Lewis and Clark– Indiana Connections
William Clark
Meriwether Lewis
Vincennes
Clarksville Falls of the Ohio
Louisville
The Indiana Historian A Magazine Exploring Indiana History As the marker here indicates, the state of Indiana has an important, Focus recognized connection to the Lewis and Clark Expedition. That connection is being reinforced with
a National Signature Event in Indiana Historical Bureau. Clarksville in October 2003. There is more to it than that, however. What many people forget is that until the party left its winter camp in May 1804, it remained in Indiana Territory, governed from Vincennes by William Henry Harrison. Harrison and Vincennes Marker is located at the Falls of the Ohio State Park, Clarksville, Clark County. were an important juncture for contact between the party and President Thomas Jefferson. Some core members of the Timeline references and other expedition party—the so-called “nine selected materials are intended to young men from Kentucky”—left enhance an understanding of the with the party from the Falls of the importance of the Falls of the Ohio Ohio, which referred to both area at the start and its part at the Kentucky and Indiana Territory end of the expedition. They are also across the Ohio River. The lives of intended to indicate the involvement Cover portraits: William Clark was these men—and their roles on the of Governor Harrison and Indiana painted by Charles Willson Peale, from life, expedition—are briefly reviewed in Territory—including the area that is 1807-1808. Meriwether Lewis was also the chart on pages 12-13. Some of now the State of Indiana—with the painted by Charles Willson Peale, from life, these men had personal, military, expedition. 1807. The reproductions on the cover were and/or family connections with each The essay on page 14 provides a used courtesy of the Independence National other and with Meriwether Lewis brief overview of the context of the Historical Park, Philadelphia. and William Clark, who trusted expedition, especially with regard to them for this mission. Lewis, Clark, the American Indians and Harrison, and Jefferson had close Jefferson’s vision. The Indiana Historian ties and confidence in each other There are extraordinary primary January 2003 ISSN 1071-3301 through military experience, family resources on the expedition, Order Number 7054 and other networks, and their including Moulton’s thirteen Editor visions for the future of the new volumes of the journals and Pamela J. Bennett Lead Researcher United States. These connections Jackson’s two volumes of the letters Paula A. Bongen helped make the expedition succeed of the expedition. Holmberg’s recent Designer and Researcher Dani B. Pfaff and helped advance Jefferson’s volume of letters from William Contributing Editors vision during and after the Clark to his brother Jonathan Carole M. Allen, Janine Beckley, Paula Bongen, Alan Conant expedition. provides additional valuable The Indiana Historian provides resources and models The specific focus of this issue of insights. The Resources section on for the study of local history to encourage Indiana’s The Indiana Historian is Indiana page 15 indicates many of the basic citizens of all ages to become engaged with the history connections. The organizing unit is of their communities and the state of Indiana. sources documenting the expedition The Indiana Historian (formerly The Indiana Junior a timeline occupying pages 3-11. and its importance in United States Historian) is issued occasionally. Back issues are Also on these pages are maps, and world history. available at individual and bulk pricing. Some back issues of this magazine are available to biographical sketches, excerpts from Indiana’s citizens should take visually impaired patrons in audio format. Tapes are letters, and newspaper articles pride in the role that Indiana and available through the Talking Books Program of the Indiana State Library; contact the Talking Books which enlarge upon the timeline. Indiana’s men played in this Program, 317-232-3684. Blue dates on the timeline indicate monumental event. The Indiana Historian is copyrighted. Educators that items are included specifically may reproduce items for class use, but no part of the publication may be reproduced in any way for profit related to the timeline entry. without written permission of the Indiana Historical Bureau, 140 North Senate Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46204; 317-232-2535. E-MAIL [email protected] INTERNET www.IN.gov/history
2 The Indiana Historian © 2003 Indiana Historical Bureau
Background— July 4, 1776 through October 1, 1800 September 3, 1783. July 4, 1776. British colonies in British territory After the American North America declare indepen- Revolution, the United dence. States was surrounded by foreign territory, September 3, 1783. Peace treaty Spanish to the west with Britain, signed in Paris, and British to the recognizes U.S. independence. Spanish territory north. Thomas Jefferson had December 4, 1783. (Annapolis, United States after Treaty continuing concerns Md.). Thomas Jefferson writes to of Paris, 1783 about the security of areas George Rogers Clark asking if he is in dispute the U.S. from foreign interested in leading an expedition aggression, which to explore the West (Jackson, 2: 654- helped to guide his 55). vision and his actions before and during his February 8, 1784. (Richmond, presidency. Va.). George Rogers Clark declines to lead western exploration but offers some advice (Jackson, 2: 655- 56). February 8, 1784. George Rogers ic Sites. Clark to Thomas Jefferson Summer 1786. Jefferson encour- tor “Your proposition respecting a tour to the ages John Ledyard’s plan to travel west and North west of the Continent would across Russia to Siberia, cross the be Extreamly agreable to me could I afford Bering Strait to North America, and it . . . . It is what I think we ought to do. . . . return to Washington. Ledyard does Large parties [however] will . . . . allarm not succeed (Ambrose, 69). the Indian Nations they pass through. Three July 13, 1787. Northwest Ordi- or four young Men well qualified for the nance establishes and provides he Indiana State Museum and His Task might perhaps compleat your wishes system of government for North- at a very Trifling Expence” (Jackson, 2: west Territory. 655-56).
1793. Jefferson and the American In 1779, Clark led the successful campaign against
rom the collection of t
Philosophical Society sponsor F the British at Fort Sackville (Vincennes). He helped French botanist, André Michaux, to George Rogers Clark, as a young man, settle the site of Louisville (1778) and established find a convenient route to the painted by Rosemary Brown Beck based Clarksville (1784) at the Falls of the Ohio. Pacific Ocean. Michaux is found to on descriptions in primary sources. be a spy and is called back to France (Ambrose, 70-71). July 13, 1787 May 7, 1800 May 7, 1800. Congress splits Northwest Territory Indiana Territory Northwest Territory into two established separated from Northwest territories: Indiana Territory and Territory Northwest Territory. May 13, 1800. William Henry Harrison is appointed governor of Indiana Territory. Indiana Napoleon’s Ft. Detroit October 1, 1800. Territory Northwest secret treaty with Spain returns the Ft. Miamis territory of Louisiana to France. Territory Ft. Ouiatenon Marietta (1788) Chillicothe Cahokia Vincennes Vincennes Clarksville Kaskaskia (1784)
© 2003 Indiana Historical Bureau 3 Expedition Authorized— March 4, 1801 through February 28, 1803 December 12, 1802. March 4, 1801. Jefferson is George Rogers Clark inaugurated President of the United to Thomas Jefferson States. “He [William Clark] is well Alexander Mackenzie’s quallified almost for any 1801. Voyages from Montreal . . . to the business. If it should be in your ortraits of the Presidents and Frozen and Pacific Oceans: In the Years power to confur on him any post 1789 and 1793 is published in London. of Honor and profit, in this He urges Great Britain to find Countrey in which we live, it will
president of the United States.” 1828 (?) By 1828 States.” president of the United
rst Ladies, 1789-Present, Library of Congress. rst Ladies, 1789-Present, suitable passage to the Pacific Ocean
Gilbert Stuart, artist. “Thomas Jefferson, third
Fi exceedingly gratify me” opular Demand: P P and to extend its fur trade into the (Jackson, 1: 7-8). northwestern interior (Ambrose, 74-75). December 12, 1802. (Falls of William Henry Harrison the Ohio). George Rogers Clark William Henry Harrison was born in Virginia writes Jefferson promoting his in 1773. He joined the U.S. Army in 1791, brother William for service to the served with General Anthony Wayne at the government (Jackson, 1: 7-8). Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794), and was present at signing of Treaty of Greenville January 18, 1803. Jefferson (1795). From Vincennes, he served as governor submits a confidential request to of Indiana Territory from 1800-1812, Congress for $2,500 to explore the negotiating treaties with Indian tribes for Missouri and the way to the Pacific millions of acres of land. Harrison commanded Ocean to expand fur trade and the U.S. Army in the Northwest during the geographical knowledge of the War of 1812, defeating the British at the Battle continent (Jackson, 1: 10-14). of the Thames. He served in both houses of
ancis Vigo Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution. Chapter, ancis Vigo the U.S. Congress representing Ohio. He was Harrison is Fr February 8, 1803. elected President of the U.S. in 1839 but died reappointed governor of Indiana of pneumonia one month after his Territory and appointed ex officio inauguration in 1840. superintendent of Indian affairs (Clanin, Reel 1, lxxxvi). February 28, 1803. Meriwether Lewis Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Rush February 27, 1803. Jefferson Meriwether Lewis was born in “I wish to mention to you in confidence that I writes to Harrison stating his goals Virginia in 1774. At age 18, he was have obtained authority from Congress to and policy with regard to American managing his plantation in Virginia. Indians, ordering Harrison to He joined the militia in 1794 and the undertake the long desired object of exploring U.S. Army in 1795. Lewis served with the Missouri & whatever river, heading with obtain quickly as much land by General Anthony Wayne and was that, leads into the Western ocean. About 10. treaty as possible. See p. 14 of this present at the signing of the Treaty chosen woodsmen headed by Capt. Lewis my issue. of Greenville (1795). He served in a secretary, will set out on it immediately & Congress rifle company commanded by Captain February 28, 1803. probably accomplish it in two seasons. Capt. approves Jefferson’s request for William Clark. Lewis was promoted Lewis is brave, prudent, habituated to the to captain in 1800, and, in 1801, money to explore the West woods, & familiar with Indian manners & President Thomas Jefferson asked (Jackson, 1: 14). character. . . . It would be very useful to state him to serve as his private secretary Jefferson in Washington. Jefferson appointed for him those objects on which it is most February 28, 1803. Lewis to head the expedition to the desirable he should bring us information. For writes to Benjamin Rush describing Northwest in 1803. Lewis was this purpose I ask the favor of you to prepare the expedition and naming Meri- appointed governor of the Louisiana some notes of such particulars as may occur in wether Lewis as leader. He asks Territory in 1807. He committed his journey & which you think should draw his Rush, a prominent physician, to help suicide in 1809 leaving the journals attention & enquiry” (Jackson, 1:18-19). prepare Lewis for the trip (Jackson, of the expedition unpublished 1: 18-19). (Ambrose, 19, 21, 29, 37, 42, 45, 50, 59, 80, 415, 465, 467).
4 The Indiana Historian © 2003 Indiana Historical Bureau Expedition Preparation— April 20, 1803 through July 24, 1803 April 30, 1803. April 20, 1803. (Lancaster, Pa.). British territory United States purchased Lewis updates Jefferson on Louisiana from France. preparations for the trip—plans for The purchase almost recruiting men, the purchase of doubled the land area of Louisiana boats, obtaining weapons (Jackson, the United States. It also 1: 37-41). meant that the Lewis Spanish United and Clark expedition was April 27, 1803. Jefferson writes territory States in American territory 1803 Lewis enclosing a rough draft of areas for much of the trip. instructions for Lewis to consider in dispute and suggest changes (Jackson, 1: 44). April 30, 1803. United States purchases territory of Louisiana from France for approximately $15 June 19, 1803. Meriwether Lewis to William Clark million. “From the long and uninterupted friendship and confidence which has subsisted between us I feel no hesitation in making to you the following communication under the June 11, 1803. (Philadelphia). fulest impression that it will be held by you inviolably secret . . . . Benjamin Rush writes Jefferson During the last session of Congress a law was passed in conformity to a private enclosing directions for Lewis on message of the President . . . . to give the sanction of the government to exploreing the how to stay healthy during the interior of the continent of North America, or that part of it bordering on the Missourie expedition (Jackson, 1: 54-55). & Columbia Rivers. This enterprise has been confided to me by the President . . . . I will June 19, 1803. (Washington). now give you a short sketch of my plan of operation: I shall embark at Pittsburgh . . . Lewis writes to his longtime friend when descending the Ohio it shall be my duty by enquiry to find out and engage some William Clark giving him an good hunters, stout, healthy, unmarried men, accustomed to the woods, and capable of overview of the expedition to the bearing bodily fatigue in a pretty considerable degree: should any young men West and its objectives; he invites answering this discription be found in your neighborhood . . . learn the probability of their Clark to join him with equal pay engaging in this service . . . . and rank (Jackson, 1: 57-60). . . . If therefore there is anything under those circumstances, in this enterprise, which would induce you to participate with me in it’s fatiegues, it’s dangers and it’s honors, June 20, 1803. Jefferson drafts believe me there is no man on earth with whom I should feel equal pleasure in sharing written orders for Lewis to follow them as with yourself; I make this communication to you with the privity of the President, after the expedition leaves U.S. who expresses an anxious wish that you would consent to join me in this enterprise” territory (Jackson, 1: 61-66). (Jackson, 1: 57-60). July 15, 1803. (Pittsburgh). William Clark July 18, 1803. William Clark Lewis informs Jefferson that he has to Meriwether Lewis William Clark was born in Virginia in 1770, arrived in Pittsburgh and that all “I received by yesterdays Mail, your letter is well (Jackson, 1: 110). the younger brother of General George Rogers Clark. In 1785, his family settled in of the 19th . . . . The enterprise &c. is Such July 18, 1803. (Clarksville). Jefferson County, Kentucky. In 1792, Clark as I have long anticipated and am much William Clark writes Lewis accep- was appointed second lieutenant in the U.S. pleased with—and as my situation in life ting his invitation to join the Army; he served under General Anthony will admit of my absence the length of time expedition to the West (Jackson, 1: Wayne and participated in the Battle of necessary to accomplish such an Fallen Timbers (1794). He was the captain 110-11). See August 28, 1803 letter undertaking I will chearfully join you in an of a rifle company in which Meriwether ‘official Charrector’ as mentioned in your p. 6. Lewis served. Clark resigned from the army letter, and partake of the dangers, in 1796 to focus on family affairs. In 1803, July 24, 1803. (Louisville). Clark difficulties, and fatigues, and I anticipate writes Lewis re-affirming his Lewis invited him to help lead the expedition to the Northwest. In 1807, Clark the honors & rewards of the result of such acceptance of Lewis’ invitation and was appointed chief Indian agent and an enterprise, should we be successful in informs Lewis that he has engaged brigadier general of the militia for Louisiana accomplishing it. . . . My friend I do some possible recruits for the trip Territory. He served as governor of assure you that no man lives whith whome (Jackson, 1: 112-13). Louisiana Territory. He died at St. Louis I would perfur to undertake Such a Trip in 1838 (Holmberg, Brother, xxvii-xxx; &c. as your self” (Jackson, 1: 110-11). Ambrose, 45).
© 2003 Indiana Historical Bureau 5 Expedition Preparation Continues— August 3, 1803 through September 11, 1803
John Conner Muncie August 3, 1803. (Pittsburgh). Lewis informs Clark that he has received Clark’s letters agreeing to Anderson Buckongahela’s Town accompany him; as soon as his boat Noblesville is completed, he will set off for the John Conner, 1775-1826, grew up among the Falls area. Lewis indicates that John Delaware and Shawnee Indians in what is now Ohio Conner in February 1803 offered to and Michigan. John and his brother William were go on the expedition as interpreter. White River Indian traders who moved to Indiana along the White Conner had not answered Lewis’ Indianapolis River in 1800. In December 1802, a group of Indian chiefs letter of acceptance. He asks Clark from Indiana Territory met with President Jefferson in to contact Conner. He announces that present-day Washington to protest Governor Harrison’s recent actions; Indiana the treaty for purchase of the territory towns John travelled with them and served as interpreter. This was of Louisiana was received in probably when Conner met Lewis. In 1803, Conner lived at Source: Buckongahela’s Town near present-day Muncie. Conner refused Washington July 14 (Jackson, 1: 115- Thompson, 17). See John Conner this page. opp. 42. to go on the 1803 expedition. Later, however, he served as Harrison’s interpreter at several treaty negotiations for Indian August 21, 1803. (Louisville). lands. John remained in Indiana, and served five terms in the Clark writes to Lewis that he has Indiana General Assembly (Thompson, 16-17, 37, 40, 42, 54, 270). “engaged . . . the best woodsmen & Hunters . . . in this part of the September 11, 1803. Countrey. . . .” He agrees to write William Clark to Meriwether Lewis to Conner (Jackson, 1: 117-18). “Agreeable to your wish I sent an express to the Dellaware Towns on White River . . . . Connor has a verry large August 26, 1803. (Falls of the assortment of goods on hand and cant accompany us . . . . He Ohio). Clark writes to Conner Says that if he had ‘nothing to do at the prest. he would not asking him if his earlier offer to oblege himself for the sum I offered him (300) pr. & should Lewis to serve as an interpreter on not think himself two much recompensed for 5000$ even if he the expedition is still valid. Clark was able to leave his home” (Jackson, 1: 123). offers Conner $300 a year, provisions, and clothing (Jackson, 1: 118-19). Lewis’ August 28, 1803. Henry Dearborn August 31, 1803. Journal: Lewis and a party of eleven to Thomas Jefferson men start down the Ohio River from “Mr. W. Clark’s having consented to Pittsburgh (Moulton, 2: 65-67). accompany Capt. Lewis is highly interesting, it adds very much to the September 3, 1803. William ballance of chances in favour of ultimate Clark assigns power of attorney to success” (Jackson, 1: 117n). his brother Jonathan in Louisville (Holmberg, Timeline). September 8, 1803. (Wheeling, September 1, 1803. Lewis Journal Va.). Lewis writes to Jefferson “The Pilott informed that we were not far from a ripple which describing the departure from was much worse than any we had yet passed . . . . we passed Pittsburgh and the trip down the the little horsetale ripple or riffle with much deficulty, all hands Ohio River to Wheeling (Jackson, laboured in the water about two hours before we effected a 1: 121-23). See September 1, 1803 passage; the next obstruction we met was the big-horse tale Lewis Journal this page. riffle, here we wer obliged to unload all our goods and lift the emty Boat over, about 5 OCock we reach the riffle called September 11, 1803. (Near Louis- Woollery’s trap, here after unloading again and exerting all ville). Clark writes Lewis that our force we found it impracticable to get over, I therefore Conner is not interested in joining employed a man with a team of oxen with the assistance of the expedition to the West (Jackson, which we at length got off we put in and remained all night 1: 123-24). having made only ten miles this day” (Moulton, 2: 67).
6 The Indiana Historian © 2003 Indiana Historical Bureau Expedition Begins— September 28, 1803 through December 5, 1803 September 28, 1803. (Cincinnati). Lewis writes Clark that his trip to Cincinnati was difficult. Two young men with him may be likely recruits for
(Paris, 1826), Plate 17. (Paris, 1826),
the expedition (Jackson, 1: 124-26). October 14, 1803. Lewis arrives at Louisville (Holmberg, Timeline). October 15, 1803. Lewis’ boat passes through the Falls of the Ohio. James Patten, from Clarksville, is
A Journey in NorthA Journey America a possible pilot (Holmberg, Timeline; Holmberg, Brother, 137).
ictor Collot,
See items this page. V October 24, 1803. Jonathan Clark spends night in Clarksville with brother William (Holmberg, Timeline). October 26, 1803. (Clarksville). Captains Lewis and Clark, the “nine young men,” Clark’s slave York, and others leave on the expedition (Holmberg, Timeline; Moulton, 2: 59). November 11, 1803. Lewis’ Journal: Expedition party reaches Fort Massac, Indiana Territory (Moulton, 2: 85). November 13, 1803. (Vincennes). In answer to a request from Clark, Harrison sends a copy of a map of the Missouri River and the Mandan country By September 24, 1803, there was a law of the Indiana Territory authorizing the (Jackson, 1: 135-36). Governor to appoint qualified pilots to guide boats through the Falls of the Ohio. Clark’s Note the boat route on the Falls map above and the experience below. Indiana pilot November 28, 1803. Davis Floyd was the brother of Charles Floyd. Pilot James Patten was Nathaniel Journal: Expedition party lands Pryor’s father-in-law. Either of these pilots could have guided Lewis’ boat through near Kaskaskia, Indiana Territory the Falls. Charles Floyd and Pryor were first cousins and two of the “nine young (Moulton, 2: 118-19). men” of the expedition (Philbrick, 63-64; Holmberg, Brother, 137, 159). November 28, 1803. Lewis’ Journal: Lewis leaves Clark in October 18, 1803. Thomas Rodney’s 1803 Journal charge of the boat. He leaves from Delaware to the Mississippi Territory December 5 on horseback for St. “I went with the batteau, with the pilot Patton and a steersman and Buckanan, through Louis to meet with the Spanish the Falls [of the Ohio]. We hung a minute on a rock above the brig and struck twice commandant (Moulton, 2: 117-18). after but went through safe . . . . I must now say a few words more about the Falls. They are a terrable place to pass December 5, 1803. Clark’s Journal: Clark and party land near through when the water is as low as now. For the first time I had a dread of wrecking Bellefontaine, Indiana Territory to our boat. The rocks are so cragy, the channil so crooked, and the water so furious and pick up additional provisions rapid that it requires the utmost care and dexterity to avoid the danger. There are (Moulton, 2: 125-26). several islands in the Falls and a large island and several sand bars below and riffles for 2 miles below, so that indeed there is 4 miles of rapid[s] and difficulty; but the pilot only conducted us the first two and we came safe over the others” (Smith and Swick,124-25).
© 2003 Indiana Historical Bureau 7 Expedition Continues— December 7, 1803 through May 21, 1804 Clark’s Fort Winter Camps December 7, 1803. Mandan 1803-1804 and Journal: Clark and party arrive at 1804-1805 1804-1805 the landing at Cahokia, Indiana Territory (Moulton, 2: 127-28). December 12, 1803. Clark’s Journal: Clark and party land in Indiana Territory across from the mouth of the Missouri River. On I L nd the south bank of the Wood River, ou ia Clark establishes the winter camp is n for the expedition, called Camp ia a n T Dubois (Moulton, 2: 131-32). See
Missouri a e r map this page. r it o March 10, 1804. At St. Louis, r River France transferred Upper Louis- y iana to the U.S. Captains Lewis and Camp Marietta Clark likely attended the event Dubois (Moulton, 2: 174). 1803-1804 Cincinnati St. Charles Vincennes March 26, 1804. Secretary of St. Louis Cahokia Clarksville Kaskaskia War Henry Dearborn writes to Louisville Lewis to inform him that Clark’s Sources: Moulton, 1: 64, 2: 6; Fort military appointment can be no Barnhart and Riker, 288-89. Massac higher than lieutenant but his compensation will be the same as Lewis’ (Jackson, 1: 172-73). May 14, 1804. Clark Journal June 3, 1804. Amos Stoddard “Set out from Camp River a Dubois at 4 to Henry Dearborn May 6, 1804. (St. Louis). Lewis oClock P. M. and proceded up the “Captain Lewis, with his party, began to sends Clark his commission as Missouris under Sail to the first Island in ascend the Missouri from the village of St. lieutenant and suggests that they the Missouri and Camped on the upper Charles on the 21 Ultimo. . . . [He] began let no one know that Clark is not a point opposit a Creek on the South Side his expedition with a Barge of 18 oars, captain, the rank held by Lewis below a ledge of limestone rock Called attended by two large perogues; all of (Jackson, 1: 179-80). 1 Colewater, made 4 /2 miles, the Party which were deeply laden, and well May 14, 1804. Clark’s Journal: Consisted of 2, Self one frenchman and manned. I have heard from him about 60 Clark and the party of 38 men set 22 Men in the Boat of 20 ores, 1 Serjt. & miles on his route, and it appears, that he off from Camp Dubois, Indiana 7 french in a large Perogue, a Corp and 6 proceeds about 15 miles per day—a Territory up the Missouri River Soldiers in a large Perogue. a Cloudy celerity seldom witnessed on the Missouri; (Moulton, 2: 227). rainey day. wind from the N E. men in and this is the more extraordinary as the high Spirits” (Moulton, 2: 227). time required to ascertain the courses of May 21, 1804. Clark writes to the river and to make other necessary his brother-in-law in Kentucky that observations, must considerably retard his Lewis has finally joined the party progress. His men possess great resolution at St. Charles after being detained and they [are in the best] health and in St. Louis with arrangements to spirits” (Jackson, 1: 196). Note: Stoddard send Osage chiefs to Washington. was civil and military commandant of They continue up the Missouri im- Upper Louisiana. He assisted with mediately, heading for winter camp preparations for the expedition; several of at Fort Mandan (Jackson, 1: 195- his men went on the expedition (Moulton, 96). See June 3, 1804 letter this 2: 145n). page.
8 The Indiana Historian © 2003 Indiana Historical Bureau Expedition Continues— October 1, 1804 through August 9, 1805 April 2, 1805. William Clark October 1, 1804. Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory, is to William Henry Harrison also named administrator of the “By the return of a party which we send from this place District of Louisiana (Clanin, Reel with dispatches, I do myself the pleasure of giving you a 1, p. lxxxvii). summary view of the Missouri, &c. . . . The country on both sides of the Missouri . . . has . . . October 2, 1804. Harrison extensive fertile plains, with but very little timber, and leaves Vincennes for St. Louis to that little principally confined to the river bottoms and set up a new government in the streams. . . . this country abounds in a great variety of District of Louisiana (Clanin, Reel wild animals but a few of which the Indians take, many 1, p. lxxxvii). of those animals are uncommon in the U. States, such as white, red and grey bears, long ear’d male or black April 7, 1805. (Fort Mandan). Small party is sent back to St. Louis tailed deer (black at the end of the tail only) large hare, with specimens for Jefferson, letters antelope or goat, the red fox, the ground prairie dog, and gifts, and Indian chiefs to visit (burrows in the ground) the braroca, which has a head Washington; Clark included letters like a dog, and the size of a small dog, the white brant, to his brother and Harrison magpye, calumet eagle, &c and many other are said to (Moulton, 3: 327-32). See other inhabit the rocky mountains” (Jackson, 1: 227-30). items this page. May 22, 1805. (St. Louis). Pierre Chouteau writes to Harrison requesting instructions for
conducting the Indian chiefs from June 26, 1805. Fort Mandan on to Washington (Jackson, 1: 242-44). n Spy,
Wester May 27, 1805. (Vincennes). Harrison writes back to Chouteau agreeing that the Indians’ trip to One of the party sent back from
Washington should be postponed, Cincinnati (Ohio) Fort Mandan on April 7 by Lewis if the Indian chiefs agree, until and Clark traveled through cooler weather arrives (Jackson, 1: Vincennes, probably delivering 247-48). Clark’s letter to Harrison, and then to Louisville with a letter May 27, 1805. Harrison writes for Jonathan Clark. Secretary of War Dearborn to inform him of the possible travel of Indian chiefs to Washington. Harrison also relays that Clark has sent him a letter saying that all is April 1805. William Clark to Jonathan Clark. well (Jackson, 1: 246-47). “I send to you three Boxes containing the following articles viz: 1 Shirt worn by the mandan Indian women . . . made of the Skins of the Antilope or goat, 1 pr. Chiefs July 4, 1805. District of mockersons with white Buffalow Skin tops (a white buffalow Skin Sels in this Countrey Louisiana made a separate for about fifteen horses) 2 pr. of Summer & 1 pr. of winter mockersons Com all of territory; General James Wilkinson Buffalow Skin, The Skin & horns of an Antilope or goat . . . 1 pr. of Mandan legins of the is named governor (Clanin, Reel 2, Antilope Skins,_The Skins of 2 Burrowing Dogs or barking Squirels . . . . The Skin of a p. xliii). Brarow, which burrows in the grown 2 white hare Skins . . . . Some Specimons of the Corn of this Countrey . . . . Ricara Tobacco Seed, the flowr, leaves & Stems of which August 9, 1805. Zebulon Pike, commissioned by Wilkinson, begins they Smoke. . . . expedition to explore the source of 3 horns of the mountain Ram all Small one a faun . . . much prized by the Indians the Mississippi River, which was (one for Govr. Harrison) a parchment Case Dressed and used by the mandans to carry another of Jefferson’s priorities. their valueable articles in. . . . 1 Skin of a Red fox . . . . a Specimon of Indian artachokes common in the plains . . . . 1 Small pot in the Mandan fashion. 1 Spoon of the horn of the mountain Ram” (Holmberg, Brother, 84-86).
© 2003 Indiana Historical Bureau 9 Expedition Returns— September 23, 1806 through October 30, 1806 September 23, 1806. September 23, 1806. (St. Lewis to Jefferson Louis). Lewis writes Jefferson of “It is with pleasure that I anounce to you the party’s safe return and describes the safe arrival of myself and party at 12 the expedition and the potential for OClk. today at this place [St. Louis] with fur trade (Jackson, 1: 319-25). Indiana Historical Bureau. our papers and baggage. In obedience to your orders we have penitrated the September 23, 1806. (St. Continent of North America to the Pacific Louis).Clark writes his brother Ocean, and sufficiently explored the Jonathan informing him that the interior of the country to affirm with expedition has returned to St. Louis confidence that we have discovered the and describing part of the journey most practicable rout which dose exist (Jackson, 1: 325-30). See Clark’s across the continent by means of the Journal this page. Marker is located at Old Pioneer Cemetery, navigable branches of the Missouri and Waynetown, Montgomery County, where September 24, 1806. (St. Bratton is buried. Columbia Rivers. . . . Louis). Clark’s Journal: Clark We view this passage . . . affording October 10, 1806. writes to Harrison and to friends immence advantages to the fur trade. . . . in Kentucky (Moulton, 8: 371-72). William Bratton’s discharge With rispect to the exertions and “To all whom it may concern services rendered by that esteemable man September 24, 1806. (St. Know ye, that the bearer hereof Capt. William Clark in the course of late Louis). Clark writes to his brother Willliam Bratton, private in a corps voyage I cannot say too much; if sir any Jonathan giving possible time of distined for the discovery of the interior of credit be due for the success of that arrival in Louisville by way of the continent of North America, having arduous enterprize in which we have been Vincennes and giving permission for faithfully discharged his duty in said mutually engaged, he is equally with his letter of September 23 to be capacity so long as his services have been myself entitled to your consideration and published in the newspapers necessary to complete the objects of a that of our common country. . . . (Holmberg, Brother, 115-18). See p. Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, is in virtue of The rout by which I purpose traveling 11, October 9, 1806 item. the authority vested in me by the President from hence to Washington is by way of of the United States hereby discharged October 10, 1806. (St. Louis). Cahokia, Vincennes, Louisvill Ky. [etc.]” Clark returns his commission as from the military service of the said States; (Jackson, 1: 319-25). and as a tribute justly due the merits of the lieutenant to Secretary of War said Willm. Bratton, I with cheerfullness Dearborn; it was accepted February declare that the ample support which he 27, 1807 (Jackson, 1: 347). gave me under every difficulty, the manly September 23, 1806. October 10, 1806. (St. Louis). firmness which he evinced on every Clark’s Journal Members of the Corps of Discovery necessary occation, and the fortitude with “decended to the Mississippi and down are officially discharged from which he boar the fatugues and painfull that river to St. Louis at which place we service (Holmberg, Brother, 116-17). sufferings incident to that long Voyage, arived about 12 oClock. we Suffered the See Bratton this page. entitled him to my highest confidence and party to fire off their pieces as a Salute to sincere thanks; while it eminently the Town. we were met by all the village October 26, 1806. Jefferson recommends him to the consideration and and received a harty welcom from it’s writes Lewis of his happiness at the rispect of his fellow Citizens. inhabitants &c. . . . as the post had safe return of Lewis, Clark, and Meriwether Lewis Capt. departed from St. Louis Capt Lewis wrote their men (Jackson, 1: 350-51). 1st U.S. Regt. Infty.” (Jackson, 2: 347) a note to Mr. Hay in Kahoka to detain the October 30, 1806. (Vincennes). post at that place untill 12 tomorrow” Lewis sends Bills of Exchange to (Moulton, 8: 370-71). Secretary of War Dearborn for payment. One is for $500 owed to George Wallace, Jr., a merchant in Vincennes and a contractor for army rations (Jackson, 1: 349).
10 The Indiana Historian © 2003 Indiana Historical Bureau After the Expedition— November 5, 1806 through March 1807 October 9, 1806. This newspaper November 5, 1806. Lewis and also included Clark’s entire letter of Clark and their entourage arrive at September 23, 1806 to his brother the Falls of the Ohio (Holmberg, Jonathan summarizing the
October 9, 1806. Brother, 117). expedition. November 8, 1806. Jonathan
Clark, Lewis, and William Clark The Palladium, attend a family celebration at William Croghan’s Locust Grove
estate (Holmberg, Timeline). ankfort (Ky.)
Fr Circa November 11, 1806. Lewis and most of the party, including two Indian delegations, leave Louisville for Washington (Holmberg, Timeline). January 22, 1807. William Clark to Jonathan Clark Jefferson December 2, 1806. “I arived here [Washington] on Sunday revises his Annual Message to evening and Sence that time have been Congress to report on the return engaged in formal visits to the heads of of the Lewis and Clark expedition departments and partakeing of the (Jackson, 1: 352-53). Sumptious far of maney of the members . . Circa December 15, 1806. . . my old western friends do not forsake Clark, probably with his slave York, me and appere happy that they have it in leaves Louisville for the East their power to pay me much respect which (Holmberg, Timeline). See January appers to be the general disposition of 22, 1807 letter. every member of Congress with whome I have become acquainted. . . . a Commite Jefferson February 28, 1807. is appointed to bring in a bill giveing nominates Lewis to be Governor of Compensation to the Party on the late Louisiana Territory and Clark Expedition. I think the Comite will report 2 promoted to Lieutenant Colonel. November 20, 1806. November Sects. of Land to Capt. Lewis and my Self Clark’s promotion is not approved. each, and half a Section and half pay to However, in March, Clark is the men, the most of the members appear appointed superintendent of Indian
The Palladium, favourable to a liberal appropriation . . . . affairs for Louisiana Territory and . . . I most probably will return to your brigadier-general of militia for the house in Public Servece, but what Situation territory (Jackson, 1: 376). ankfort (Ky.) ankfort (Ky.) I Shall be in is not yet deturmined on”
Fr March 3, 1807. Act passes U.S. (Holmberg, Brother, 119-20). House and Senate compensating Lewis, Clark, and their men with land and double wages for service on the expedition (Jackson, 2: 377- Circa November 11, 1806. Lewis and 78). Chouteau with a Mandan chief and a group of Osage chiefs arrived in Frankfort, Ky. After March 3, 1807. Eight of November 13. Lewis left for Washington via the expedition members sign a the Old Wilderness Road November 15. petition to Congress asking that Chouteau headed east through Lexington, Ky. their warrants be acceptable immediately for land in Indiana Territory or Louisiana Territory where several of them already reside (Jackson, 2: 378-80).
© 2003 Indiana Historical Bureau 11 ere
v
hat the
hat is named
o of the Indians
cases additional
wis, Clark, York and York wis, Clark,
. 1, 1804. While Lewis 1804. . 1,
0 of this issue.
t immediately. In Clark’s t immediately.
813.
ral public offices there. On Nov.
ied. Floyd’s River, Iowa bears his Iowa River, ied. Floyd’s
ve
y render eight gallons of bear’s oil and storey render eight gallons of bear’s
h cures him almos
y the first white man to see what is now
ate whilst on this As the wealth. son has lost his life
h members of the expedition take the of any lives
, Iowa, where he is bur , Iowa,
ies; he dies of jaundice in 1
r
y County, Ind.; he holds se y County,
ed first constable of Clarksville Township. He dies from an ed first constable of Clarksville Township.
eubin are “Two of the and enterprising most active men young
e creek Brattens after Creek, presumably Bratton. After the
k’s journal he mentions a creek t on Oct. 8, 1805, k’s
ered by John Shields, whic ered by
A young man of much merit. His father, who now resides in Kentucky, is resides in Kentucky, who now man of much merit. His father, A young
t
ed one of three in command of a squad, Apr sergeants
ied in the pioneer cemetery, Waynetown. See also p. 1 Waynetown. ied in the pioneer cemetery,
ather in consideration of his loss; and also, t entitled to some gratuity,
he only recorded incident in whic he only
ticed in this way, will be a tribute is the man in the only due to Floyd but justly his merit.” ticed in this way,
be of service one of our party to who had performed any as Colter their duty as well had done.”
, 1841 he dies and is bur , 1841
ank: Private. Duties: Hunter. On June 18, 1805, Colter white is chased by [grizzly] 1805, On June 18, ank: Private. bear and forced Duties: Hunter.
ank: Private. Duties: Blacksmith, hunter. On May 11, 1805, Bratton shoots a bear, but it chases him. He but it chases Bratton a bear, shoots 1805, ank: Private. 11, On May Duties: Blacksmith, hunter. ank: both Privates. Duties: Two and hunters. of best marksmen The trust and confidence and Clark Lewis Duties: Appoint ank: Sergeant.
ellowstone Park. He settles in Mo. and mar He settles Park. ellowstone
amily moves to Clarksville area; he is appoint amily moves
R R R R rejoins the Corps; they track and kill the bear and dress it. The into the Missouri to River escape. In Clar as a trapper and is apparentl years Colter spends four had in the Field 1806, brothers to is confirmed them 220 references in the in the journals. over 27, On July Floyd’s he is in charge of their 1804, quarters and the are in St. Louis in Apr. supplies. By 1799, and Clark in kegs. On May 24, 1806, Bratton back; he endures a se 24, 1806, is unable to from the On May walk pain in his lower in kegs. the to party Colter leave is allowed 1806, 15, journal on Aug. toafter According Clark’s John Colter. Y Indians; one or tw and othersJoseph, Reubin, are in a skirmish Lewis with some Blackfoot f Indian sweat treatment adminis Indian sweat and return up the Missouri disposed that with River some trappers. He is given were privilege “as we are killed. This is t apparent ruptured appendix near present Sioux City journal on July 17, 1806, he calls a larg 1806, journal 17, on July to indicateshumans. Lewis that Joseph and R commends him as “ name. Lewis expedition, he lives in Kentucky and fights in the War of 1812. He marries Nov. 25, 1819. On Nov. 8, 1822, On Nov. 25, 1819. He marries Nov. of 1812. and fights in Kentucky in theexpedition, he lives War us. It was their in all the peculiar fate been engaged who accompanied to and difficult most dangerous have a man much respected, though possessed of but moder he enters land in Wayne Township, Montgomer Township, he enters land in Wayne Joseph dies is How acquitted in which they with uniformly themselves much honor.” scenes of the voyage, service, I consider his f 11 his death is confirmed in October Louis in the clear; he and his brother 1807, are in St. springnot of 1807, deceased being no and Clark later indicates that he was “killed.” Little is known about Reubin’s life after life the expedition. He about Reubin’s laterand Clark Little is known indicates that “killed.” he was party to die on the expedition. settles in Ky. and marries in 1808. settles in Ky.
3
3
3
3
/
/
/
/
3
2
1
2
1
/
1
0/10/06
0/20/03— 0/15/03— 0/10/06 0/10/06 0/10/06
8/1/03— 8/1/03– 1 8/20/04 38 months, 12 months, 10 days 20 days $191.66 $191.66 $86.33
1 1 8/1/03— 1 1 1 35 months, 35 months, 38 months, 20 days 26 days 10 days $178.33 $178.33 $179.33 $191.66
he Web database of this version chart at
82—
1/11/1841
circa 1813 1823? early
17 1807 8/20/1804
7/29/1778— 1
ugusta
place Death
Virginia circa 1780—
A Virginia circa 1775— Co., Va.
Jefferson Co., Ky.
Virginia circa 1781—
illiam
Introducing the “nine young men from Kentucky” and York, Clark’s slave
ield ield
hers on October 26, 1803. The information for this chart for hers on October The information has been gathered 26, 1803. from a variety sources. The citations—and in some
W John Joseph Reubin Charles Bratton Colter F F Floyd
Name Birth Birth/ Service/Pay Comments The “nine young men” were the men” were first the recruitsThe “nine young permanent for party; departed they from Clarksville, Indiana Territory with Le ot information—are included in t information—are
12 The Indiana Historian © 2003 Indiana Historical Bureau 832
(2nd
ated;
hought
ed the pay
he duties with
. 1, 1804. Like 1804. . 1,
h. The towns of h. The towns
o a mission to the
icer’s commission in icer’s
f
In Search of York
ader on the Mississippi
hat Gibson is incapacit
y [thigh] Snag’d Creek. It is not y [thigh] Snag’d
med his full share of t
t. Louis.
r
vidence that Clark’s brother may have brother may vidence that Clark’s
h Clark is described letters h Clark in several
er him. York cares for Charles Floyd as Floyd Charles cares for er him. York
fo
es as U.S. attorney for the attorney District for es as U.S. of
ader among the Indians on the Osage
y 25 he is assigned t
t
er, Mont. still bears his name. After theer,
v
tudies law and is practicing in Lexington tudies law
h her tribe until his deat
ied. Although to married, go allowed Shields was
ed of him. Journal him paddling entries have
ork wants to be near his wife in Louisville. In an 1 to wants ork be near his wife
never seen a black man, are astonished by York. He was York. seen a black man, are astonished by never
ork is theork first African American to from cross the U.S.
y a kinsman, trap in Mo. for a year. Shields eventually a year. y a kinsman, trap in Mo. for
ve
ied in Palmyra, Mo. ied in Palmyra,
se after shooting a deer, Gibson falls onto Gibson falls a one-inch diameter se after a deer, shooting
er the expedition helped him secure an of
t
o be amputated. In 1810, at Clark’s request, he assists Nicholas at Clark’s o be amputated. In 1810,
nace in northern 1813- He serves Illinois Territory. in the Army,
ated. Sixteen days later on Sept. 11, he is found by the Corps by near he is found ated. later 11, Sixteen on Sept. days
ed one of three in command of a squad, Apr sergeants
he Pryor Mountains, Mont., bear his name.
o heal with Clark’s treatment; on Jul o heal with Clark’s
ever else it takes for the survival of the Corps. In Sept. 1807, he leads an the survival else it takes for ever of the Corps. 1807, In Sept.
ydon, where he dies and is bur
o Gibson after the He dies in S expedition.
k names the creek where Gibson is injured, Th
raphy of York, updated Holmberg. and with an epilogue by of York, raphy
5. He is active in politics in Ky. and later in Mo. He ser in politics in Ky. 5. He is active
1
remains Clark’s slave until possibly 1816; his relationship wit until possibly 1816; slave remains Clark’s
try to save his life in 1804. Indians, who ha in 1804. try his life to save
, as Clark’s slave, is not assigned a particular is not role, but he “per slave, , as Clark’s
5, and fights at the Battle of New Orleans. He becomes a tr 5, and fights Orleans. at the Battle of New
18
July 21, it is beginning t 21, July
illiam Bratton treatment. The Shields Riv with an Indian sweat
rk
rk
1
ey
her members of the party,” including hunting. Y her members of the party,”
arvation. He believed he was behind the party but was actually ahead. They name the river, Shannon’s arvation. behind the he was name the He believed party river, ahead. They but was actually
ank: Private. notes Duties: Blacksmith, Lewis that he “Has receiv gunsmith, hunter. carpenter,
ank: Private. Duties: Expert marksman, hunter, interpreter, fiddle player; in charge of perogue. On ank: Private. in charge fiddle interpreter, Duties: Expert player; marksman, hunter,
ank: Sergeant. Duties: Appoint ank: Sergeant.
ank: Private. Duties: Hunter. On Aug. 26, 1804 in what is now S. Dak., he goes with in what is now another man to 26, 1804 On Aug. ank: Private. Duties: Hunter.
he army.” Pryor stays in the Army until 1810. He then becomes an Indian tr in the until 1810. Army stays Pryor he army.”
ind lost horses and becomes separ
R only of a private. Nothing was more peculiarly useful to of a private.only was more peculiarly us, in various situations, than Nothing the skill and ingenuity of thisingenuity man as an artist, in repairing our guns, accoutrements, &c. and should it be t proper to allow him something as an artificer, he has well deserved it.” On May 11, 1806, Shields cured 1806, 11, On May deserved it.” him somethingproper to he has well as an artificer, allow W expedition, Shields and Daniel Boone, apparentl settles in Indiana, near Cor on the despite expedition the “no married There is some e men rule.” helped Mrs. Shields with food and money during and money Shields absence. helped Mrs. Shields with food
Clark’s companion from childhood and was inherited by Clark from his father in 1799. After the expedition, inherited from his father from childhood and was in 1799. Clark companion by Clark’s Yo from Clark to his brother. York was married to a slave with a different owner before the he and married expedition; before was with owner to a different a slave York tofrom Clark his brother. Clark have problems after have theClark because Y expedition Yo Robert 1832. B. Betts, before died of cholera sometime York says Clark interview, ot ed., 2000) is a biog coast to coast. “Yorks dry river” and Yorks 8 Islands are named af dry river” and Yorks coast to coast. “Yorks th
R July 18, 1806, while mounting his hor 1806, 18, July tree snag which goes two inches into is so painful t his thigh.tree snag which goes two The wound by Mandan Indians. Clar R clear what happened t all of the men in the Corps, does what is ask Pryor canoes, hunting, and what unsuccessful expedition to return “considered him ‘a a Mandan chief to and Clark his people. Lewis man of character and ability’ and af t River and runsRiver a lead-smelting fur 18 Arkansas River, marries and remains wit an Osage woman, River, Arkansas Pryor, Okla. and Mont., and t Pryor,
R f st River. In Sept. 1807, he is part unsuccessful expedition to of Pryor’s return the Mandan chief; in an 1807, In Sept. River. attack, his leg is injured and has t Biddle in preparing the history of the Shannon s expedition. by Missouri, 1830-1834. He dies and is bur Missouri, 1830-1834.
ent entire
0/10/06
0/19/03— 0/10/06
0/20/03— 0/10/06 0/10/06
1 35 months, 21 days $178.50
1 W 1 trip with no 35 months, pay 21 days $178.50 1 1 1 35 months, 35 months, 20 days 21 days $278.50 $178.50
69—1809 10/19/03—
809
820s ?
17
1
circa 1772— 1
ckingham
irginia 1772—1831
a. ?
ennsylvania Unknown— ennsylvania 1785—1836 10/19/03—
Ro Co., Va.
Caroline Co., V
P V P
haniel
rk
t
John Shields
George Na George Yo Gibson Pryor Shannon
© 2003 Indiana Historical Bureau 13 Extending America’s Reach The Lewis and Clark Expedition did not •the need for Indians to abandon of the Indians & of ourselves, & finally take place in vacuum. It occurred hunting and assume domestic occupa- consolidate our whole country into one because of President Thomas Jefferson’s tions requiring less land, and nation only.” He tells Harrison that they long fascination with the western lands •the need to increase government must concentrate on “the purchase and and his vision for the young United trading posts to drive out for-profit settlement of the country on the States. Objectives to achieve that vision commercial traders. Missisipi from it’s mouth to it’s North- focused on economic and security Jefferson then proposes an expedi- ern regions, that we may be able to concerns. One strategy involved acquisi- tion to explore the Missouri River to the present as strong a front on our tion of American Indian lands within Western ocean, “the only line of easy Western as on our Eastern border.” the borders of the U.S. so that Ameri- communication across the continent.” Jefferson indicates that he has sent cans could have more land on which to He cites as benefits: Harrison the authority to conclude settle. The expedition was another •the Indian tribes and their exten- treaties with the Indians in the Indiana strategy for achieving the objectives. sive fur trade, Territory and tells him to move quickly A document which addresses both •the possibility of “conferences with to obtain any land possible (Clanin, Reel strategies is Jefferson’s confidential the natives on the subject of commer- 1, pp. 519-24). message to Congress, January 18, 1803, cial intercourse,” and Part of Jefferson’s concern was the which resulted in the authorization of • admission of American traders to situation in the Spanish territory of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (Jack- the area. Louisiana on the western border of the son, 1:10-14). The message was related He notes that the geographical knowl- U.S., which was about to be occupied by to reauthorizing trading posts for edge gained will “be an additional the French. The U.S. purchase of Indian tribes, and it served as a useful gratification.” Louisiana from the French in the spring vehicle for proposing this American On February 27, 1803, the day before of 1803 provided a major impetus to voyage of discovery. Congress approved the expedition, Jefferson’s vision. In that message, Jefferson first Jefferson wrote a private letter to The map on this page demonstrates makes the case to Congress that Indians William Henry Harrison, Governor of how well Harrison accomplished must be enticed to assimilate and Indiana Territory. Jefferson laid out his Jefferson’s order in the Indiana Terri- become part of the U.S. He cites the policy with regard to American Indians tory. At the same time, the Lewis and following reasons for action: in similar terms to the message to Clark Expedition solidified the U.S. •growing Indian unrest regarding Congress but more bluntly. He feels this ownership of the territory of Louisiana, land sales, system “will best promote the interests explored the western lands that would later become part of the U.S., and gathered extraordinary scientific Harrison's Treaties with Lake Michigan information. American Indians for After the return of the expedition, Land Cessions, 1803-1809 Lewis was appointed governor of the A. June 7, 1803 at Fort Wayne, with Delaware, Territory of Louisiana, and Clark was Shawnee, Potawatomi, Miami, Eel River, Wea, appointed superintendent of Indian Kickapoo, Piankashaw, affairs for that same territory. At that D Lands still belonging to and Kaskaskia. American Indian tribes B. August 13, 1803, at time, Harrison was still governor of after 1809 Vincennes, with Kaskaskia. Indiana Territory. All three men C. August 18 and 27, 1804, at Vincennes, with continued to be agents of Jefferson’s G Delaware and policy to extinguish the land claims of B Piankashaw. D. November 3, 1804, at American Indians and to protect the St. Louis, with Sauk and H Fox. U.S. from foreign aggression. E. August 21, 1805, at Jefferson’s vision, however, underesti- Grouseland with Delaware, Potawatomi, mated the desire of Americans to work G Miami, Eel River, and E Wea. and live in the lands to the west and The Gore F. December 30, 1805, at F A Vincennes, with the resistance to assimilation among Piankashaw. Clark’s Grant most Indians. Harrison’s Treaty of Fort G. September 30, 1809, at C Fort Wayne, with Wayne in 1809 added to the increasing Delaware, Potawatomi, Miami, Eel River; and, unrest among the Indians and strength- October 26, 1809, at Vincennes, with Wea. ened the efforts of Tecumseh and the H. December 9, 1809, at Vincennes, with Prophet to unify the Indian tribes Source: Barnhart and Riker, 377. Kickapoo. against the Americans.
14 The Indiana Historian © 2003 Indiana Historical Bureau Note Regarding Resources: Items are listed on this page that enhance work with the topic discussed. Some older items, especially, may include dated practices and ideas that are no longer generally accepted. Resources reflecting current practices are noted whenever Selected Resources possible. Bibliography • Smith, Dwight L., and Ray Swick, Internet Resources: • Ambrose, Stephen E. Undaunted eds. A Journey through the West: •Falls of the Ohio State Park
© 2003 Indiana Historical Bureau 15 802 by
as a major
ed the most
Library of Congress Geography and Map Division.
y lines drawn from the y lines drawn
eographical gathered information
he expedition. This map w
w is a redrawn copy published in 1814 of the map published in 1814 copy w is a redrawn
ibution of the expedition.
t an idea of the enormous amount of g
ge
he expedition, locate the intersection of imaginar
t
To
aron Arrowsmith. This map was used by Thomas Jefferson and Meriwether Thomas Jefferson aron Arrowsmith. used by This map was
he expedition. The map belo
Maps carried by Lewis and Clark on theMaps carried and Clark expedition represent Lewis by current geographical about North information America north of the and west Mississippi River. The map to the left published in London in 1 was Mississippi River. A Lewis to also carriedLewis was plan the a copy on with expedition; and Clark Lewis t
drawn by William Clark as a result of t Clark William by drawn accomplishment and contr accomplishment
by arrows on thearrows top and right sides of each map. On both maps the intersection is the western tip of Lake Superior. On theis the Arrowsmith map, note western the Superior. relatively tip of Lake empty space from the to lake theempty Ocean. On the Pacific map, that Clark space is filled with rivers and mountains unrecorded. previously
Library of Congress Geography and Map Division.