Natural and Social Features of Monmouth County
The Monmouth County Board of Health Robert Peters Michael A. Meddis, M.P.H. President 3435 HIGHWAY 9 Public Health Coordinator FREEHOLD, NEW JERSEY 07728-1255 And Health Officer TELEPHONE (732) 431-7456 FAX (732) 409-7579 Natural and Cultural Features of Monmouth County Background Reading for Environmental Health Investigations MCHD Rev. 16 June 2009 INTRODUCTION Monmouth County in central New Jersey is entirely located within the Inner and Outer Coastal Plain, part of the Atlantic Plain geology that extends 2200 miles from Cape Cod to the Yucatan Peninsula (USGS, 2003). There are 53 municipalities within a land area of 471.74 square miles of highly erodible soils that were originally deposited as runoff from the slopes of the Appalachians (MCPB, 2005). Some County History Following Henry Hudson’s exploration of the Sandy Hook shoreline in 1609, Monmouth County was predominantly under Dutch influence from about 1614 to 1664 (Colts Neck Historical Society, 1965). The New Jersey coastline had previously been sited and claimed for England (Giovanni Caboto, 1497), France (Giovanni de Verrazano, 1524), and Spain (Estevan Gomez, 1525); and had been Scheyichbi, Long Land Water, to the Lenape Indian Nation (Colts Neck Historical Society, 1965). The first settlers in Middletown, the oldest settlement in NJ, are reported to have arrived as early as 1613, seven years before the Pilgrims landed in Massachusetts; Middletown was originally called Shaquaset by the Lenape (Boyd, 2004; Mandeville, 1927). In 1665, the Monmouth Patent allowed settlers to have town meetings, courts and a General Assembly under English rule (MCDPI, 2005). Monmouth County was formed in 1683 by the Proprietary Assembly, and is one of the original four counties of “East Jersey” (the others were Bergen, Essex, and Middlesex; the East Jersey Board of Proprietors had been established in 1682 in the provincial capital of Perth Amboy) (MCDPI, 2005; LWV, 1974).
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