Appendix A. Basic data on the Wabo hydroelectric scheme

Purari River catchment at Wabo 26300 km2 Total Purari River catchment 33670 km2 Average flow rate at Wabo 2360 m3/sec Maximum recorded flow at Wabo 10 450 m3/sec Minimum recorded flow at Wabo 487 m3/sec Annual discharge at Wabo 74,4 km3 Sediment load at Wabo 40 x 106 m3 Denundation rate of the catchment 1.4 mm per annum Annual rainfall at the dam 8500 mm per annum

Wabo reservoir

Maximum depth (approximate) 90m Surface area 260 to 290 km2 Storage at full supply level 16 km3 Draw-down (maximum calculated) 20m Annual outflow to volume ratio 5:1 Calculated loss in storage capacity in 50 years 15070 100 years 27070 Installed capacity 6 x 360 MW

Petr, T. (ed.) The Purari - Tropical environment of a high rainfall river basin 601 © 1983, Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague / Boston / Lancaster ISBN-13: 978-94-009-7265-0 Appendix B. Reports in the series Purari River (Wabo) Hydroelectric Scheme Environmental Studies, published by the Office of Environment and Conservation and the Department of Minerals and Energy, Papua .

Vol. I. Workshop 6 May 1977, edited by T. Petr, 1977. Engineering feasibility - and what comes after it, by K. Dyer, pp. 4 - 6. Environmental studies - general considerations, by L. Hill, pp. 7 -12. The effect of Wabo dam on sedimentation processes in the Purari River and sediment delivery to its delta, by G. Pickup, pp. 13 -15. Water quality - nutrient cycling, by T. Petr, pp. 16-20. Notes on aquatic and semi-aquatic flora, by B. Conn, pp. 21 - 27. Mangroves of the , by K.J. White, pp. 28-29. Wood-boring molluscs and crustaceans of mangrove stands, by S. Rayner, pp.30-31. Fish and fisheries of the Purari River and delta, by A.K. Haines, pp. 32-36. Prawn research in the Gulf of Papua, by C. McPadden, pp. 37 - 40. Preservation of fish by salting and smoking in the delta and processing of sago, by R. Wanstall, pp. 41-42. Wildlife and wildlife habitat in the area to be affected by the Purari scheme, by D.S. Liem pp. 43 -45. Purari scheme and provincial planning, by J. Morolla, pp. 46 - 47. Social environment impact study, by C.S. Mero, pp. 48 - 51. The malaria situation in the Gulf Province, by N.W. Tavil, pp. 52-55. Purari nutrition survey, by J. Lambert, pp. 56-62. Health aspects of the Purari scheme with particular reference to arthropod• borne diseases, by M. Alpers, pp. 63 - 64. Ancestral and prehistoric sites at the Wabo dam site and the impoundment area, by B. Egloff, pp. 65 - 66. Vol. 2. Computer simulation of the impact of the Wabo hydroelectric scheme on the sediment balance of the lower Purari, by G. Pickup, 1977.

602 Vol. 3. The ecological significance and economic importance of the mangrove and estuarine communities of the Gulf Province, , by D.S. Liem and A.K. Haines, 1977. Vol. 4. The Pawaia of the upper Purari, Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea, C. Warillow, 1978. Vol. 5. An archaeological and ethnographic survey of the Purari River (Wabo) dam site and reservoir, by B.J. Egloff and R. Kaiku, 1978. Vol. 6. An ecological survey of fish of the lower Purari River system, Papua New Guinea, by A.K. Haines, 1979. Vol. 7. Health and disease patterns of the Purari people, by A. Hall, 1979. Vol. 8. Viral and parasitic infections of the people of the Purari River system and mosquito vectors in the area, edited by M. Alpers, 1980. Mosquitoes of the Purari River area, by E.N. Marks, pp. 3 - 27. Vector mosquitoes and human arbovirus infections of the Purari River drainage, by T.H. Work and M. Jozan, pp. 29-45. Parasites of Purari people, by R.W. Ashford and D. Babona, pp. 47 -53. Red cell enzymes, serum proteins and viral antibodies among the Pawaia, by D.T.G. Hazlett, N.M. Blake and G.T. Nurse, pp. 55-65. The Pawaia as agents and patients, by G. T. Nurse, pp. 67 - 84. Vol. 9. The status and transport of nutrients through the Purari River, by A.B. Viner, 1979. Vol. 10. Ecology of the Purari River catchment, edited by T. Petr, 1979. A preliminary list of birds for the Purari River between Wabo and Baimuru (Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea), by R.W. Ashford, pp. 3-8. Bird migration across Torres Strait with relevance to arbovirus dissemina• tion, by R.W. Ashford, pp. 9-30. Phragmites karka and the floating islands at Lake Tebera (Gulf Province), with notes on the distribution of Salvinia molesta and Eichhornia crassipes in Papua New Guinea, by B.J. Conn, pp. 31-36. The vegetation of the lakes of Mt. Giluwe area (Southern Highlands Pro• vince), Papua New Guinea, by B.J. Conn, pp. 37 -62. Notes on the aquatic and semi-aquatic flora of the Lake Kutubu (Southern Highlands Province), Papua New Guinea, by B.J. Conn, pp. 63 -90. Marine wood borers in the Purari Delta and some adjacent areas, by S. Cragg, pp. 91-99. Sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) salinity tolerance in the Purari River delta, by T. Petr and J. Lucero, pp. 101-106.

603 Vol. 11. Aquatic ecology of the Purari River catchment, edited by T. Petr, 1980. A note on zooplankton from four Papua New Guinea lakes (Altitudinal range 538-3630 m), by LA.E. Bayly and D.W. Morton, pp. 3-5. A preliminary report on the zooplankton of the Purari estuary, by LA.E. Bayly, pp. 7-11. Organochlorine residues in the Purari River Delta, Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea, by R.W. Olafson and D. Mowbray, pp. 13-23. Some aspects of the microbial ecology of the Purari River, Papua New Guinea, by H.W. Paerl and P.E. Kellar, pp. 25-39. Bacterial densities and faecal pollution in the Purari River catchment, Papua New Guinea, by T. Petr, pp. 41-58. A preliminary note on bas~line levels of nine metals, including mercury, in freshly deposited sediments of the lower Purari River in Papua New Guinea, by T. Petr, pp. 59-68. Vol. 12. Social study of the Pawaia, Papua New Guinea, by S. Toft, 1980. Vol. 13. The agricultural and fishing development in the Purari Delta in 1978 - 1979, by R.N. Stevens, 1980. Vol. 14. Census of crocodile population and their utilisation in the Purari area, by J. Pernetta and S. Burgin, 1980. Vol. 15. Possible effects of the Purari Hydroelectric Scheme on subsistence and commercial crustacean fisheries in the Gulf of Papua, Workshop 12 December 1979, edited by D. Gwyther, 1980. Some preliminary observations on the occurrence of juvenile Penaeidae in the Gulf of Papua, by C. McPadden, pp. 3 - 10. The inshore prawn resource and its relation to the Purari Delta region, by S.D. Frusher, pp. 11-27. The Gulf of Papua offshore prawn fishery in relation to the Wabo hydro• electric scheme, by D. Gwyther, pp. 29-52. Distribution of penaeid prawn species within the trawling grounds of the Gulf of Papua prawn fishery, by C.D. Tenakanai, pp. 53 -65. Surface and bottom drift in Kerema, Orokolo and Deception Bays, by J.W. MacFarlane, pp. 67 -81. The mangrove crab Scylla serrato, by L.J. Opnai, pp. 83 - 91. Vol. 16. The climate of the Purari River catchment above Wabo, by D.T. Evesson, pp. 1-15; Discharge data for the Purari River and some of its tributaries, by J.H. Carter, pp. 17 -23, 1980

604 Vol. 17. Geomorphology of the Purari Delta, by B.G. Thorn, and L.D. Wright, 1982. Vol. 18. Geochemistry of the Purari catchment with special reference to clay mineralogy, by G. Irion and T. Petr, 1980. Vol. 19. The sago subsistence of the people of the Purari River Delta, by S. Ulijaszek and S. Poraituk, 1981. Vol. 20. Molluscs in the subsistence diet of some Purari Delta people, by S. Poraituk and S. Ulijaszek, 1981. Vol.21. Anthropometry and nutritional status of some people of Purari Delta, by S. Ulijaszek and S. Poraituk, 1981.

Enquiries about the availability oj these reports should be addressed to: Office of Environment and Conservation, Central Government Offices, Waigani, Papua New Guinea.

605 General index

Abe 453,469 Arboviruses 498,503,505,509-15,517- Abukiru Island 436 28,531,544-6 Accretion, Deposition Archaeology 79, 249 - 50, 475 - 86 see Purari River Delta accretion, deposi• Archerfish 376, 387 tion Ariid catfish 370, 372, 376-9, 385, 394, Agriculture 4-7,143-201,249-51,600 405 see also Cultivation; Gardens; Soils Asahan 596, 598, 600 Aid post, medical 443,468,495,497,521 Aurai 487-8 Aird Delta 242 - 3, 346, 349 - 51 Aure Beds 30, 40 Aiyura 23, 386 Austen, L. 439 Akoma 421 Australia 417,590-5,597-8 Akosombo Dam (Ghana) 64 crocodiles 412 - 13 Algae 148, 160, 284, 350, 370 floods 126 - 7 Alkalinity 149-50, 158-9, 164, 166-7, see also Snowy Mountains Engineering 184,186,192-3,196-8 Corporation Alpine lakes see Lakes, glacial Bacteria 105,158,195,312-3,328-31 Alpine zone 283 - 4 Baimuru 18,49-50,54,101,185,191-4, see also Glaciation 197,200,296-7,355,388,394-406,417, Altitudinal zonation 227, 262 442, 470, 555 Aluminium smelting 593 - 5, 597 Bamboo 234, 237, 542 - 3 Ambassids 379 Banana 457, 464, 520, 538 - 40, 579 Amphibians 256 - 7 Bandicoots 262, 270 - 1, 273 - 4, 280 - 1, see also Frogs 464 Amuliba 18 Barea 387, 389, 391 - 2, 394 Anaemia 498,503,568 Baroi 581- 3, 585 Anchovy, freshwater 336, 394 Barramundi 331-4, 336, 379, 393 - 5, Angan 444-5,486 397,401,405 Apogonids 379 Bats 264, 310 Ara'ava 517-28,532-48,551-2 see also Flying foxes Arafura Sea 356-7 Bauxite 442 Arbovirus diseases Beach salmon 394 see Arboviruses Beara

607 Beara 164,166-8,171-2,181-2,184,186-8, see Baimuru 191-8 Beri-beri 560 Conservation 254 Betel nut 560, 579 Copper 109-11,120,335-6 Bevan, T. 436 Crabs 311, 314, 404, 412 Bevan Rapids 136, 438 see also Mangrove crabs; Mud lobsters Bicarbonates 149-55,158-9,164,166- Crawley, F.R. 440 8,173-4,184,186,192-3,196-9 Creeks Birds 259-61,270-3,412,457 see Rivers see also individual groups Crocodiles 270,272-3,281,315,409-25 Birds of Paradise 260-1,272 -3,277,281 farming 315, 318, 410, 414-15, 417, Bomai Plateau 80, 82, 237 422-3 Bougainville Copper 589 freshwater 331-4,409-25 Bulolo 317 hunting 315, 409, 413 -14, 416 -17, Bundaberg Disease 381 421-3 Burkitt's Lymphoma 503 protection 413 - 4 Bushpigs saltwater 331-4,409-25 see Pigs Cultivation 34, 67, 74 - 82, 207, 224, 464, 562 Cadmium 109-11,335-6 see also Gardens, Gardening Calcium 109-11, 120-1, 149-55, 158- Cuscuses 261,271,273-5,281,312 9,164,166-8,173-4,184,186,192-3, 196-9 Darai Limestone 30, 32, 42, 161 Cape Blackwood 201,359-62,364 Daribi (Dadibi) 429, 440, 443 - 5, 447 - 8, Carne, J.E. 438-9 486, 509, 515 Carp 370, 386 Dasyurids 262 Cassava 457,464,571,579-80 DDT and its metabolites 331-4 Cassowaries 260, 270 - 1, 273 - 4, 280 - 1, Deception Bay 342 523,541-2 Deforestation 326 Census 493 - 5, 499 Dengue see also Pawaia, population see Arboviruses Chalmers, J. 436 Development 5-6,318-9,589-600 Champion, C. 440 Dieldrin 332 Chance, S.H. 440 Diseases Chim Formation 29, 34, 78 see Health; and specific diseases Chloride 149-50, 158-9, 164, 166-8, Dissolved content 173 - 4 173-4,184,186-8,192-3,196-9 Dolphins 271, 310 Chromium 109-11, 120 Ducks 271,273 -4,412 Clams 331-2,401-3 Dugongs 271, 310 Clays 87 -105, 167 Climate 9 - 26 Eagles 272-3,281 Clouds 12-13 Echidnas 261 Coal 436 - 8, 480 Ecological zones 255, 373 -4, 387 Cobalt 109-11,115,335-6 Eels 370, 381 - 2, 385, 404 Cockatoos 272-3,276-7,280-1 Egari 240 Coconut palms 520, 579 Eleotrids 380 Colins, G.D. 442 Encephalitis Conductivity, water 148-55, 158-60, see Arboviruses

608 Energy 248 - 50, 326, 464, 538, 562, 578 - 80 see Nutrition see also Cultivation Entrapment zone 187,201 Garfish 379 Environmental concern 592 - 3 Gas 442 see also Wabo Hydroelectric Scheme; En• Gastrointestinal diseases 500 - 3 vironmental impact Gathering 6, 314 Eripa 481-4 Geckos 259 Erosion 29, 34-5, 43, 67, 77-81, 201, Genetics 446, 512, 515, 560 205 - 6, 218, 222, 325 -7, 350, 363 Geochemistry 109 - 121 see also Purari River Delta erosion Geology 27 - 35, 49, 87 -105, 143 Evaporation 20 - 22 faults 31-3,41-4 rock types 29 - 31 Faithorn, B. W. 440 structure 31 - 35 Feeding relationships 373-6 Geomorphology 27, 35 - 44, 47 - 64 Filariasis 503,505,514,517,519,544-8 Glaciation 1-2,39-40,43,70,249 Fire 244, 248 - 51 see also Lakes, glacial Fish 311-2,314,318,355,367-83,412, Gleeson Island 453 570-1 Goannas catch 389, 394 see Monitor lizards ceremonial significance 385 Gobies 370, 379, 394 diseases 380 - 1 Goroka 18-20,23,29,30,67,94,329 ecology 367 - 83 Gove 442 farming 318, 386 Grubs as food 464, 580 in mangroves 369,371-83 Gudgeons 379,394 introduced 370, 386 Gulf of Carpentaria 247, 351, 356 - 7, 362 kill 325 Gulf of Papua 47-64, 105, 185,201-2, processing, marketing 397 - 406 341-51,355-64,370 Wabo dam impact 205,381-3 Gumine 18 zoogeography 367 Gurirnatu 429, 432, 443, 448 - 9, 453 - 5, Fisheries 475-6,486,510,512,514 commercial 351, 356, 385, 397 -408 subsistence 314,351,385-96,464,473, Habitat modification 1 - 7, 223 - 4, 254 551,579-80 Haia 443,468 see also Prawn fishery Hardness 149-50, 152-4, 158-9, 164, Fishing methods 385,387,389-90 166-7,184,186,192-3,196-8 Floodplains 40, 73, 208, 288 Hathor Gorge 144, 155, 157-8, 160-1, Floods 126-8,167-8,173 163, 166,368,370,372,374-5,380,437, Fog 16 440, 447, 476 Fore 67,444-5,486 Hau 486-7,489 Forest Hawaiu 439 see Vegetation, forest Health 470,493-506,509-15,517-28, Forest utilization 224,314-9 531-49 Fowls 271,273 -4,277,280-1,523 Health statistics 498 Freshwater Bay 356, 359, 361 Heavy metals 109-21,335-7 Frogs 256, 270, 412 see also specific metals Frost 25, 251 Heavy minerals 60 -I, 100-1 Hepatitis 501 Gardens,Gardening 75-81,155,239-40, Hides, J. 441

609 History, contacts 1-5,249-50 Kerema Bay 350, 356, 359 - 62, 364 see also Pawaia, history Kerowagi 288 Holmes, J.H. 437 Kikori 18,23,51, 100, 102, 110, 112,200, Hood Lagoon 308 395,397 Hornbills 272 - 4, 276, 280 - I Kingfishers 260, 271 - 2 Humidity 23, 295 Kinipo 343,415-6,551-2 Hunting 1,3,6,75,273,464,579 Klinki Pine 238 see also Wildlife as food Koni (Kone) 429, 432, 440, 443, 448 - 50, Hydroelectric development, potential 6, 454-5,468,476,488,510,522 442, 589 - 601 Koravake 502, 551 - 3, 561, 577 - 87 Hydrology 123 -138 Koriki 397,445,494,515 Kuk 4, 20, 79, 254 lari 582 Kukukuku Ibises 271,273,280 see Kamea Ihu 52,393 Kundiawa 145, 329 nutrition situation 565 - 76 Kundu drums 273, 314 Influenza 494, 509 - 15 Kunjin Interstitial water 187, 198 - 200 see Arboviruses Intertropical convergence zone 9 - 11 Kuru disease 446 lokea 356, 359, 361 - 2 Ionic dominance 171, 181 Labu Lagoon 310 Ipigo 439, 445 Lae 326 Irian Jaya 148,526,532,561,584-5 Lakes Aunde 100,102,112-5,145-50,284 Japan 7,356,590-5 Brass'Tarn 145-6,148-9 see also Nippon Koei Bune 286-7 Jewfish 405 Cahora Bassa (Mozambique) 202 Discovery (Irian Jaya) 148 Kagua 18 Egari 284, 286 Kaimari Island, Village, People 58 - 9, Guraguagukl 145, 148 - 9 181,397,494,551-2 Kariba (Zambia, Zimbabwe) 201 Kainantu 18, 23 Kutubu 23,160,207,288-9,440 Kairi 439 Murray 336, 372 Kairuku 429, 432, 440, 447, 449, 454 - 5, Onim 285-6 476,478,481,486 Papare 286 - 7 Kamea 439 Piunde 145 - 6, 148 - 9 Kandep 40, 43, 79, 240, 243, 251 Sentani (Irian Jaya) 547 - 8 Kangaroos 261,271 Sigenamu 286 Kapuna, Kapuna hospital 186, 188 - 90, Tebera (Tebora) 159-60,288-9,429, 443,495-6,498,500,517-28,532-43, 512, 527, 549 551-2,555, 581 Tegepangua 145, 148 - 9 Karavagi 500 Lakes, glacial 171-3,144-50,284 Karil 154 Landform types 36 - 40 Karimui 18, 67, 80, 93-4, 110,237-8, Landslides 30,77, 102,207,325,432 251,429,486 Lead 109-11,120-1,335-6 Karst 39 - 40, 91 - 2, 207 Leprosy 501 - 2 Keglsugl 145 Limnology 141-75,179-202 Kerema 23,51-2 Lindane 331 - 4

610 Linguistic situation, upper Purari 431- 47 Molluscum contagiosum 500 - 1, 512 Little, W.J. 436 Molybdenum 109-11,335-6 Lizards 272 - 3, 457, 464 Monitor lizards 258,273-4,314,413 see also Geckos; Monitor lizards; Skinks Morbidity Lories 260, 272, 277 - 8 see under Mortality Lufa 18 Morowam 387 - 9, 391 - 4 Mortality 494, 498, 562, 576 Mackay, D. 436 Mosquitoes 367, 412, 519-21, 526-7, Magenta tongue 571 - 2 531-49 Magnesium 149-50,158-9,164,166-8, Mount Hagen 18-9, 23, 31-2, 38, 143, 173-4,184,186,192-3,196-8 329 Maipenairu 551 - 2 Mountains, Ranges Malaria 437,498, 500, 503-5, 514, 517, Aird Hills 315,438 519, 523, 526, 544 - 8, 560, 562, 568, 574 Bismarck Range 1-2,29,41-2, 143 - 4 Mammals 261-4,270-1,273 Bosavi Mt. 31 see also individual groups Carstensz Glacier (Irian Jaya) 151 Mangal Crater Mt. 30-1, 38, 151 see Mangroves Doma Peaks 31 Manganese 109-11,115,120-1,335-6 Duau-Favenc Mt. 30, 33 Mangrove crabs 205, 311, 318, 331-2, Giluwe Mt. 1-2,30,38-9,70-1,151, 341, 346, 348-51, 387, 391, 393-4, 154- 5, 240 -1, 243, 248, 250, 283 - 4 397 - 8, 578 - 9, 580 Glendako Mt. 155 fishery 399 - 402, 405, 407 - 8 Hagen Mt., Range 1,30-1,38 - 9, 151, Mangroves 54 - 6, 295 - 320, 369, 371- 83 240,243,248,283 -4 Manus Island 301 Ialibu Mt. 30, 37 - 8, 440 Mapaio 54, 60, 181, 185, 471, 497, 500, Karimui Mt. 30, 38, 112, 151,237-8, 517-28,532-43,551-2 442,448 Mariki 551-2 Kegeraga Mt. 244 Maromaul 94 Kerewa Mt. 31 Marsupials 261,310 Kratke Range 37, 260 see also individual groups Kubor Range I, 29, 33, 39, 41- 2, 143, McDowell Island 436, 439 151,155,240,243-4 McGregor, W. 436-7 Michael Mt. 29, 32 Measles 502, 509 -15 Murray Mt. 30, 436 Mendi 18, 23, 329 Otto Mt. 151, 155 Meningitis 498 Pi ora Mt. 39, 40 Mercury 109-11,336 Pubel Mt. 480 Mice 263-4 Puntjak Jaya (Irian Jaya) 148, 151 Mineral exploration 6,223,315,438-42, Sarawaket Mt. 284 493 - Wahgi Divide 1,29,41-2 Minj 18, 329 Sisa Mt. 31 Missions, Missionaries 4-5,435-7,443, Star Mountains 255 - 6, 259, 262, 264 468,495,551,566 Suaru Mt. 30, 33, 37 Modelling Sugarloaf Mt. 37, 240, 243 river flow 123-4,128,131-8 Table Top Mt. 39 sediment transport 211-23 Wilhelm Mt. 1, 12, 25, 39, 47, 141, 143, Molluscs 314,318,579-80 145-6, 151, 155, 244-5, 248, 250, see also Clams; Teredinids; Wood-boring 283-4 bivalves 611 Mountains, Ranges Pawaia 160, 162, 387,429-51,453-90, Yelia Mt. 31 493 - 506, 579 Mud crabs archaeology 475 - 86 see Mangrove crabs beliefs 467 Mud lobsters 297,311 health 470,493 -506,509-15,517 -28, Mud-skippers 311 531-49 Mumps 509-15 history 429 - 51 Murray, J.H.P. 438 hunting and gathering 447 Murray River catfish 424 land rights 464 - 5 Murray Valley encephalitis life-style 448, 450, 453 -75 see Arboviruses linguistics 444 - 7 marriage 465 - 6 Namaina 440 migration 444 - 8 Namau 493, 495 nutrition 469, 471, 562, 565 -76 New Ireland origins 446 prawns 349 ornaments 458, 487 - 8 Nickel 109-11,335-6 population 429, 449, 454 Nipa 73 school 468, 470 Nipa alcohol 315 trade 486 - 90 Nipa palm 188-9,199,229-31,290-1, warfare, fighting 447 - 8 298,300-1,305,307,314,316,318,369, western influence 442 - 3, 468 -73 373-4,390 Pawaia village(s) (Poroi) 100, 235, 417, Nippon Koei XV, 471, 590-3, 595 429,436,438,443,447,453-4,486-7, Nitrogen 167-8, 173, 191, 194-5, 320, 510, 522 350 Pelicans 271, 273 - 4 Nursery fish 394 Peri 433, 453, 469 Nutrients 81-2,168,174-5,202,313 Pesticides Nutrition 254-6, 314, 367, 469, 471, see Pollution, aquatic 551-63,565-76 pH, water 149-50, 151-5, 158-9, 164, 166-7,184-6,191-3,196-8,200 Oil 315,440-1,597 Phosphorus 167-8,173-4,194-5,320 Okapa 67, 442 Physiographic regions 227 - 48 Old Iari 415-8,421-2 Phytoplankton Ope 439-40 see Algae Organochlorine residues 331-4 Pigeons 260, 270, 272 - 4, 277, 280 - I Orokolo Bay 52-3, 201, 231, 342, 350, Pigs 75,77,270-1,273-5,280-1,328, 356, 359, 361 - 2 412,448,523,570,580-1 Orubadi Beds 42, 30, 34 Pindaunde Valley 145, 147,284 Otitis media 498 Plants see Vegetation; and individual plants Palms 229, 234, 237 Plumes 254, 261, 273 see also Coconut; Nipa; Sago Palms Poliomyelitis 502 Papua New Guinea Electricity Commission Pollution, aquatic 325 - 39 (ELCOM) 590 - 1 faecal 328-31 Parasitic diseases 501- 3, 514, 568, 574 heavy metals 335 - 6 see also names of diseases pesticides 331 - 4 Parrots 261,272-3,277-8,280 Polopa 429,439,443 - 6,448,486 -7,509, see also Cockatoos; Lories 515

612 Polyarthritis Alele, arm 54, 182, 185-6, 201, 231, see Arboviruses 343-4,436 Population pressure 82, 223 Amazon R., Amazonia (Brazil 102-5, Population pyramid 120, 123, 527 see Census Ambuga R. 154 Poroi Ambuya R. 100 see Pawaia village(s) Anga R. 154 Port Moresby 4, 259 Angabunga R. 320 Possums 262, 270 - 1, 274 Ankuro R. 154 Potassium 109-11, 120-1, 149-55, April R. 103, 121 158-9,164,166-7,174,184,186,192- Asaro R., Valley 1,4, 39, 94-5, 100, 3,196-8 112-4,141,152,158,206,240,327, Prawn fishery 320, 355 - 64, 402 - 3 329 Prawns 201,314,320,331-2,341-51, Aure R. 1, 35, 100 - 2, 113 - 4, 123, 355 - 64, 373, 376, 404, 464 141-3, 166, 168 -70, 175, 179, 296, banana 355 - 64 329 - 30, 436 -7, 439, 484, 486 by-catch 355, 402 flow 126-8,130-8,170 carid 341, 376 sediment transport 35, 218 - 23 endeavour 355 Bena Bena R. 152 giant freshwater 341, 346 -7, 349, 351, Chimbu R., Valley 18,67,77-8, 100, 376, 390-1, 412 152, 155 - 6, 326, 329 penaeid 105,312,341-51,355 -64,376 Digoel R. (Irian Jaya) 532 tiger 355 Dunantina R. 153, 247 Primary production Eia Creek 115, 179, 191, 195-7, 199, see Algae 421 Proteins Era R. 49 - 50, 232, 369, 394, 440 - 2, see Nutrition 488-9 Purari Action Group 471,596 Erave R., Valley 1,4, 18,38,91,96, 141, Puril 18 143, 157-8, 206, 239-40, 327-9, 447 Radiation, solar 22 47, 63, 103, 120, 123, 125, Rainbow fish 379 173-4,206,208,356,361,370-3, Rainfall 12, 16-19, 47, 80, 124-6, 141, 585 206 - 7, 295, 601 Ganges R. (India) 63 Rainwater Gipi R. 164 chemical analysis 150-1 Goenigl R. 152 Rats 263,271,274,280 Gumants R. 153 Ravikoupara 186 - 7, 387, 389, 391-2, Guyana rivers 174 394 Gwoki Creek 145 Rays 355, 394 HeperiR. 100,113-4,120-1,179,197 Reptiles 258 - 9, 270, 272 - 3 Hunter R. (Australia) 363 see also individual groups Iaro R. 100, 102, 141, 154, 158, 206, Reservoirs 327-8 see Lakes Irrawadi R. (Burma) 63 Respiratory diseases 497 - 500 Ivo R. 51, 53-7, 141, 179-81, 184, Ringtails 262 187, 191,201,235,296,421 Rivers, Creeks June R. 103, 120-1 Aievi, arm 54,182,185-6,321,436 Kaugel R., Valley 1, 4, 6, 38 - 9, 43, 67,

613 Rivers, Creeks current velocity 56 - 7, 368 Kaugel, R., VaHey delta arm 51,53,56-7, 185-6, 190 71,75,77,100,113-4,141,153-4, discharge, see Purari R., flow 156, 158, 206, 240, 250, 254, 288, flow 51, 128-38, 142, 167-70,201, 327-9 295,368,601, see also Modelling Kikori R. 1,47,54,56,63,102,112-4, hydroelectric potential 589 - 600 125,199,201,207,362,369,371-2, hydrology 123 - 38, 368 379,381,387,394,438,440,485,493 limnology 160-75,179-202 Kumi Creek 154 plume 185,201,296,350,370 Kunan R. 100, 113 -4, 153 runoff 124 - 6 Kuragamba R. 152 sediments, see Sediments Lai R. 39-40, 92-3, 100, 113-5, water temperature 166-7, 171-2, 154-5,286 183 -7, 191, 368 Laloki R. 412 see also Purari River Delta Lamari R. 240 Purari River Delta 150, 295, 356, 369 Mairi Creek 153, 326 accretion, deposition 297,310,350 Mangiro Creek 153, 155 census divisions 495 Manyata R. 152 development 315 Maril R. 100,113-4,152 erosion 55, 64, 205, 297 - 8, 350 Mendi R., Mendi 100, 102, 110, 154, fertility 320 240, 251 fish 571- 83 Moa Creek 164-5,440-1 geochemistry 113 - 21 Muro (Muroa) R., Creek 53,59,150-1, geomorphology 47 - 64 179, 197, 199,444 health 493-506,517-28,531-49 Nebilyer R. 39, 92, 94, 153 limnology 179 - 202 Negro Rio (Brasil) 103, 120-1 mangal, see Mangroves Nembi R., Plateau 39, 67, 75-7 nutrition 551 - 63 Niger R. (Nigeria) 104 people 577 - 9 Nile R. (Egypt) 104 poHution 328 - 37 Ok Tedi R. 208, 325 - 6 sago, see Sago Omati R. 199 salinity, see Salinity Orinoco R. (Venezuela) 103, 120-1 sediments, see Sediments Ou Creek 478 - 50 vegetation 54 - 6, 227 - 37, see also Panaroa, arm 59,182, 184,342-3 Mangroves; Nipa; Sago Philippines rivers 174 zonation 369, 374 Pide R. 164, 442, 478, 486 - 9 Purus R. (Brasil) 103, 120-1 Pie R. 51,54,56,58-9,100-1,112- Rangoon R. (Burma) 171 7,119-20,179-81,185,188,190- Salween R. (Burma) 171 3, 195 -7, 199,201,232,296-7,342, Samia R. 436 355, 369, 399, 420 Sena R. 429, 440, 444, 448 Pio R. 100, 113 - 5, 121, 141, 155, 158, Sepik R., Province 103, 120, 123, 327 - 8, 429, 448, 486 - 7, 513 173-4,336,346,367,370,395,561, Port Romilly R. 54, 59, 115, 179-81, 584-6 183, 185, 191-3, 296, 343 Sirebi (Seribi) R. 372, 379, 382, 440 Poru R. 100, 102, 113 - 5, 125, 155, 158, Strickland R. 22, 438 327-9 Tern R. 100,113-4,152 Purari R. Tongo R. 286 catchment 1 -7, 123, 141, 368 -71, Tua R. 4, 33, 93, 100, 141, 157 - 8, 237, 601 327 - 9, 440, 484 614 Rivers, Creeks 99-105, 175,297, 319, 325-7, 350, Tuman R. 100,102,113-4,153 363 Turama R. 63 bedload 209, 297 Urika R., Village 51, 53 - 8, 141, 179, clay mineralogy 87, 89 - 91, 97 - 105 181-2,184-5,191,195,296,342- deposition 210-1 3,551-2 geochemistry 109, 112-121 Vailala R. 1,52,54,197,201,372,439, heavy metals 335 - 7, see also individual 442,447 metals Varoi R. 51, 53-6, 58-9, 141, 179, input to delta 218-24,297,350,382 181-5, 195, 298, 301, 307, 342-3, suspended 35, 56, 149-55, 158-9, 420-1,436 163-4, 166-7, 171, 173, 181-2, Volta R. (Ghana) 64 186-8, 191-3, 196-9,201-2,297, Wabo Creek 163-4,435,478,510 325 - 30, 350, 368, 601 Wahgi R., Valley I, 39 - 40, 43, 67, 73, transport 35, 47, 51, 56, 58-9, 163, 77,79,94,100,103,113-4,121,141, 206-24 152-3,158,327,329 see also Wabo reservoir, sediment trap- Wai-i Creek 164, 436, 438 - 9, 442 ping Wame R. 51, 53, 56-7, 141, 179-80, Serological studies 509-15 186, 188-9, 191-3, 197; 201, 296, Sharks 348, 355, 394, 403, 405, 413 342, 421, 436 Silica 149-54,158-9,164,166-8,172- Yellow R. 103, 120-1 4,184,186,191-3,196-9 Zaire R. (Zaire) 103, 120 - 1 Sindbis Zambezi R. (Mozambique) 363 see Arboviruses Roads 3,5-6 Sizorebe 478 - 80 Rodents 263 - 4, 270 Skin diseases 498, 500 - I, 560, 571 see also Rats, Mice Skinks 258 Ross River virus Smoked fish 397 - 9 see Arboviruses Snakes 258, 272 - 3, 355 Snowfall 12, 25, 143, 145 Sago 314, 393, 457, 464, 473, 475, 551, Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation 556, 559, 561, 571, 574, 577 - 87 (SMEC) XV, 127, 131,205,208-9,211, cultivation 577 - 87 213,215-7,471,591-2,595 grubs 580 Soairira 486 - 7 making 460-3,584-6 Sodium 149-50, 158-9, 164, 166-8, palm 190, 199, 229-30, 234, 236-7, 173-4,184,186-8,192-3,196-9 290, 297, 301, 305, 307, 314, 316, 383, Soils 67-82,87-99,102 448, 520, 536, 538, 543, 581 -7 conservation 75, 82 Saku Valley erosion 67, 77 - 8, 80, 82 pollution 328 - 9 fertility 79, 80 - 2, 201 Salinity, water 54, 59, 182, 184-8, 191, geochemistry 109-12, 119 195, 199, 200-1, 296, 342-4, 346, 349, in highlands 67 - 81 350-1,369-70,382 in mangroves 297 Sanio-Hiowe 561, 584 - 6 management 67,74-81 Saratoga 424 mineralogy 87 - 99 Saunders, H.M. 439 nomenclature 69 Sea currents 183, 296, 342, 348 types 68-74 Sea level 52, 61, 63, 101 Sole 404 Sediments 44,47,49,52,59-63,87-91, Specific transport 174

615 Speedie, R. 441 184, 186, 192-3, 196-8,320,370,379, Spoonbills 271, 280 382 Squid 404 Turkeys 271,278,280-1 Storks 271, 280 Turtles 258,272-4,312,355,412-3 Sugar cane 579 Sugar gliders 262, 271, 275 Ulcer, tropical 500 Sulphate 149-50, 158-9, 164, 166-7, Umboi Island 301 174,184,186,192-3,196-8 Uramu (Urama) Island 298, 301, 387, 397 Swamps 40,54,73-4,151,231-7,251, Uranium enrichment 594 283-91 Uraru 162, 429, 432, 436, 440, 443, 447, Sweet potato 74-5,77-8,250,448,464, 449, 454, 468, 476, 478, 484, 486, 495, 538, 556, 559, 571 510,522,532-43 Uri 429, 440, 443, 454, 475, 510, 522 Tagoba 94, 110 Tannin 315,317,319 Vegetation 143, 227 - 51 Tari 23, 79, 288 aquatic, semi-aquatic 159, 175, 195, Taro 250,457,464,538-40,542,579 283-91,369,539-40 Tatu 429,440,447-9,454-5,476,486 forest 237-44 Temperature human impact 80, 249 - 51 air 22-4,295 lowland 231 - 8 water 52-4,148,158-60,164,166-7, montane 240 - 44 171-2, 183-6, 192-3, 196-7, 280, upland 231 - 8 368 see also Mangroves; and individual plants Tephra Venereal diseases 493 see Volcanic ash Volcanic activity 37-9,43-4 Teredinids 311 see also Volcanic ash Termites 311 Volcanic ash (including soils) 31, 34-5, Thalassaemia 446, 503 37,43 -4,71-3,75,78 -9,81,87,92-7, Therapons 370, 385 101-2,110,112,206-7,327 Threadfin salmon 331-2,394,401,405 Thunderstorms 25, 127 Wabag 23, 288 Tides 51, 56, 59, 296 Wabo 16-19,21,25,35,97 -8,100,102, Tilapia 333 - 4, 367, 370, 386, 424 110, 112-4, 123, 127, 141, 150, 166, Tinea 500 - 1, 512 185, 208, 213 - 5, 274, 295, 373, 387, Titanium 109-11, 120-1 415 -6, 420, 432-6, 440, 442-3, Total ionic content 174 450, 453, 469-70, 476, 495, 497, Total suspended solids 500,510,512,514,517 -28,532-43, see Sediments, suspended 565-76,587 Trachoma 503 dam generating capacity 215 -7, 589, Transparency of water 145, 160, 175, 185, 601 191,202, 350 hydroelectric scheme 6 - 7, 288, 453, Trawling 468,471,517,589-601 see Prawn fishery environmental impact 64, 105, 136- Tree ferns 147, 234 8, 174-5,201-2,205,265,319- Trout 370, 386 20,349-51,363-4,381-3,423- Tuberculosis 497 - 500 5,450,471-3,490,505 -6,515,527, Tura 429 546-9,562,572,587,599-601 Turbidity 149-50, 158-9, 164, 166-7, reservoir 174, 601

616 Wabo as food 254, 269 - 72, 571 reservoir at Wabo 274 filling rate 136 - 8, 219 food plants 274 - 9 mosquitoes 547 - 8 management and conservation 281 sediment trapping 205, 210 - I, 220 Purari delta 274 water quality 175, 327, 337 Winds 9, 12, 14-15, 19-20 Wallabies 261,271,273 -4,280 Wonerara Water quality soil management 67 see Pollution, aquatic Wood-boring bivalves 311 Waves 51-2,57 Woodward, R.A. 439 Weathering 34-5,37,87 Weijana 429,448,468,486-7,510 Yam 250, 464, 540, 571 Weipa 442 Yobe 480-1 Weme 429,448,486-7,489 Whooping cough 498,502 Zinc 109-11, 115, 120,335-6 Wildlife 253-65,269-81 Zooplankton 160, 195

617 Taxonomic index

Acacia 275 Antiaris 275 Acanthaceae 299 Apluda 246 Acanthus 299, 307 Apocynaceae 299 Acartia 195 Apogonidae 372 Aceratium 276-7 Aproteles 264 Aceros 272, 276 Araceae 237 Acrochordus 272 Araliaceae 242 Acrostichum 298, 307 Araucaria 234, 237 - 8, 243, 247 Aedes 526,534-40,544-8 Areca 275 - 6, 307 Aegialitis 299 Arenga 275 -7, 307 Aegiceras 299 Ariidae 370, 372, 385, 394 Aepypodius 260 Arius 371 - 2, 377 - 8 Aeromonas 381 Armigeres 538, 544 - 8 Ageratum 239, 248 Arthraxon 239, 246, 248 Aglaia 238 Artocarpus 235,275,277,279-80 Agrostis 247 Arundinella 246 - 7 Alphitonia 239,246 Ascaris 502-3,514 Alstonia 235 Aseraggodes 371 Amaracarpus 244 Aspidomorphus 258 Ambassis 371 - 2 Astelia 247, 284 Amoora 305, 307 Asteraceae 247 - 8 Amphiesrna 258, 412 Asterophrys 256 Anas 271 Avicennia 299 - 300, 304 - 5, 309 Anguilla 381-2,385 Azolla 159, 195, 288 - 90, 547 Anguillidae 370, 372 Anhinga 271 Banksia 275 Anisomys 263 Barringtonia 231,277-8,299,307 Anopheles 504,519,521,527,534-7,540, Barringtoniaceae 299 545-8 Batissa 331 Anseranas 271 Begonia 242 Antechinus 262 Belonidae 372 Anthoxanthum 247 Bestiola 195 Anthrodesmus 160, 288 Bignoniaceae 299

618 Bironella 534 Chara 286 Blechnum 289 Chelodina 272 Bombacaceae 299 Chelonia 272 Botryococcus 160 Chionochloa 246 Brownlowia 299,307 Chisocheton 238, 276, 278 Bruguiera 54, 188-9, 199,299,301,305, Chiuromys 263 307,309,314,316,319 Chondrophyton 258 Buchanania 238 Cicinnurus 272 Buddleia 249 Cinotodus 372, 377 Bufo 256 Cirripedia 195 Bufonidae 256 Closterium 288 CochlefeJis 371,377 Cacatua 272, 276 Cocos 275-6,279-80 Calamoecia 160, 195 Coix 289 Calanopia 195 Colocasia 250, 254, 275 Callitriche 148, 284 Columba 272 Calophyllum 232, 305, 307 Commersonia 239 - 40 Campnosperma 232 Cophixalus 256 Camptostemon 299, 307 Coprosma 242, 244 - 5, 247 Canarium 237-8,276-9 Coquillettidia 521, 539 Canavalia 231 Cordyline 249 Candoia 258 Coryaceus 195 Capillipedium 245 - 6 Cosmarium 160 Carcharhinidae 372, 394 Crenimugil 380 Carcharhinus 371, 375 Crinum 538 Caretta 272 Crocodylus 272,331,333,409-25 Carettachelys 258, 272, 312, 413 Crossomys 264 Carex 148, 284, 286 Crotalaria 246 Carica 275 Cryptocarya 238 Carpha 148, 284 Cryptocoryne 290 Carpodetus 242 - 3 Culex 521,535-7,540-1,545-8 Cassia 246, 279 Culiciomyia 540 Cassytha 231 Culicoides 533 Castanopsis 229, 234, 238 - 9, 242 - 3 Cunoniaceae 240 Castanospermum 278 Cyathea 147,247 Casuarina 241,246-7,249,276-7,279 CycJosorus 235 Casuarius 271, 276 - 7 Cynometra 299, 301 Cellia 534 Cyperus 289, 342, 350 Celtis 238 Cyphomandra 277 Centrolepis 284 Cyprinus 370, 386 Centropages 195 Cyrtandra 242 Ceratophyllum 290 Cyrtodactylus 259 Ceratopogonidae 533 Cerbera 277,299,307 Dacrycarpus 243 - 4 Ceriops 299 Dacrydium 243 Ceryx 260 Dactylopsila 262, 271 Chaleopsitta 260 Danthonia 246 - 8 Chandidae 372 Dasyatidae 394

619 Dasyurus 262 Eugenia 275 - 80 Dendrocnide 238 Eulalia 246, 248 Dendrocygna 271 Euphorbia 246 Dendrolagus 261,271 Euphorbiaceae 299 Derris 307, 387 Eurya 242, 244 Deschampsia 246 Excoecaria 54, 189, 199, 299, 307 Desmodium 231,246 Deyeuxia 247 - 8 Fagaceae 240 Dichelachne 246 -7 Festuca 248 Dillenia 238 Ficus 238, 240, 249, 275 - 80 Dioithona 195 Fimbristylis 286 Dioscorea 250, 276 Finlaya 534-5,538 Diospyros 232, 275 - 80, 299, 307 Flagellaria 231 - 2 Diphyllodes 272 Freycinetia 242, 278 - 9 Distoechurus 262 Dobsonia 264 Gahnia 286, 289 Dodonaea 246, 249 Galeocerdo 348 Dolichandrone 299, 307 Gallicolumba 271 Dorcopsis 261,271 Gambusia 370 Dracontomelon 235, 276, 279 Garcinia 232, 242 Drimys 242 Gecko 259 Dryadodaphne 240 Gehyra 259 Ducula 260, 272, 277 Gentiana 247, 284 Dugong 271 Geoskusea 538 Dysoxylum 237 - 8 Gesneriaceae 242 Gleichenia 247 - 8 Ebenaceae 299 Glossogobius 371 Echymipera 262, 271 Gnetum 275 - 80, 560 Eclectus 277 Gobiidae 370, 372, 394 Eichhornia 175,291 Gonocaryum 277 Elaeocarpaceae 240 Gonocephalus 259 Elaeocarpus 232, 276 -7, 279 Goura 260,271,277 Elatostema 237, 242 Gymnocorvus 272 Eleocharis 286 - 7 Eleotridae 372, 394 Halcyon 271 Elmerrillia 238, 240 Haloragis 286 Elseya 272 Hanguana 232, 235, 289 - 90 Emballonuridae 264 Harpyopsis 272 Emoia 259 Hemidactylus 259 Emydura 272 Hemipimelodus 371, 377 - 8 Engraulidae 372 Hemirhamphidae 372 Enterobius 502 Hephaestus 371 Epacridaceae 244 Heritiera 199,299, 307 Epilobium 247 Hibiscus 231, 299, 307 Equisetum 286 Hierochloe 247 Ericaceae 242, 244 Hodgesia 541 Eriocaulon 284, 286 Hoya 307 Erythrina 279 Huaedes 535, 538

620 Hydrocharis 547 Ludwigia 159, 289 Hydrocotyle 286 Lutjanidae 372 Hydromys 263,271 Lycopodium 242, 247 Hylidae 256 Hyomys 263 Macaranga 240, 249 Hypericum 247 Machaerina 247,286 Macrobrachium 341, 346-7, 349, 351, Imperata 232, 239, 245 - 9 376, 391, 412 Indigofera 246 Macruomys 263 Inocarpus 307 Malaya 539 - 40, 542 Intsia 232, 305, 307 Mallomys 263 Ipomoea 231, 250, 254, 276, 289, 547 Malvaceae 299 Isachne 246, 289 Mangifera 275 - 80 Ischaemum 245 - 6, 289 Manihot 276 IsoC!tes 284 Mansonia 520 - 1, 527, 539, 545 - 9 Isoodon 262 Manucodia 272 Mapania 232, 235 Juncus 286 Marantaceae 237 Mayermys 264 Keratella 160 Megachiroptera 264 Kurtidae 372 Megapodius 260,271,278 Kurtus 372, 375, 394 Melanotaenia 372 Melanotaeniidae 370, 372 Labidocera 195 Melastorna 242 Lates 331,336,375,379,394-6 Meliaceae 299 Latidae 372 Melomys 263 Lauraceae 240 Mesocyclops 160, 195 Leersia 159,230,246,286-9 Metapenaeus 341,343-9,355,363 Leguminosae 299 Metroxylon 190, 199, 231, 254, 276, 278, Leiognathidae 355 289-90,301,305,307,460,581 Lemna 288, 290 Microchiroptera 264 Lepidodactylus 259 Microcystis 160 Leptobrama 394 Microfilariae 514 Leptodactylidae 256 Microhydromys 264 Leptomys 264 Microhylidae 256 Leptosornatomyia 535, 538 Micromelum 276 Leucopogon 247 Micropechis 258 Liasis 258 Miscanthus 230, 239, 246-9, 284-5, Limnophila 159,288-9 287-8 Lipocarpha 286 Molossidae 264 Lithocarpus 238 Monochoria 547 Litoria 256 - 7 Monostachya 247 Litsea 238, 277-9 Montbretia 249 Liza 371,380 Mugilidae 372 Lophoceraomyia 541 Mus 263 Lophognathus 409 Musa 275 -7, 279 Lorentzimus 263 Myoictis 262 Lorius 260, 272, 278 Myriophyllum 195, 284

621 Myristica 232, 277 - 80, 305, 307 Pelecanus 271 Myristicaceae 232 Pelochelys 272 Myrsinaceae 242, 244, 299 Penaeidae 341 Myrtaceae 240, 243 - 4 Penaeus 341, 343-5, 347-50, 355, 357, 363 Nastus 242 Pennisetum 246 Nauclea 232, 275, 277 - 8 Peridinium 284 Nedystoma 371, 378 Periophthalmidae 372 Nematalosa 373 Periophthalmus 311 Neohydromys 264 Peroryctes 262, 271 Neophascogale 262 Petaurus 262,271,275 Nepenthes 232 Phalacrocorax 271 Netuma 378 Phalanger 262,271,275 Neuburgia 232 Phragmites 159, 229 - 30, 235 - 6, 246, Nibea 371, 380 288-91,369 Nothofagus 229 - 30, 234, 238, 242 - 3, Phyllocladus 243 249,287 Physalis 248 Nyctimystes 256 - 7 Phytophthora 310 Nymphaea 289 - 90 Piper 242 Nymphoides 195,286,290 Pistia 290, 547 Nypa 54,188-9,197,199,231,275,290- Pittosporum 242, 244, 249, 279 1,298,300-1,303-5,307,369,373-4, Planchonella 238, 240 404 Plasmodium 504, 544 Platalea 271 Octomeles 235, 275 Plegadis 271 Oenanthe 277 Plotosidae 370, 372 Olearia 242, 244 - 5 Plumbaginaceae 299 Ophiuros 246 Poa 247-8 Orcaella 271 Podocarpus 242 - 3 Osbeckia 246 Pogonomys 263 Ostracoda 147 Polydactylus 331,379,394 Oxyeleotris 371 Polygala 246, 248 Polygonum 159, 286, 289 Pachycephala 260 Polylepidomyia 542 - 3 Palaeomonetes 331 Polyosma 242 Palaquium 232 Polystichum 248 Palmae 276 - 9 Pometia 235, 238, 276 Pandanus 54,187-8,230-1,233,243, Portunus 404 249, 275 - 6, 278, 280, 289, 301, 304, 369, Potentilla 247 373 -4, 535, 537 - 8 Protemnodon 254 Papuacedrus 243 Pristidae 372, 394 Papuapteris 248 Pristis 375 Paracalanus 195 Probosciger 272, 278 Paradisaea 272, 278 Pseudeos 272, 279 Parahydromys 264 Pseudocheirus 262 Pararnbassis 371, 375 Pseudoficalbia 542 Parinarium 278 Pseudohydromys 264 Paspalum 232,239,246,286 Psidium 275,277

622 Psittrichas 272, 279 Sesarminae 412 Psychotria 244, 276 - 8 Setaria 239, 248 Pterocarpus 231 Sida 248 Pteropus 264, 271, 275 Sloanea 238, 240 Ptilinopus 260 Soleidae 372, 404 Python 272 Sonneratia 54-5, 183, 187-8, 190-1, 229, 235 - 6, 275, 299 - 302, 304, 308 - 9, Quintinia 242 312, 342, 369, 373 - 4, 387 Sonneratiaceae 299 Rachisoura 534, 542 Spathoglottis' 246 Rana 256-7 Sphenomorphus 259 Ranidae 256 Sphenophryne 257 Ranunculus 247, 284 Spirodela 159, 289 Rattus 263 Spirogyra 148, 160,288 Rhinolophidae 264 Spondias 276-7 Rhizophora 54, 188 - 9, 199, 275, 299, Staurastrum 160, 288 304-7,309,314,316,319-20 Staurodesma 288 Rhizophoraceae 299 Stegonatus 258 Rhododendron 244, 246 - 7 Stenocaulus 371 Rhus 240 Stenochlaena 231- 3, 235 Rhynchospora 286 Sterculiaceae 299 Rousettus 264 Strichogloea 284 Rubiaceae 242, 244 Strongyloides 503, 514 Strongylura 371 Saccharum 229,235-6,288-9,369 Sus 271,275 Sacciolepis 248 Syconycteris 264 Sacculina 348 Symplocos 242 Salmo 370, 386 Syzygium 232, 238, 243 Salmonella 331 Salvelinus 370, 386 Tachyglossus 261 Salvinia 175,291,336,367,395 Talegalla 260, 271, 279 Sapium 232 Tandanus 424 Sarotherodon 367, 370, 386 Tanysiptera 260, 272 Saurauia 242, 249 Tasmannia 242,244 Scatophagidae 372 Tenagomysis 195 Scatophagus 375, 380 Teredinidae 311 Schefflera 244 Terminalia 231,237,275-80 Schuurmansia 242, 249 Tetraspora 284 Sciaenidae 355, 372 Thalassina 297, 311 Scirpus 148,284,286-7 Themeda 245 - 6 Scleropages 424 Theraponidae 355, 370, 372, 385 Scutengraulis 375 Thryssa 336, 371, 394 Scylla 311,331,341,346-8,350-1,391 Thylogale 261,271 Selaginella 237 Tilapia 424 Seleucides 272 Tiliaceae 299 Semecarpus 276 -7, 279 Tiliqua 258 Sergestidae 195 Timonius 242, 249 Sericolea 242 Topomyia 542

623 Tornatus 195 Vaccinium 244, 247 Toxicocalamus 258 Valamugil 371,380 Toxorhynchites 542 - 3 Varanus 258, 272, 314 Toxotes 371,375 -6,380,387 Verbena 248 Toxotidae 372 Verbenaceae 299 Trema 240, 249, 275, 277 - 80 Verrallina 534, 538, 544, 546 Trichoglossus 272, 279 Vespertilionidae 264 Trichuridae 404 Vigna 231 Trichuris 502 - 3, 514 Villarsia 286 Tripteroides 534,541-4,546 Tritonia 249 Wahlenbergia 246 Typha 288 Wendlandia 249 Typhlina 258 Wuchereria 505, 544 - 5 Typhlops 258 Tyto 272 Xenorhynchus 271 Xylocarpus 275,299,305,307,316,319 Uca 311 Xyris 286 Uranotaenia 534, 539 - 42 Urena 239 Zaglossus 261 Uromys 263 Zanthoxylum 240 Utricularia 159, 286, 289 - 90, 5·r Zenarchopterus 371 Zingiberaceae 242, 289

624