DOCSLIB.ORG

Travel Demand for Metro in Ho Chi Minh City: a Discrete Choice Experiment Analysis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Travel Demand for Metro in Ho Chi Minh City: a Discrete Choice Experiment Analysis 116 Nguyen Thanh Son & Nguyen Duy Chinh / Journal of Economic Development, 24(3), 116-136 Travel demand for metro in Ho Chi Minh City: A discrete choice experiment analysis NGUYEN THANH SON [email protected] NGUYEN DUY CHINH [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: By employing discrete choice experiment with face-to-face survey data of 135 local inhabitants in Ho Chi Minh City, this paper analyzes Received: preference for the urban metro network transportation. The result Jan., 16, 2017 reveals that seat availability, time, and cost reduction of the trip with metro robustly incite users to utilize this transportation service. Received in revised form: Passengers of metro are willing to pay 0.606 and 4.106 thousand VND May, 22, 2017 for one minute reduction of travel time and seat availability on the train cart, respectively. Furthermore, monetary welfare gained for a Accepted: switch to metro is 64.3 thousand VND for each individual. Some June, 30, 2017 implications regarding ticket prices and policy are also discussed. Keywords: Discrete choice experiment Urban transportation mode Metro travel demand Ho Chi Minh City Nguyen Thanh Son & Nguyen Duy Chinh / Journal of Economic Development, 24(3), 116-136 117 project, which was proposed in 2002, has 1. Introduction attracted attention of the local government as it is expected to resolve the traffic Urban traffic congestion is one of the congestion issue. The project comprises six most frequently confronted issues in lines and will be implemented based on developing countries in Southeast Asia, Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) and Public especially in Vietnam. Owing to the inability Private Partnerships (PPP). Currently, two of urban transportation infrastructure first metro lines have been constructed since development to keep pace with the growing 2009 and will be in operation in 2020. The number of private vehicles, the congestion posed question is, under these situation in major cities, namely Hanoi and circumstances, whether citizens will make Ho Chi Minh (HCMC), has been further use of the metro in substitution for other aggravated in recent years. With the transportation means or continue using population of nearly 8 million in HCMC in private vehicles. This requires determinants 2013 (General Statistics Office of Vietnam, of transportation choice and probabilities of 2013), vast travel demand arises and usage to be respectively examined and accompanies a large number of motorbikes estimated. Furthermore, to assist in policy and cars. Reportedly, the volume of making processes, welfare changes for registered vehicles in HCMC witnessed a metro use and attribute improvements will fivefold increase from 1.1 to 5.43 million in also be analyzed. The results of this study the period of 2000–2011 and is expected to are expected to be useful to policy makers, rise by 2 million, reaching 7.43 million by urban planners, and administrators of the the end of 2015 (Department of Transport railway project in terms of demand forecast, HCMC, 2016). Coupled with around 1 prices set for the metro service, and public million motorbikes immigrating from other transportation planned for the city in the provinces, the ratio of motorcycle per person future. could be exorbitant. However, the city space This study applies discrete choice allocated for transportation, in comparison experiment (DCE) method with data of with that of other cities worldwide, in individuals in HCMC to explore the choice average (20–25%), is approximately 7.8% preference to metro transport. Justification lower. On the other hand, the public bus for the application of DCE method could be service, which is initially anticipated to made by the following points. First, DCE is alleviate the transportation burden of the a commonly exercised method in demand city, has been unsuccessful. To be specific, estimation or valuation of goods and barely 5% of the city population utilizes this services, especially when they are service and most citizens choose motorbike hypothetical or not yet accessible (Lancsar as their main transportation mode (Vu & Do, & Louviere, 2008), which is the case of 2013). metro network in HCMC. Second, given the Lately, the Ho Chi Minh City Metro difficulty in sampling involved in large 118 Nguyen Thanh Son & Nguyen Duy Chinh / Journal of Economic Development, 24(3), 116-136 populations such as HCMC, DCE could level (McFadden, 2001). prevail as a fitting method. To further Marschak (1959) first introduced elaborate, while non-experimental methods, Thurstone (1927)’s concepts into economics binary analysis for instance, could collect by proposing random utility maximization information relating to one actual choice for theory in which an individual’s utility is each observation only, DCE, on the other maximized using choice probabilities. The hand, allows for choice repetition for each theory had been developed into theoretical respondent. This effectively produces larger framework by Manski (1977), before dataset and robust estimates thanks to extended into analytical framework in many variations in attribute levels (Bateman et al., studies (McFadden, 1980; McFadden, 1986; 2002). Third, DCE has the ability to draw McFadden & Train, 2000). These forth monetary benefit (willingness to pay) frameworks have been widely adopted in (WTP) for individual characteristics and the many fields of research, ranging from hypothetical scenario as a whole, which medicine and economics to transportation, could potentially be used as inputs in project and diversely tailored by incorporating appraisals and policy making process different econometric techniques, including (McIntosh, 2006). categorical regression models and structural equation modelling (Rungie et al., 2011). 2. Literature review In the field of transportation research, despite the vast amount of empirical DCE method has its theoretical literature, studies concerning travel mode foundations in the attribute theory of choice considerably vary due to a wide consumers (Lancaster, 1966) and random assortment of different choice set designs, utility theory. While the former emphasizes econometric techniques, and data the importance of attributes of commodities employment. Several common experiment in utility acquisition, the latter, on which the designs are orthogonal design, D-efficient analytical framework of DCE is based, is design, and random design. Econometric- derived from the psychological study of wise, multinomial logit, nested logit, mixed Thurstone (1927), which argued that logit, heteroskedastic extreme value, and formulation of an individual’s choice is a multinomial probit are popular models (Kjær, result of a process in which random 2005). components are associated with alternatives, Given characteristics of the decision given that the decision maker has full maker only, multinomial logit is the dominant realization of the choice. If the actual stimuli model in the literature. However, several in this theory were replaced with satisfaction, earlier studies are different in terms of or in other words, utility, then the resulting experiment design. For example, while choice could be explained by an economic Brewer and Hensher (2000), Leitham et al. choice model where an individual will choose (2000), and Garrod et al. (2002) utilized the alternative producing the highest utility orthogonal design with unlabeled Nguyen Thanh Son & Nguyen Duy Chinh / Journal of Economic Development, 24(3), 116-136 119 transportation alternatives and randomly (2009), Hess and Rose (2009), and Puckett designed task assignment, Wang et al. (2000), and Hensher (2009). A typical study with Henser and Prioni (2002), Zhang et al. (2004) random design in this category is Train and employed orthogonal design in conjunction Wilson (2008). with blocked attribute design for choice sets. Other less common econometric models Other less common designs are typically such as ordered logit, ordered probit, and rank adopted in the study of Cantillo and de Dios ordered logit were applied in studies of Ortúzar (2005) with D-efficient design and Wang, Hensher and Ton (2002), de Palma Hollander (2006) with random design. and Picard (2005), Ahern and Tapley (2008), Nested logit model, in comparison with and Beuthe and Bouffioux (2008). multinomial logit, allows for grouping of In the scope of HCMC, there are also similar alternatives in choice sets, typically several studies concerning urban employed in studies related to public transportation mode choice. The earliest transportation and private vehicle choice. study of Nguyen (1999), for instance, However, like studies that utilized employed a multinomial choice model of multinomial logit technique, different designs private vehicle to calculate commuter values were employed. Hensher and King (2001) of time, which would be subsequently used to applied orthogonal design with labeled make suggestion for congestion toll. The alternatives, whereas in other studies (e.g., model regards trips as units of analysis, thus Bhat & Castelar, 2002; Jovicic & Hansen, it is capable of taking into account both 2003; Cherchi & de Dios Ortúzar, 2006; modes of specific and socio-economic Espino et al., 2006) revealed preference data factors. However, its specification is were combined with stated preference data to relatively simple, and public transport option alleviate technical limitations occurring only is left out in this study. when one type of data is used. Later studies of mode choice in HCMC To relax some statistical assumptions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mva in Vietnam
    mva in vietnam MVA - Corporate Overview MVA, a SYSTRA Group company, is a leading transport planning and trac engineering specialist consultancy in Asia. MVA set up its Recent Key Project Experience in Vietnam regional head oce in Hong Kong in 1978, with permanent oces Ho Chi Minh City Metro Line 2 in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Singapore, Bangkok and project oces in Ho Chi Minh City and other Asian cities. MVA oers a complete range of professional consultancy services in trac engineering, transport planning, and business market research. Working closely with public and private sectors including governments, NGOs, operators, nancial institutions, development MVA’s involvement in Ho Chi Minh City’s Metro Line 2 includes fund agencies, developers, investors, architects, planners, engineers, station planning, transport planning, trac masterplanning and and contractors. MVA is experienced in providing consultancy trac engineering. services from initial concept stages, through planning, feasibility, detailed design to construction. MVA developed land and transport integration measures for the major metro line proposed for Ho Chi Minh City, allowing for global MVA in Vietnam climate and local environmental impacts. MVA has been involved in several prestigious transportation Ho Chi Minh City Green Transport Development Project - projects in Vietnam. Projects have been undertaken on behalf of Bus Rapid Transit both public and private sector clients, including major strategy studies sponsored by overseas funding organisations. MVA’s Vietnam project oce regularly works with local rms, combining international local expertise, knowledge, and experience. Transport Forecasting in Vietnam Through involvement on previous projects, MVA has developed MVA’s “Green-corridor” demonstration project was a design of a BRT up-to-date and detailed multi-modal transport forecasting models network for CNG vehicles to decongest the streets of Ho Chi Minh for both Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi.
    [Show full text]
  • Reducing Carbon Emissions from Transport Projects
    Evaluation Study Reference Number: EKB: REG 2010-16 Evaluation Knowledge Brief July 2010 Reducing Carbon Emissions from Transport Projects Independent Evaluation Department ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank APTA – American Public Transportation Association ASIF – activity–structure–intensity–fuel BMRC – Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation BRT – bus rapid transit CO2 – carbon dioxide COPERT – Computer Programme to Calculate Emissions from Road Transport DIESEL – Developing Integrated Emissions Strategies for Existing Land Transport DMC – developing member country EIRR – economic internal rate of return EKB – evaluation knowledge brief g – grams GEF – Global Environment Facility GHG – greenhouse gas HCV – heavy commercial vehicle IEA – International Energy Agency IED – Independent Evaluation Department IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change kg/l – kilogram per liter km – kilometer kph – kilometer per hour LCV – light commercial vehicle LRT – light rail transit m – meter MJ – megajoule MMUTIS – Metro Manila Urban Transportation Integration Study MRT – metro rail transit NAMA – nationally appropriate mitigation actions NH – national highway NHDP – National Highway Development Project NMT – nonmotorized transport NOx – nitrogen oxide NPV – net present value PCR – project completion report PCU – passenger car unit PRC – People’s Republic of China SES – special evaluation study TA – technical assistance TEEMP – transport emissions evaluation model for projects UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USA – United States of America V–C – volume to capacity VKT – vehicle kilometer of travel VOC – vehicle operating cost NOTE In this report, “$” refers to US dollars. Key Words adb, asian development bank, greenhouse gas, carbon emissions, transport, emission saving, carbon footprint, adb transport sector operation, induced traffic, carbon dioxide emissions, vehicles, roads, mrt, metro transport Director General H.
    [Show full text]
  • GMT Report2012.Qxp
    GLOBAL METRO PROJECTS REPORT 2012 Metropolitan railways (metros) are high capacity electric transport systems that operate on dedicated routes, and can thereby achieve high service speed and frequency. Over the last few years, metros (also known as subway, underground or tube) have evolved as an efficient and effective urban mobility solution in addressing the growing concerns of urbanisation and climate change. This is supported by the fact that despite high capital requirements the sector witnessed a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.7 per cent between 2005 and 2010. In high density urban areas, metros form the backbone of integrated public transport systems and offer proven economic, social and environmental benefits. Given the huge investment requirement and long life span, metro systems have always been a driving force for technological and financial innovations. Government and metro operators are constantly seeking solutions to improve reliability and customer service, lower fuel and maintenance costs, as well as increase efficiency and safety levels in operations. The Global Metro Projects Report provides updated information on the world's top 101 metro projects that present significant capital investment opportunities. These projects have a total existing network length of about 8,900 km and a proposed length of over 8,000 km. The report covers 51 countries representing about 80 per cent of the world’s gross domestic product. It presents the key information required to assess investment opportunities in the development of new lines, extension and upgrade of existing lines, rolling stock procurement and refurbishment, power and communication systems upgrades, fare collection, as well as station construction and refurbishment.
    [Show full text]
  • Mobile Metropolises: Urban Transport Matters
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Mobile Metropolises: Urban Transport Matters An IEG Evaluation of the World Bank Group’s Support for Urban Transport Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized © 2017 International Bank for Reconstruction This work is a product of the staff of The World RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS and Development / The World Bank Bank with external contributions. The findings, The material in this work is subject to copyright. 1818 H Street NW interpretations, and conclusions expressed in Because The World Bank encourages Washington, DC 20433 this work do not necessarily reflect the views dissemination of its knowledge, this work Telephone: 202-473-1000 of The World Bank, its Board of Executive may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for Internet: www.worldbank.org Directors, or the governments they represent. noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Any queries on rights and licenses, including The boundaries, colors, denominations, and subsidiary rights, should be addressed to other information shown on any map in this World Bank Publications, The World Bank work do not imply any judgment on the part Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC of The World Bank concerning the legal 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: status of any territory or the endorsement [email protected]. or acceptance of such boundaries. Mobile Metropolises: Urban Transport Matters An IEG Evaluation of the World Bank Group’s Support for Urban Transport Contents ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................. VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................................... VII OVERVIEW ...........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Transport Matters
    Mobile Metropolises: Urban Transport Matters An IEG Evaluation of the World Bank Group’s Support for Urban Transport © 2017 International Bank for Reconstruction This work is a product of the staff of The World RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS and Development / The World Bank Bank with external contributions. The findings, The material in this work is subject to copyright. 1818 H Street NW interpretations, and conclusions expressed in Because The World Bank encourages Washington, DC 20433 this work do not necessarily reflect the views dissemination of its knowledge, this work Telephone: 202-473-1000 of The World Bank, its Board of Executive may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for Internet: www.worldbank.org Directors, or the governments they represent. noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Any queries on rights and licenses, including The boundaries, colors, denominations, and subsidiary rights, should be addressed to other information shown on any map in this World Bank Publications, The World Bank work do not imply any judgment on the part Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC of The World Bank concerning the legal 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: status of any territory or the endorsement [email protected]. or acceptance of such boundaries. Mobile Metropolises: Urban Transport Matters An IEG Evaluation of the World Bank Group’s Support for Urban Transport Contents ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Urban Mobility in South-Eastern Asia and the Pacific
    Sustainable Urban Mobility in South-Eastern Asia and the Pacific Hoong-Chor Chin Regional study prepared for Global Report on Human Settlements 2013 Available from http://www.unhabitat.org/grhs/2013 Hoong-Chor Chin is an Associate Professor and Director of Safety Studies Initiative at the Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore. A Professional Engineer, he has undertaken numerous consultancy and research work on Transportation Planning, Traffic Modelling and Road Safety Studies for local authorities and developers as well as organizations such as Asian Development Bank and Cities Development Initiative for Asia. Comments can be sent to: [email protected]. Disclaimer: This case study is published as submitted by the consultant, and it has not been edited by the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system or degree of development. The analysis, conclusions and recommendations of the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme or its Member States. Nairobi, 2011 Contents 1. The Crisis of Sustainability in Urban Mobility: The Case of South-Eastern
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Transit Focus: Urban Transit
    Focus Urban transit Focus: Urban transit London Underground Underpinning 1890 Paris unprecedented NYC Métro Subway 1900 Budapest urban growth 1904 Metro Boston 1896 Beijing MBTA Istanbul Subway San Francisco 1901 Metro Atlanta Delhi 1971 Tokyo BART 1989 Dubai MARTA Metro Metro 1972 Metro Shanghai 1979 2002 Metro 1927 Cairo 2009 The Metropolitan Railway, now part 1993 1987 of the London Underground system, Mexico Barcelona was the first underground urban City Metro Metro Bangkok Met. railway in the world when it opened 1969 1924 Chennai Caracas Rapid Transit under steam power in 1863. And in 1890, Metro Metro 2004 parts of what is now London Underground Lagos 2015 also became the world’s first electrified 1983 Metro underground railway. 2016 Although underground and other light rail has been around for well over a century now, it is currently experiencing a resurgence of growth, particularly in Asia, where there are Lima Klang Valley Mass large, rapidly expanding populations in developing cities. Metro Rapid Transit India, for example, currently has 30 metro projects planned 2011 Over the past century 2017 in its cities that have populations of over one million. Many Pandrol has supplied urban transit systems are currently under construction in Santiago other parts of the Far East. to and supported some Metro of the world’s oldest, Over the past 20 years, Pandrol has developed its position 1975 longest, busiest and most as a global leader of rail infrastructure solutions for metro Buenos Aires innovative transit systems. Sydney and light rail, with its systems installed in numerous railways Underground Light Rail throughout the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Impact Assessement (EIA)
    Ho Chi Minh City People’s Committee Management Authority for Urban Railways Ho Chi Minh City Urban Mass Transit Line 2 Project ADB TA 4862-VIE Environmental Impact Assessment In Association with MVA ASIA LIMITED SYSTRA TDSI South TEDI TRICC Vision Associates Ho Chi Minh City Environmental Impact Assessment Report Urban Mass Transit Line 2 Project TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 0: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................1 0.1 Project Justification .................................................................................................................1 0.2 Objectives of Environmental Assessment .............................................................................1 0.3 Assessment Scope ..................................................................................................................3 0.4 Legal and Technical Bases for Implementing the EIA Report..............................................4 0.5 Outline of the Report ...............................................................................................................4 CHAPTER 1: GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT.....................................6 1.1 Name of the project................................................................................................................6 1.2 Project Managers ....................................................................................................................6 1.3 Project Background ................................................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • US$140 Billion Investment in Proposed & Planned Rail & Metro
    US$140 Billion inveStMent in propoSed & planned rail & Metro projectS in the aSean region india US$6-10Bn MyanMar US$50Bn taiWan US$2.5Bn • What is being built? a 534 km long Mumbai–ahmedabad high- • What is being built: 1889km • What is being built: 293km speed rail corridor, india’s first high speed rail line running at • Stage: further announcements to be made • Stage: further announcements to be made 320km/h • railways & metros attending Smartrail asia: • railways & metros attending Smartrail asia: • proposed cost: Us$6-10billion - Myanmar railway - Taiwan railways administration • Status: approved. - Ministry of Transport - Taiwan High speed rail • completion date: 2021 (at the earliest) - Taipei Metro (rapid Transit Corporation) • railways & Metros attending Smartrail asia: - Ministry of Transportation and Communications - Indian railways - Hyderabad Metro - Mumbai Metro US$55.85Bn - Delhi Metro vietnaM - Indian railways Centre for infrastructure • What is being built? a 1,570KM High speed rail link from Hanoi - Indian railways Corporation (Freight) to Ho Chi Minh City capable of running at 250 – 300 km/h • estimated cost: Us$55.85 billion • Stage: planning phase • railways & metros attending Smartrail asia: - Vietnam railways - Ho Chi Minh City Metro thailand – laoS – china US$7.2Bn • What is being built? a high speed railway project linking all 3 countries together philippineS US$53Mn • Stage: China & Laos to sign contract • projected cost: Us$7.2 billion • What is being built? a 100km long Clark-Metro Manila high- • railways & Metros attending Smartrail asia: speed train to run at 150km/h - China railway Corporation • proposed cost: Us$53 million - Beijing subway • Stage: planning phase - Shanghai Metro • railways & Metros attending Smartrail asia: - Shenzen Metro - Pnr.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Report Global Metro Projects 2020.Qxp
    Table of Contents 1.1 Global Metrorail industry 2.2.2 Brazil 2.3.4.2 Changchun Urban Rail Transit 1.1.1 Overview 2.2.2.1 Belo Horizonte Metro 2.3.4.3 Chengdu Metro 1.1.2 Network and Station 2.2.2.2 Brasília Metro 2.3.4.4 Guangzhou Metro Development 2.2.2.3 Cariri Metro 2.3.4.5 Hefei Metro 1.1.3 Ridership 2.2.2.4 Fortaleza Rapid Transit Project 2.3.4.6 Hong Kong Mass Railway Transit 1.1.3 Rolling stock 2.2.2.5 Porto Alegre Metro 2.3.4.7 Jinan Metro 1.1.4 Signalling 2.2.2.6 Recife Metro 2.3.4.8 Nanchang Metro 1.1.5 Power and Tracks 2.2.2.7 Rio de Janeiro Metro 2.3.4.9 Nanjing Metro 1.1.6 Fare systems 2.2.2.8 Salvador Metro 2.3.4.10 Ningbo Rail Transit 1.1.7 Funding and financing 2.2.2.9 São Paulo Metro 2.3.4.11 Shanghai Metro 1.1.8 Project delivery models 2.3.4.12 Shenzhen Metro 1.1.9 Key trends and developments 2.2.3 Chile 2.3.4.13 Suzhou Metro 2.2.3.1 Santiago Metro 2.3.4.14 Ürümqi Metro 1.2 Opportunities and Outlook 2.2.3.2 Valparaiso Metro 2.3.4.15 Wuhan Metro 1.2.1 Growth drivers 1.2.2 Network expansion by 2025 2.2.4 Colombia 2.3.5 India 1.2.3 Network expansion by 2030 2.2.4.1 Barranquilla Metro 2.3.5.1 Agra Metro 1.2.4 Network expansion beyond 2.2.4.2 Bogotá Metro 2.3.5.2 Ahmedabad-Gandhinagar Metro 2030 2.2.4.3 Medellín Metro 2.3.5.3 Bengaluru Metro 1.2.5 Rolling stock procurement and 2.3.5.4 Bhopal Metro refurbishment 2.2.5 Dominican Republic 2.3.5.5 Chennai Metro 1.2.6 Fare system upgrades and 2.2.5.1 Santo Domingo Metro 2.3.5.6 Hyderabad Metro Rail innovation 2.3.5.7 Jaipur Metro Rail 1.2.7 Signalling technology 2.2.6 Ecuador
    [Show full text]
  • 0129 Inside Front
    REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSPORT IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2007 Data and Trends ESCAP is the regional development arm of the United Nations and serves as the main economic and social development centre for the United Nations in Asia and the Pacific. Its mandate is to foster cooperation between its 53 members and 9 associate members. ESCAP provides the strategic link between global and country-level programmes and issues. It supports Governments of the region in consolidating regional positions and advocates regional approaches to meeting the region’s unique socio-economic challenges in a globalizing world. The ESCAP office is located in Bangkok, Thailand. Please visit our website at www.unescap.org for further information. The shaded areas of the map represent ESCAP members and associate members. Part Two ---- IV. Urban Transportation i REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSPORT IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2007 Data and Trends New York, 2007 ii Review of Developments in Transport in Asia and the Pacific 2005 REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSPORT IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2007 Data and Trends United Nations publication Sales No. E.08.II.F.4 Copyright ¤ United Nations 2009 Second revised edition, May 2008 All rights reserved Manufactured in Thailand ISBN: 978-92-1-120534-3 ST/ESCAP/2485 ESCAP WORKS TOWARDS REDUCING POVERTY AND MANAGING GLOBALIZATION Acknowledgements: This document was prepared by the Transport Policy and Tourism Section with inputs from across the Transport and Tourism Division of ESCAP. Project data was graciously provided by Thomson Project Finance International and Thomson SDC Platinum. Data inputs were contracted from Meyrick and Associates Pty., Limited.
    [Show full text]
  • May 2016 Breaking Beauty
    REAKING BEAUTY TRANSFORMER Transgender Model Redefines Beauty PAGE 41 SEAR-IOUSLY GOOD A Sophisticated Spin on Grill it Yourself PAGE 56 THE PACIFIC NEVERLAND Oregon's Evergreen Forest Remains Untamed PAGE 73 KID'S BEST FRIEND Benefits of Growing Up With a Pet PAGE 88 1 2 3 REAKING EAUTY EVERYWHERE YOU GO B Director XUAN TRAN Managing Director JIMMY VAN DER KLOET [email protected] Managing Editor CHRISTINE VAN [email protected] Deputy Editor PATRICK CARPENTER [email protected] This Month’s Cover Online Editor JAMES PHAM [email protected] Photo Ngoc Tran Model Jessica An, founder and Chief Photographer NGOC TRAN transwoman behind J’S Band, [email protected] Saigon’s only club and support Associate Publisher KHANH NGUYEN network for transpeople [email protected] Makeup & Hair Bé Bóng Venue Francis Xavier Vuong's Studio Graphic Designer PHAT DU [email protected] Intern NGAN (MIN) NGUYEN For advertising please contact: Sales Manager NGAN NGUYEN [email protected] 090 279 7951 HUY NGUYEN [email protected] 0164 356 3709 THANH (TIM) TA [email protected] 0169 249 4901 HANH (JESSIE) LE ƠI VIỆT NAM [email protected] 098 747 4183 NHÀ XUẤT BẢN THANH NIÊN Chịu trách nhiệm xuất bản: KASTHY NGUYEN Giám đốc, Tổng biên tập [email protected] Nguyễn Xuân Trường 090 446 9839 Biên tập: Tạ Quang Huy Thực hiện liên kết xuất bản: Metro Advertising Co.,Ltd 48 Hoàng Diệu, Phường 12, Quận 4 In lần thứ ba mươi bảy, số lượng 6000 cuốn, khổ 21cm x 29,7cm Đăng ký KHXB: 87-2016/CXBIPH/26-01/TN QĐXB số: 261/QĐ-TN/CN General [email protected]
    [Show full text]