Monash University (15%). Funding for this project from La Trobe University is developing a partnership the ­Victorian Department of Education and with the Victorian Department of Education and ­Training, the Catholic Education Office Training to improve the provision of educational ­Melbourne and the Association of Independ- services to communities in the northern suburbs ent Schools has totalled almost $2 million. of Melbourne. This project included one-to-one interviews on a regular basis over three years with more In the first instance, this partnership will involve than 11,000 students in 70 schools and a related the six schools in the Heidelberg West, Heidelberg professional development program. A particu- Heights, Bellfield and Macleod areas that plan lar feature was research on approaches for to form the Macleod and Heidelberg Education supporting young children experiencing Federation. The partnership will involve the ­difficulty in learning mathematics. establishment of a Centre for Innovative School Education (CISE) as part of the renewal of existing The research tools, which emerged from the school infrastructure and as a unique educational Early Numeracy Research Project, are recom- development for the northern suburbs and mended for use by all Victorian Government regional growth corridor. schools and are also being utilised in Canada, Denmark, Germany, New Zealand, Sweden In community health, Victoria University provides and the USA. an osteopathic medicine clinic as a community State support to the MTLC has been comple- service in the heart of Melbourne. mented by federal funding of around $2.5 million, including a project focusing on Victoria University – Osteopath Clinic school-parent-community partnerships and The Victoria University Osteopathic Medicine another on innovative practices in mathematics, Clinic is the main teaching clinic for students science and technology, in which Australian of the osteopathic program and provides a Catholic University is coordinating the work of community service in the heart of Melbourne’s Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 53

CBD at 301 Flinders Lane, just round the corner 5.3 Universities as centres for the arts, from Flinders Street Station. Osteopathic culture and discourse treatment is also now available at the St Albans Museums and galleries Health Sciences Teaching Clinic. In the Clinic, osteopathic treatment is provided Victorian universities perform an important role by senior (4th and 5th year) students under in contributing to the arts and cultural life of Mel- the supervision of qualified and registered bourne. This is reflected in the operation and osteopaths, as part of the students’ clinical maintenance of a number of museums and art training program. The fact that the treatment galleries across the city. In some cases these is carried out by students under supervision facilities are integral to the university teaching means that treatment fees are considerably and research function, combined with a knowl- lower than those normally charged by city edge transfer objective, whilst in others there is a centre osteopaths – up to 60 per cent less. stronger community engagement purpose being served. In the housing area, La Trobe University is involved The museums and galleries of The University of in a residential, education and research develop- Melbourne provide an insight into the history of ment project. the University itself and that of Melbourne, Victo- ria and Australia. Most of the museum collections La Trobe University – Development owe their origins to the teaching of academic of the Mont Park/Plenty hospital site disciplines and professions in Victoria, with many A redevelopment of the former Mont Park, pieces in the collections dating back to the incep- Plenty, Gresswell and Macleod hospital sites is tion of the University in the 1850s. taking place to create a new integrated resi- dential, education and research precinct adja- The University of Melbourne – cent to La Trobe University. The Ian Potter Museum of Art Former hospital buildings with high heritage Constituted by statute of the University Council value are being preserved, along with the in July 1998, the Ian Potter Museum of Art has area’s attractive parkland setting. The resi- custodial responsibility for the University’s art dential component of the project, known as collection, as well as participating in teaching Springthorpe, is already widely recognised as and research, exhibiting, publishing and con- setting new benchmarks in master planned ducting public programs. Through its core community design, privacy and integration activities the Potter provides for the acquisi- into the surrounding environment. tion, maintenance, conservation, cataloguing, exhibition, investigation, interpretation and Universities also have commitments to environ- promotion of the art collections of The Univer- mental protection and sustainability through their sity of Melbourne. In partnership with aca- outreach activities and commitments. For demic departments, the Potter takes part in example, Victorian universities are frequently teaching and research, as well as offering involved in collaborative projects with local gov- vocational opportunities to students in relevant ernment and community based organisations for degree programs. the preservation, restoration and repair of the In seeking to establish itself as a nationally natural environment. and internationally acclaimed university art museum, the Ian Potter Museum of Art In working on these projects, universities bring ­promotes the key values of the University’s an important scientific knowledge and research based understanding to the work. 54 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

an audience as possible. In addition to the far strategic and operational plans, contributing reaching exhibition program, approximately 80 to the profile of the University and to the per cent of the collection is on public display across ­cultural experience of its Parkville campus. the University’s city and regional campuses. The Potter’s relationships with academic departments mean that its education programs La Trobe University – Art Collection encompass teaching from school holiday The Art Collection has expanded to consist ­programs and VCE classes through to major more than 2,500 works including a collection exhibitions emerging from graduate research. of public sculptures. The Collection is regarded Likewise, while all art collections have their as one of the most important Australian post- own history, the University’s is a very local war art collections in the university sector. one. The objects often speak strongly of spe- cific individuals, sites and philosophies. This Currently the Art Museum curates two exhibi- local history is evident, for example, in the tions per year for the City of Darebin’s Bun- considerable number of portraits in the collec- doora Homestead Arts Centre as well as a tion, or in the area of antiquities, which has minimum of two exhibitions for regional gal- strong ties to teaching and field research. leries. As part of these exhibitions Art Museum staff present floor talks, educational programs The Potter is located on the boundary of the and formal lectures. These initiatives are campus, bridging the campus and the wider ­integral to the University’s and the Art community. It is a gateway in a physical and ­Museum’s strong commitment to community conceptual sense. Exhibitions, publications, engagement. public forums and consultancies offer research, knowledge and the pleasures of art to the Melbourne community. In sharing the Univer- The ICON Gallery at Deakin University’s Melbourne sity’s assets, both cultural and intellectual, the Campus has been designed and situated to Potter dispenses with an older, negative defi- provide great accessibility for students, staff and nition of the art museum – as an elite cultural the general public. As the hub of a contemporary gatekeeper – replacing it with the idea of the arts precinct, the ICON provides substantial space museum as a gateway. and facilities for professionally curated exhibi- tions drawn from the University’s art collection, group and solo exhibitions by significant contem- Other University of Melbourne museums include: porary artists, travelling exhibitions and selected • Classics and Archaeology Collection – ­ student work. showcases the University’s significant collec- tion of Egyptian, Greek and Roman antiquities, Deakin University – ICON Gallery all located at the Ian Potter Museum of Art; With the establishment of the ICON Gallery on • Grainger Museum – established in the 1930s by the Melbourne Campus at Burwood, Deakin the composer, pianist and folklorist Percy University is now placed to present an even Grainger, to show the sources from which com- wider and more comprehensive series of exhi- posers draw their inspirations; and bitions and arts events within this new and • Harry Brookes Allen Museum of Anatomy and exciting gallery, together with the innovatively Pathology – contains more than 12,000 speci- refurbished Stonington Stables Museum of Art mens, of which more than 3,000 are on display on the Toorak Campus. at any one time. Through a vibrant exhibition program and a The La Trobe University Art Museum aims to make distinctive collections management application, the University Art Collection available to as wide the Museum of Art is committed to providing a Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 55

focus for current cultural and intellectual The Company will continue to hire the Play- scholarship, research and professional prac- house and the Fairfax Theatre at the Arts tice, while delivering a dynamic visual arts Centre, although on a less frequent basis. focus for the University both nationally and MTC has gone through many changes since its internationally. inception, but one constant is its relationship with The University of Melbourne. Victoria University’s Department of Visual Art, Design and Multimedia has opened a spectacular The National Institute of Circus Arts (NICA) is the new gallery facility on Level 16 at 300 Flinders national centre of teaching excellence for profes- Street – located directly opposite Flinders Street sional education and training in contemporary station in the heart of the city’s advertising and circus arts. NICA is incorporated as an independent design precinct and the vibrant café culture of company of Swinburne University of Technology. Flinders Lane and Degraves Street. Swinburne University – Performing arts The National Institute of Circus Arts (NICA) The Melbourne Theatre Company is the oldest NICA was established at Swinburne University professional theatre company in Australia and a in 2001 to meet the increasing demand for semi-autonomous department of The University physical theatre and circus in the performing of Melbourne. arts. NICA has strong international links with the circus world globally, including a partner- The University of Melbourne – ship with Cirque du Soleil. It has a unique Melbourne Theatre Company (MTC) purpose built training facility and performance The Company was established in 1953 as the space. Union Theatre Repertory Company (UTRC). It NICA draws its staff and students from across was originally administered and directed by Australia and internationally. They compete John Sumner. At the time there was no profes- successfully in global competitions and are sional theatre company in Australia. The employed both in Australia and internationally theatre world was either amateur or after graduation. imported. NICA is dedicated to developing and nurturing Some of the notable early members of the talented young contemporary circus perform- Company included Zoë Caldwell, Patricia ers through a three-year degree, the Bachelor Conolly, Noel Ferrier, Frank Gatliff, Barry Hum- of Circus Arts. NICA also offers short courses, phries, Reg Livermore, Monica Maughan, Fre- social circus workshops and training programs derick Parslow, Alex Scott and Frank Thring. and houses the Circa NICA agency to service a John Sumner was the driving force for MTC for broad range of circus entertainment needs. 34 years turning the Union Theatre into the NICA established itself as an integral part of nation’s largest theatre company. In 1955 he the cultural and social fabric of Melbourne directed the Company’s first Australian play, when NICA students provided the spectacular Summer of the Seventeenth Doll by Ray Lawler. aerial acts for the opening ceremony of the He not only directed plays but was also respon- Commonwealth Games in Melbourne in 2006. sible for developing the model on which most The City of Melbourne also recognised NICA’s State theatre companies in Australia are now role in the city with an Encouragement Award based. in its prestigious Australian Business Arts In 2006 work started on the construction of Foundation Awards, 2006. MTC’s own 500-seat theatre at Southbank. 56 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

Monash University Arts Centres are the largest Music in 1926, but its traditional name continued single cultural resource outside the inner to be widely used in the community. ­Melbourne metropolitan area. Situated at both the Clayton and Peninsula campuses, Monash The University of Melbourne – University Arts Centres’ key function is the facili- Melbourne Conservatorium of Music tation of opportunities for the development and The Conservatorium of Music, a graceful white presentation of arts activity. building on Royal Parade, dates from 1909 and is classified by the National Trust of Victoria. It Monash University – Monash Performing Arts contains the elegant 350 seat Melba Hall, with Monash Performing Arts boasts a range of the finest acoustics for chamber music in flexible performance venues equipped to Melbourne. Melba Hall also houses two of the cater for any requirement. Whether for per- finest concert Steinways in Melbourne and is a formance, film screenings, presentations, highly sought after venue for solo recitals and graduations, lectures or conferences, the for professional recordings. venues are available for hire at reasonable This concert hall underwent major restoration rates, including expert Technical, Customer and refurbishment in 1986 under the direction Service and Box Office support. of leading architect Darryl Jackson. The resto- Robert Blackwood Concert Hall: Seating 1,598, ration and refurbishment assure the building’s the Robert Blackwood Concert Hall is designed functionality as well as its original grand style. for large scale music concerts. Its huge stage Jackson’s theory was that widely spaced aisles caters for a full-size symphony orchestra, while and plush seating add to the pleasure of the its stepped staging makes the venue ideal for concert experience and, in conjunction with choral performances. The Louis Matheson translucent stained glass windows and the Pipe Organ, built by Jurgen Ahrend, is polished wooden stage of the Hall contribute acclaimed as one of the finest instruments of to its inviting ambient atmosphere. its kind in the world. In 1996 the facilities associated with Melba Alexander Theatre: Intended for performances Hall were substantially upgraded to comple- of all kinds and capable of 35mm and 16mm ment the venue and add to the comfort of film projection, the Alexander Theatre has a performers. maximum capacity of 508. Boasting a fly tower, fore-stage lift and a false proscenium International cultural linkages which can be adjusted over a wide range of variables, the venue is truly flexible. Universities have a commitment to building cul- George Jenkins Theatre: The George Jenkins tural linkages with Asia as an integral part of their Theatre is a 428 seat venue catering for all commitments to teaching and research. performance and conference needs. Excellent The University of Melbourne’s Asialink Centre is acoustics, versatile stage access and an inti- a non-academic department of the University, mate atmosphere make the theatre unique to ­supported by the Myer Foundation and the the Peninsula and Greater Melbourne. ­University. It provides both employment support for young people interested to work in Asia and Music also significant cultural links with Asia in art and other fields. Australia’s first music degree was awarded in 1879 by The University of Melbourne. The ­Conservatorium of Music became the Faculty of Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 57

The University of Melbourne – Sidney Myer maquettes of the Shoal Fly By series, public Asia Centre art for the Melbourne Docklands precinct. The The Sidney Myer Asia Centre is a purpose built artwork consists four separate sculptures facility to house the Asia Institute (formerly which depict the form and movement of sur- Melbourne Institute of Asian Languages and faces in water. Societies) and the Asialink Centre. Its purpose SIAL researchers and summer students worked is to be a catalyst for Australia’s understand- with the artists to develop a digital design ing and engagement with contemporary Asia process, beginning with translating the physi- and to foster awareness of the importance to cal to the digital using SIAL’s laser scanning civilisation of the diverse Asian cultures, both measurement techniques. Algorithms were ancient and modern. developed to approximate the wires to a series The Sidney Myer Asia Centre was a $18.5 of tangential arcs, as nearly all tube bending million project designed by Bob Nation of is done using two dimensional arcs. This Nation Fender Katsalidis to form a ‘book-end’ involved collaborating with the fabricators and to the award-winning Ian Potter Museum of constraining the design process to fabrication Art as part of the streetscape of the Universi- tolerances. In addition to the digital models ty’s external profile on Swanston Street. The that were developed, documentation of the building was erected by Probuild Construc- tubes was principally in the form of spread- tions and in 2002 won the Master Builders sheets, extracting spatial information which Association of Australia award for ‘Excellence can ultimately be input for computer numeri- in New Construction (Buildings) $10-50 cally controlled tube bending machines. million’. It comprises the 500 seat Carrillo Gantner Theatre and five storeys of teaching Figure 12: Shoal, the first of four sculptures, and learning, research and academic office completed and on site at Docklands space. To mark the centenary of the arrival in ­Melbourne of one of Australia’s most success- ful immigrants – Sidney Myer – the Myer family reinforced its commitment to Asia-Australia relations in 1999 with a $2 million grant to The University of Melbourne for the design and building of the Sidney Myer Asia Centre.

Public art Melbourne’s universities make important contri- butions to and support for, public art, youth RMIT Gallery is Melbourne’s most vibrant public culture and youth theatre. art and design gallery. It presents Melbourne’s broadest and most unique exhibition program, RMIT University – Shoal Fly By exploring all aspects of visual culture. It presents changing exhibitions of Australian and interna- RMIT’s Spatial Innovation Architecture Labo- tional design, including fashion, architecture, fine ratory worked with the artists Michael Bellemo art, craft, new media and technology. and Cat Macleod to design and develop their 58 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

RMIT University – RMIT Gallery RMIT University – Youth Media Organisations RMIT Gallery is housed in Storey Hall, an The Student Youth Network (SYN): SYN is a internationally acclaimed example of architec- community media organisation run by the tural innovation. It is located on Swanston youth of Melbourne, for the youth of Mel- Street, at the centre of Melbourne’s key cul- bourne and involves several universities and tural tourism areas. youth organisations. SYN provides access, RMIT is undertaking a restoration and con- participation, education and training to all temporary conversion of the original classical students and youth aged 12-25 who would like building to accommodate a world-class exhi- to become involved in radio, television, print bition space and art gallery, with student and web media. Through SYN, youth gain display spaces and a café in the basement. practical experience, contributing material The finished project, incorporating the exist- and productions for publication and broadcast. ing building and a new annexe, will provide a RMIT, in addition to providing funding cur- conference centre comprising a 750 seat rently provides space and infrastructure auditorium, 230 seat lecture theatre and five support for SYN on its city campus. seminar rooms. RMITV: RMITV is Australia’s leading commu- The building’s interior and facade incorporate nity television production house. Each month Roger Penrose’s ‘fat and skinny tiles’, an several hours of television programming for invention by the renowned Oxford Professor of community television networks across Aus- Mathematics that reduces the number required tralia are produced. RMITV’s mission is to for the non-periodic covering of a continuous enable students from every course and facility surface from 20,426 types to just two. across Australia to envision their television Storey Hall has received several major awards and new media concepts and ideas. It helps including: The National Interior Architecture young, often first-time producers, realise their Award, The Marion Mahony Award for Interior goals and dreams in the complicated yet ful- Architecture, The William Wardell Award for filling industry of television production. It Institutional Architecture, The RAIA Victorian further seeks to bring together a community of Architecture Medal (for the best building of students from different tertiary education the year across all categories) and The Dulux systems for the common goal of creating and Colour Grand Prix. furthering student television and new media projects. RMITV is a full member of the Melbourne Youth media Community Television Consortium (MCTC) – the Media that is run for and by youth provides a vital organisation that runs Channel 31. It is part of means of engaging this demographic not only and funded by the RMIT Student Union and with each other but also with their surrounding from 2007 is funded by RMIT. RMIT provides community. It also provides youth with a voice space and infrastructure support for RMITV. whereby they can contribute to and shape their community. Universities currently host and Conferences and public events provide funding to a number of youth run media organisations. Melbourne’s universities, through their schools, faculties and memberships of national and inter- national associations and networks, organise and support a very large number of conferences each Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 59

year. These draw large numbers of international and interstate visitors to the city and generate The University of Melbourne – substantial economic, social and cultural A Forum for the debate of ideas impacts. “A university should always be a forum for the debate of ideas. That’s why each year, The La Trobe University – Public events University of Melbourne hosts around 200 The staging of public events, such as confer- public lectures and every day of each semester, ences, seminars, lectures and sponsorship of faculties and departments offer seminars, cultural, sporting, or other prominent events, symposiums, colloquiums and forums which is a fundamental part of the University’s com- are open to the public.” munity commitments. – Professor Glyn Davis AC, Vice-Chancellor, The University’s major public events include The University of Melbourne its annual Open Days: close to 30,000 people visited La Trobe’s metropolitan and regional Significant speeches delivered at, or on behalf of, campuses in 2006. A wide variety of public The University of Melbourne include: lectures held at all campuses supports the • Menzies Oration on Higher Education by Pro- University’s learning and teaching objectives. fessor James Wilkinson, Director of the Derek They include the annual Science Lecture; the Bok Center for Teaching and Learning, Harvard Deans’ Lectures and an annual lecture in University, on 11 July 2006; honour of Hyllus Maris, an Indigenous leader • International Public Lecture by Dr Jane Goodall and visionary whose initiatives in Aboriginal DBE (founder of the Jane Goodall Institute and education included the establishment of the a UN Messenger of Peace) in July 2006; first registered secondary college for Indige- • Redmond Barry Lecture by Professor Glyn Davis, nous People in Victoria. Institutions as Ideas: Change at The University The University also sponsors several important of Melbourne, on 7 July 2006; public events including the Melbourne Writers’ • AN Smith Lecture in Journalism by The Honour- Festival and the Tournament of Minds events able Peter Beattie, Premier of Queensland, on throughout Victoria. 14 December 2005; and • Chancellor’s Human Rights Lecture by The Right Victoria University provides public access to its Honourable Malcolm Fraser AC CH, former conference centre located at Level 12, 300 Flinders Prime Minister of Australia, on 29 November Street, in the heart of Melbourne’s central busi- 2005. ness district. The centre caters for a wide variety of functions and events, including: prestigious Public lectures and forums are at the heart of the lectures, conferences and seminars, book and intellectual life of Australian Catholic University. product launches, tradeshows and exhibitions, Significant contributions in 2006 included the fol- plays and recitals, auctions, fashion parades and lowing: business meetings, as well as private functions • Catholic Education: Achievements and Chal- including cocktail parties, wedding receptions lenges – keynote speaker was His Excellency and engagements. Archbishop Ambrose De Paoli, Apostolic Nuncio in Australia; Most universities encourage scholars to deliver public lectures, either under the direct sponsor- • Islam and Modern Challenges: Formula for ship of the university or through an academic or Change, a public conversation with Imam Yahya professional association. Hendi, Chaplain, Georgetown University; 60 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

• Religions and Public Society: Building Peace by Dr Bernard Sabella, Bethlehem University; The University of Melbourne – Melbourne University Sport • Socratic Forum Consilium per disputatio in association with B-HERT and GriffithU niversity Melbourne University Sport is a semi- – a public debate That We Should Keep Reli- ­autonomous department of the University gion out of Australian Politics facilitated by the and is part of the Academic Services division. Hon. Dr Barry Jones AO; The facilities at Melbourne University Sport • Therapeutic Cloning with Professors Max Char- are considered among the very best in lesworth, Jack Martin, Sir Gustav Nossal and ­Melbourne. Following a $5.3 million architec- Bernadette Tobin moderated by Professor Frank turally designed refurbishment, the heritage- Brennan SJ AO; and listed Beaurepaire Centre now provides state of the art fitness facilities for the University • Walking the Fine Line: Evangelization in a Plu- community. ralist World by Cardinal Cormac Murphy- O’Connor of Westminster. The Beaurepaire Centre, which was used for training in the 1956 Olympic Games, includes a Monash University has an extended program of 25m, six-lane heated indoor lap pool, the public lectures delivered at its campuses. The 850m2 two level Strength and Fitness Gym schedule for 2006 included: which provides the latest pin-loaded and free • Sir Gustav Nossal – Monash Golden Key’s weight gym equipment as well as a mezzanine “Excellence & Inspiration” Colloquium II; cardio zone with inspiring views overlooking • Professor Eric Ketelaar – From Duyfken to the athletics track and sports fields. Digital: Paper and Digital Semiophores; Facilities in the Sports Centre building include • 2006 Ogden Transport Public Lecture – UK six squash courts, a Group Cycling Studio, transport and social inclusion: past, present MindBody Studio, Cardio Box Studio, Massage and future; and and Physiotherapy Clinic and two multi- • Professor Barry Marshall, Nobel Laueate – Rod purpose stadiums. Andrew Oration, Helicobacter pylori and its role Melbourne University Sport is a members only in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. facility. All current students and staff of The RMIT University, in collaboration with the Victo- University of Melbourne and graduates from rian Peace Network, the Globalism Institute and any university worldwide and their immediate the National Tertiary Education Union (RMIT Uni- families (siblings, partner, spouse and chil- versity Branch) sponsors a series of public lectures dren) can become a member. on global justice. Monash University emphasises that “sport at 5.4 Universities as providers of Monash is not just about sport for Monash”. Each sporting and recreational facilities campus is expected to play a distinctive role in its local community, providing facilities and oppor- Universities have traditionally offered a wide tunities for people and organisations, some range of opportunities for students to participate facilitated by informal agreements and others by in sport and recreation. Universities have signifi- formal alliances. cant investments in sporting facilities which are usually available to the community. Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 61

La Trobe University, Bundoora campus has an Monash University – Monash Sport Indoor Sports Centre and extensive playing fields Monash University, particularly at its Clayton for sport. The Indoor Sports Centre comprises a campus, is widely recognised as having some 25m indoor heated pool, a weights training room, of the finest sporting facilities of any university a multi-purpose hall and squash and tennis in Australia. With more than 70 affiliated courts. The University makes all these facilities sports clubs and a myriad of informal opportu- available to the community seven days per week, nities for activity, many thousands of students 363 days per year. and staff can satisfy their desire for competi- tion, improved fitness, better health and group La Trobe University – Sports Centre or individual involvement in ways that best During the summer season the playing fields suit their lifestyle and particular requirements. are configured with three cricket fields (two Since 2002, responsibility for sporting facili- turf) and a baseball diamond. During the ties and services across a number of Monash winter seasons the same fields are configured University campuses has come under the aus- as one Australian Rules Oval (the oval is the pices of Monash Sport, a service provider same size as the MCG), four soccer pitches and within Monyx Pty Ltd, the University’s service one baseball diamond. The baseball diamond organisation. Sporting activities and services has lighting to AA standard and is used by the have become more consistent and coherent Victoria Institute of Sport (VIS) and the State across campuses. The University’s aim is for baseball associations for finals: it is considered students, staff and the communities in which it to be the best baseball field in Melbourne. has contact, to have ‘seamless access’ to sport- The Sports Centre often makes its facilities ing opportunities within the greater Monash. available for local schools, both primary and Across its Australian campuses, Monash owns secondary. The students of the University are seven indoor sports halls, three fitness gyms, a tremendous resource for the Centre; if a three aerobic studios, one aquatic complex, school needs swimming teachers or sporting sixteen tennis courts, two all-weather hockey umpires for their programs, the Sports Centre pitches, three multi-sport ovals, five soccer can provide them. pitches, 13 squash courts, a 43-bed ski lodge, a nine hole golf course, a baseball diamond, a Also in the Bundoora area, RMIT University col- beach volleyball court and a specialised laborates with local government to provide sports martial arts facility. facilities. A major initiative has been the Bun- There are also numerous other sports practice doora Netball and Sports Centre (BNASC). venues – such as synthetic cricket wickets, together with a range of sport health services, RMIT University – Bundoora such as physiotherapy, massage, podiatry and Netball and Sports Centre (BNASC) dietetics. Facilities are conservatively valued BNASC is a joint venture between the RMIT in excess of $40 million. Union, RMIT University and the City of Whit- tlesea. This world-class, multi-purpose facility Victoria University provides aquatic centres and offers a wide range of programs and services. sport and fitness centres at five of its Melbourne The Centre provides an expansive sport and campuses. fitness service to both university students and the local community. The brand new, state-of- the-art complex offers the best in sporting venues and gym and sporting equipment. 62 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

Sporting facilities include netball, basketball, La Trobe University – tennis, indoor soccer, volleyball and bad­minton The Melbourne Wildlife Sanctuary courts, as well as a hockey pitch, fully equipped The Melbourne Wildlife Sanctuary is a special gymnasium and group fitness room. conservation, educational and recreation place developed by La Trobe University. The site, In addition to sporting and recreational facilities, part of the Melbourne (Bundoora) Campus of La Trobe University has also invested in a wildlife La Trobe University, consists approximately 30 sanctuary for both educational and recreational hectares and includes beautiful wetlands and purposes. woodlands, including 400-year old River Red Gums. It provides home to 175 species of birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals in a pre- European settlement setting.

6 universities as custodians of knowledge assets

In addition to their economic, industry and com- Informatics: munity contributions, universities are recognised and valued for their role in and contribution to • Melbourne Advanced Research Computing the creation and diffusion of knowledge for the Centre (The University of Melbourne); benefit of both industry and society. They provide • Interactive Information Institute (based at the knowledge foundation for a university city. RMIT) which carries out R&D and innovation in computing communications and new 6.1 Scientific facilities and instruments media; and Victoria’s universities with a Melbourne presence • Victorian Partnership for Advanced Comput- operate, maintain and provide access to a range ing (combines the expertise of six Victorian of specialised research facilities and instruments. universities) which works on computational These assets are often dual-use, that is they are engineering, biotechnology, materials also available for use by industry and govern- science, financial data analysis and geo- ment. graphical information systems. Engineering: Major research assets associated with • Testing Facility for Modelling High metropolitan universities Temperature Metallurgical Reactors Condensed matter and analytical techniques: ­(University of Melbourne); • The Synchrotron (Monash University); • Experimental Building Fire Facility and • National Electron Microscopy Facility Furnace Laboratory (Victoria University); (The University of Melbourne); and • Sir Lawrence Wackett Centre for Aerospace • Micro-Analytical Research Centre Design Technology (RMIT); (University of Melbourne). • Polymer Technology Centre (RMIT); Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 63

• Molecular Beam Epitaxy Laboratory electrons are deflected through magnetic (La Trobe University); and fields they create extremely bright light. • Microelectronics and Materials The light is channelled down beamlines to Technology Centre (RMIT). experimental workstations where it is used for Life sciences: research. Synchrotron light is advancing R&D in fields as diverse as: • Australian Stem Cell Centre (Monash ­University); • biosciences (protein crystallography and cell biology); • The Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL) – an important research and • medical research (microbiology, disease ­preparedness asset; mechanisms, high resolution imaging and cancer radiation therapy); • Analytical Facility for Complex ­Carbohydrates (University of Melbourne); • environmental sciences (toxicology, atmos- pheric research, clean combustion and • Biopolymer Functional Testing Laboratory cleaner industrial production technologies); (University of Melbourne); • agriculture (plant genomics, soil studies and • Joint Facility for Food and Animal Health animal and plant imaging); (University of Melbourne); and • minerals exploration (rapid analysis of drill • Melbourne University Herbarium core samples and comprehensive characteri- (University of Melbourne). sation of ores for ease of mineral process- ing); The evolution of this substantial set of assets is • advanced materials (nanostructured materi- actively supported by the Victorian Government als, intelligent polymers, ceramics, light under the science, technology and innovation metals and alloys and electronic and mag- (STI) initiative. netic materials); The existence of these research facilities and • engineering (imaging of industrial processes instrument clusters in Melbourne constitutes an in real time, high resolution imaging of important asset for cutting-edge technological cracks and defects in structures and the innovation in sunrise industries in Victoria. operation of catalysts in large chemical engi- Of particular significance is the soon to be com- neering processes); and missioned Australian Synchrotron. The Synchro- • forensics (identification of suspects from tron will serve universities, research organisations extremely small and dilute samples). and industry throughout Australia. The Victorian Government has contributed $157 million to the The Synchrotron will provide a world-leading project – about three-quarters of the capital cost. technical capability. It is expected that it will This is the largest-ever investment by an Aus­ provide a nucleus around which new science and tralian state government in innovation infrastruc- industry networks will form. The synchrotron will ture. deliver better and faster experimental techniques that will not only enhance current fundamental Monash University – and applied research, but also open up new The Australian Synchrotron avenues of investigation to Australian science. The synchrotron is a large machine (about the It is also expected that the Synchrotron will size of a football field) that accelerates elec- promote international science collaboration – now trons to almost the speed of light. As the recognised as vital to leading-edge R&D. 64 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

6.2 Libraries document student and staff activities in some University libraries are centrepieces of the teach- 75 bodies including the Students’ Representa- ing, learning and research functions of a univer- tive Council, sporting clubs such as the Athlet- sity. They are also important for knowledge ics Club and Women’s Tennis Club and depart- transfer and engagement with the wider commu- mental associations such as the Medical nity. Students’ Society, the Science Club, the Chem- Libraries are much more than repositories of ical Society and the German Club, all of which monographs, journals, serials, newspapers, maps were formed in the 19th century. and works of art. They provide a wide range of The business collections at UMA comprise value added services to students, staff and other records of both businesses and the personal users. They can be a centrepiece of a fully engaged papers of businessmen and women covering university. 150 years of Victorian history. The collections are particularly strong in mining and metals 6.3 Archives treatment and in manufacturing but cover a rich diversity of other businesses such as The University of Melbourne Archives collects, architecture and building, law, primary indus- manages and provides access to the historical try, publishing and transport. Examples of records of the University, Victorian business, trade collections from within these categories are: unions and other labour organisations, commu- Bates, Smart, Blake & Riggall, Asociated Pulp nity and cultural organisations, as well as the & Paper Mills Ltd, RB Ritchie & Son Pty Ltd, personal papers of many individuals prominent DW Thorpe Pty Ltd and Huddart Parker Ltd. within them. The business collections hold the records of more than 220 companies totalling approxi- The University of Melbourne – Archives (UMA) mately 6,000 metres of records, some of which Records date back to the first years of the are restricted. colony of Victoria up until the present day and cover a very wide field of endeavour. The Archives were established in 1960 and to date 6.4 Publishing and bookstores hold some 15 km of records. They are available Universities have typically managed ‘university for research use and may be used in the presses’ to publish the works of scholars. Most ­Cultural Collections Reading Room in the have closed as competition from global publish- ­Baillieu Library. ing houses has intensified. MelbourneU niversity The collections of University records are Press has, however, remained in existence. divided into three categories: official, clubs/ Monash University has established an electronic societies and private. publishing business. Official records include the records of govern- Melbourne University Press was founded in 1922 ance and administration beginning with the to sell books and stationery to students. It soon earliest minutes of Council (1853) and its com- developed its own publishing program and later mittees, Professorial Board (1855-1978) and established its own printing facilities. Academic Board (since 1978) and Faculties and Departments. Registrars’ correspondence, The University of Melbourne – Melbourne Vice-Chancellors’ files, architectural plans and University Press (MUP) photographs. MUP’s first publication, in 1922, was a dupli- The records of University clubs and societies cated set of notes from the Physics School, Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 65

then known as Natural Philosophy. As ‘Practi- MUP, begun in the late 1960’s at the sugges- cal Physics, Part One’, these notes remained in tion of Sir Russell Grimwade. It is supported print until 1947. The first monograph was Myra by a bequest from the Grimwade family and Willard’s History of the White Australia Policy, allows MUP to produce books of enduring published in 1923 with a first print run of 600 quality with the highest production standards. copies. In January 2003 MUP became Melbourne Uni- Melbourne, like university cities around the world, versity Publishing Ltd, a wholly owned sub- is well endowed with high quality bookstores. sidiary of The University of Melbourne. It They are also places to meet and are important for publishes approximately 70 books and elec- the cultural life of a university city. Melbourne’s tronic products each year over a wide range of universities not only own and operate on-campus subject areas and disciplines and maintains a bookstores, they also operate ‘off-campus’ book- backlist of some 350 titles. stores with shopfronts onto Melbourne’s main Melbourne University Publishing Ltd publishes streets and in busy shopping arcades. under two main imprints: Melbourne Univer- This broad access to scholarly and related mate- sity Press and the Miegunyah Press. Scholarly rial in numerous City and metropolitan locations titles are published under the MUP imprint. provides Melbourne with the ambience and style The Miegunyah Press is a special imprint of of a university city.

7 universities making a difference to the urban environment and infrastructure

Universities are recognised as important places in • Burwood – Deakin University; metropolitan (as well as regional) communities. • Clayton – Monash University/health research They contribute to their communities through precinct – science and technology park, includ- architecture and urban precinct development, ing the Synchrotron; including open campuses, planning and • Footscray – Victoria University; ­architectural contributions, environmental pro- • Heidelberg – Austin and Repatriation medical tection and improvement and preservation of centre bio-medical alliance precinct – health historic buildings. research; Universities have been active in the preservation • Parkville – medical and bio-scientific institutes, and restoration of public buildings, often in part- including Bio21; nership with local government. • Prahran – The Alfred medical research and 7.1 Planning and development education precinct; and • Werribee – animal and food research centre. Melbourne 2030 identified ‘specialised activity centres’ as playing a vital role in Melbourne’s Melbourne 2030 envisages that these centres will economy. These centres are identified as: provide a mix of economic activities that generate high numbers of work and visitor trips and require • Bundoora – La Trobe and RMIT Universities and that their planning and development should rein- technology parks; force their specialised economic function. Mixed 66 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

uses that complement the role of these centres RMIT University’s Virtual Reality Centre (VRC) are to be encouraged, but not in a way that provides the tool sets and interdisciplinary exper- compete with nearby Principal or Major Activity tise to work with researchers and industry using Centres. visualisation and sound. The VRC can provide virtual replications of plans to identify planning Melbourne 2030 issues prior to physical changes being made – with Melbourne 2030 supports the development of the aim of reducing costly alterations at latter an innovation economy by encouraging the stages. expansion and development of logistics and VRC Projects currently in train include the Don- communications infrastructure. It will support caster Hill development in the City of Manningham the development of business clusters and for Melbourne 2030, the Dandenong Central work to help approval processes for industry Activity District, City of Dandenong and the sectors and developments targeted under the ­Maribyrnong River Valley Project, involving the Government’s Innovation Economy policy. It Melbourne, Maribyrnong, Brimbank, Hume and will also promote a physical environment that Moonee Valley Councils and the Department of is conducive to innovation and to creative Sustainability and Environment. activities. Successful innovation economies depend on 7.2 Universities in the city society as a whole being more creative, from Melbourne is unique among Australian cities in large companies and government departments having a large number of university campuses in to individuals. This includes having a robust the centre of the City. Both Melbourne and RMIT arts and culture sector. Universities have been located in the north of the City for more than 120 years. More recently, Victo- Melbourne 2030 provides that future planning ria University has consolidated and redeveloped and development of research precincts should its business, law and health services activities at emphasise their ability to foster interaction the southern and western precincts of the CBD. between researchers and industry. Space is La Trobe University is establishing a new campus required so that new and emerging applications in central Melbourne. Located in the historic can benefit from co-location. Argus Building at 290 La Trobe Street, the new The RMIT’s Globalism Institute has been working campus is being redeveloped as a major centre with municipal councils, local organisations and for research, learning and teaching in business the Victorian Government on various initiatives and health sciences. The emphasis is on post- relating to community sustainability and well- graduate coursework programs, university path- being. These initiatives have received funding ways and high profile research centres. The support through ARC Linkage grants, VicHealth ground floor will be leased commercially, restor- and RMIT Research and Innovation. ing to this section of Elizabeth Street the vibrant The Institute has recently been involved with the commercial precinct once envisaged. The exterior Broadmeadows and St Kilda communities in con- of the building will remain intact, while the inte- ducting social mapping activities which assess rior will be transformed into a thriving university the impact that street activities, celebrations and campus. rituals have in promoting inclusiveness and well- The extent of university activity in central Mel- being within communities as well as the impact bourne, particularly for overseas students, has globalisation has on communities. introduced a new vibrancy into the City and gen- erated substantial demand for housing as well as food, retail and entertainment services. Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 67

7.3 Preservation and restoration RMIT University – Capitol Theatre of heritage assets In 1998 Melbourne City Council commissioned Melbourne’s universities respond to community a study which explored the possible use of the expectations for preservation and restoration of venue as a festival and arts based centre. This heritage assets under their control. background led to the appointment of RMIT Restoration and preservation of the former crimi- University to undertake master planning, nal justice precinct, including the former Magis- safety upgrade and disabled access works. trate’s Court, the City Watch House and the Old The University bought the theatre in 1999 and Melbourne Gaol, is the product of collaboration has begun a process of refurbishment which between RMIT University, the Victorian Govern- will take some years. The works have gener- ment and the National Trust. RMIT University now ally involved “undoing” inappropriate 1960’s work, reopening disused spaces, safety occupies some of the historic buildings for teach- upgrades and provision of disabled access. ing and administration. The landscaped grounds The theatre, which seats 600 people, is cur- of the old Police Garage are available for student rently used for lectures, festivals and events relaxation and recreation. for both RMIT and the Melbourne public. The landscaped open space and careful preserva- The approach throughout the project has been tion of buildings makes this a valuable addition to to encourage a process of discovery by the Melbourne’s tourist attractions. public of this valuable building. Demolition work was undertaken to reveal the original Figure 13: Restored interior of Old Melbourne spatial arrangement and interlinking of foyer Magistrate’s Court spaces which were upgraded to allow partial public access. A new audio visual installation and theatre lighting systems were incorpo- rated in an unobtrusive way, the lighting system utilising sliding ceiling panels which were originally used for ventilation. Geomet- ric ceilings were re-lamped to return to their former glory. A new lift and disabled access corridor to the theatre use soft natural materi- als which complement the crystalline geometry of the theatre interiors. The theatre is notable for a number of ­pioneering concepts such as early use of rein- forced concrete, marvellous stained glass RMIT is also involved in restoration of the Capitol details and a highly complex three dimensional Theatre and Capitol House, one of Melbourne’s spatial arrangement. Its greatest asset is the most important historic buildings. Designed by magical geometric plaster ceilings. These are Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin, based on organic design principals of natural it was completed in 1924. The Theatre is best orders and are composed in a way which is known for its extraordinary crystal inspired both evocative and very modern. The ceilings ceiling. are indirectly lit in four colours and the light- ing was used in conjunction with the original orchestral scores in the early silent film era to add drama for the filmgoer. This feature provides a spectacular sight. 68 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

In 2000 Central Hall (earlier known as Cathedral Hall) was transferred by the Archdiocese of Mel- Victoria University – bourne to the new city campus of Australian Public Records and Land Titles Offices Catholic University. 295 Queen Street is the former Public Records Office. It has been refurbished to enhance its Australian Catholic University – Central Hall heritage status, while providing an attractive yet practical home for the University’s School Adjacent to the University, Central Hall was of Law, the Law Library, the Sir Zelman Cowen constructed in 1903 onto the Exhibition Boot Centre for Continuing Legal Education and Factory in Brunswick Street, Fitzroy and incor- Victoria University’s Judicial Administration porated all the facilities needed for a large and Justice Studies Institute. The building also venue capable of staging a range of theatrical, contains two moot courts, computer laborato- musical, ceremonial and social functions. ries, lecture theatres and seminar rooms. The elegant cantilevered balconies were a 283 Queen Street is the former Land Titles structural novelty allowing excellent sight Office and is also a significant heritage build- lines; the acoustics were regarded as being ing. It is a major focus for the University’s without equal in Melbourne; and the much- business and law activities, which include admired plaster ceiling added in 1912-13 postgraduate business programs, undergradu- further enhanced the magnificence of the Hall. ate law and continuing legal education. The Its flat floor venue and acoustics have been building also provides space for the expansion compared to the famous Grosser Musikverein- of activities associated with the Victoria Law saal in Vienna. School, the Sir Zelman Cowen Centre and the Central Hall has served the Melbourne com- Victoria Graduate School of Business. munity in many different capacities as the chosen site for congresses, lectures, meetings, The Melbourne base of Australian Catholic concerts, social events and other gatherings of ­University at 115 Victoria Parade was built in 1924 the Melbourne Catholic, Italian and wider as the Note Printing Branch of the Commonwealth communities for a century. Since 2000, it has Bank (in turn the Reserve Bank of Australia). become an important venue for the intellectual life and visual and performing arts in the Australian Catholic University – Note Printing ­University and its local community. Central Branch of the Commonwealth Bank Hall is currently being restored with funding from the Australian Government’s National The Note Printing Branch operated at 115 Vic- Heritage Investment Initiative, the Potter toria Parade for almost 60 years, before relo- Foundation, the Archdiocese of Melbourne cating to Craigieburn in October 1981. Its and the University. former premises were utilised by several departments of the Victorian Public Service The Queen Street campus of Victoria University prior to being purchased by Australian Catholic occupies two striking heritage buildings in the University in 1998 and extensively renovated. heart of Melbourne’s legal precinct. The build- Occupied in 2000, the University’s new campus ings have been refurbished as part of Victoria gained a 2003 Property Council of Australia University’s commitment to legal education. Award (Victoria Division) in the category of refurbished buildings, in partnership with the architectural firm Woods Bagot. The two former bank vaults are now the student common room and a music general learning area at the University, respectively. Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 69

Deakin University has converted Geelong’s old ­symposiums, sittings of the Victorian parlia- woolstores into a modern inner city campus site ment, graduations, conferences and cultural which also contains a state of the art, 1,500 seat performances. This grand space provides concert auditorium. The complex is situated Geelong with a venue able to house large- within Deakin University’s Geelong Waterfront scale concerts,­ conference meetings and campus. ­lectures.

Deakin University – The Costa Hall Costa Hall achieved its name after a generous 7.4 Marketing and benefaction was made by the prominent Costa promotion of the City family of Geelong to Deakin University towards Universities contribute to marketing and promo- the cost of developing The Great Hall. tion of Melbourne as a city through joint promo- The 1500 seat concert hall of international tions, contribution to city reputation and brand standing has been the venue for several and coordinated international student marketing around Melbourne’s identity and lifestyle. 8 Issues and implications

Previous studies on the contribution of universi- and create a demand for accommodation, food ties to the local and regional economies have and other retail and cultural services. concentrated on the impact of universities as Students study, learn and relax on a 24-hour cycle. businesses in a higher education industry and on Universities have responded by making facilities the outcomes of their investments in research for available of a continuous basis. New retail and new business creation, industrial development food service businesses have also responded to and national wealth creation. This study has cater for new patterns of demand. taken a wider focus and drawn attention to the broader social, community and cultural contribu- Export income earned through the provision of tions of Melbourne’s universities. education services for international students is in the same league as income from tourism. The Economic contributions commitment of universities to quality and innova- tion in teaching, the maintenance of international This study has found that the impact of universi- standards and the development of new knowl- ties in terms of their substantial expenditure and edge through research, provide the foundation investment in the Melbourne economy, whilst for sustainability and viability of this industry. important, underplays the very significant role that universities play in other areas. In particular, The commitment of universities to the preserva- Melbourne’s metropolitan universities are major tion and restoration of heritage buildings has also exporters of education services that are delivered made an important contribution to the tourism through education programs provided for a very industry. large number of overseas students. Melbourne has benefited significantly from the Business and industry contributions contribution of overseas students to the lifestyle, Melbourne’s universities make a substantial con- culture and vitality of the City. A very large number tribution to education and research for the mining, of international students live in inner Melbourne manufacturing and other industrial companies 70 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

that are headquartered in the City. Industry sup- integration of teaching and learning with research ported centres for teaching and research are a and practice. feature of all Melbourne’s universities, including the research oriented and the technology oriented Urban development and planning institutions. The importance and commitment of Victoria’s Melbourne’s universities contribute in a very sub- universities with a Melbourne presence to the stantial way to the work of State Government City, business and the community, suggests that departments and agencies in the health, educa- there are further opportunities to develop Mel- tion and agriculture sectors by not only educating bourne as an internationally and globally oriented clinicians, technicians, teachers and extension university city. workers, but also by supporting the delivery Melbourne City Council can provide the leader- of services to patients, students and primary ship for the continuing development of higher ­producers. education as a key industry for Melbourne and Victoria’s universities with a Melbourne presence Victoria. It can provide support by ensuring that are contributing significantly to the development the development and implementation of statutory of new and innovative ways to meet the education planning, land use, urban infrastructure, trans- and training needs of the professions and service port, retail and housing policies complement the industries. Work integrated learning initiatives engagement, outreach and service strategies of are making a vitally important contribution to universities. addressing the skills shortage. Given the importance of universities as public As the professions and service industries become places they are often critical partners in urban increasingly knowledge based, universities are renewal and re-vitalisation projects. The study contributing by providing the science, the tech- has provided evidence of what can be achieved nology and the evidence to underpin informed through joint ventures and partnerships between and effective policy development, decision making universities, local government, non-government and improved professional practice. organisations and private developers.

Cultural, recreational A leadership role and sporting contributions The City of Melbourne can continue to assist in Melbourne’s universities contribute in significant marketing education services overseas and sup- ways to the cultural, recreational and sporting life porting the development of agreements with of the city. The universities have supported, universities in other cities around the world. It through outreach, engagement and service pro- can also assist universities develop and imple- grams, the development of a vibrant youth culture ment their industry and community engagement in the city and created an environment for public policies and strategies through its knowledge art that is unique in Australia. The connection of of the economic, social and cultural profiles of universities to the heart of the City has created an the City. interest and an involvement in urban design and The opportunities for an integrated approach public architecture. to achieving educational, economic, industry and Outreach, engagement and service, reflected in community outcomes through a collaborative commitments of the universities to community approach between the City of Melbourne and health, education, welfare, housing and the envi- Victoria’s universities with a Melbourne metro- ronment, are also unique among Australian politan presence are unique in Australia. The capital cities. This reflects a commitment to the current and potential contributions of Melbourne’s Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study 71

universities are the foundations for positioning urban and community development strategies. Melbourne as ‘Australia’s University City’. They also bring overseas linkages and perspec- Melbourne’s universities are currently developing tives as ­Melbourne develops as an international policies and strategies in relation to their contri- city. There are clear synergies and benefits butions to the urban economy, society and com- through closer collaboration between the munity. Most have senior executives with specific ­Melbourne City Council and Victoria’s universities roles relating to outreach, engagement and with a Melbourne presence. knowledge transfer. They are giving a very high priority to renewing the long established ‘social Melbourne City Council as an institution of the contract’ with their communities through these third sphere of government has a key role in ‘third mission’ responsibilities (Gibbons 1998; working with universities in developing and 2003;Howard Partners 2006). implementing their third stream initiatives and Elected Members and Council senior executive in articulating a third horizon (visionary) staff, through their own roles and responsibilities, approach to the development of a genuine are fully engaged with industry and the commu- university city. nity in the framework of the Council’s economic,

References

Altbach, Philip G, Robert O Berdahl, and Patricia J ­Engagement: Universities in Society. Svava Gumport eds. 1999. American Higher Education ­Bjarnason and Patrick Coldstream eds. London: on the 21st Century: Social, Political and Economic Association of Commonwealth Universities. Challenges. Baltimore: The John Hopkins GLA Economics. 2004. “World City, World ­University Press. ­Knowledge: The Economic Contribution of Appleseed Consulting. 2003. Engines of ­Economic ­London’s Higher Education Sector.” GLA Econom- Growth: The Economic Impact of Boston’s Eight ics: London. Research Universities on the Metropolitan Boston Area. Boston: Masscolleges. GLA Economics and KPMG. 2006. London: The Knowledge Capital – The Economic and Wider Appleseed Inc. 2004. “Innovation & Opportunity: Impact of London’s Universities and Higher Harvard University’s Impact in the Boston Area ­Education Colleges. London: London Develop- Economy.” Appleseed: New York. ment Agency. Bjarnason, Svava and Patrick Coldstream eds. Howard Partners. 2006. “Universities’ Third 2003. The Idea of Engagement: Universities in Mission: Communities Engagement.” Business – Society. London: Association of Commonwealth Higher Education Round Table: Melbourne. Universities. Gibbons, Michael. 1998. “Higher Education Rel- Kerr, Clark. 2001. The Uses of the University. evance in the 21st Century.” UNESCO World Con- Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press. ference on Higher Education. World Bank: Paris. Vest, Charles M. 2005. Pursing the Endless Gibbons, Michael. 2003. “Engagement as a Core ­Frontier: Essays on MIT and the Role of Research Value in Mode 2 Society,” in The Idea of Universities. Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press. 72 Melbourne Metropolitan Universities’ Contributions Study

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