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A Statewide Study of Vocational and Technical Education Was Initiated To DOCUMINTRISUMS ED 029 107 VT 007 872 By-Schaefer, Carl J.; Kaufman, Jacob J. Occupational Education for Massachusetts. A Report Prepared for the Massachusetts Advisory Council on Education Pub Date Jun 68. Note-292p. EDRS Price MF -S1.25 HC-S14.70 , Descriptors-Advisory Committees, Curriculum, Educational Change, Educational Finance, Educational History, Educational Legislation. *Educational Needs, *Educational Objectives, Educational Philosophy, Educational Planning. *Master Plans, Post Secondary Education, Program Advinistration, Program Development, Prows M Effectiveness, *Program Evaluation. -condary Education. State Legislation. State Surveys, Teacher Education, *Vocational Education . Identifiers-MACE, *Massachusetts, Massachusetts Advisory Council on Education A statewide study of vocational and technical educationwas initiated to evaluate the present system and recommend a master plan for the development. coordination, and expansion of occupational education. Chapters discuss: (1) Key IssuesinOccupationalEducation, (2)Vocational and Technical Educationin Massachusetts and the United States. (3) The Study Methods, (4) The Adequacy of Vocational Education in Preparing Youth fo r Employment, (5) Occupational Education in the Private Sector. (6) The Image of Vocational Education. (7) Teacher Education. (8)FinancingofEducationinMassachusetts.(9)EducationalMediaand- Vocational-TechnicalEducation,(10)Occupational EducationinMassachusetts' Regional Community Colleges. (11) The Economy and Occupational Requirements of Massachusetts, and (12) Recommendations. Recommendationswere advanced for improvement in vocational education in areas of: (1) curriculum. (2) comprehensive high schools.(3)organization,(4)institutesforeducationaldevelopment.(5) administration, (6) teacher education, (7) public support, (8) community colleges. (9) financing, and (10) legislation. The appendixes contain the meetings. conferences, and schools visited and tables of supporting data. (DM) /MI PA A IN sir A ReportPrepared for The Massachusetts Advisory Council onEducation .June 1968 ('\ ) A Report Prepared for TheMassachusetts "ikdvisory Council on Education. ' June 1968 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINION$ STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCAHON POSITION OR POLICY. Carl J. Schaefer .D. Jacob J. Kaufman \ OCCUPATIONAL EDUCATION for Massachusetts. I - , ADVISORY COUNCIL ON EDUCATION 182 Tremont Street I Boston, Massachusetts 02111 Members of the Council: Hazen H. Ayer, Chairman, Advisory Council, Chairman of the Board, Standish, Ayer 4: & Wood, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, Winchester, Massachusetts Philip C. Beals, Vice-Chairman, Advisory Council, Trustee, Worcester, Massachusetts, Southboro, Massachusetts Lucy W. Benson (Mrs. Bruce B.), President, League of Women Voters of the United States, Washington, D.C., Amherst, Massachusetts ShirleyR.Lewis (Mrs. Benjamin D.), Attorney, Lewis & Lewis, Taunton, Massachusetts Paul Parks, Administrator, Model Cities Administration, Boston, Massachusetts, Dorchester, Massachusetts Norman S. Rabb, retired Senior Vice-President, Stop & Shop, Boston, Massachusetts Walter J. Ryan, Business Manager, International Union of Engineers, Local 4, Roslindale, Massachusetts, Dorchester, Massachusetts Nina E. Scarito, M.D., Obstetrician, Methuen, Massachusetts Dr. John L. Sprague, Senior Vice-President, Research and Development, Sprague Electric Company, Worcester, Massachusetts, Holden, Massachusetts Ex Officio Members: Dr. Owen B. Kiernan, Commissioner of Education, Boston, Massachusetts, Milton, Massachusetts Dr. Richard M. Millard, Chancellor, Board of Higher Education, Boston, Massa- chusetts, Waban, Massachusetts STAFF Dr. William C. Gaige, Director of Research Dr. Lawrence E. Fox, Associate Director Dr. Ronald B. Jackson, Associate Director Legislative Consulting Committee: Senator Mary L. Fonseca, Fall River, Massachusetts Senator Kevin B. Harrington, Salem, Massachusetts Senator John M. Quinlan, Dover, Massachusetts Senator William L. Saltonstall, Manchester, Massaci.usetts Representative Robert A. Belmonte, Framingham, Massachusetts Representative Joseph C. Di Carlo, Revere, Massachusetts Representative Paul J. Sheehy, Lowell, Massachusetts Representative Thomas C. Wojtkowski, Pittsfield, Massachusetts HI ...,...y.,*,...........,,...................* TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 4 FOREWORD 6 PREFACE PART I: INTRODUCTION .. 11 ISSUES IN OCCUPATIONALEDUCATION . CHAPTER I. KEY 11 The Question ofPriorities 13 The Goals of Education 15 Curriculum and Social Class The Question of 17 Comprehensive Education 19 Education and Options 20 Characteristics of Students toWhom School isNon-relevant 23 Curriculum 25 Instructional Technology 26 Teacher Education 27 Administration State Organization and 29 The Needs of the LaborMarket 31 Post-Secondary Education 33 Financing 33 Public Support 34 Legislation 34 Conclusion EDUCATION IN CHAPTER II. VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL MASSACHUSETTS AND THEUNITED STATES 35 36 Vocational-Technical Education The Antecedents of 37 Movement The Manual Training 40 The Formative Years 42 Vocational-Technical Education:What It Is Today V Page 45 CHAPTER III. THE STUDY METHODS 45 Consultations 46 The Seminar 46 Special Studies 46 Questionnaire Surveys 47 The School Sample 50 The Graduate Sample Private School and Industrial TrainingSample 54 The Image of Vocational EducationSampling Technique 54 The Graduate Survey Instruments 55 Private School and Industrial TrainingSurvey 56 56 Visitations Image of Vocational EducationInstrument 57 PART II: SPECIAL STUDIES CHAPTER IV. THE ADEQUACY OF VOCATIONALEDUCATION IN PREPARING YOUTH FOR EMPLOYMENT 61 62 The Respondents Section I: The Curriculum Choicein Retrospect 64 Section II: Post-Secondary Education andTraining 67 Post-Secondary Training 67 Post-Secondary Training by Groups 69 Post-Secondary Areas of Study 70 Post-Secondary Training and Earnings 70 Section III: Post-GraduateEmployment Experiences 70 Jobs Held by Groups 70 Hourly Wages by Groups 74 74 Father's Occupations Section IV: Discussion and Analysis 77 CHAPTER V. OCCUPATIONAL EDUCATIONIN THE PRIVATE SECTOR 81 82 The Private Sector Samples Section I: The Private Schools 85 85 Size of Schools 87 Types of Programs Offered 89 Length of Programs 89 Cost to Student 91 Age of Students Previous Education of Students 92 Completion Rates of Students 92 95 Section H : Industrial Training Programs 95 Types of Program The Setting for Training 95 Previous Education of Trainees 98 VI _ .ar' Page 99 The Results of Training 100 Section III : Discussion .. 103 CHAPTER VI. THE IMAGE OF VOCATIONALEDUCATION . 104 Section I: Method 106 Section II: Results 109 Parents of College PreparatoryStudents 109 Parents of Vocational Students 109 Vocational Subject Teachers 110 Teachers of Vocationally-RelatedSubjects 110 Academic-Subject Teachers 111 Labor Officials 111 I ndustry Representatives 112 Section HI: General Patterns Amongthe Items 113 CHAPTER V!I. TEACHER EDUCATION 114 Historical Background 116 The Teachers Themselves 119 Institutions of Teacher Preparation 120 Teacher Preparation inMassachusetts 122 Patterns of Teacher Preparation 124 Qualifications of TeachersEndorsement 125 Agricultural School and Departments Distributive Education Part TimeCooperative Schools 126 Schools 126 Distributive Occupations EducationPart Time and Evening 126 Day Household Arts Schools 127 Practical Art and Handicraft Classes(women and men) 127 Day Industrial Schools 128 Evening Industrial Schools 128 General Vocational Departments 129 Continuing Education of Teachers(In-service Improvements) 129 Teachers in State-aided VocationalSchools 129 Teachers in Day Industrial Schools 129 Testhers in Practical Art Classesfor Women 129 Teachers in State-Aided DistributiveEducation Schools . 130 Teachers of Vocational Agriculture 130 Teacher Preparation Methods 131 The Cooperative Method 132 Evaluation and Discussion .133 Teacher Preparation for theCareers Development Curriculum . 134 Careers Development TeacherPreparation 134 Basic Education 134 Major and Supplernental 134 Free Electives 136 The Vocational TeacherPreparation Curriculum VII _ Page 136 Basic Education 137 Major and Supplemental Pre-secondary Teacher Preparation 137 137 Graduate Level Programs Vocational-Technical Master Teacher Preparation 138 138 Agricultural Education Business and Office Education 138 138 Distributive Education 139 Home Economics Education 139 Technical Education 139 Trade and Industrial Education Vocational-Technical Coordination andSupervision 140 141 The M. Ed. Careers DevelopmentTeacher 141 The Curriculum Vocational-Technical Doctoral Major 143 CHAPTER VIII. FINANCING OFEDUCATION IN MASSACHUSETTS 145 I ntroduction 145 Development of State Aid in Massachusetts 147 Development of Federal Aid to Education 150 Vocational Education Legislation in Massachusetts 155 The Federal Programs in VocationalEducation 156 Expenditures on Education in Massachusetts 156 Expenditures on Vocational Education 160 Conclusions Derived from the Analysis ofExpenditures on Education 164 i n Massachusetts 167 Appendix 1 Appendix 2 168 CHAPTER IX. EDUCATIONAL MEDIA ANDVOCATIONAL-TECHNICAL EDUCATION 171 Problems Facing Vocational and TechnicalEducation 172 Instructional Programs 172 The Disadvantaged and VocationalEducation 172 The High School Dropout 173 Research on Instructional Media 173 The Use of Media for the Instructionof
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